Encyclopedia of world cultures 10 volume set 6 russia and eurasia china (1994)

Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume VI RussiA AND EuRAsiA / CHINA ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD CULTURES David Levinson Editor in Chief North America Oceania South Asia Europe (Central, Western, and Southeastern Europe) East and Southeast Asia Russia and Eurasia / China South America Middle America and the Caribbean Africa and the Middle East Bibliography The Encyclopedia of World Cultures was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University HRAF, the foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, is a not-for-profit consortium of twenty-three sponsoring members and 300 participating member institutions in twenty-five countries The HRAF archive, established in 1949, contains nearly one million pages of information on the cultures of the world Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume VI RussiA AND EuRAsIA / CHINA Paul Friedrich and Norma Diamond Volume Editors G.K Hall & Company NEW YORK MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS When You Know LENGTH inches feet yards miles millimeters centimeters meters meters kilometers AREA square feet square yards square miles acres hectares square meters square kilometers TEMPERATURE IC = (IF - 32) - 1.8 0F = (0C x 1.8) + 32 Multiply By 2.54 30 0.9 1.6 0.04 0.4 3.3 1.1 0.6 0.09 0.8 2.6 0.4 2.5 1.2 0.4 To Find centimeters centimeters meters kilometers inches inches feet yards miles square meters square meters square kilometers hectares acres square yards square miles © 1994 by the Human Relations Area Files, Inc First published in 1994 by G.K Hall & Co 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019-6785 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for volume 6) Encyclopedia of world cultures Includes bibliographical references, filmographies, and indexes Contents: v North America / Timothy J O'Leary, David Levinson, volume editors - v South Asia / Paul Hockings, volume editor - [etcl - v Russia and Eurasia / China / Paul Friedrich and Norma Diamond, volume editors Ethnology-Encyclopedias Levinson, David, 1947306'.097 90-49123 GN307.E53 1991 ISBN 0-8161-1840-X (set: alk paper) ISBN 0-8161-1808-6 (v 1: alk paper) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 0-8161-1814-0 (v 5: alk paper) ISBN 0-8161-1810-8 (v 6: alk paper) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library (iM Materials ANSI Z39.48-1984 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Project Staff Editorial Board Linda A Bennett Memphis State University Research Patricia D Andreucci Timothy J O'Leary Daniel Strouthes Europe Fernando Cimara Barbachano Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico City Middle America and the Caribbean Editorial and Production Victoria Crocco Elly Dickason Norma J Diamond University of Michigan Eva Kitsos Abraham Maramba Ara Salibian L C Salibian China Paul Friedrich University of Chicago Russia and Eurasia Cartography Robert Sullivan Rhode Island College Terence E Hays Rhode Island College Oceania Paul Hockings University of Illinois at Chicago South, East and Southeast Asia Robert V Kemper Southern Methodist University Middle America and the Caribbean John H Middleton Yale University Africa Timothy J O'Leary Human Relations Area Files North America Amal Rassam Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York Middle East Johannes Wilbert University of California at Los Angeles South America vi Contents Project Staff vi Contributors vii Translators xviii Preface xxi Introduction to Russia and Eurasia xxvii Introduction to China xxxv Maps Russia and Eurasia xlix Ethnic Groups of Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia Ethnic Groups of the Caucasus 1i People's Republic of China lii National Minorities of China liii Part One: Cultures of Russia and Eurasia Part Two: Cultures of China 415 Glossary 513 Filmography 519 Index to Filmography 522 Directory of Distributors 522 Ethnonym Index 523 The Editors 527 Contributors Kumyks A M Adzhiev Institute of History, Language and Literature Makhachkala Daghestan Russia KlMra Agyisi Debrecen Hungary Chuvash Mamaykhan A Aglarov Institute of History, Language and Literature Makhachkala Daghestan Russia Andis; Avars; Talysh Bariat Magomedovna Alimova Institute of History, Language and Literature Makhachkala Daghestan Russia Tabasarans Audrey L Altstadt Department of History University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts United States Azcerbaijani Turks Gregory S Anderson Department of Linguistics University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois United States Altaians T F Aristova Institute of Ethnography Moscow Russia Kurds Robert Austerlitz Casa Italiana Columbia University New York, New York United States Nivkh vii viii Contributors Sergei Arutiunov Institute of Ethnography Moscow Russia Consultant Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer Department of Sociology Georgetown University Washington, D.C Khanty; Siberiaki; Yakut United States K A Bicheldei Moscow Russia Tuvans Lydia T Black Department of Anthropology University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Ale uts United States Angara Gamidovna Bulatova Institute of History, Language and Literature Rutul~s Makhachkala Daghestan Russia Marcello Cherchi Yezidis Department of Linguistics University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois United States Chey Youn-Cha Shin Saratoga, California Koreans United States J Eugene Clay Department of History Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois Old Believers United States John Colarusso, Department of Anthropology McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario Circassians Canada Nicole Constable Department of Anthropology Western Michigan University Hakka Kalamazoo, Michigan United States David Crowe Elon College Elon, North Carolina United States Gypsies N G Demeter Moscow Russia Gypsies Contributors ix Vera Diakonova Institute of Ethnography St Petersburg Russia Altaians Norma Diamond Department of Anthropology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan United States Daur; Drung; Gelao; Hezhen; Maonan; Miao; Mulam; Nu; Peter Domokos Budapest Hungary Udmurt Alton S Donnelly Department of History State University of New York-Binghamton Binghamton, New York United States Bashkirs Ethel Dunn Highgate Road Social Science Research Station Berkeley, California United States Russian Peasants Stephen P Dunn Highgate Road Social Science Research Station Berkeley, California United States Russian Peasants Dimitrius Dvoichenko-Markov Long Branch, New Jersey United States Moldovans Svetlana Dyer China Center Faculty of Asian Studies Australian National University Canberra, Australian Capital Territory Australia Dungans Zoia Dzhindzhikhashvili Ashdod Israel Georgian Jews Alfred Eisfeld Deutschland und Osteuropaforschung Gottingen Germany Germans Hilda Eitzen Department of Anthropology Uighur Columbia University New York, New York United States Zhuang x Contributors L B Erlomov Institute of Ethnography St Petersburg Russia Meskhetians E G Fedorova Institute of Ethnography St Petersburg Russia Mansi William Fierman Uralic and Altaic Studies Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana United States Uzbeks Gail Fondahl Institute of Arctic Research Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire United States