CAUCASUS REGION POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SECURITY ISSUES ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CAUCASUS (2 VOLUME BOOK) No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services CAUCASUS REGION POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SECURITY ISSUES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the e-books tab CAUCASUS REGION POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SECURITY ISSUES ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE CAUCASUS (2 VOLUME BOOK) BRENDAN L COHEN EDITOR New York Copyright © 2015 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher For permission to use material from this book please contact us: nova.main@novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of the Caucasus / editor: Brendan L Cohen pages cm (Caucasus region political, economic, and security issues) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN: (eBook) Caucasus Region Politics and government Caucasus Region Foreign relations Caucasus Region Strategic aspects Caucasus Region Foreign relations United States United States Foreign relations Caucasus Region I Cohen, Brendan L., editor of compilation DK509.E56 2015 947.5 dc23 2015004432 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York CONTENTS VOLUME Preface vii Chapter Georgia Country Profile U.S Department of State Chapter 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices— Georgia U.S Department of State 15 Russia-Georgia Conflict in August 2008: Context and Implications for U.S Interests Jim Nichol 57 Organizational Change in the Russian Airborne Forces: The Lessons of the Georgian Conflict Rod Thornton 93 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Reforming the Police in Post-Soviet States: Georgia and Kyrgyzstan Erica Marat 131 Georgia [Republic]: Recent Developments and U.S Interests Jim Nichol 161 Democratization and Instability in Ukraine, Georgia, and Belarus Robert Nalbandov 201 Georgia’s October 2013 Presidential Election: Outcome and Implications Jim Nichol 291 vi Contents VOLUME Chapter Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia: Political Developments and Implications for U.S Interests Jim Nichol 303 Chapter 10 Armenia Country Profile United States Department of State 369 Chapter 11 Azerbaijan Country Profile United States Department of State 383 Chapter 12 Azerbaijan: Recent Developments and U.S Interests Jim Nichol 395 Chapter 13 2011 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Azerbaijan U.S Department of State 421 Chapter 14 Russia’s Homegrown Insurgency: Jihad in the North Caucasus Gordon M Hahn, Sergey Markedonov and Svante E Cornell Chapter 15 Stability in Russia’s Chechnya and Other Regions of the North Caucasus: Recent Developments Jim Nichol 521 Russia’s Counterinsurgency in North Caucasus: Performance and Consequences Ariel Cohen 549 Chapter 16 Index 451 597 PREFACE This book presents important research on the Caucasus regions Topics discussed herein include a country profile on Georgia; the Russia-Georgia conflict; Russian airborne forces; democratization and instability in Ukraine, Georgia and Belarus; political developments and the implications for U.S interests in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia; country profiles of Armenia and Azerbaijan; and Russia's counterinsurgency in North Caucasus Chapter - Georgia’s recorded history dates back more than 2,500 years Georgian, a South Caucasian (or “Kartvelian”) language, unrelated to any outside the immediate region, is one of the oldest living languages in the world and has its own distinct alphabet Located in the picturesque Mtkvari River valley, Georgia’s capital, Tbilisi, is more than 1,550 years old In the early 4th century, Georgia became the second nation in the world to officially adopt Christianity Georgia has historically been situated on the margins of great empires, and Georgians have lived together in a unified state for only a fraction of their existence as a people Since at least the 1st century B.C through the 18th century, much of Georgia’s territory was fought over by Persian, Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Mongol, and Turkish armies The zenith of Georgia’s power as an independent kingdom came in the 11th and 12th centuries, during the reigns of King David the Builder and Queen