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Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume IX AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD CULTURES David Levinson Editor in Chief North America Oceania South Asia Europe (Central, Western, and Southeastern Europe) East and Southeast Asia Russia and Eurasia / China South America Middle America and the Caribbean Africa and the Middle East Index The Encyclopedia of World Cultures was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University HRAF, the foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, is a not-for-profit consortium of twenty-three sponsoring members and 300 participating member institutions in twenty-five countries The HRAF archive, established in 1949, contains nearly one million pages of information on the cultures of the world Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume IX AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST John Middleton and Amal Rassam Volume Editors Candice Bradley and Laurel L Rose Associate Volume Editors G.K Hall & Company An Imprint of Simon & Schuster Macmillan NEW YORK Prentice Hall International LONDON * MEXICO CITY * NEW DELHI * SINGAPORE * SYDNEY * TORONTO / 1995 by the Human Relations Area Files, Inc First published in 1994 by G.K Hall & Co., an imprint of Simon & Schuster Macmillan 1633 Broadway New York, NY 10019-6785 AU Tights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher 10 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (Revised for volume 9) Encyclopedia of world cultures Includes bibliographical references, filmographies, and indexes Contents: v North America / Timothy J O'Leary, David Levinson, volume editors - [etc] - v Africa and the Middle East / John Middleton and Amal Rassam, volume editors Ethnology-Encyclopedias I Levinson, David, 1947GN307.E53 1991 306'.097 90-49123 ISBN 0-8161-1840-X (set: alk paper) ISBN 0-8161-1808-6 (v 1: alk paper) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 0-8161-1815-9 (v 9: alk paper) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library ®TM Materials ANSI Z39.48-1984 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Contents Project Staff vi Contributors vii Preface xvii Introduction toAfrica xxiii Introduction to the Middle East xxxv Maps Africa xli Cultures of Africa xlii The Middle East xliii Cultures of the Middle East xliv Cultures of Africa and the Middle East Appendix: Additional African Cultures 413 Ethnonym Index to Appendix 425 Glossary 431 Filmography 435 Index to Filmography 438 Directory of Distributors 439 Ethnonym Index 440 The Editors 447 Project Staff Research Patricia D Andreucci Bonnie Dyer-Bennet Ronald Johnson Editorial and Production Victoria Crocco Elly Dickason Abraham Maramba Ara Salibian L C Salibian Christine Wright Editorial Board Linda A Bennett Memphis State University Europe Femnado Cdmara Barbachano Instituto Nacional de Antropologra e Historia, Mexico City Middle America and the Caribbean NormalJ Diamond University of Michigan China Paul Friedrich University of Chicago Cartography Robert Sullivan Rhode Island College Russia and Eurasia Terence E Hays Rhode Island College Oceania Paul Hockings University of Illinois at Chicago South, East and Southeast Asia Robert V Kemper Southern Methodist University Middle America and the Caribbean John H Middleton Yale University Africa Timothy J O'Leary Human Relations Area Files North America Amal Rassam Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York Middle East Johannes Wilbert University of California at Los Angeles South America Vi Contributors Abbink Institut voor Culturele en Sociale Antropologie Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen The Netherlands Falasha; Sun Ray G Abrahams Department of Social Anthropology Cambridge University Cambridge United Kingdom Nyamez and Sukumna Ifi Amadiume Department of Religion Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire United States Ibibia; Igbo Nawal H Ammar Department of Criminal Justice Kent State University Kent, Ohio United States Nubians Ronald R Atkinson Department of History University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina United States Acholi Kevin Avruch Department of Sociology and Anthropology George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia United States Jews of Israel Joelle Bahloul Jews of Ageria Sandra T Barnes Department of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States Yoruba Department of Anthropology Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana United States Vii viii Contniurs Alan A Bartholomew Library Albertus Magnus College New Haven, Connecticut United States Daniel G Bates Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York New York, New York United States Dan F Bauer Department of Anthropology and Sociology Lafayette College Easton, Pennsylvania United States Lois Beck Department of Anthropology Washington University St Louis, Missouri United States John M Beierle Human Relations Area Files New Haven, Connecticut United States Paula Girshick Ben-Amos Department of Anthropology Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana United States Barbara A Bianco Social Science Research Council New York, New York United States Paul Bohannan Three Rivers, California United States Emile Boonzaier Department of Social Anthropology University of Cape Town Rondebosch Cape South Africa M F C Bourdillon Department of Sociology University of Zimbabwe Mount Pleasant, Harare Zimbabwe Candice Bradley Lawrence University Appleton, Wisconsin United States John W Burton Department of Anthropology Connecticut College New London, Connecticut United States Turks Yrik Tray Qzshqa'i Dogon Edo Pokot rw Khoi Shona Luy Anuak; Dinka; Nuer; Shiliuk Contrbutors ix Annette Busby San Rafael, California United States Kurds Peter Carstens University College University of Toronto Toronto Canada Cape Coloureds Dawn Chatty The Sultanate of Oman Bedouin Sumi Colligan Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work North Adams State College North Adams, Massachusetts United States Karaites Elizabeth Colson Department of Anthropology University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California United States Tonga Richard T Curley Department of Anthropology University of California, Davis Davis, California United States Lango Michael M Donovan Brooklyn, New York United States Kipsigs Vernon R Dorjahn Department of Anthropology University of Oregon Eugene, Oregon United States Temne Susan Drucker-Brown Department of Social