Evenki (Northern Tungus) Allen J Frank Takoma Park, Maryland United States Kriashen Tatars Rebecca R French School of Law University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado United States Tibetans Judith Friedlander Social Sciences New School for Social Research New York, New York United States Lithuanian Jews Sonja Gippert Fritz Bamberg Germany Ossetes Richard Frye Middle East Center Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts United States Pamir Peoples Sakinat Sh Gadzhieva Institute of History, Language and Literature Makhachkala Daghestan Russia Kumyks Mikhail N Guboglo Institute of Ethnography Moscow Russia Gagauz Glossary ayran bay/bey A feudal leader in Muslim areas; a wealthy cattle breeder adat Traditional law in Muslim areas (vs Sharia) affine See airan beg/bek A member or chief of the feudal aristocracy A relative by marriage agnatic descent See patrilineal descent beshmet A quilted, caftanlike man's outer garment airan/ayran Sour milk or buttermilk of cow, sheep, or goat's milk (the latter being the most desirable), especially favored in the Caucasus; also used for bums, stomach upset, etc bilateral descent The practice of tracing kinship affiliation more or less equally through both the female and male lines alim (pl., ulema) animal husbandry blood feud (vendetta) A conflict between two groups (usually families or other kin groups) in a society The feud usually involves violence or the threat of violence as a means of avenging some wrongdoing against a member of one of the groups Feuds often are motivated by a desire to protect or restore a member's honor Literally, "scholar," Sharia judge See pastoralism arak Homemade vodka; liquor from milk or barley Bronze Age The third stage in the conventional development of civilization, marked by the production ofbronze tools and objects The Bronze Age, which began as early as 5000 B.C in some places and ended about 1000 B.C., followed the Neolithic Period and preceded the Iron Age arbaz A closed-off courtyard arkhalug/arkhaluk/arkhalukh A robelike woman's dress, open at front; long shirt worn by men under the cherkeska Bolsheviks The wing of the Russian Social Democratic party that advocated revolution to achieve socialism and seized power in the Revolution of 1917-1920 Asia Minor Also known as Anatolia, the peninsula ofland that forms the Asian portion of Turkey ASSR An Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which is a subdivision of a Union republic In the former Soviet Union there were twenty such republics, based on ethnicity brigades Name for villages in China, used since 1958 burka A man's sleeveless coat of sheepskin or felt atalik/atalyk Education and rearing of children by a ritually related family (usually a peasant family raising a noble child); life-long ritual bond formed between persons so raised buza A drink fermented from barley, millet, or buckwheat flour; like beer but made without hops; important ritually in some areas aul A mountain village, encampment; semisedentary or mobile village Carpatbian Mountains A mountain range in east-central Europe in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, and nations that were formerly part of the Soviet Union autonomous area (AA) A subunit of a kray or oblast and the lowest ethnic-based administrative division In the former Soviet Union there were ten autonomous areas Caucasus A system of mountain ranges running from northeast to southwest between the Black and Caspian seas; the general geographical-cultural area between the Black and Caspian seas and the south Russian steppe and the Iranian plateau autonomous region (AR) An autonomous (usually, ethnically based) region of a Union republic In the former Soviet Union there were eight autonomous regions 513 514 Glossary chongur Stringed musical instrument, like a mandolin Ego In kinship studies "Ego" is a male or female whom the anthropologist arbitrarily designates as the reference point for a particular kinship diagram or discussion of kinship terminology chukht/chukhta/chukhtu Woman's traditional dress ekmek Leavened bread cherkeska Man's frock, with wide sleeves and no collar and worn tight at the waist chum Hut of hides, conical tipi of poles and hides clan, sib A group of unilineally affiliated kin who usually reside in the same community and share common property cognates Words that belong to different languages but have similar sounds and meanings endogamy Marriage within a specific group or social category of which the person is a member, such as one's caste or community evil eye An idea that a person can cause harm to another by simply wishing him or her harm (casting the evil eye) cognatic kin Kin related to one another through the female line exogamy Marriage outside a specific group or social category of which the person is a member, such as one's clan or community collaterals A person's relatives not related to him or her as ascendants or descendants; one's uncle, aunt, cousin, brother, sister, niece, nephew fictive kin Individuals referred to or addressed with kin terms and treated as kin, although they are neither affines nor consanguines collectivization A process by which peasant farms were converted into large-scale, mechanized economic units The process began in the late 1920s and during the early 1930s resulted in a great loss of life and economic displacement (through famine and deportation) The system of state farms (sovkhozy) and collective farms (kolkhozy) began to break up in the 1990s foreign workers See guest workers Communist Party A conglomerate of political organizations that controlled virtually all aspects of life in the Soviet Union; about percent of the citizens belonged to it Confucianism A secular set of ethnical teachings focused on individual behavior, human relationships, and the relationship between the rulers and the ruled continental climate In the Koppen system, a climate characterized by large seasonal temperature variations, with hot summers, cold winters, and year-round precipitation gazyry Cartridge cases sewn across the cherkeska, purely ornamental after the nineteenth century (e.g., reinforced with wood, bone, or metal) glasnost A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that sought to have open discussion of social issues and to expand peaceful relations with non-Communist nations, especially the United States guest workers A term originally coined in Germany for immigrant workers who have been invited and/or contracted by the host country or individual agents for a specified term iasak/yasak Tribute paid by indigenes to the czarist government in furs (typically sable, arctic fox, or squirrel; ten squirrel skins was a unit of exchange) cousin, cross Children of one's parents' siblings of the opposite sex-one's father's sisters' and mother's brothers' children Industrial Revolution An economic transformation marked by the decline of small-scale, domestic production of goods and the rise of large-scale, centralized mass production and distribution based on power-driven machines cousin, parallel Children of ones' parents' siblings of the same sex-one's father's brothers' and mother's sisters' children Iron Age The fourth stage in the development of civilization, characterized by the production and use of iron tools and objects The Iron Age followed the Bronze Age Cyrillic alphabet A writing system developed in the ninth century for Slavic languages Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, and