Tamar, who rank among the most celebrated of all Georgian rulers Chapter - The constitution of Georgia provides for an executive branch that reports to the president, a unicameral parliament, and an independent judiciary President Mikheil Saakashvili was reelected in January 2008 in an election that international observers found consistent with most Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) democratic election commitments However, the OSCE also highlighted significant problems, including widespread allegations of intimidation and pressure, flawed vote-counting and tabulation processes, and shortcomings in the complaints and appeals process These and other problems were also seen in parliamentary elections in May 2008, which OSCE observers concluded were uneven and incomplete in their adherence to international standards Despite a large number of opposition parties, the executive and parliament were dominated by a single party Security forces reported to civilian authorities Chapter - In the early 1990s, Georgia and its breakaway South Ossetia region had agreed to a Russian-mediated ceasefire that provided for Russian “peacekeepers” to be stationed in the region Moscow extended citizenship and passports to most ethnic Ossetians Simmering long-time tensions escalated on the evening of August 7, 2008, when South Ossetia and Georgia accused each other of launching intense artillery barrages against each viii Brendan L Cohen other Georgia claims that South Ossetian forces did not respond to a ceasefire appeal but intensified their shelling, “forcing” Georgia to send in troops On August 8, Russia launched air attacks throughout Georgia and Russian troops engaged Georgian forces in South Ossetia By the morning of August 10, Russian troops had occupied the bulk of South Ossetia, reached its border with the rest of Georgia, and were shelling areas across the border Russian troops occupied several Georgian cities Russian warships landed troops in Georgia’s breakaway Abkhazia region and took up positions off Georgia’s Black Sea coast Chapter - This monograph considers the recent history of organizational change in the Russian airborne forces (VDV) In particular, it looks at how the VDV has changed since the end of Russia’s conflict with Georgia in 2008 The VDV, a force much admired in the Russian news media and society, has, in fact, escaped fairly unscathed during the comprehensive reform of the Russian army more generally over the last few years In large part this has been because of the personality of the current head of the VDV, LieutenantGeneral Vladimir Shamanov Close to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, Shamanov—a “‘maverick”—has used his political connections to help ward off many of the cuts and reforms that the rest of the army has been subject to He has managed to keep the basic structure of the VDV intact, while also dealing with a number of problematic issues related to manning, equipment, and training regimes within his organization This monograph points out the level of professionalism in the VDV (shown during the Georgian war) Chapter - This report concludes with recommending that U.S military-to military assistance in Georgia and Kyrgyzstan must focus on training and sharing best practices regarding the separation of military and police functions and stripping the military of its political surveillance functions A special panel/committee should be established to deal specifically with issues regarding the democratic reform of the security sector, and police reform must be part of that agenda The U.S European Command and U.S Central Command must consistently promote institutional reform to eliminate such political barriers and to enable fruitful military-to-military cooperation Potentially, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan could instruct other post-Soviet as well as Middle Eastern states about what leads to a consistent reform and what delays it Chapter - The small Black Sea-bordering country of Georgia gained its independence at the end of 1991 with the dissolution of the former Soviet Union The United States had an early interest in its fate, since the well-known former Soviet foreign minister, Eduard Shevardnadze, soon became its leader Democratic and economic reforms faltered during his rule, however New prospects for the country emerged after Shevardnadze was ousted in 2003 and the U.S.