Anthropology Cambridge University Cambridge Moaprusi United Kingdom Gerald M Erchak KPelie Department of Anthropology, Sociology, and Social Work Skidmore College Saratoga Springs, New York United States Caesar E Farah Department of History University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota United States Chaldeans; Jacobites; Maronites; Nestorians; Syriacs Pamela Feldman-Savelsberg Department of Sociology and Anthropology Carleton College Northfield, Minnesota United States Bamiekki x Contributors Gregory A Finnegan Tozzer Library Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts United States Mossi Jean-Gabriel Gauthier Laboratoire de l'Anthropologie University de Bordeaux I Talence France Michelle Gilbert Guilford, Connecticut United States Eva Gillies Fali Akan Zande Lewes, Sussex United Kingdom Jack Glazier Mbeere Department of Anthropology Oberlin College Oberlin, Ohio United States Jack Goody St Johns College Cambridge University Cambridge United Kingdom N Thomas Hakansson Department of Anthropology University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky United States C R Hallpike Department of Anthropology Lobi-Dagarti Peoples Qusii Konso McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario Canada Rosemary Harris Department of Anthropology University College London London United Kingdom David M Hart Garrucha (Almerfa) Yako Berbers of Morocco Spain Bernhard Helander Department of Cultural Anthropology University of Uppsala Uppsala Sweden Barry S Hewlett Department of Anthropology Washington State University Pullman, Washington United States Somalis Tropical-Forest Foragers Glossary 433 polyandry The marriage of one woman to more than one man at a time polygyny The marriage of one man to more than one woman at a time transhumance Seasonal movement of a society or community It may involve seasonal shifts in food production between hunting and gathering and horticulture or the movement of herds to more favorable locations shaman A religious practitioner who receives his or her power directly from supernatural forces tribe Although there is some variation in use, the term "tribe" usually applies to a distinct people who view themselves and are recognized by outsiders as a distinct culture The tribal society has its own name, territory, customs, subsistence activities, and often its own language shifting cultivation A form of horticulture in which plots of land are cleared and planted for a few years and then left to fallow for a number of years while other plots are used Also called swidden, extensive, or slash-and-bum cultivation unilineal descent The practice of tracing kinship affiliation through only one line, either the matriline or the patriline sib See clan unilocal residence The general term for matrilocal, patrilocal, or avunculocal postmarital residence puberty rites See initiation rites sister exchange A form of arranged marriage in which two men exchange their sisters as wives slash-and-burn cultivation A system of food production that involves burning trees and brush to clear and fertilize a garden plot, and then planting crops The plot is used for a few years and then left to fallow while other plots are similarly used sorcery Magic practiced for evil and antisocial ends sororal polygyny The marriage of one man to two or more sisters at the same time sororate The practice of marrying one's sister's widower swidden The field or garden plot resulting from slash-andbum field preparation teknonymy The practice of addressing a person after the name of his wife or his or her child rather than by the individual name For example, "Bill" is called "Father of John." usufruct The right to use land or property without actually owning it uterine descent See matrilineal descent uxorilocal residence The practice of a newly married couple living at or near the former residence of the wife virilocal residence The practice of a newly married couple living at or near the former residence of the husband wattle-and-daub A method of house construction whereby a framework (wattle) of poles and twigs is covered (daubed) with mud and plaster witchcraft The use of innate supernatural forces to control or harm another person Unlike sorcery, witchcraft does not require the use of magical rituals Filmography 11 The following is a list of films and videos on African and Middle Eastern nations and cultures The list is not meant to be complete; rather, it is a sampling of documentary films available from distributors in North America Listing a film or video does not constitute an endorsement by the volume editors or any of the contributors, nor does the absence of a film represent any sort of nonendorsement Abbreviations for names of distributors are provided at the end of each citation and full distributor names are provided in the distributor list following the index to the filmography Some of the films and videos listed here are also available through the Extension Media Center of the University of California at Berkeley (2176 Shattuck Ave., Berkeley, CA 94704) and/or the Penn State Audio-Visual Services (Special Services Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802), as indicated by (EMC) or (PS) at the end of the citation 12 13 14 15 A Luta Continua (The Struggle Continues) (Mozambique) 1971 Directed by Robert Van Lierop Color, 36 minutes, 16mm (PS) Africa Calls: Its Drums and Musical Instruments (Africa) 1971 Produced by WCAU Color, 23 minutes, 16mm CAROUF (PS) African Art and Culture (Africa) 1971 Produced by WCAU Color, 21 minutes, 16mm CAROUF (PS) African Carving: A Dogon Kanaga Mask (Dogon) 1974 Produced by the Film Study Center of Harvard University, E Elisofon and T.D Blakely Color, 17 minutes, 16mm PHENIX (PS) African Community: The Masai (Maasai) 1969 Color, 16 minutes, 16mm BFA (EMC) African Drought!: Changing Nomadic Cultures (Niger) 1974 Color, 26 minutes, 16mm XEROX (EMC) African Religions and Ritual Dances (Yoruba) 1971 Produced by WCAU Color, 19 minutes, 16mm CAROUF 16 17 18 19 20 21 (PS) African Soul: Music, Past and Present (Africa) 1971 Produced by WCAU Color, 17 minutes, 16mm CAROUF (PS) The Africans: I-The Nature of a Continent (Africa) 1986 Writer/host: Ali A Mazrui Produced by WETA, Washington, and the BBC An Annenberg/CPB project Color, 60 minutes, VHS Fl (PS) 10 The Africans: 2-A Legacy of Lifestyles (Africa) 1986 Writer/host: Ali A Mazrui Produced by WETA, Wash- 22 23 24 25 435 ington, and the BBC An Annenberg/CPB project Color, 60 minutes, VHS Fl (PS) The Africans: 3-New Gods (Africa; Christianity, Islam) 1986 