other Slavic languages today are written with somewhat different versions of the basic Cyrillic alphabet Islam Mohammed the Prophet chose the name "Islam" for the new faith he began preaching in Arabia in A.D 622 (A.H 1) The term signifies "submitting oneself to God." The faithful are called Moslems, Muslims, or Mohammedans czar Ruler of Russia before 1917 izba Peasant hut or house dolma Stuffed grape leaves jamaat Village council dowry The practice of a bride's kin giving substantial property or wealth to the groom or his kin before or at the time of marriage joraby Knitted woolen socks kadi See qadi Glossary 515 kalym Bride-price or bride-wealth (amount paid by the groom's parents and other relatives, often commensurate with the dowry, much of it often spent at the wedding) Koppen System A system of climatic classification developed in 1900 based on mathematical values assigned to temperature and rainfall The system is named for its developer, the German climatologist Wladimir Koppen (1846-1940) karlag Sacred stone pile, usually one per village, at holy places (e.g., site of a murder, the death of a martyr) Korban The great feast of Abraham kebin Supplement to the bride-price intended for the support of the bride should she be divorced or widowed KGB The Committee for State Security, which was formed by the Soviet government in 1954 to manage both internal security and foreign intelligence-gathering activities; successor to the Cheka and other prior organizations khanate A territory in eastern Russia, Central Asia, or Siberia that was under the control of a khan-many were formed following the Mongol conquest in the thirteenth century The three major khanates were the Crimea, Astrakhan, and Kazan khinkal Boiled dumplings stuffed with meat, cheese, sour cream, lard, or drippings khurin Woolen or carpet saddlebag khutor A farmstead or small village krai/kray A territorial division of a Union republic kulak Wealthy peasant; wealthy peasant in any indigenous area kumis Fermented mare's milk kunak/qunaq A person with whom one has contracted a bond of friendship, mutual support, and defense, etc Lamaism A form of Buddhism with a central role played by the priests called lamas; often called Tibetan Buddhism levirate The practice of marrying one's brother's widow lineage A unilineal (whether patrilineal or matrilineal) kin group that traces kinship affiliation from a common, known ancestor and extends through a number of generations literary language A language used for literature (e.g., poetry); a written form of a language used for newspapers, documents, etc kindred The bilateral kin group of close kin who may be expected to be present and to participate on important ceremonial occasions magal/mexle A section of a village kinship Family relationship, whether traced through marital ties or through blood and descent matrilineal descent The practice of tracing kinship affiliation only through the female line kin terms, classificatory Kinship terms, such as aunt, that designate several categories of distinct relatives, such as mother's sister and father's sister medresseh madrasah) kin terms, descriptive Kinship terms that are used to distinguish different categories of relatives such as mother or father kin terms, Eskimo A system of kinship terminology in which cousins are distinguished from brothers and sisters, but no distinction is made between cross and parallel cousins Sometimes also called European kin terms kin terms, Iroquois A system of kinship terminology in which parallel cousins are referred to by the same terms used for brothers and sisters, but cross cousins are identified by different terms kolkhoz (pl., kolkhozy) A collective farm in which the land is owned by the government and its use given to the kolkhoz members who work it communally, the products being shared somehow by the government and member households Each household has a small private plot for its own use maat A village council or commune An Islamic secondary school (Arabic: minorat Inheritance by the youngest son of the hearth and home (of the typically patrilineal, patriarchal family) mir Russian village commune monogamy Marriage between one man and one woman at a time murkhal Central support pillar in a house national minorities In China, the fifty-five groups, not including the Han, classified as ethnicially distinct by the government nationality As used in reference to the peoples of the former Soviet Union, the members of an officially recognized ethnic group Neolithic Period A stage in the development of human culture characterized by the use of polished or ground stone tools It followed the Paleolithic Period and preceded the Bronze Age 516 Glossary neolocal residence The practice of newly married couples living apart from the immediate kin of either party RSFSR The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of the former Soviet Union nimat Customary reciprocal aid between clan members, especially as regards hunting spoils Russian Orthodox church A branch of Christianity that began in what is now Russia in the ninth century At times it was closely allied with the Russian government, although it fell from formal influence following the 1917 Revolution blast Province, an administrative division of a Union republic In the former Soviet Union there were 121 oblasts, some of which contained autonomous areas okrug Region See also autonomous area oraza/uraza Muslim fast period Ottoman Empire The empire created by Turkic peoples from 1300 to 1922 in what is now Asian Turkey papakha Man's tall hat of felt or (astrakan) fur parallel cousin See cousin, parallel pastoralism A type of subsistence economy based on the herding of domesticated grazing animals such as sheep or cattle patrilineal descent The practice of tracing kinship affiliation only through the male line Russification Assimilation to Russian language, culture, political control; process of encouraging or enforcing the spread of Russian influence, sometimes including the forced relocation of ethnic populations, the settlement of Russians in republics other than Russia, the use of Russian, and Russian control of politics and economics seck Descent line, often coincident with clan serf A tenant farmer who subsisted by farming land owned by a lord or landowner Serfs were generally bound to the land they farmed and their rights to move from the land were greatly restricted shaman Religious specialist in Siberia who protects clan members from enemies, foretells future events, helps individuals suffering from Arctic hysteria, brokers between the human and supernatural shamkhal Feudal leader peasant, peasantry Small-scale agriculturalists producing only subsistence crops, perhaps in combination with some fishing, animal husbandry, or hunting They live in villages in a larger state but participate little in the state's commerce or cultural activities Today, many peasants rely on mechanized farming and are involved in the national economy, so they are called "post-peasants" by anthropologists Sharia Quaranic law Peoples of the North The official designation for twentyfive indigenous ethnic groups of northern Russia and Siberia Slavs (Slavic Peoples) A generic term for peoples who speak Slavic languages In Russia and Eurasia it encompasses Russians, Ukrainians, Belarussians, and Carpatho-Rusyns, as well as Southern and Western Slavs perestroika A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that