-educated Mikheil Saakashvili was elected president Then-U.S President George W Bush visited Georgia in 2005, and praised the democratic and economic aims of the Saakashvili government while calling on it to deepen reforms Chapter - This manuscript analyzes the interconnections between the democratic institutionalization of the newly independent states using the examples of Ukraine, Georgia, and Belarus, their political (in)stability, and economic development and prosperity By introducing the concept of regime mimicry into the field of public administration, the author expands the epistemological frameworks of the democratization school to the phenomenon of political culture Successes and failures of the democratic institutionalization processes in these countries largely depend on the ways their institutional actors reacted to internal and external disturbances of their domestic political, economic, and cultural environments While Georgia’s political culture revealed the highest degree of flexibility in accepting the Preface ix externally proposed institutional frameworks and practices, the bifurcate political culture in Ukraine impeded its democratic institutionalization, while the rigid political culture in Belarus completely stalled the process of institutional transformations Chapter - This report discusses Georgia’s October 27, 2013, presidential election and its implications for U.S interests The election took place one year after a legislative election that witnessed the mostly peaceful shift of legislative and ministerial power from the ruling party, the United National Movement (UNM), to the Georgia Dream (GD) coalition bloc The newly elected president, Giorgi Margvelashvili of the GD, will have fewer powers under recently approved constitutional changes Most observers have viewed the 2013 presidential election as marking Georgia’s further progress in democratization, including a peaceful shift of presidential power from UNM head Mikheil Saakashvili to GD official Margvelashvili Some analysts, however, have raised concerns over ongoing tensions between the UNM and GD, as well as Prime Minister and GD head Bidzini Ivanishvili’s announcement on November 2, 2013, that he will step down as the premier Chapter - The United States recognized the independence of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia when the former Soviet Union broke up at the end of 1991 The United States has fostered these states’ ties with the West in part to end their dependence on Russia for trade, security, and other relations The United States has pursued close ties with Armenia to encourage its democratization and because of concerns by Armenian Americans and others over its fate Close ties with Georgia have evolved from U.S contacts with its pro-Western leadership Successive Administrations have supported U.S private investment in Azerbaijan’s energy sector as a means of increasing the diversity of world energy suppliers The United States has been active in diplomatic efforts to resolve regional conflicts in the region As part of U.S global counter-terrorism efforts, the U.S military in 2002 began providing equipment and training for Georgia’s military and security forces Troops from all three regional states have participated in stabilization efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq The regional states also have granted transit privileges for U.S military personnel and equipment bound to and from Afghanistan Chapter 10 - Armenia first emerged around 800 BC as part of the Kingdom of Urartu or Van, which flourished in the Caucasus and eastern Asia Minor until 600 BC After the destruction of the Seleucid Empire, the first Armenian state was founded in 190 BC At its zenith, from 95 to 65 BC, Armenia extended its rule over the entire Caucasus and the area that is now eastern Turkey, Syria, and Lebanon For a time, Armenia was the strongest state in the Roman East It became part of the Roman Empire in 64 BC In 301 AD, Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion, establishing a church that still exists independently of both the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches Since then, the Armenian nation has depended on the church to preserve and protect its national identity From around 1100 to 1350, the focus of the Armenian