Writer/host: Ali A Mazrui Produced by WETA, Washington, and the BBC An Annenberg/ CPB project Color, 60 minutes, VHS Fl (PS) The Africans: 4-Tools of Exploitation (Africa) 1986 Writer/host: Ali A Mazrui Produced by WETA, Washington, and the BBC An Annenberg/CPB project Color, 60 minutes, VHS Fl (PS) The Africans: 5-New Conflicts (Africa; Islam) 1986 Writer/host: Ali A Mazrui Produced by WETA, Washington, and the BBC An Annenberg/CPB project Color, 60 minutes, VHS Fl (PS) The Africans: 6-In Search of Stability (Africa) 1986 Writer/host: Ali A Mazrui Produced by WETA, Washington, and the BBC An Annenberg/CPB project Color, 60 minutes, VHS Fl (PS) The Africans: 7-A Garden of Eden in Decay (Africa) 1986 Writer/host: Ali A Mazrui Produced by WETA, Washington, and the BBC An Annenberg/CPB project Color, 60 minutes, VHS Fl (PS) The Africans: 8-A Clash of Cultures (Africa) 1986 Writer/host: Ali A Mazrui Produced by WETA, Washington, and the BBC An Annenberg/CPB project Color, 60 minutes, VHS Fl (PS) The Africans: 9-Global Africa (Africa) 1986 Writer/host: Ali A Mazrui Produced by WETA, Washington, and the BBC An Annenberg/CPB project Color, 60 minutes, VHS Fl (PS) The Afrikaner Experience: Politics of Exclusion (Afrikaner) 1978 Color, 35 minutes, 16mm LCA (PS) (EMC) Anansi the Spider (Africa) 1969 Produced by Gerald McDermott Color, 10 minutes, 16mm TEXFLM (PS) The Ancient Africans (Africa) 1969 Produced by Julien Bryan Color, 29 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) The Ancient Egyptians (Egyptians) 1964 Animation by Philip Stapp Produced by Julien Bryan Color, 27 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) Annual Festival of the Dead (Dogon) 1967 Color, 14 minutes, 16mm IFF (EMC) Arabs Now, The The Arabs: A Living History Series (Arabs) 1987 Color, 50 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) Argument about a Marriage (San) 1966 Color, 19 minutes, 16mm DER (EMC) Art of Islam (Islam) 1970 Color, 10 minutes, 16mm (PS) 436 Filmography- 26 Asante Market Women (Asante) 1981 Directed by Claudia Milne Produced by Andre Singer for Granada Television Color, 52 minutes, VHS (PS) 27 Bakhtiari Migration: The Sheep Must Live (Bakhtiari) 1973 Produced by Anthony Howard and David Koff Color, 51 minutes, 16mm Fl (PS) 28 Bekoidintu-Any House is Better Than Mine (Africa) 1979 Color, 34 minutes, U-matic PSUPCR (PS) 29 Between Two Worlds In the series: The Arabs: A Living History Series (Arabs) 1987 Color, 50 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 30 Bitter Melons (San) 1966 Color, 30 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) (EMC) 31 Boran Herdsman (Boran) 1974 Directed by David MacDougall Produced by the American Universities Field Staff Color, 17 minutes, 16mm (PS) 32 Boran Women (Boran) 1974 Directed by David MacDougall Produced by the American Universities Field Staff Color, 18 minutes, 16mm (PS) 33 Building A Nation The Arabs: A Living History Series (Arabs) 1987 Color, 50 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 34 Bushmen of the Kalahari (San) 1975 Produced by the National Geographic Society Color, 50 minutes, 16mm NGS (PS) 35 City Victorious? The Arabs: A Living History Series (Arabs) 1987 Color, 50 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 36 Coroh (Bone) (Mandingo) 1986 Directed and produced by Mohammed S Kamara Color, 26 minutes, VHS (PS) 37 The Cows of Dolo Ken Paye: Resolving Conflict among the Kpelle (Kpelle) 1970 Directed by Marvin Silverman Color, 32 minutes, 16mm PHENIX (PS) 38 Cry, Ethiopia, Cry (Ethiopians) 1984 Produced for PBS Frontline series Color, 60 minutes, VHS PUBTEL (PS) 39 A Curing Ceremony (San) 1966 Directed by John Marshall B&W, minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 40 Dances of Southern Africa (South Africa) 1973 Directed and produced by Gei Zantzinger Color, 55 minutes, 16mm, U-matic PSUPCR (PS) 41 Debe's Tantrum (San) 1966 Directed by John Marshall Color, minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 42 Deep Hearts (Fulani) 1980 Color, 53 minutes, 16mm PHENIX (EMC) 43 Discovering the Music of Africa (Africa) 1967 Color, 22 minutes, 16mm PHENIX (PS) 44 Discovering the Music of the Middle East (Middle East) 1968 Color, 21 minutes, 16mm PHENIX (PS) 45 Falasha: Agony of the BlackJews (Africa) 1983 Directed by Peter Raymont Produced by Simcha Jacobovici and Jamie Boyd Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (PS) 46 Family Matters: The Role of the Family in the Middle East (Family; Middle East) 1984 Color, 25 minutes, VHS EBEC (EMC) 47 Family Ties The Arabs: A Living History Series (Arabs) 1987 Color, 50 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 48 Fear Woman (Ghana) 1971 Color, 29 minutes, 16mm UN (EMC) 49 The Five Pillars of Islam (Islam) 1983 Color, 30 minutes, VHS (PS) 50 Grass (Bakhtiari) 1925 Produced by Merian C Cooper and Ernest B Schoedsack for Paramount B&W, silent, 66 minutes, 16mm FCE (EMC) 51 Great Tree Has Fallen (Asante) 1973 Color, 22 minutes, 16mm IU (EMC) 52 Harambee ("Pull Together") (Kenya) 1975 Color, 19 minutes, 16mm FIELDF (EMC) 53 Heritage: Civilization and the Jews, 9-Into the Future (Israel) 1984 Produced by WNET Color, 58 minutes, 16mm Fl (PS) 54 Holy Land: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in the Middle East (Christianity; Islam; Judaism; Middle East) 1984 Color, 25 minutes, VHS EBEC (EMC) 55 Homeland: Israel and Palestine (Palestinians) 1984 Color, 25 minutes, VHS EBEC (EMC) 56 The Hunters (San) 1957 Produced by the Peabody Museum, Harvard University J Marshall and R Gordon Color, 73 minutes, 16mm Fl (PM) 57 In and Out of Africa (Africa) 1993 Color, 59 minutes, VHS CMIL (EMC) 58 Islam (Islam) 1962 B&W, 22 minutes, 16mm NFBC (PS) 59 Islam (Islam) 1972 Produced by the Ontario Educational Communications Authority Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (PS) 60 Islamic Art (Islam) 1983 Color, 30 minutes, VHS (PS) 61 The Islamic City (Islam) 1983 Color, 30 minutes, VHS (PS) 62 Islamic Knowledge (Islam) 1983 Color, 30 minutes, VHS (PS) 63 Israel (Israel) 1979 (rev ed.) Animation by Philip Stapp Color, 28 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) 64 A Joking Relationship (San) 1966 Directed by John Marshall B&W, 13 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 65 Kenya Boran I (Boran) 1975 Color, 33 minutes, 16mm FIELDF (EMC) 66 Kenya Boran 11 (Boran) 1975 Color, 33 minutes, 16mm FIELDF (EMC) 67 !Kung Bushmen Hunting Equipment (San) 1966 Directed by John Marshall Color, 37 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 68 Liebalala (Sweetheart) (Lozi) 1972 B&W, 58 minutes, 16mm CMIL (EMC) 69 Lion Hunters (Niger) 1970 Color, 68 minutes, 16mm DER (EMC) 70 The Long Search: 5-Islam: There is No God but God (Islam) 1977 Produced by the BBC Color, 52 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 71 The Long Search: 7-Judaism: The Chosen People (Judaism) 1977 Produced by the BBC Color, 51 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 72 The Long Search: 10-African Religions: Zulu Zion (Islam) 1977 Produced by the BBC Color, 51 minutes, 16mm AMBVP (PS) 73 Lorang's Way (Turkana) 1980 Produced by David and Judith MacDougall Color, 70 minutes, VHS, U-matic CMIL (EMC) 74 Magic Rites: Chicken Sacrifice (Dogon) 1967 Produced by Julien Bryan Color, minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) 75 Magic Rites: Divination by Animal Tracks (Dogon) 1967 Produced by Julien Bryan Color, minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) Filmography 437 76 The Magic Tree (Kongo) 1971 Animation by Gerald McDermott Color, 11 minutes, 16mm TEXFLM (PS) 77 Making of the Arabs, The The Arabs: A Living History Series (Arabs) 1987 Color, 50 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 78 Mammy Water: In Search of the Water Spirits in Nigeria (Ibibio) 1991 Color, 59 minutes, VHS, U-matic CMIL (EMC) 79 Maragoli (Maragoli) 1978 Color, 58 minutes, 16mm NICHOLS (EMC) 80 Man of the Serengeti (Maasai) 1972 Produced by the National Geographic Society Color, 50 minutes, 16mm NGS (PS) 81 The Market's Edge: Glimpses of the Hausa World (Hausa) 1971 Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (PS) 82 Masai in Tanzania (Maasai) 1969 Color, 13 minutes, 16mm Fl (PS) 83 Mau Mau (Kenya) 1973 (edited version) Directed by Anthony Howarth and David Koff Color 27 minutes, 16mm Fl (PS) 84 Mbambin: A Lineage Head in Ayikpere, North Togo (Togo) 1973 Directed by Dr E.A.B van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal B&W, 23 minutes, 16mm SFW (PS) 85 The Meat Flight (San) 1975 Directed by John Marshall Color, 14 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 86 Men Bathing (San) 1966 Directed by John Marshall Color, 14 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 87 Moving On: The Hunger for Land in Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe) 1982 Color, 52 minutes, 16mm NEWSC (EMC) 88 N!owa T'ama: The Melon Tossing (San) 1966 Directed by John Marshall Color, 15 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 89 N/um Tchai: The Ceremonial Dance of the !Kung Bushmen (San) 1966 Directed by John Marshall B&W, 20 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 90 Nai, the Story of a !Kung Woman (San) 1980 Directed by John Marshall Color, 59 minutes, 16mm DER (PS) 91 Nawi (Jie) 1969 Directed by David and Judith MacDougall Color, 22 minutes, 16mm CF (PS) 92 Ndando Yawusiwana (Song of Sadness) (Chopi) 1981 Directed and produced by Gei Zantzinger Color, 18 minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) 93 New Knowledge for Old The Arabs: A Living History Series (Arabs) 1987 Color, 50 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) 94 The 1973 Mgodo wa Mbanguzi (Chopi) 1974 Directed by Gei Zantzinger and Andrew Tracey Color, 53 minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) 95 The 1973 Mgodo wa Mkandeni (Chopi) 1974 Directed by Gei Zantzinger and Andrew Tracey Color, 48 minutes, 16mm PSUPCR (PS) 96 The Nuer (Nuer) 1970 Produced by Robert Gardner and Hilary Harris for the Peabody Museum, Harvard University Color, 74 minutes, 16mm (PS) 97 The Palestinian People Do Have Rights (Palestinians) 1979 Produced by the United Nations Color, 53 minutes, 16mm UN (PS) (EMC) 98 Palestinian Portraits (Palestinians) 1987 Color, 22 minutes, VHS UN (EMC) 99 Palestinians of '83 (Palestinians) 1983 Produced by the U.N Color, 26 minutes, 16mm ICARUS (EMC) 100 Power of the Word The Arabs: A Living History Series 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 (Arabs) 1987 Color, 50 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) Pygmies of Africa (Forest Peoples) 1939 B&W, 20 minutes, 16mm EBEC (PS) The Pygmies of the Ituri Forest (Forest Peoples) 1975 Produced by Jean-Pierre Hallet Color, 19 minutes, 16mm EBEC (PS) Pygmies of the Rain Forest (Forest Peoples) 1975 Produced by Kevin Duffy Color, 51 minutes, 16mm (PS) Rise Up and Walk (African Christian churches) 1982 Color, 28 minutes, 16 mm, VHS, U-matic CMIL (EMC) Rivers of Sand (Hamar) 1974 Color, 83 minutes, 16mm PHENIX (EMC) Saints and Spirits (Islam) 1979 Color, 26 minutes, VHS ICARUS (EMC) Saudi Arabia: Oil, Money, Politics (Saudi Arabia) 1982 Written and produced by Jo Franklin-Trout for Pacific Productions and the Pacific Mountain Network Color, 59 minutes, U-matic (PS) Saudi Arabia: The Kingdom (Saudi Arabia) 1982 Written and produced by Jo Franklin-Trout for Pacific Productions and the Pacific Mountain Network Color, 59 minutes, U-matic (PS) Saudi Arabia: The Race with Time (Saudi Arabia) 1982 Written and produced by Jo Franklin-Trout for Pacific Productions and the Pacific Mountain Network Color, 59 minutes, U-matic (PS) Sects and Violence: Fragmentation within Religions (Islam) 1984 Color, 25 minutes, VHS EBEC (EMC) Shadow of the West The Arabs: A Living History Series (Arabs) 1987 Color, 50 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) Sherea: Dispute Settlement at the Court of the Paramount Chief N'zara, North Togo (Anufo) 1975 Directed by Dr E A B van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal B&W, 22 minutes, 16mm (PS) Soro (Fulani) 1968 Color, 25 minutes, 16mm (PS) Souls in the Sun (Senegal) 1982 Color, 27 minutes, 16mm 115 South Africa Belongs to Us (South Africa) 1980 Color, 57 minutes, 16mm ICARUS (PS) (EMC) 116 South Africa: The White Laager (Afrikaners; South Africa) 1978 Produced by Peter Davis for the U.N Color, 58 minutes, 16mm LCA (EMC) 117 South African Essay: Part I-Fruit of Fear (South Africa) 1965 Produced by NET B&W, 60 minutes, 16mm IU (PS) 118 South African Essay: Part 2-One Nation, Two Nationalisms (South Africa) 1965 Produced by NET B&W, 60 minutes, 16mm IU (PS) 119 Strange Beliefs: Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard (1902-1973) (Azande, Nuer) 1991 Color, 52 minutes, VHS FLMHUM (EMC) 120 Traditional World of Islam: Knowledge of the World (Islam) 1977 Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (PS) 121 Traditional World of Islam: Man and Nature (Islam) 1977 Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (PS) 122 Traditional World of Islam: Nomad and the City (Islam) 1977 Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (PS) 