sought, among other things, to encourage economic development by increasing the power of the republic governments, to decentralize the economy, and encourage foreign investment permafrost Land that is permanently frozen, with only the top few milimeters thawing in the warmer months pir Muslim shrine posyolok Settlement qadi/kadi Judge of Sharia law sib See clan Siberia Territory from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and from the Arctic Ocean to the borders of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China soviets Adminstrative and representative bodies that existed at all levels of the governmental structure There were the Supreme Soviet, the supreme soviets of the Union and autonomous republics, and local soviets at all regional and local levels sovkhozy (sing., sovkhoz) State farms owned by the government and from which the government takes all that is produced, the workers being paid wages and given a small plot for their own use qunaq See kunak SSR Soviet Socialist Republic In the former Soviet Union there were fifteen SSRs raion An administrative district within any other republic, kray, oblast, okrug, or city In the former Soviet Union there were 3,160 raions, most of them rural stem family A residential group composed of a nuclear family and one or more additional members who not comprise a second nuclear family Ramadan Major Muslim holiday lasting one month steppe Open grassland, relatively treeless plain Glossary 517 Stolypin reforms A series of legislative reforms between 1906 and 1911, under Premier and Minister of the Interior P A Stolypin, whose policy was to break up the communes mirss) by encouraging and enabling peasants to acquire and work land on an "individual" basis (by household as represented by the elder); by 1916, 500,000 to million households had separated from the communes in this way and about half of Russia's peasants were working their land on this basis Turks (Turkic Peoples) A generic term that refers to modem-day descendants of the people who formed an empire that, in the sixth century A.D., extended from the Black Sea east to Mongolia sub-Arctic climate In the K6ppen system, a climate characterized by a long, cold winter with low humidity and relatively little precipitation, mainly in the form of snow ulu A group of patrilineally related families; a rural commune; an administrative unit taiga Area of heavy forest, both coniferous and deciduous, often with poor soil and bogs and marshs in low-lying drainage areas; an ecological zone across nothem Eurasia, south of the tundra belt tusi Quasi-fiefdoms ruled by local hereditary landed officials who collected and paid taxes to the Chinese state ulema See alim unilineal descent The practice of tracing kinship affiliation through only one line, either the matriline or the patriline Union republic Soviet socialist republic of the former Soviet Union tamada System of ritualized and intense hospitality at feasts and other similar situations; master of ceremonies or presiding elder at such occasions Ural Mountains Mountain range running north-south that separates European and Siberian Russia tariqa Sufi religious brotherhood (clandestine in the Soviet period) uraza See oraza uterine descent See matrilineal descent tipi Conical, portable dwelling of skins or hides, covering the poles waqf Mosque property tonir Conical clay oven for baking bread yasak See iasak transhumance Seasonal movements of a society or community It may involve seasonal shifts in food production between hunting and gathering, horticulture, and the movement of herds to more favorable locations yurt A usually portable multifamily dwelling with a circular ground plan and sides of felt or skins attached to a folding wooden lattice framework zakat/zekat Tax for the support of the mosque or the tukhum Patrilineal clan; set of patrilineally related families; patrilineally based quarter of a village; patrilineally based settlement; patrilineal name group tundra Environment marked by long winters, permafrost, poor soil, and little vegetation clergy zurna Clarinet-like instrument Filmography 11 The Russians: People of the Country (Belarussians) 1979 Directed by Arch Nicholson and produced by John Abbott for Film Australia Color, 30 minutes, 16mm LCA (PS) 12 Siberia: Russia's Frontier (Siberia) 1970 Color, 27 minutes, 16mm NOS (PS) 13 Soviet Television: Fact and Fiction (Soviet Union) 1985 Produced by the BBC Color, 110 minutes, VHS Fl (PS) 14 Soviet Union (Central Asia) 1987 Color, 25 minutes, VHS NOS (EMC) 15 Soviet Union: Epic Land (Russia) 1971 Color, 29 minutes EBEC (EMC) 16 Soviet Union: Faces of Today (Soviet Union) 1972 Color, 26 minutes EBEC (EMC) 17 The Soviet Union: A New Look (Soviet Union) 1978 Color, 25 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) The following is a list of films and videos on Russia, Eurasia, and China The list is not meant to be complete; rather, it is a sampling of documentary films available from distributors in North America Listing a film or video does not constitute an endorsement by the volume editors or any of the summary authors, nor does the absence of a film represent any sort of nonendorsement Abbreviations for names of distributors are provided at the end of each citation The full name and address may be found in the directory of distributors that follows the indexes to the filmography Many of these films are also available through the Extension Media Center of the University of California at Berkeley and/or the Audio-Visual Services of Pennsylvania State University, indicated by (EMC) or (PS) at the end of the citation China Russia and Eurasia Acupuncture: An Exploration (Medicine) 1973 Color, 16 minutes FILMF (EMC) Agonies of Nationalism, 1800-1927 (China) 1972 23 minutes, 16mm Fl (EMC) An Army Camp: Nanking (China) 1976 Produced by Joris Ivens and Marceline Loridan Color, 55 minutes, 16mm ICARUS (PS) The Barefoot Doctors of Rural China (Medicine) 1975 Produced by Diane Li Color, 50 minutes, 16mm PS Beijing (China) 1980 Produced by Sue Yung Li and Shirley Sun Color, 46 minutes, 16mm PS (EMC) Buddhism in China (China, Buddhism) 1972 Produced by Wan-go Weng for the China Institute in America Color, 30 minutes, 16mm PIC (PS) China, A Hole in the Bamboo Curtain (China) 1973 Produced by WWL, New Orleans Color, 28 minutes, 16mm PS China and Japan: 1279-1600 (China, history) 1985 Color, 26 minutes, VHS EMC China: A Portrait of the Land (China) 1968 Color, 18 minutes, 16mm EBEC (EMC) 10 China Coast Fishing (China, fishing) 1975 Color, 19 minutes EMC 11 China in Transition: 581-1279 (China, history) 1985 Color, 26 minutes, VHS EMC 12 China's Only Child (China) 1985 Color, 57 minutes, VHS T-L (EMC) 13 China's Villages in Change (China, village life) 1968 Color, 20 minutes, 16mm EBEC (PS) First Encounters: A Russian Journal (Russia) 1978 Directed and produced by Laura Morgan Color, 16 minutes, 16mm BNCHMK (PS) Heritage: Civilization and the Jews, 6-Roads from the Ghetto (Jews) 1984 Produced by WNET Color, 59 minutes, 16mm Fl (PS) People of Influence (Politics and People) (Soviet Union, politics) 1980 Produced by Film Australia Color, 28 minutes LCA (EMC) People of the Cities (Urban Life Styles) (Russia, cities) 1980 Produced by Film Australia Color, 28 minutes LCA (EMC) People of the Country (Rural Collectivism) (Russia, collectivism) 1980 Produced by Film Australia Color, 28 minutes LCA (EMC) Russia: The Unfinished