nation moved south, as the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, which had close ties to European Crusader states, flourished in southeastern Asia Minor until it was conquered by Muslim states Between the 4th and 19th centuries, ethnic Armenians were conquered and ruled by, among others, Persians, Byzantines, Arabs, Mongols, and Ottoman Turks Chapter 11 - Azerbaijan combines the heritage of two venerable civilizations the Seljuk Turks of the 11th century and the ancient Persians Its name is thought to be derived from the Persian phrase “Land of Fire,” referring both to its petroleum deposits, known since ancient times, and to its status as a former center of the Zoroastrian faith The Azerbaijani Republic 610 Index Iran, 79, 174, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 332, 343, 352, 353, 354, 356, 357, 362, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376, 384, 389, 396, 403, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 439, 552, 555, 582 Iraq, ix, 61, 73, 79, 142, 189, 194, 266, 269, 272, 292, 303, 306, 308, 348, 351, 354, 390, 396, 405, 407, 416, 458, 462, 463, 464, 498, 510, 514, 583 IRC, 543, 544 Ireland, 125 iron, 3, 233, 244, 251, 259, 277, 371, 385 irrigation, 342, 379, 389 Islam, x, 318, 385, 410, 453, 455, 457, 460, 463, 464, 465, 470, 475, 480, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 505, 506, 508, 509, 512, 514, 515, 530, 536, 544, 545, 546, 553, 556, 557, 559, 561, 567, 568, 572, 573, 576, 577, 579, 581, 582, 583, 587, 589, 595 Islamic law, 529 Islamic movements, 462 Islamic state, 410, 459, 465, 492, 493, 530, 567, 568 Islamic world, 534 Islamism, 464, 482, 486, 490, 495, 497, 505, 506, 508, 511, 544, 545, 546, 570, 576, 582, 585, 587 Islamist, 451, 452, 453, 461, 463, 464, 480, 481, 487, 489, 490, 491, 493, 494, 497, 500, 501, 510, 514 isolation, 19, 20, 69, 215, 425 Israel, 115, 318, 319, 409, 410, 411, 456 Italy, 73, 80, 140, 321, 352, 354, 355, 385, 406, 408 J Jackson-Vanik conditions, 86 Jamestown, 507, 509, 518, 594 Japan, 9, 376 Java, 70 Jews, 440 jihad, 402, 452, 453, 455, 456, 457, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 469, 470, 472, 473, 475, 476, 479, 481, 487, 496, 498, 499, 501, 507, 509, 510, 511, 513, 514, 517, 529, 530, 532, 533, 536, 545, 551, 552, 555, 567, 569, 573, 574, 575, 582, 584,587 jihadist, 452, 454, 455, 457, 459, 463, 464, 466, 468, 470, 477, 480, 481, 498, 507, 512, 513, 524, 536, 573, 574, 577 Joint Control Commission (JCC), 59 journalists, 15, 32, 33, 34, 35, 44, 171, 213, 221, 243, 279, 337, 381, 399, 403, 415, 421, 424, 432, 433, 434, 436, 447, 472, 498, 541, 569, 577, 585 judicial branch, 386, 422 judiciary, vii, 6, 16, 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 145, 170, 213, 218, 236, 243, 258, 279, 372, 381, 403, 422, 428, 442, 539 Judiciary Committee, 587 jurisdiction, 78, 242, 430, 431, 484 justification, 437, 472, 558, 562 juvenile delinquency, 148 juveniles, 21, 47 K Kabardino-Balkaria, 464, 492, 507, 512, 517, 518, 523, 526, 529, 582, 595 Karachais, 488 Karachay-Cherkessia, 523, 533, 535, 536 Kartli, 3, 54, 91 Kazakhstan, 3, 58, 66, 76, 134, 136, 156, 183, 196, 249, 304, 313, 329, 341, 344, 352, 356, 366, 389, 405, 406, 407, 457, 469, 494, 513, 549, 559 kerosene, 489 Keynes, 281 Keynesian, 212 kidnapping, 30, 46, 229, 486, 496, 498, 521, 522, 529, 569 kill, 472, 537, 552, 562, 563, 565 Korea, 79 Kosovo, 68, 73, 75, 90, 93, 94, 140, 146, 366, 412 Kurd, 574 Kurds, 446 Kutaisi, 10, 19, 23, 50, 51, 53, 165, 166 Kuwait, 456, 464, 480, 513 Kyrgyzstan, v, viii, 66, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 249, 309, 313, 321, 350, 416, 469 L labor force, 492 labor market, 46 lack of confidence, 22 lack of opportunities, 579, 587 landings, 396, 416 landscape, 206, 239, 243, 564 language skills, 49 languages, vii, 3, 40, 41, 50, 225, 226, 320, 435, 446, 586 Latin America, 280 Latvia, 81, 134, 196, 275, 310, 366, 471 law enforcement, 13, 20, 22, 26, 34, 35, 44, 52, 133, 136, 137, 139, 141, 143, 147, 148, 149, 156, 192, 223, 258, 344, 347, 381, 422, 441, 446, 447, 482, 516, 525, 527, 534, 539, 551, 566, 581, 584, 585, 586 law enforcement organizations, 422, 584 611 Index laws, 31, 39, 42, 52, 69, 136, 140, 149, 208, 221, 222, 279, 288, 320, 376, 397, 398, 432, 438, 439, 445, 447, 448, 449, 457, 472, 485, 487, 502, 539, 573, 578 laws and regulations, 149, 320 