123 Traditional World of Islam: The Inner Life (Islam) 1977 Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (PS) 438 Filmography 124 Traditional World of Islam: The Pattern of Beauty (Islam) 125 126 127 128 129 130 1977 Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (PS) Traditional World of Islam: Unity (Islam) 1977 Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (PS) Tribal Dances of West Africa (Africa) 1969 Produced by R A Piper Color, 28 minutes, 16mm (PS) Tuareg (Tuareg) 1974 Directed by Bruce Parsons and produced for the BBC Color, 48 minutes, 16mm ICARUS (PS) The Two Rivers (Venda) 1985 Directed by Mark Newman and produced by Edwin Wes Color, 60 minutes, 16mm ICARUS (PS) A Veiled Revolution (Egypt) 1982 Directed by Marilyn Gaunt and Produced by Elizabeth Fernea Color, 27 minutes, 16mm ICARUS (PS) Ways of Faith The Arabs: A Living History Series Index to Filmography Africa, 2, 3, 8-11,13-17, 19, 20, 28, 43, 45, 57, 126 African Christian churches, 104 Afrikaners, 18, 116 Anufo, 112 Arabs, 23, 29, 33, 35, 47, 77, 93, 100, 111, 130 Arts, 3-5, 60, 89, 126, 134 Asante, 26, 51 Azande, 119 Bakhtiari, 27, 50 Boran, 31,32, 65, 66 Chopi, 92, 94, 95 Christianity, 11, 54 Dogon, 4, 22, 74, 75, Egypt, 129 Egyptians, 21 Ethiopians, 38 Family, 46 Forest Peoples, 101-103 Fulani, 42, 113 Ghana, 48 Hamar, 195 Hausa, 81 lbibio, 78 Islam, 11, 13, 25, 54, 58-62, 70, 72, 106, 110, 120-125 Israel, 53, 63 131 132 133 134 135 136 (Arabs) 1987 Color, 50 minutes, VHS LANDMK (EMC) The Wedding Camels (Turkana) 1976 Directed and produced by David and Judith MacDougall Color, minutes, 16mm (PS) (EMC) Wife among Wives, A (Turkana) 1982 Color, 72 minutes, VHS, U-matic CMIL (EMC) White Man's Country (Kenya) 1973 (edited version) Directed by Anthony Howarth and David Koff Color, 28 minutes 16mm Fl (PS) Yemenite Dancers (Yemeni Jews) 1976 Color, 27 minutes, 16mm BLOLAND (EMC) Zulu Christian Dances: Part I-The Church of Shembe (Zulu) 1968 Color, 21 minutes, 16mm (PS) Zulu Country Dances (Zulu) 1968 Color, 16 minutes, 16mm (PS) jie, 91 Judaism, 54, 71 Kenya, 52, 83, 133 Kongo, 76 Kpelle, 37 Lozi, 68 Maasi, 5, 80, 82 Mandingo, 36 Maragoli, 79 Middle East, 44,46, 54 Mozambique, I Music, 2, 8, 43, 44 Niger, 6, 69 Nuer, 96, 119 Palestinians, 55, 97-99 Religion, 7, 22, 39, 74, 75, 78, 106, 110 San, 24,30,34,39, 41, 56,64, 67, 85,86, 88-90 Saudi Arabia, 107-109 Senegal, 114 South Africa, 40, 115-118 Togo, 84 Tuareg, 127 Turkana, 73, 131, 132 Venda, 128 Yemeni Jews, 134 Yoruba, Zimbabwe, 87 Zulu, 135, 136 Filmography 439 Directory of Distributors Please consult the National Information Center for Educational Media (NICEM) or the Educational Film and Video Locator for current addresses EMC Ambrose Video Publishing BFA Educational Media Sunni Bloland Carousel Films, Inc Churchill Films University of California Extension Center for Media and Independent Leaming Documentary Educational Resources Encyclopedia Brittanica Educational Corporation University of California, Extension Media FCE Film Classic Exchange AMBVP BFA BLOLAND CAROUF CF CMIL DER EBEC Center Fl FIELDF ICARUS IFF 'U LANDMK LCA MCI NEWSC NFBC NOS NICHOLS PHENIX PS PSUPCR PUBTEL SFW TEXFLM UN XEROX Films, Incorporated Fieldstaff Films FirstRun/icarus Films International Film Foundation Indiana University Landmark Films, Inc Learning Corporation of America Mass Communications, Inc California Newsreel National Film Board of Canada National Geographic Society Sandra Nichols Phoenix Films Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania State University Psych Cinema Register National Public Television Stitching Film en Wetenschap Texture Films United Nations Xerox Films Ethnonym Index This index provides some of the alternative names and the names of major subgroups for cultures covered in this volume The culture names that are entry titles are in boldface Abagusii-Gusii Abaluhya-Luyia Abaluyia-Luyia Abdal-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Turkey) Acholi Acoli-Acholi Acooli-Acholi Adal-Afar Adyge-Circassians Afar Afipa-Fipa Afnu-Hausa Afrikaners Afunu-Hausa Aghem-Bamiieke Ahaggar Tuareg-Berbers of Morocco Ahl al-Muzaiyad-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Yemen) Ahl al-Nawwah-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Yemen) Aimaq Aka-Tropical-Forest Foragers Akan Akosa-Lunda Akuapem-Akan Akwamu-Akan Akyem-Akan Ala Igbo-Igbo Alur Aluunda-Lunda Amandebele-Ndebele Amangbetu-Mangbetu Amara-Amhara 'Amer-Peripatetics of the Maghreb (Algeria) Amhara Anago-Yoruba Ani Igbo-Igbo Antandroy-Tandroy Anuak Anyi-Akan Nraab-Bedouin Arabci-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Turkey) Arabophone Jews-Jews, ArabicSpeaking Arabs Arindrano-Betsileo Arna-Hausa Aruund-Lunda Asante-Akan Asheq-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Asians of Africa Assyrians Asua-Tropical-Forest Foragers Athi-Okiek Attie-Akan Aussa-Hausa Awori-Yoruha A'wwadat-Peripatetics of Inq Yemen (Egypt) Azande-Zande Azna-Hausa Ba'ale Mikra-Karaites Babadjou-Bamileke Babemba-Bemrba Bache-Rukuba Baid'4'adh-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Badyanesin-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Bafang-Bamileke Bafou-Bamileke Bafoussam-Bamileke Bagam-Bamileke Baggara Bagirmi Bahalis Bahalawan-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt and Sudan) Baka-Tropical-Forest Foragers Bakhayo-Luyia Bakhtiari Bakongo-Kongo Balatumani-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Bale-Suri 441 Baloum-Bamileke Baluba-Loba of Shaba Baluch-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Balumbila-Tonga Baluyia-Luyia Bamaha-Bamileke Bamaroteng-Pedi Bamdendjina-Bamileke Bamendjou-Bamilike Bamenkoumbit-Bamileke Bamenyam-Bamilke Bamia-Iteso Bamileke Bana-Bamileke Bandjoun-Bamil&6 Bangangte-Bamil6ke Bangoua-Bamileke Bangwa-Bamileke Bangwa-Fontem-Bamil6ke Bantu Kavirondo-Luyia Banu Sasan-Peripatetics of Inq Yemen (Egypt) Banyala-Luyia Banyamwezi-Nyamwezi and Sukuma Banyore-Luyia Bapedi-Pedi Bapi-Bamileke Baqqara-Baggara Barbari-Aimaq Barmaki-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Barotse-Lozi Barozi-Lozi Barutse-Lozi Basonga-Luyia Basotho-Pedi Basseri Basters-Cape Coloureds Basuku-Suku Basukuma-Nyamwezi and Sukuma Batatiyeh-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Batcham-Bamileke Batchingou-Bamileke 442 Ethnonym Index Bati-Bamileke Batie-Bamileke Batoka-Tonga Batonga-Tonga Batsotso-Luyia Batswana-Tswana Baule-Ahan Bawe-Tonga Bayaka-Suku Bechuana-Tswana Bedouin Bedu-Bedouin Bemba Bembe-Kongo Benei Yisrael-Samaritans Beni 