Revolution (Russia) 1968 B&W, 60 minutes, 16mm IU (PS) (EMC) The Russian Consumer (Russia) 1968 Produced by Julien Bryan Color, 13 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) The Russian Peasant (Russia, peasants) 1968 Produced by Julien Bryan Color, 20 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) Russian X-Ray Film (Russia) 1962 B&W, 11 minutes, 16mm PS 10 The Russians: People of Influence (Russia) 1979 Directed by Arch Nicholson and produced by John Abbott and Tom Manefield for Film Australia Color, 29 minutes, 16mm LCA (PS) 519 520 Filmography 14 Chinese Bronze of Ancient Times (China, art) 1952 Color, 17 minutes, 16mm PS 15 Chinese Farm Wife (China, women) 1975 Color, 17 minutes EMC 16 Chinese History: I-The Beginnings (China, history) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 19 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 17 Chinese History: 2-The Making of a Civilization (China, history) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 18 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 18 Chinese History: 3-Hundred Schools to One (China, history) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 19 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 19 Chinese History: 4-The First Empires (China, History) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 19 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 20 Chinese History: 5-The Great Cultural Mix (China, history) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 17 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 21 Chinese History: 6-The Golden Age (China, history) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 23 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 22 Chinese History: 7-The Heavenly Khan (China, history) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 22 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 23 Chinese History: 8-The Age of Maturity (China, history) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 23 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 24 Chinese History: 9-Under the Mongols (China, history; Mongols) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 18 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 25 Chinese History: 10-The Restoration (China, history) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 21 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 26 Chinese History: 11-The Manchu Rule (China, history) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 18 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 27 Chinese History: 12-Coming of the West (China, history) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 20 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 28 Chinese History: 13-The Enduring Heritage (China, history) 1976 Produced by Wan-go Weng Color, 19 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) (PS) 29 Chinese Jade Carving (China, arts) 1950 Color, 10 minutes, 16mm EMC 30 Chinese X-Ray Film (China) 1962 B&W, 22 minutes, 16mm PS 31 A City of Cathay (China, urban life) 1968 Color, 24 minutes, 16mm PS 32 Communist Triumph and Consolidation, 1945-1971 (China) 1972 20 minutes Fl (EMC) 33 Depending on Heaven: The Desert (Mongols) 1989 A Film by Peter Entell Color, 28 minutes, 16mm, VHS ICARUS 34 Eight or Nine in the Morning (China) 1973 By Felix Green Color, 25 minutes, 16mm T-L (EMC) 35 Enemies Within and Without, 1927-1944 (China) 1972 B&W, 25 minutes, 16mm Fl (EMC) 36 First Moon: Celebration of a Chinese New Year (China, Festivals) 1987 Produced and directed by Carma Hinton Color, 37 minutes, 16mm, VHS NEWDAY 37 The Forbidden City (China, urban life) 1973 Produced by NBC Color, 43 minutes, 16mm Fl (PS) 38 Friendship First, Competition Second (China) 1973 By Felix Green Color, 25 minutes, 16mm T-L (EMC) 39 Good Earth (China) 1943 Directed by Sidney Franklin B&W, 40 minutes, 16mm Fl (EMC) 40 Great Treasurehouse (China) 1973 By Felix Greene Color, 25 minutes, 16mm T-L (EMC) 41 The Heart of the Dragon: I-Remembering (China) Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and produced by Patrick Lui Color, 55 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 42 The Heart of the Dragon: 2-Caring (China) 1984 Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and produced by Patrick Lui Color, 55 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 43 The Heart of the Dragon: 3-Eating (China) 1984 Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and produced by Patrick Lui Color, 55 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 44 The Heart of the Dragon: 4-Believing (China, Daoism; Buddhism; Confucianism) 1984 Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and produced by Patrick Lui Color, 55 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 45 The Heart of the Dragon: 5-Correcting (China) 1984 Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and prooduced by Patrick Lui Color, 54 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 46 The Heart of the Dragon: 6-Working (China) 1984 Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and produced by Patrick Lui Color, 55 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 47 The Heart of the Dragon: 7-Living (China) 1984 Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and produced by Patrick Lui Color, 55 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 48 The Heart of the Dragon: 8-Marrying (China) 1984 Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and produced by Patrick Lui Color, 55 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 49 The Heart of the Dragon: 9-Understanding (China) 1984 Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and produced by Patrick Lui Color, 55 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 50 The Heart of the Dragon: 10-Mediating (China) 1984 Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and produced by Patrick Lui Color, 55 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 51 The Heart of the Dragon: 11-Creating (China) 1984 Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and produced by Patrick Lui Color, 55 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 52 The Heart of the Dragon: 12-Trading (China) 1984 Directed by David Kennard and Mischa Scorer, and produced by Patrick Lui Color, 55 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 53 Hong Kong Dresses Up (Hong Kong) 1983 Color, 30 minutes, VHS, U-mat LCA (EMC) 54 Hoy Fok and the Island School (Hong Kong) 1975 Color, 32 minutes, 16mm EMC 55 Inside China: Living with the Revolution (China) 1983 Color, 52 minutes, VHS Fl Filmography 56 Inside China: The Newest Revolution (China) 1983 Color, 52 minutes, VHS Fl 57 Island Fishpond (China) 1975 Color, 13 minutes, 16mm EMC 58 Island in the China Sea (China) 1975 Color, 33 minutes EMC 59 It's Always So in the World (Urban Communal Living) (China, urban life) 1980 Produced by Film Australia Color, 28 minutes, 16mm LCA (EMC) 60 The Kazakhs of China (Kazaks) 1983 Color, 53 minutes, VHS Fl 61 The Long Search: I I-Taoism: A Question of BalanceChina (China, Daoism) 1977 Produced by the BBC Color, 53 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 62 Masterpieces of Chinese Art (China, art) 1973 Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (PS) 63 Mind, Body, and Spirit (Health Care for the Masses) (China, medicine) 1980 Produced by Film Australia Color, 28 minutes, 16mm LCA (EMC) 64 Misunderstanding China (China) 