lawyers, 21, 26, 28, 82, 184, 310, 381, 422, 427, 429, 478, 500 leadership, ix, 25, 41, 80, 86, 88, 110, 132, 135, 137, 139, 143, 147, 151, 152, 153, 155, 173, 175, 206, 228, 231, 237, 239, 242, 244, 246, 248, 249, 261, 272, 273, 275, 278, 297, 303, 312, 348, 350, 377, 381, 478, 479, 484, 485, 489, 492, 494, 495, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 530, 531, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563, 565, 566, 568, 571, 572, 580 Leahy, 519 learning, 49, 253, 254, 257, 258, 260, 452, 465, 559 lease payments, 411 Lebanon, ix, 371, 463, 464, 510 legal protection, 27 legality, 244, 469 legislation, 4, 5, 6, 7, 29, 37, 58, 82, 86, 164, 165, 166, 204, 209, 279, 292, 299, 306, 397, 440, 573 legs, 19, 595 lethargy, 239, 263, 278 liberalization, 136, 202, 203, 215, 229, 250, 256, 274, 320, 473 liberation, 183, 231, 319, 457, 536, 555, 570, 579 liberty, 221 life expectancy, 502 light, 17, 21, 34, 77, 105, 108, 111, 112, 122, 128, 265, 272, 330, 336, 345, 402, 451, 501, 528, 586 liquefied natural gas, 353, 407 liquidity, 11, 68 Lithuania, 81, 134, 226, 228, 269, 310, 320 livestock, 148, 371 living conditions, 49, 322, 438 loans, 10, 77, 182, 229, 250, 341, 374, 375 local authorities, 35, 334, 399, 440, 446, 484, 542, 576, 586 local election, 398 local government, 4, 24, 34, 143, 169, 401, 525, 531, 532, 587 locus, 151, 459, 465, 512 logistics, 110, 122, 583 longevity, 204, 265, 277 love, 142, 495, 546 lower prices, 172 loyalty, 143, 148, 208, 224, 225, 246, 248, 250, 262, 492, 496, 501, 502, 510 lying, 436 M Macedonia, 176, 348 machinery, 3, 234, 373, 385, 563 macroeconomic management, 375 magnet, 491 major issues, 292 majority, 4, 5, 25, 26, 49, 59, 116, 140, 145, 146, 164, 166, 167, 169, 170, 173, 207, 213, 218, 220, 221, 233, 246, 250, 265, 292, 293, 295, 297, 333, 334, 338, 340, 350, 372, 384, 427, 434, 435, 438, 439, 447, 478, 493, 499, 524, 532, 540, 560, 561, 579, 583, 584 malaise, 491 Malaysia, 460 malnutrition, 48 man, 24, 97, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 115, 118, 153, 233, 461, 479, 484, 486, 487, 501, 502, 513, 514, 546, 552, 577 management, 7, 10, 42, 53, 55, 143, 144, 166, 191, 206, 239, 252, 255, 346, 360, 375, 435, 448, 489, 497, 571 manganese, manipulation, 153, 232, 397 manpower, 97, 99, 110, 116, 117, 118 mantle, 494 manufacturing, 9, 10, 371, 485 marches, 128, 248, 446 marginalization, 51 Marine Corps, 344 maritime security, 314, 344, 393, 415 market access, 173, 350 market economy, 256, 380, 392 market-based economy, 12 marketing, 314, 342, 380 marketplace, 147, 388, 527, 569 marriage, 46, 47, 112, 444, 445 mass, 97, 99, 131, 136, 144, 145, 146, 148, 205, 210, 214, 221, 229, 230, 243, 248, 267, 271, 296, 393, 453, 471, 493, 527, 566, 583 mass media, 205, 221, 271 materials, 40, 41, 49, 50, 231, 267, 332, 374, 434, 445, 461, 469, 471, 481, 515 McCain, Senator John, 86, 168, 190, 195, 299, 301, 311, 339, 345, 365 meat, 250 mediation, 42, 315, 411 medical, 17, 18, 19, 21, 24, 33, 36, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 79, 110, 111, 189, 250, 272, 393, 396, 416, 424, 443, 461, 522, 542, 574 medical care, 24, 36, 48, 424 medicine, 21, 83, 460, 575 Mediterranean, 242 612 Index Medvedev, Russian President Dmitriy, 66, 185, 313 membership, 8, 53, 68, 69, 74, 81, 82, 85, 87, 167, 172, 173, 175, 184, 185, 187, 196, 217, 231, 233, 238, 242, 248, 249, 257, 264, 269, 272, 291, 294, 299, 304, 310, 313, 339, 348, 349, 350, 366, 439, 440, 448, 532, 539 Membership Action Plan, 68, 83, 175, 348 memory, 113, 494 mental disorder, 48 mentor, 454 mentoring, 465 messages, 74, 107, 111, 242, 260, 424 metallurgy, 238, 374 metals, 3, 9, 172, 371, 374, 385 metamorphosis, 249 meter, 572 Mexico, 323, 414 microelectronics, 371 Microsoft, 379 middle class, 205, 211, 237, 238, 241, 244, 247 Middle East, viii, 11, 123, 133, 305, 306, 436, 461, 463, 498, 510, 513, 518, 550, 559, 569, 574, 579, 584, 586, 587 migrants, 314, 384, 537, 556, 585 migration, 225, 231, 384, 503, 522, 523, 524, 584 Mikheil Saakashvili, ix, 232, 291, 292 military aid, 232, 266 military contacts, 268 military dictatorship, 570 military exercises, 105, 269, 272, 318 military occupation, 183, 330 military pressure, 206 military-to-military, viii, 132, 133, 135, 154, 268, 269 militia, 36, 63, 65, 88, 89, 131, 178, 325, 391, 501, 502, 569 militias, 30, 68, 75, 80, 183, 331 mimicry, viii, 202, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 263, 266, 271, 277 mineral water, 10, 11, 172 minimum wage, 55, 449 Ministry of Education, 34, 49, 50, 143 minorities, 16, 40, 41, 49, 50, 149, 166, 176, 177, 217, 297, 325, 587 minority groups, 349, 440 minority students, 50 minors, 47, 54, 425, 443, 444, 445 mission, 8, 26, 40, 41, 74, 76, 79, 96, 115, 140, 146, 153, 166, 182, 186, 187, 192, 197, 272, 288, 307, 330, 334, 347, 363, 387, 426, 440, 511, 574 missions, 117, 155, 217, 268, 269, 321, 376, 426 misuse, 5, 24, 42, 335, 399 mixing, 553 models, 96, 114, 153, 223, 241, 253, 254, 256, 258, 260, 464 moderators, 182, 329 modernization, 120, 125, 187, 191, 244, 270, 346, 484, 490, 587 modifications, 248, 572 modus operandi, 248, 527 mold, 257 Moldova, 12, 102, 350, 367, 390, 503 molybdenum, 370 momentum, 100, 229, 463, 555 money laundering, 334, 392 Mongols, ix, 371 monopoly, 277, 453, 454, 557 Montenegro, 176, 348, 355 morale, 117, 119 Morocco, 460, 470 mortality, 2, 214, 215, 370, 384 mortality rate, 2, 214, 370, 384 motivation, 99, 413, 480, 572, 576 Mtkvari River valley, vii, multidimensional, 276 multi-ethnic, 532 multinational companies, 448 multinational corporations, 447 multinational enterprises, 447 multiplier, 99 murder, 7, 18, 26, 105, 487, 490, 525, 571 Muslim states, ix, 371 Muslims, 318, 336, 401, 454, 455, 456, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 464, 469, 470, 472, 475, 476, 497, 503, 511, 514, 526, 530, 531, 532, 533, 536, 546, 567, 573, 577, 581, 582, 583, 586 N Nabucco gas pipeline, 58 Nagorno Karabakh (NK), x, 395, 396, 397, 400, 404, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 416 Nagorno Karabakh region, 65, 76, 304 Nagorno-Karabakh, 321, 363, 371, 374, 376, 377, 378, 384, 386, 390, 391, 392, 412, 416, 418, 422, 423, 426, 438, 446, 481, 564 NAP, 398, 399, 417 narcotics, 13, 22, 153, 343, 344, 395, 415, 433, 576 National Academy of Sciences, 435 national character, 227 national culture, 254 National Defense Authorization Act, 83, 189, 191, 299, 346, 361 national identity, ix, 223, 224, 371, 577 national income, 214 national interests, 350 613 Index national policy, 490 national security, 26, 167, 175, 191, 248, 298, 313, 318, 338, 346, 438, 467, 480, 580 National Security Council, 6, 44, 62, 157, 334, 508 national strategy, 441 National Strategy, 538 nationalism, 3, 227, 454, 455, 482, 487, 488, 489, 502, 505, 535, 559, 567, 582 nationalists, 227, 486, 488, 494, 501, 537, 550, 560, 566, 568, 571 nationality, 7, 439, 455, 468 nation-building, 201, 203 native population, 524 natural advantages, 485 natural gas, 10, 173, 305, 306, 342, 351, 353, 371, 375, 385, 389, 404, 407 natural resources, 234 Nauru, 179 nausea, 19 Nazi Germany, 104, 566 NDI, 166, 241, 264, 265, 295, 297, 300, 337, 400, 417, 437 needy, 341 negative consequences, 86, 538 neglect, 47, 567 negotiating, 78, 82, 89, 566, 571 negotiation, 74, 348, 413, 437 nerve, 574 net investment, 10 Netherlands, 283, 321, 371, 470 neutral, 182, 183, 187, 218, 219, 221, 311, 329, 442, 565 news coverage, 403, 433 NGOs, 5, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 55, 72, 77, 133, 141, 145, 147, 149, 150, 151, 154, 155, 164, 166, 170, 171, 205, 220, 233, 274, 336, 337, 341, 376, 387, 400, 401, 403, 423, 425, 428, 429, 430, 432, 435, 436, 437, 439, 442, 444, 445, 447, 448, 541, 542, 570 Nicaragua, 65, 179, 327 nodes, 480 nominee, 164, 265, 293, 297 noncitizens, 34, 47 nonnative civilians, 522 normative behavior, 258 North Africa, 436, 515, 570 North America, 11, 217, 584 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 93, 94, 231, 390, 458, 497 North Korea, 79 North Sea, 389 Northern Distribution Network, 304, 307, 309, 310 Northern Ireland, 125 Norway, 352, 405, 579, 594 nostalgia, 243, 264 nuclear program, 318 Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 379 nuclear weapons, 267, 377, 390, 460 nucleus, 109, 313, 474 null, 205, 212, 276 null hypothesis, 205, 212, 276 nutrition, 49, 424 O Obama Administration, 85, 161, 185, 189, 190, 192, 198, 307, 310, 345, 347, 364, 395, 411, 414, 541 Obama, President Barack, x, 15, 86, 175, 185, 186, 191, 192, 198, 199, 267, 307, 310, 317, 323, 346, 347, 348, 361, 362, 363, 366, 415, 418, 421, 583 obedience, 136 objectivity, 486 obstacles, 95, 153, 173, 239, 311, 329, 330, 349, 351, 483, 555 occupational health, 55 occupied territories, 