'Ades-Peripatetics of the Maghreb (Algeria) Beni Bacchar-Peripatetics of the Maghreb (Morocco) Beni Hami-Peripatetics of the Maghreb (Morocco) Berbers of Morocco Beriberi-Aimaq Beri-beri-Kanuri Besuni-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Sudan) Beta Esiel Falasha Betsileo Bez-Came-Peripatetics of the Maghreb (Morocco) Binei Mikra-Karaites Bini-Edo Birifor-Lobi-Dagarti Peoples Bofi-Tropical-Forest Foragers Bongo-Tropical-Forest Foragers Bornu-Kanuri Bororo'en-Fulani Bosha-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Turkey) Boumpe-Mende Brong-Akan Bruinmense-Cape Coloureds Buganda-Ganda Bukusu-Luyia Bunjawa-Hausa Caffre-Xbosa Cafre-Xhosa Cape Coloureds Central Liba-Luba of Shah Chaai-Suri Chaga-Chaga Chagga Chahar Aimaq-Aimaq Chaldeans Chaldeans-Assyrians Challi-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Chalu-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Changar-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Changi-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Chareshmal-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Chelofes-Wolof Chibemba-Bemba Chighalbf-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Chingana-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Chiwemba-Bemha Chonyi-Mijikenda Cingene-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Turkey) Circassians Collo-Shilluk Coloureds-Cape Coloureds Copts DagaaWiili-Lobi-Daprti Peoples Dagara-Lobi-Dagarti Peoples Dagarti-Lobi-Dagarti Peoples Dagbamba-Mamprusi Dahomeans-Ewe and Fon Dama-Herero Damara-Herero Danakil-Afar Dar Massenya-Bagirmi Dawashin-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Yemen) Dholuo-Luo Digo-Mijikenda Dinka Djerma Djerma-Zarma Djermis-Zarma Dogom-Dogon Dogon Dogono-Dogon Dorobo-Okiek Dorossie-Lobi-Dagarti Peoples Dnrze Dschagga-Chagga Dschang-Bauileke Duman-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Iraq) Dumi-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Duruma-Mijikenda Dyabanna-Zarma Dyanna-Zanna Dyerma-Zarnm Eastern Lunda-Lunda East Syrians-Syriacs Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane-Swazi Edo Efe-Tropical-Forest Foragers Egba-Yoruba Egbado-Yoruba Egyptian Nubians-Nubians Ekiti-Yoruba emaSwati-Swazi emaSwazi-Swazi Emnbu-Mbeere Endo-Nandi and Other Kalenjin Peoples Esraelotch-Falasha Ewe and Fon Fehemi-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt and Sudan) Felasha-Falasha Fellaata-Fulani Fellah-Fulani Feuj-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Filani-Fulani Filastinyoun-Palestinians Fipa Fomopea-Bamileke Fon-Ewe and Fon Fongondeng-Bamileke Foto-BamilkEk Fotouni-Bamileke Fula-Fulani Fulani Fulata-Fulani Fulbe-Fulani Gabar-Zoroastrians Gabr-Zoroastrians Galofes-Wolof Gan-Lobi-Dagarti Peoples GII ana-San-Speaking Peoples Ganda Gani-Acholi Gao borey-Songhay Gawandi-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Turkey) Gekoyo-Kikuyu Gerse-Kpelle Gewhassi-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Sudan) Ghajar-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt and Sudan); Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Ghalbelbaf-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Ohawazi-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Ghenanema-Peripatetics of the Maghreb (Morocco) Ghorbat Ghorbat-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Ghorbati-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Turkey, and Iran (Turkey and Iran) Ghuraba-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Sudan) Ghurbat-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Syria and Egypt) Ghurradin-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Gian-Lobi-Dagard Peoples Gigikuyu-Kikuyu Gikiyu-Kinuyu Giriamna-Mijikenda Gu'aidiyah-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Iraq and Syria) Guebre-Zoroastrians Guerze-Kpelle Falasha Fali Fante-Akan Fe'e Fe'e-Bamileke Guiolof-Wolof Gurani-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Gurbet-Ghorbht Ethnonym Index 443 Gusii G wi-San-Speaking Peoples Gyloffes-Wolof Iteso Itesyo-Iteso Kipsigis Kirdi-Sara Kisa-Luyia Jacobites Habbe-Dogon Haddad-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Hai II om-San-Speaking Peoples Hajala-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Halab-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Sudan) Hlalabi-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Halfans-Nubians Hambbe-Dogon Haoussa-Hausa Jalali-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Jalof-Wolof Janganah-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Iraq) Jat-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Jat-Baluch-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Kisii-Gusii Kohistanis-Pashai Hawee-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Jews, Arabic-Speaking Jews of Algeria Jews of Iran Jews of Islam-Jews of the Middle East Jews of Israel Jews of Kurdistan Jews of the Middle East Jews of Yemen Hazara Hazaragi-Hazara jogi-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, Hausa al Hausin-Hausa Hemmeli-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Herati-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Herders of southern Africa-Khoi Herero el Heweidat-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Hezareh-Hazara Hezare'i-Hazara Hilani-Fulani Howihar-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) H6zaye-Jews of Kurdistan Hudaye-jews of Kurdistan Hulo-Mende lalofes-Wolof lbadan-Yoruba Ibibio Ibo-Igbo Ichibemba-Bemba Idakho-Luyia Ife-Yoruba Ifonyin-Yoruha Igbo Igbomina-Yoruba Ijebu-Yoruba Ijesha-Yoruha llmaasai-Maasai Imajeghen-Berbers of Morocco Imazighen-Berbers of Morocco Imbangala-Lunda Imzabiyen-Berbers of Morocco lolof-Wolof lqba'iliyen-Berbers of Morocco Iranians-Persians Iraqw Irifiyen-Berbers of Morocco Ishawiyen-Berbers of Morocco Ishilhayen-Berbers of Morocco Ishindi Lunda-Lunda Isixhosa-Xhosa Israelite Karaites-Karaites Isukha-Luyia Jibana-Mijikenda and Turkey (Afghanistan) Jola-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Jo Lango-Lango Jolof-Wolof Juhu-Jews of Kurdistan Juki-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Syria and Lebanon); Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Kabras-Luyha Kabyles-Berbers of Morocco Kado-Songhay Kaffer-Xhosa Kaffir-Xhosa Kaffir-Zulu Kambe-Mijikenda Kanongesha Lunda-Lunda Kanuri Karachi-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Karaim-Karaites Karaite Jews-Karaites Karaites Karaj-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Iraq) Karamojong Karanga-Shona