1972 Color, 51 minutes, 16mm EMC 65 Old Treasures from New China (China) 1977 Color, 55 minutes, VHS, U-mat EMC 66 One Hundred Entertainments (State Supported Arts) (China, art) 1980 Produced by Film Australia Color, 28 minutes, 16mm LCA (EMC) 67 One Nation, Many Peoples (China, Uigur; Mongols; Thai) 1973 By Felix Greene Color, 25 minutes, 16mm T-L (EMC) 68 People of 'People's China" (China) 1973 Produced by ABC News Color, 52 minutes, 16mm XEROX (EMC) 69 People's Army (China) 1973 By Felix Greene Color, 25 minutes, 16mm T-L (EMC) 521 70 People's Commune (China, rural life) 1973 By Felix Greene Color, 25 minutes, 16mm T-L (EMC) 71 Requiem for a Faith (Tibet) 1968 Color, 28 minutes, 16mm HP (EMC) (PS) 72 Something for Everyone (Rural Communal Living) (China, rural life) 1980 Produced by Film Australia Color, 28 minutes, 16mm LCA (EMC) 73 Son of the Ocean (Changing Life Styles) (China) 1980 Produced by Film Australia Color, 28 minutes, 16mm LCA (EMC) 74 Stilt Dancers of Long Bow Village (China, dance) 1980 Directed and produced by Carma Hinton and Richard Gordon Color, 27 minutes, 16mm Fl (PS) 75 Suzhou (China) 1980 Produced by Sue Yung Li and Shirley Sun Color, 28 minutes, 16mm EMC (PS) 76 A Taste of China (China) 1984 Produced by Sue Yung Li B&W, 16mm, VHS EMC 77 Three Island Women (China, women) 1975 Color, 17 minutes, 16mm EMC 78 Tibet-A Buddhist Trilogy Part 1, A Prophecy (Tibet) 1981 Color, 54 minutes, 16mm EMC 79 Tibetan Medicine: A Buddhist Approach (Tibet, medicine) 1976 Produced by Sheldon Rocklin Color, 29 minutes, 16mm HP (PS) 80 To Taste a Hundred Herbs: Gods, Ancestors, and Medicine in a Chinese Village (China, village life; medicine) 1986 Produced by Richard Gordon and Kathy Kline, directed by Carma Hinton and Richard Gordon Color, 58 minutes, VHS, U-mat NEWDAY 81 Zengbu after Mao (China) 1987 Produced by Thomas Luehrsen in collaboration with Jack Potter and Sulamith Potter Color, 27 minutes, VHS NEWDIM 522 Filmo-rabhv Index to Filmography Reference numbers correspond to the entry numbers in each section of the Filmography Russia and Eurasia: Belarussians, 11 Central Asia, 14 Jews, Russia, 1, 4, 6-11, 15 Russia, cities, 4, Russia, collectivism, Russia, peasants, Siberia, 12 Soviet Union, 13-17 Soviet Union, politics, Soviet Union, television, 13 Directory of Distributors AMBVP BENCHMK EBEC EMC Fl FILMF HP ICARUS Ambrose Video Publishing, 381 Park Ave S., New York, NY 10016 Benchmark Films, Inc., 145 Scarborough Rd., Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510 Encyclopaedia Brittanica Educational Corporation, Division of Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 425 N Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 61611 University of California Extension Media Center, 2176 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley, CA 94704 Films Incorporated, Subsidiary of PMI, 5547 N Ravenswood Ave., Chicago, IL 60640 Film Fair Communications, Division of Film Fair, Inc., Box 1728, 10900 Ventura Blvd., Studio City, CA 91604 Hartley Productions, Inc., Cat Rock Road, Cos Cob, CT 06807 First Run/Icarus Films, 153 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10004 Cha: Arts, 14, 29, 62, 66 Buddhism, 6, 44 China, 2,3, 5,8,10,12, 30,32, 34, 35, 38-43,45-52, 55-58, 64, 65, 68, 69, 73, 75, 76, 81 China, history, 8, 11, 16-28 Confucianism, 44 Dance, 74 Daoism, 44, 61 Festivals, 36 Fishing, Hong Kong, 53, 54 Kazakhs, 60 Medicine, 1, 4, 63, 80 Mongols, 24, 33, 67 Rural life, 70, 72 Thai, 67 Tibet, 71, 78 Tibet, medicine, 79 Uigur, 67 Urban life, 31, 37, 59 Village life, 13, 80 Women, 15, 77 IFF IU LCA MCI NEWDAY NEWDIM NGS PIC PS T-L XEROX International Film Foundation, 155 W 72nd St., Room 306, New York, NY 10023 Indiana University, A-V Center, Bloomington, IN 47405 Leaming Corporation of America, 130 E 59th St., 10th Floor, New York, NY 10022 Mass Communications, Inc New Day Films, 22 Riverview Drive, Wayne, NJ 07470 New Dimensions Films, 85895 Lorane Highway, Eugene, OR 97405 National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C Pictura Films Distribution Corporation, 111 8th Ave., New York, NY 10011 Pennsylvania State University, Audio-Visual Services, Special Services Bldg., University Park, PA 16802 Time-Life Multimedia, 100 Eisenhower Drive, P.O Box 644, Paramus, NJ 07653 Xerox Films, Department of Xerox Educational Publications, 245 Long Hill Road, Middletown, CT 06457 Ethnonym Index This index provides some of the alternative names and the names of major subgroups for cultures covered in this volume The culture names that are entry titles are in boldface The symbol (R) following a title indicates that the article is to be found in Part One, Russia and Eurasia; (C) indicates that the article is in Part Two, China Abaka Tatars-Khakas (R) Abans-Shors (R) Abazintsy-Abkhazians (R) AbLhazians (R) Abkhazy-Abkhazians (R) Acha-Jingpo (C) Achang (C) Ach'areli-Ajarians (R) Adyghe-Circassians (R) Aghuls (R) Ahni-Hani (C) Aini-Hani (C) Ainu (R) Ajarians (R) Aji-Jingpo (C) Akha-Hani (C) Ak Nogays (White Nogays)-Nogays (R) Aksulik-Uigur (C) Alan-Balkars (R) Alas-Laz (R) Aleuts (R) A Long-Nu (C) Alta-Altaians (R) Altai-Altaians (R) Altaians (R) Altai Turks-Altaians (R) Altays-Altaians (R) A-nan-Maonan (C) Andal-Andis (R) Andiitsy-Andis (R) Andis (R) Ang-De'ang (C) A Nu-Nu (C) Apswa-Abkhazians (R) Armenians (R) Armyanin-Armenians (R) Ashkenazim (R) Asi-Balkars (R) As-iakh-Khanty (R) Asiat-Balkars (R) Asiatic Eskimos (R) Atsa-Jingpo (C) A va-Wa (C) Avam-Nganasan (R) Avars (R) A vo-Wa (C) Axi-Yi (C) A Yia-Nu (C) Azerbaijanis-Azerbaljani Turks (R) Azerbaijani Turks (R) Azeris-Azerbajani Turks (R) Bizika-Tujia (C) Bizka-Tujia (C) Black Benglong-De'ang (C) Black Lisu-Lisu (C) Blacksmith Tatars-Shors (R) Blang (C) Bo-Bai (C) Bodpa-libetans (C) Bonan (C) Ba'ale Mikra-Karaites (R) Bai (C) Baihong-Hani (C) Baihuo-Bai (C) Baima-Qiang (C) Bai Man-Bai (C) Bai Miao-Miao (C) Baini-Bai (C) Baiyi-Dai (C) Baizi-Bai (C) Baizu-Bai (C) Balkars (R) Balqar-Balkars (R) Bashkirs (R) Bashkort-Bashkirs (R) Basiani-Balkars (R) Basman-Balkars (R) Beglopopovtsy-Old Believers (R) Begundy-Old Believers (R) Beiyi-Dai (C) Belarussians (R) Belarussian Sibetians-Siberiaki (R) Belkyur-Balkars (R) Belokrinitsy-Old Believers (R) Belorussians-Belarussians (R) Bendiren-Mulam (C) Benlong-De'ang (C) Benren-Wa (C) Bespopovtsy-Old Believers (R) Bhotia-TIbetans (C) Binei Mikra-Karaites (R) Birar-Evenki (R) Bitso-Dai (C) Biyue-Hani (C) 523 Bouyei (C) Boyi-Dai (C) Bozi-Bai (C) Brat-Buriats (R) Bratsk-Buriats (R) Buban-Zhuang (C) Budai-Zhuang (C) Budong-Zhuang (C) Bulkharan Jews (R) Bukharskie Evrei-Bukharan Jews (R) Bulgar-Balkars (R) Bulghar-Volga Tatars (R) Bulong-Zhuang (C) Buman-Zhuang (C) Bumin-Zhuang (C) Buna-Zhuang (C) Bunong-Zhuang (C) Bupian-Zhuang (C) Buriaad-Buriats (R) Buriat-Mongol-Buriats (R) Buriats (R) Bushuang-Zhuang (C) Butu-Zhuang (C) Buyang-Zhuang (C) Buyue-Zhuang (C) Byau Min-Yao (C) Byelorussians-Belarussians (R) Carpatho-Rusyns (R) Ch'ani-Laz (R) Chaplintsy-Asiatic Eskimos (R) Chashan-Jingpo (C) Chasovennye-Old Believers (R) Chavash-Chuvash (R) 524 Ethnonym Index Chavchuvans-Koryaks and Kerek (R) Chechen-Chechen-Ingush (R) Chechen-Ingush (R) Cheremis-Maris (R) Cherkess-Circassians (R) Chernyye klobuhi-Karakalpaks (R) Ch'i-lao-Gelao (C) Chinese-Han (C) Chinese Muslims-Hui (C) Chukchee (R) Chukchi-Chukchee (R) Chuvans (R) Chuvantsky-Chuvans (R) Chuvash (R) Chysh Kizhi-Shors (R) Circassians (R) Cossacks-Don Cossacks (R) Cowrie