34, 37, 39, 44, 175, 299, 318, 409, 554 offenders, 21, 171 oil, 58, 69, 75, 173, 234, 238, 246, 292, 300, 304, 305, 306, 312, 314, 316, 317, 331, 351, 352, 354, 356, 357, 374, 385, 388, 389, 392, 395, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 448, 449, 468, 473, 474, 481, 494, 502, 503, 568 oil production, 404 open markets, 341, 379 openness, 135, 137, 154, 212, 215, 249 Operation Enduring Freedom, 308, 508 Operation Iraqi Freedom, 194, 308 opinion polls, 216, 239, 276 opportunities, 37, 50, 84, 151, 152, 153, 207, 213, 249, 260, 355, 379, 392, 425, 542, 579, 583, 587 opposition parties, vii, 5, 7, 16, 28, 35, 40, 68, 143, 164, 165, 166, 220, 243, 263, 333, 387, 397, 398, 400, 440 oppression, 131, 135, 552, 555, 559, 587 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), vii, 4, 5, 8, 16, 39, 40, 41, 44, 59, 60, 61, 66, 67, 69, 73, 74, 76, 88, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153, 156, 158, 162, 163, 166, 169, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 195, 232, 293, 295, 315, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 333, 334, 335, 337, 338, 340, 362, 363, 364, 365, 372, 374, 377, 378, 387, 390, 391, 392, 397, 398, 399, 400, 403, 409, 412, 413, 417, 422, 423, 426, 434, 436, 440, 496, 540, 541, 542, 578 614 Index organizational behavior, 237 organizational culture, 112, 113 organize, 53, 149, 208, 279, 386, 430, 446, 556, 561, 574, 582 organs, 479 Orjonikidze, Sergo, OSC, 87, 300, 365, 418, 544 outreach, 271, 446, 499 overlap, 468 Overseas Private Investment Corporation, 83 oversight, 13, 25, 41, 137, 138, 143, 145, 147, 154, 155, 175, 245, 260, 292, 299, 444, 539 overtime, 55, 449 ownership, 7, 8, 16, 29, 32, 42, 173, 228, 374 ownership structure, 32, 42 P Pacific, 281, 327 pain, 19 Pakistan, 275, 288, 309, 403, 416, 457, 458, 459, 460, 462, 465, 467, 469, 487, 547, 559 parallel, 152, 238, 499 paranoia, 273 parasites, 20 parental consent, 54, 448 parenting, 48 parents, 38, 39, 47, 48, 432, 439, 444, 569 Paris Club, 11 parity, 162, 305, 344, 396 Parliament, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 74, 90, 162, 166, 183, 195, 197, 224, 229, 231, 232, 265, 286, 295, 329, 338, 364, 372, 373, 385, 417, 483, 540, 547, 579 participants, 25, 31, 51, 145, 185, 218, 220, 248, 266, 271, 295, 321, 401, 435, 440, 513, 567 pastures, 54 pathogens, 173, 377 patriotism, 71, 430, 538 PCA, 12, 238, 268 peace, x, 4, 15, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 94, 105, 106, 107, 125, 155, 177, 178, 179, 182, 184, 201, 206, 210, 216, 217, 247, 266, 267, 268, 269, 272, 276, 288, 308, 310, 315, 317, 320, 321, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 329, 341, 344, 348, 349, 378, 379, 390, 391, 393, 410, 411, 412, 413, 415, 416, 421, 496, 497, 566, 575, 583 peace accord, 378 peace plan, 57, 58, 60, 64, 66, 72, 73, 78, 79, 81, 84, 88, 179, 321, 327 peace process, 182, 324, 329, 416 peacekeepers, vii, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70, 79, 105, 107, 177, 178, 313, 315, 325, 326, 348 peacekeeping, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 70, 75, 77, 78, 86, 94, 105, 106, 107, 125, 177, 178, 266, 268, 269, 272, 276, 288, 315, 321, 322, 325, 326, 349, 390, 391, 393, 412, 413, 497 peacekeeping forces, 59, 78, 497 pedal, 69 penalties, 35, 42, 208, 424, 440, 455 pensioners, 449 Pentagon, 154, 155, 366, 588 per capita income, 162 percentile, 213 permit, 7, 16, 17, 26, 35, 36, 63, 69, 76, 77, 81, 164, 165, 176, 179, 181, 184, 255, 277, 293, 318, 327, 328, 330, 349, 352, 406, 441, 455, 471, 531 perpetrators, 18, 45, 539 Persian Gulf, 460, 469, 481 personal benefit, 260, 581 personal contact, 215 personal relations, 502 personal relationship, 502 personality, viii, 82, 94, 100, 104, 111, 187, 227, 228, 234, 248, 312, 437, 466, 559 persons with disabilities, 49, 445, 446 persuasion, 254 petroleum, ix, 371, 375, 385, 389 Petroleum, 352, 385, 405, 418, 447 Philadelphia, 155, 156, 198, 283, 362, 505, 516 Philippines, 547, 570 photographers, 33 photographs, 33 physical abuse, 47 physical characteristics, 149 physical exercise, 425 physical well-being, 251 pipeline, 58, 59, 69, 75, 83, 173, 188, 190, 312, 316, 332, 342, 345, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 375, 389, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 469, 481 plants, 173, 231, 234, 238, 375, 580 platform, 483 Plato, 280 