Kauli(a)-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Iraq and Syria) Kauma-Mijikenda Kayla-Falasha Kazembe Mutanda Lunda-Lunda Keiyo-Nandi and Other Kalenjin Peoples Kel Tagelmust-Tuareg Kel Tamacheq-Tuareg Kenchli-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Ketu-Yoruba Khoi Khoikhoi Hottentots-Khoi Khoisan-Khoi Kibushy-Sakalava Kikuyu Kingbetu-Mangbetu Kola-Tropical-Forest Foragers Kololo-Lozi Kongo Konso !Koo-San-Speaking Peoples Koosa-Xhosa Korashi-Pashai Kossa-Mende Kosso-Mende Kossowa-Gusii Kouli-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Kowli-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Kpelle Kpese-Kpelle Kunyi-Kongo Kurdim-Jews of Kurdistan Kurds Kutana-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Kwaara borey-Songhay Kwahu-Akan Kwara-Yoruha KwaZulu-Zulu Kxoe-San-Speaking Peoples Langi-Lango Lango Lango-Acholi Lawani-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Lobi-Dagarti Peoples LoBirifor-Lobi-Dagarti Peoples LoDagaa-Lobi-Dagarti Peoples Lo-Gang-Acholi Logoli-Luyia Logwari-Lugbara Lomomgo-Mongo LoPiel-Lobi-Dagarti Peoples Lor-Lur Lori-Lur LoSaala-Lobi-Dagarti Peoples Lower Nubians-Nubians LoWiili-Lobi-Dagarti Peoples Lozi Luapula Lunda-Lunda Luba Katanga-Luba of Shaba Luba Lomami-Luba of Shaba Luba of Shaba Luba Samba-Luba of Shaba Luba Shankagi-Luha of Shaba Luganda-Ganda Lugbara Luli-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Luli Mogat-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Lumbwa-Kipsigis Lunda Lunda-Ndembu Lunda-Kazembe (Cazembe)-Lunda Lunda-Ndembu-Lunda 444 Ethnonym Index Luo Lur Luti-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Luunda-Lunda Luyia Lwo-Anuak Maa-Maasai Maalemin-Peripatetics of the Maghreb (Mauritania) Maasai Maghrebi Jews-Jews of Algeria Maguzawa-Hausa Makbe-Dogon Mambetto-Mangbetu Mamprusi Ma'n-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Yemen) Manala-Ndebele-Ndebele Mandaeans Mande Manding-Mande Mandingue-Mande Mangbettu-Mangbetu Mangbetu Manianga-Kongo Mapoggers-Ndebele Marachi-Luyia Marakwet-Nandi and Other Kalenjin Peoples Marama-Luyia Maronites Marota-Pedi Marotse-Lozi Marutse-Lozi Masai-Maasai Masalib-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Masha'iliyyah-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Maskurahi-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Mbeere Mbere-Mbeere Musokantanda Lunda-Lunda Naath-Nuer Nandi and Other Kalenjin Peoples Nausar-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Nawar-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Syria, Jordan, Israel, and Egypt) Ndebele Ndembu Ndibu-Kongo Ndi Igbo-Igbo Ndorobo-Okiek Ndzunda-Ndebele Ndzunda-Ndebele-Ndebele Nemangbetu-Mangbetu Nestorians Nestorians-Assyrians New Nubia-Nubians New Halfa-Nubians Ngakarimonjong-Karamojong Ngiturkan-Turkana Ngonde-Nyakyusa and Ngonde Nharo-San-Speaking Peoples Niam-Niam-Zande Nilotic Kavirondo-Luo North African Jews-Jews of Algeria Northern Lunda-Lunda Northern Sotho-Pedi (N)Sandi-Kongo Ntandu-Kongo Nubians Nuer Nuristanis Nyakyusa and Ngonde Nyamwezi and Sukuma Nyika-Mijikenda Nyikoroma-Suri Nzakara-Zande Mboma-Kongo Mbouda-Bamileke Mbulu-Iraqw Mbuti-Tropical-Forest Foragers Meddahin-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Medzan-Tropical-Forest Foragers Mehtar-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Oasis dwellers of the Algerian MzabBerbers of Morocco Ojuli-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Okiek Olof-Wolof Omia-Iteso Ondo-Yoruba Oriental Jews-Jews of the Middle East Orthodox Coptic Christians-Copts Ouoloff-Wolof Owo-Yoruba Oyo-Yoruba Mende Mijikenda Moinjaang-Dinka Mongo Moose-Mossi Moshi-Mossi Mosi-Mossi Mossi Mpangu-Kongo Mua'meratijjeh-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Munchi-Tiv Musalli-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Palestinians Pashai Pedi Pende Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey Peripatetics of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Egypt, Sudan, Yemen Peripatetics of the Maghreb Persians Pessy-Kpelle Peul-Fulani Pieds-Noirs Jews of Algeria Pikraj-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Pokot Pygmies-Tropical-Forest Foragers Qaraites-Karaites Qarbalband-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Qarrad-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Qashqa'i Qawal-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Qeraci-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Turkey) Qizilbash Qorbat-Ghorbat Rabai-Mijikenda Ramadiya-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Ribe-Mijikenda Rifa'iyya-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Rifians-Berbers of Morocco Romani-Peripatetics of the Maghreb (Morocco and Egypt) Rotse-Lozi Rozi-Lozi Rukuha Rutse-Lozi Ruund-Lunda Sabzaki-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Saclave-Sakalava Sadu-Peripatedics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Safi-Pashai $a' ideh-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Sakalava Sakalave-Sakalava Sahb-Sleb Samaale-Somalis Sama'ina-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Samaritans Samia-Luyia $ani'a-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) San-Speaking Peoples Sara Sare-Pashai Sazandeh-Peripatefics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Sebei-Nandi and Other Kalenjin Peoples Seclave-Sakalava Sephardic Jews-Jews of Algeria Sfardim-Jews of Algeria Shabe-Yoruba Shadibaz-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Shahaini-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Sudan) Shah'aini-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Shahsevan Ethnonym Index 445 Shamerim-Samaritans Shawiya-Berbers of Morocco Sheikh Mohammadi-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Shilluk Shluh-Berbers of Morocco Shoeiha-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Shomeronim-Samaritans Shona Shuuli-Acholi Silozi-Lozi Siyahpayak-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Slavey-Sleb Sleb $Ieb-Sleb Sleyb-Sleb Solongo-Kongo Solubba-Sleb Somalis Songhay Songhoi-Songhay Songhrai-Songhay Soomaali-Somalis Southern Lunda-Lunda; Ndembu Southern Ndebele-Ndebele Southern Nguni-Xhosa Sudanese Nubians-Nubians Suk-Pokot Suku Sukuma-Nyamwezi and Sukuma $ulaib-Sleb Suleib-Sleb $uleyb-Peripatetics of Ir Yemen (Syria) $ulubba-Sleb Surayi-Assyrians Suri Surma-Suri Surutiyeh-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Suryane-Syriacs Suryaye-Syriacs Susi-Peripatetics of the Maghreb (Morocco) Susmani-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Turkey) Suzmani-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Swahili