Shell Miao-Miao (C) Crimean Jews-Krymchaks (R) Crimean Tatars (R) Cuan-Bai (C) Cumul'-kup-Selkup (R) Dagchifut-Mountain Jews (R) Daguer-Daur (C) Dahuer-Daur (C) Dai (C) Daija-Dai (C) Daili-Dai (C) Daina-Dai (C) Daisa-Achang (C) Da ka va-Wa (C) Darganti-Dargins (R) Dargi-Dargins (R) Dargins (R) Dargwa-Dargins (R) Dashan-Jingpo (C) Daur (C) Dawoer-Daur (C) De'ang (C) Derung-Drung (C) Di-Qiang (C) Diakonovtsy-Old Believers (R) Digor-Ossetes (R) Dolgan (R) Don Cousack& (R) Dong (C) Dongag (C) Drung (C) Duasen-Yezidis (R) Dubo-Tuvans (R) Dulongzu-Drung (C) Dungan-Hui (C) Dungans (R) Dzhigets-Circassians (R) Edinoverie-Old Believers (R) Eesti-Estonians (R) Eestlased-Siberian Estonians (R) Egamik-Pamir Peoples (R) Ekaw-Hani (C) Eoni-Hani (C) Ersu-Qiang (C) Estonians (R) Etel-Chuvans (R) Even (R) Evenki (R) Ewenki (C) Feodoseevtsy-Old Believers (R) Filippovtsy-Old Believers (R) Fishkin Tatars-Hezhen (C) Flowery Lisu-lisu (C) Jin-Mulam (C) Gagauz (R) Gaolan Nongan-Zhuang (C) Gelao (C) Gelo-Gelao (C) Georgian Jews (R) Georgians (R) Germans (R) Ghalghay-Chechen-lngush (R) Ghazi Kumukh-Laks (R) Ghvanal-Andis (R) Giliak-Nivkh (R) Jugar-Bukharan Jews (R) Jukaghir Odul-Yukagir (R) Jurchen-Manchu (C) Gilyak-Nivkh (R) Gin-Jing (C) Giriya(a)ku-Nivkh (R) G'ivri-Mountain Jews (R) Gold-Hezhen (C) Great Russians-Russian Peasants (R) Greeks (R) Guanting-Tu (C) Gypsies (R) Haibulu-Avars (R) Hakka (C) Haknyin-Hakka (C) Han (C) Han Baiyi-Dai (C) Han Chinese-Han (C) Han Dai-Dai (C) Handisew-Andis (R) Hanhui-Hui (C) Hani (C) Hansa-Achang (C) Hanti-Khanty (R) Haoni-Hani (C) Hay-Armenians (R) Hei Miao-Miao (C) Heman-Hani (C) Heni-Hani (C) Heyi-Hani (C) Hezhe-Hezhen (C) Hezhen (C) Hlikhin-Naxi (C) Hmong-Miao (C) Hua-Han (C) Hua Miao-Miao (C) Hui (C) Huihui-Hui (C) Hung Miao-Miao (C) Huzhu-Tu (C) liqhy-Tsakhurs (R) Ile-Evenki (R) Ingilos (R) Ingush-Chechen-Ingush (R) Ir-Ossetes (R) Iron-Ossetes (R) Israel-Bukharan Jews (R) Isroil'-Mountain Jews (R) Itelmen (R) lz(e)di-Yezidis (R) Jews of Lite-Uthuanian Jews (R) Jiarong-Qiang (C) Jing (C) Jinghpaw-Jingpo (C) Jingpo (C) Jino (C) Kaduo-Hani (C) Kalmyks (R) Kalpaks-Karakalpaks (R) Kamchadals-Itelmen (R) Kamenshchiki-Siberiaki (R) Kang-Jingpo (C) Karachays (R) Karagas-Tofalar (R) Karaim-Karaites (R) Karaites (R) Karakalpaki-Karakalpaks (R) Karakalpaks (R) Karalpaks-Karakalpaks (R) Karbardians-Circassians (R) Karelians (R) Karjalaiset-Karedians (R) Karnveli-Georgians (R) Kashgarlik-Uigur (C) Ktish-Khinalughs (R) Kattid-Khinalughs (R) Ka va-Wa (C) Kaw-Hani (C) Kazak (C) Kazakh-Kazak (C) Kazakhs (R) Kazaks-Kazakhs (R) Kazanli-Volga Tatars (R) K'e-chia-Hakka (C) Keiia-Hakka (C) Kerek-Koryaks and Kerek (R) Keren-Hakka (C) Ket (R) Khaka-Dolgan (R) Khakas (R) Khal'mg-Kalmyks (R) Khanty (R) Khazak-Kazak (C) Khevsur (R) Khevsur-Khevsur (R) Khinalughs (R) Khojem-Hui (C) Khundzi-Avars (R) Kik-Kun-Kyrgyz (R) Kim Mun-Yao (C) Kirghiz-Kirgiz (C); Kyrgyz (R) Kirgiz (C) Kirgiz-Kyrgyz (R) Kizhi-Altaians (R) Komi (R) Kondoma-Shors (R) Kopu-Gelao (C) Koreans (R) Koryaks and Kerek (R) Koryo-Koreans (R) Krashenlar-Kriashen Tatars (R) Kreshchenye Tatary-Kriashen Tatars (R) Kriashen Tatars (R) Krymchaks (R) Ethnon~ym Index Krymskie-Crimean Tatars (R) K'rymtatarlar-Crimean Tatars (R) Kubachins (R) Kubachintsy-Kubachins (R) Kunywks (R) Kurds (R) Kurmandz-Kurds (R) Kuznets Tatars-Shors (R) Kyrghyz-Kirgiz (C) Kyrgyz (R) Kyrgyz-Kirgiz (C) La-Wa (C) Lachi-Jingpo (C) Lahu (C) Lahuna-Lahu (C) Lahupa-Lahu (C) Lahuxi-Lahu (C) Lairen-Hakka (C) Lakk-Laks (R) Laks (R) Lalang-jingpo (C) Lamuts-Even (R) Langshu-Jingpo (C) Langwo-Jingpo (C) Lapps-Saarni (R) La Sam-Dai (C) Lashi-Jingpo (C) Latvians (R) Latviesi-Latvians (R) Latvji-Latvians (R) Laz (R) Lazoi-Laz (R) Lemki-Capartho-Rusyns (R) Letten-Latvians (R) Letts-Latvians (R) Le va-Wa (C) Lezgi-Lezgins (R) Legins (R) Lhoba (C) U (C) Liang-De'ang (C) Lietuva-Uthuanians (R) Ling-Mulam (C) Usu (C) Litawen-Lithuantans (R) Uthuanian Jews (R) Uthuanians (R) Litva-Utbuanians (R) Litvaks-Uthuanian Jews (R) Litwa-Uthuanians (R) Lolo-Yi (C) Lom-Gypsies (R) Lopari-Saami (R) Luoluo-Yi (C) Luoravetlan-Chukchee (R) Luxi-Naxi (C) Maarulal-Avars (R) Magpie Miao-Miao (C) Malkan-Balkars (R) Malkars-Balkars (R) Malqat-Balkars (R) Manchu (C) Manegir-Evenki (R) Manoan (C) Mansi (R) Manzi-Qiang (C) Mar-Maris (R) Margali-Mingredians (R) Mari-Maris (R) Maris (R) Maru-Jlingpo (C) Mata-Evenki (R) Megreli-Mingrelians (R) Menggu-Mongols (C) Mengsa-Achang (C) Mengsa-shan-Achang (C) Meskhetians (R) Meskhedian Turks-Meskhetians (R) Meskhetinskie Turki-Meskhetans (R) Miao (C) Mien-Yao (C) Mingrelets-Mingrelians (R) Mingrelians (R) Minjia-Bai (C) Misaba-Yi (C) Mishar-Volga Tatars (R) Mitro-Dai (C) Moinba (C) Moldovans (R) Moldovians-Moldovans (R) Monggol-Mongols (C) Mongols (C) Mongols-Tu (C) Monguor-Tu (C) Mosalman-Volga Tatars (R) Moso-Naxi (C) Mountain Jews (R) Mountain Shors-Shors (R) Mountain Tatars-Bakars (R) Mrassa-Shors (R) Mukhadar-Rutuls (R) Mulam (C) Mulao-Mulam (C) Mulaozu-Mulam (C) Mumin-Hui (C) Musavi-Bdlkars (R) Mushwzn-Svans (R) Musilin-Hui (C) Muya-Qiang (C) Muyami-Qiang (C) Nabei-Hezhen (C) Nakhi-Naxi (C) Namuyi-Qiang (C) Nanai (R) Nanai-Hezhen (C) Nanay-Nanai (R) Nani-Orochi (R) Naniao-Hezhen (C) Nari-Naxi (C) Naukantsy-Asiatic Eskimos (R) Nazi (C) Nenets (R) Nevuga Yupiga-Asatic Eskimos (R) Ngai-Hakka (C) Nganasan (R) Niang-De'ang (C) Nibuhi-Nivkh (R) Nikubun-Nivkh (R) Nivkh (R) Nogays (R) Noghaylar-Nogays (R) Nokhchiy-Chechen-Ingush (R) Nosu-Yi (C) Nu (C) Nusu-Nu (C) Nuzhen-Manchu (C) Nya-Nganasa- (R) Nymylan-Koryaks and Kerek (R) Oirats-Kalmyks (R) Old Believers (R) Onufrievtsy-Old Believers (R) Orochen-Evenid (R) Orochi (R) Orochisel-Orochi (R) Orok (R) Oroqen (C) Ossetes (R) Osson-Badkars (R) Ostiak of the Yenisei-Ket (R) Osqyak-Khanty (R); Selkup (R) Ostyak-Samoyeds-Selkup (R) Oubykhs-Circassians (R) Ovsi-Balkars (R) Pai Yao-Yao (C) Pamirians-Pamir Peoples (R) Pamirian Tajiks-Pamir Peoples (R) Pamnir Peoples (R) Panthay-Hui (C) Pa rauk-Wa (C) Pei Er Mi-Pumi (C) Peimi-Pumi (C) Polak-Poles (R) Poles (R) Pomortsy-Old Believers (R) Pontian Greeks-Greeks (R) Pontic Greeks-Greeks (R) Popovtsy-Old Believers (R) Primi-Pumi (C) Pumi (C) Pumi-Qiang (C) Qarachayri-Karachays (R) Qara Nogays (Black Nogays)Nogays (R) Qazi Qumukh-Laks (R) Qevsur-Khevsur (R) Qiang (C) Qing Miao-Miao (C) Qiren-Manchu (C) Qiu-Drung (C) Qumirq-Kurnyks (R) Red Benglong-De'ang (C) Rma-Qiang (C) Roma-Gypsies (R) Rong-Qiang (C) Ross-Russians (R) Rourou-Nu (C) Rus'-Russians (R) Rusnatsi-Capartho-Rusyns (R) Russian Peasants (R) Russians (R) Russian Siberians-Siberiaki (R) Russkiy-Russians (R) Rusyny-Capartho-Rusyns (R) Ruthens-Ukrainians (R) Rutuls (R) Saam'-Saami (R) 525 526 Ethnonym Index Saami (R) Sakartvelo-Georgians (R) Sakha-Dolgan (R); Yakut (R) Sala-Salar (C) Salar (C) Same-Saami (R) Samoyed-Nenets (R); Nganasan (R); Selkup (R) Sani-Yi (C) Sannoi-Laz (R) Saviar-Balkars (R) Selkup (R) Semeiski-Siberiaki (R) Shanda-She (C) Shanha-She (C) She (C) Shemin-She (C) Shidong-Jingpo (C) Shors (R) Shortsy-Shors (R) Shui (C) Shui Baiyi-Dai (C) Shui Dai-Dai (C) Shwzn-Svans (R) Siam-Dai (C) Sibe-Xibe (C) Siberiachi-Siberiaki (R) Siberiaki (R) Siberian Cossacks-Siberiaki (R) Siberian Estonians (R) Siberian Germans (R) Siberian Tatars (R) Sibiriaki-Siberiaki (R) Sibtatars-Siberian Tatars (R) Singhinem Yupiga-Asiatic Eskimos (R) Sireniktsy-Asiatic Eskimos (R) Sivugam Yupiga-Asiatic Eskimos (R) Slavic Siberians-Siberiaki (R) Soioty-Tuvans (R) Somekhi-Armenians (R) Sou-Bai (C) Spasovtsy-Old Believers (R) Sredneziatskie Evrei-Bukharan Jews (R) Starokreshchenye Tatary-Kriashen Tatars (R) Staroobriadtsy-Old Believers (R) Starovery-Old Believers (R) Stone Tower Culture-Qiang (C) Stranniki-Old Believers (R) Sulun-Ewenki (C) Sushen-Hezhen (C) Siisse-kum-Selkup (R) Svans (R) Syrjane-Komi (R) Tabasarans (R) Tabassarans-Tabasarans (R) Tadar-Khakas (R) Tadjik-Tajik (C); Tajiks (R) Tadzhiks-Tajiks (R) Tadzik-Tajik (C) Tai-Dai (C) Tajik (C) Tajiks (R) Talish-Talysh (R) Talishlar-Talysh (R) Talushon-Talysh (R) Talysh (R) Tandy-Uriankhai-Tuvans (R) Tannu-Uriankhaitsy-Tuvans (R) Tarlyk-Siberian Tatars (R) Tarvgi-Samoyeds-Nganasan (R) Tatar-Volga Tatars (R) Tatar Jews-Krymchaks (R) Tatars (C) Tatary-Crimean Tatars (R) Tats (R) Taulu-Balkars (R) Tavgi-Nganasan (R) Tavricheskie-Crimean Tatars (R) Tibetans (C) Tobolik-Siberian Tatars (R) Tofa-Tofalar (R) Tofalar (R) Tom-Kuznets Tatars-Shors (R) Tsakhi-Tsakhurs (R) Tsakhurs (R) Tsannoi-Laz (R) Tscherkess-Circassians (R) Tsygane-Gypsies (R) Tu (C) Tual-Ossetes (R) Tuba-Tofalar (R) Tubal-Mingrelians (R) Tuding-Tujia (C) Tujen-Tujia (C) Tujia (C) Tulao-Zhuang (C) Tulong-Drung (C) Tumin-Tujia (C) Tungus-Even (R); Evenki (R); Ewenki (C) Turcomans-Turkmens (R) Turfanlik-Uigur (C) Turkish-speaking Bulgars-Gagauz (R) Turkmens (R) Turkmens-Turkmens (R) Turks-Tatars (C); Meskhetians (R) Tuvans (R) Tuvintsy-Tuvans (R) Tuzemnye-Bukharan Jews (R) Tya-Dolgan (R) Tya Kikhi-Dolgan (R) Tyva-Tuvans (R) Ubykhs-Circassians (R) Udins-Udis (R) Udis (R) Udmurt (R) Ugbug-Kubachins (R) Ugbugan-Kubachins (R) Uighur (R) Uighur-Uigur (C) Uigur (C) Uigur-Uighur (R) Uilta-Orok (R) Ukrainian Peasants (R) Ukrainians (R) Ukrainian Siberians-Siberiaki (R) Ul'ta-Orok (R) Unangan-Aleuts (R) Ungazim Yupiga-Asiatic Eskimos (R) Urangkhai Sakha-Yakut (R) Uriankhai-Tuvans (R) Uriankhi-Tuvans (R) Uti-Udis (R) Uyghur-Uighur (R) Uygur-Uigur (C) Uzbeks (C) (R) Va-Wa (C) Velikorusskiy-Russians (R) Voguls-Mansi (R) Volga Tatars (R) Votyak-Udmurt (R) Wa (C) Wadul-Yukagir (R) Western Mongols-Kalmyks (R) White Lisu-Lisu (C) White Mongols-Tu (C) White Russians-Belarussians (R) Wild Nuchen-Hezhen (C) Wilta-Orok (R) Woni-Hani (C) Xiao ka va-Wa (C) Xiaoshan-Jingpo (C) Xibe (C) Xifan-Pumi (C) Xinren-Hakka (C) Xuejdzi-Dungans (R) Yahudi-Bukharan Jews (R) Yakut (R) Yakut-Ewenki (C) Yakutians-Yakut (R) Yao (C) Yao Min-Yao (C) Yarussa-Avars (R) Yazid;-Yezidis (R) Yenisei Kirghiz-Khakas (R) Yenisey Ostyak-Ket (R) Yevrei-Ashkenazim (R) Yezidis (R) Yi (C) Yu-She (C) Yuezu-Jing (C) Yugur-Yi (C) Yukaghir-Yukagir (R) Yukagir (R) Yupibu-Hezhen (C) Yupik-Asiatic Eskimos (R) Yurak-Nenets (R) Yurak-Samoyeds-Nenets (R) Zaiwa-Jingpo (C) Zanar-Mingrelians (R) Zhch'uch'ur-Mountain Jews (R) Zhongguo ren-Han (C) Zhuang (C) Ziryene-Komi (R) Zyrian-Komi (R) Zyryan-Komi (R) The Editors Parallax, and, most recently, Music in Russian Poetry (in press) He has taught at several universities and, since 1962, at the University of Chicago, where he is professor of anthropology, linguistics, and social thought and an associate in Slavic languages and literatures Editor in Chief David Levinson (Ph.D., State University of New York at Buffalo) is vice-president of the Human Relations Area Files in New Haven, Connecticut He is a cultural anthropologist whose primary research interests are in social issues, worldwide comparative research, and social theory He has conducted research on homelessness, alcohol abuse, aggression, family relations, and ethnicity Among his dozens of publications are the award-winning text Toward Explaining Human Culture (with Martin J Malone), The Tribal Living Book (with David Sherwood), and Family Violence in CrossCultural Perspective Dr Levinson also teaches anthropology at Albertus Magnus College in New Haven, Connecticut Associate Editors Robert Austerlitz was born in Bucharest, Romania, came to the United States in 1938, and took his B.A at the New School and his M.A and Ph.D (in linguistics) at Columbia University; he has also studied in Finland and Japan He is a specialist in Finno-Ugric and Paleosiberian languages and cultures, on which he has published many articles and a book: Ob-Ugric Metrics; he has also coedited several anthologies He has taught at Yale University, the University of Cologne, the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Ohio, the University of Washington, and other institutions, but mainly at Columbia University, where he started in 1958 and is currently professor of linguistics Volume Editors Norma Diamond (Ph.D., Cornell University) is professor of anthropology and an associate of the Center for Chinese Studies at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor She is one of the founders and editors of the journal Modern China She is primarily a cultural anthropologist, with particular interests in economic anthropology, gender, ethnicity, and social change She has done fieldwork in Taiwan and Shandong on Han rural communities, and more recently has done fieldwork in Yunnan on the Miao Recent and forthcoming publications include "Writing and Power Christianity and the Hua Miao" (in Christianity in China, edited by Daniel Bays), "Defining the Miao: Ming, Qing, and Contemporary Views" (in China's Civiliting Project, edited by Stevan Harrell), and "Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" (Women and International Development Annual Review, no 4) Clementine Creuziger was born in New York City and educated in France, Germany, and the United States, taking her B.A at Bowdoin University (Russian) and, at the University of Chicago, her M.A (geography/Ukrainian focus) and her Ph.D (anthropology)-the latter with a thesis titled Childhood in Soviet Russia (based on over a year of fieldwork)) She teaches languages at the U.S Naval Academy and is currently researching Russian child lore and spiritual education in Russia Kevin Tuite was born in South Bend, Indiana, and received his B.A at Northwestern University (chemical engineering) and his Ph.D (linguistics) at the University of Chicago-the latter with a thesis that won the Mark Perry Galler Prize After teaching classical and modem Georgian at the University of Tokyo, he joined the University of Montreal, where he teaches in the Department of Anthropology (e.g., a course on the cultures of the Caucasus) A specialist on the languages, cultures, and poetic systems of the Caucasus, particularly of Georgia and Svanetia, Tuite has published or presented numerous papers Paul Friedrich was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and educated at Williams College, Harvard University, and Yale University (Ph.D in anthropology) He has done almost five years of fieldwork with Mexican and East Indian Indians and Russians and has written numerous articles and eleven books, including Agrarian Revolt in a Mexican Village, The Language 527 ... nearly one million pages of information on the cultures of the world Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume VI RussiA AND EuRAsIA / CHINA Paul Friedrich and Norma Diamond Volume Editors G.K Hall... covers the cultures of Europe East and Southeast Asia covers the cultures of Japan, Korea, mainland and insular Southeast Asia, and Taiwan Russia and Eurasia / China covers the cultures of Mongolia,... Asia volume Both the East and Southeast Asia volume and the Russia and Eurasia section of this volume cover ethnic groups also found in China In 1990, the population of China was 1,133 ,68 2,501