Swasa-Berbers of Morocco Swati-Swazi Swazi Syriacs Syrian Jacobites-Syriacs Szleb-Sleb Tachoni-Luyia Tahtaci-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Turkey) Tahwaiiya-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Tajik-Pashai Tamacheq-Tuareg Tandroy Targui-Tuareg Tat-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) T'ar'ar-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Tatari-Peripatetics of the Maghreb (Mauritania) Tawayifa-Peripatetics of Iq Yemen (Egypt) Tebou-Teda Tebu-Teda Teda Temne Terik-Nandi and Other Kalenjin Peoples Teymanim-jews of Yemen Tabbu-Teda Vangawala-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Afghanistan) Vili-Kongo Volof-Wolof Wa-chaga-Chagga Wafipa-Fspa Wakisii-Gusii Waled Abu Tenna-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Egypt) Wambulu-Iraqw Wamia-Iteso Wandorobo-Okiek Wanga-Luyia Waschagga-Chagga Wemba-Bemba Western Lunda-Lunda Wollufs-Wolof Wolof Tigre-Tngray Timmannee-Temne Xhosa Xosa-Xhosa !Xu-San-Speaking Peoples Tiriki-Luyia Tirma-Suri Yahud awlad al-'arab-Jews, Arabic- Tigray Tisv Tivi-Tiv Toda-Teda Todag-Teda Todga-Teda Toka-Tonga Tombo-Dogon Tommo-Dogon Tonga Toro-Dogon Torobbo-Okiek Toroobe-Fulani Toshmal-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Iran) Toubou-Teda Tozui-Lozi Trekkers-Afrikaners Tropical-Forest Foragers Tsigan-Peripatetics of Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey (Turkey) Tsimihety Tswana Tuareg Tubu-Teda Tuda-Teda Tudaga-Teda Tugen-Nandi and Other Kalenjin Peoples Turk-Qashqa'i Turkana Tirken-Turks Turkish Nomadic PastoralistsYdrdk Turkler-Turks Turks Valaf-Wolof Speaking Yahudim-Jews of Israel Yahundai-Jews of Iran Yaka-Suku Yak6 Yakurr-Yak6 Yaloffs-Wolof Yehudei Teyman-jews of Yemen Yemenis Yerwa-Kanuri Yisraelim-Jews of Israel Yolof-Wolof Yombe-Kongo Yoruba Ybrik Zabarmas-Zarma Zabermnas-Zarma Zabirmawa-Zarma Zabramas-Zarma Zabrima-Zarma Zalamo-Zaramo Zalamu-Zaramo Zande Zaramo Zaramu-Zaramo Zardoshti-Zoroastrians Zarma Zerma-Zarma ZhuIoasi-San-Speaking Peoples Zigani-Peripatetics of the Maghreb (Morocco) Zoroastrians Zulu Zutt-Peripatetics of Iraq Yemen (Iraq and Syria) The Editors Editor in Chief David Levinson (Ph.D., State University of New York at Buffalo) is vice president of the Human Relations Area Files, in New Haven, Connecticut He is a cultural anthropologist whose primary research interests are in social issues, worldwide comparative research, and social theory He has conducted research on homelessness, alcohol abuse, aggression, family relations, and ethnicity Among his dozens of publications are the award-winning Toward Human Culture (with Martin J Malone), The Tribal Living Book (with David Sherwood), and Family Violence in Cross-Cultural Perspective Dr Levinson also teaches anthropology at Albertus Magnus College, in New Haven, Connecticut Volume Editors John Middleton (D.Phil., Oxford University) is professor emeritus of anthropology at Yale University, in New Haven, Connecticut His areas of interest include religious studies, social and economic change, and urbanization His field research has been among the Lugbara of Uganda (1949-1952); the Swahili of Zanzibar (1958); the Igbo of Lagos, Nigeria (1964); the Akan of Ghana (1966-1967); and the Swahili of Kenya (at various times between 1986 and 1993) He has taught social anthropology at the University of London, the University of Cape Town, Northwestern University, New York University, and the School of Oriental and African Studies (London) His publications include Black Africa: Its People and Their Cultures Today; Lugbara Religion; Spirit Mediumship and Society in Africa (with John Beattie); Witchcraft and Sorcery in East Africa (with E H Winter); and The World of the Swahili: An African Mercantile Civilization He is at present writing a book on early Indian Ocean trade Amal Rassam (Ph.D., University of Michigan) is a cultural anthropologist and professor of anthropology at Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York She has conducted research in a number of Middle Eastern communities, especially in Iraq and North Africa, with a focus on ethnicity and social and political organization She is the author of numerous articles, including "French Colonialism as Reflected in Male-Female Interaction in Morocco" in the Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences (1974) and "Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity, and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak" in American Ethnologist (1974) She is also the coauthor, with Daniel G Bates, of the textbook Peoples and Cultures of the Middle East Associate Volume Editors Candice Bradley (Ph.D., University of California, Irvine) is a cultural anthropologist and assistant professor of anthropology at Lawrence University, in Appleton, Wisconsin She is also a senior research fellow at the Population Studies and Research Institute, University of Nairobi Her doctoral dissertation was a cross-cultural study of children's work in ninety-seven cultures Her recent research focuses on women, power, and fertility in Western Province, Kenya Her publications center on these and related topics and include, most recently, the articles on demography and division of labor in the forthcoming Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology Laurel L Rose (Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley) specializes in sub-Saharan African customary law-particularly land law-and local-level conflict management, which is the subject of her book The Politics of Har-mony: Land Dispute Strategies in Swaziland Over the past seventeen years she has done fieldwork in Germany, Swaziland, Malawi, and Somalia She currently divides her time between teaching at CarnegieMellon University and consulting/researching in Africa 447 ... Introduction toAfrica xxiii Introduction to the Middle East xxxv Maps Africa xli Cultures of Africa xlii The Middle East xliii Cultures of the Middle East xliv Cultures of Africa and the Middle East Appendix:... 88 TSWANA 89 TUAREG 90 TURKANA 91 WOLOF 92 XHOSA 93 YAKO 94 YORUBA 95 ZANDE 96 ZARAMO 97 ZARMA 98 ZULU J 1: Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume IX AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST History and Cultural... Mexico, and the Caribbean islands Africa and the Middle East covers the cultures of Madagascar and sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, the Middle East, and south-central Asia Format of the Volurnes
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