playing, 40, 248, 253, 275, 296, 334, 399, 436, 467, 489 plea bargaining, 27, 28 pleasure, 234, 462 pluralism, PM, 300 Poland, 73, 225, 226, 228, 234, 269, 283, 286, 288, 579 polar, 116 polarization, 221, 297 police reform, viii, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153, 154, 158 Index policy makers, 254, 304, 312 policy options, 504 policy problems, 80 policymakers, 12, 82, 153, 300, 410, 528 political crisis, 42 political culture, viii, 201, 202, 204, 205, 222, 223, 224, 226, 228, 235, 237, 239, 241, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 254, 255, 257, 258, 260, 261, 263, 264, 266, 270, 276, 277, 278, 296 political enemies, 168, 339 political force, 139, 155, 216, 239, 263, 271, 291, 299 political instability, 187, 206, 217, 236, 247, 277, 296, 306, 372, 386, 485 political leaders, 25, 110, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 142, 143, 146, 147, 151, 156, 206, 248, 565, 566, 572 political opposition, 16, 40, 142, 143, 162, 234, 245, 259, 263, 274, 432, 436 political participation, 46, 50, 217, 261, 262, 277 political parties, 2, 34, 41, 165, 166, 236, 248, 334, 341, 370, 385, 387, 422, 427, 434, 436, 440, 447 political party, 5, 17, 40, 41, 143, 162, 234, 381 political pluralism, political power, 5, 104, 133, 134, 143, 208, 236, 240, 241, 296, 484 political stability, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216, 217, 221, 222, 224, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244, 246, 247, 250, 251, 257, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 273, 276, 277, 278, 291, 299 political system, 162, 163, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208, 244, 277, 297, 338, 422, 440, 503, 504 political uncertainty, 265 politics, 7, 32, 41, 126, 134, 157, 162, 169, 202, 210, 221, 227, 231, 238, 241, 244, 246, 259, 265, 275, 283, 284, 287, 288, 297, 298, 318, 339, 340, 484, 485, 490, 492, 515, 552, 594, 595 polling, 167, 295, 334, 335, 338, 398, 399 pollution, 376, 389 polygamy, 502, 577 Popular Front, x, 233, 336, 337, 385, 386, 387, 395, 396, 399, 400, 401, 402, 430, 437, 440 popular support, 230, 233, 248, 264 population density, 153 porous borders, 576, 586 portability, 112, 113 portfolio, 169 Portugal, 321 postal service, 10, 496 post-Soviet area, 505 post-Soviet police, 131, 135, 136, 137, 153 post-Soviet states, 135, 138, 482 615 potassium, 260 poverty, 11, 165, 171, 172, 210, 214, 215, 216, 271, 331, 335, 342, 374, 379, 389, 404, 449, 484, 491, 529, 535, 550 poverty line, 214, 215, 449 poverty reduction, 271, 342 power plants, 173 pragmatism, 502 prayer, 454 precedent, 150, 488, 573 pre-conflict areas, 57 predators, 252 predictability, 236, 237, 239, 240 preferential treatment, 209, 211, 232 prejudice, 51, 446, 537, 539 presidency, x, 5, 102, 103, 138, 139, 141, 168, 174, 217, 267, 294, 296, 311, 338, 339, 387, 395, 397, 472, 476, 489, 492, 501, 565, 570, 576 presidential campaign, 324, 337, 567 presidential veto, 168, 339 pressure groups, 489 presumption of innocence, 428 prevention, 67, 148, 181, 182, 323, 328, 329, 389, 413, 586 primacy, 154 prime minister, principles, 73, 80, 148, 151, 197, 209, 259, 261, 269, 305, 308, 321, 322, 323, 324, 363, 379, 391, 413, 453, 517, 546, 567 prison sentences, 397, 400 prisoners, 16, 20, 21, 28, 43, 145, 168, 171, 216, 245, 258, 264, 275, 292, 336, 339, 397, 402, 403, 423, 425, 426, 428, 430, 436, 441, 442, 562 prisoners of war, 423 prisons, 19, 21, 28, 425, 426 private banks, 557 private information, 34 private investment, ix, 10, 303, 473, 528 private sector, 13, 55, 297, 380, 392 privatization, 9, 10, 42, 229, 256, 350, 375, 583 probability, 203, 207 probe, 164, 322, 514 procedural right, 526 procurement, 42, 43, 137, 140, 150, 190, 345, 376 producers, 172 professional development, 192, 347 professional qualifications, 148 professionalism, viii, 7, 13, 19, 20, 25, 29, 94, 95, 108, 122, 137, 140, 143, 148, 149, 539 professionalization, 99, 100, 116 professionals, 116, 143, 146, 148 profit, prognosis, 240 616 Index programming, 33, 34, 166, 171 project, 150, 230, 238, 275, 287, 342, 351, 353, 354, 356, 357, 360, 380, 389, 405, 407, 408, 434, 464, 466, 471, 474, 478, 487, 489, 515 proliferation, 79, 267, 343, 377, 504 propaganda, 246, 400, 457, 467, 469, 471, 475, 479, 481, 488, 511, 551, 571, 572, 577 property rights, 29, 210, 211, 387, 403, 422, 432, 442 property taxes, prosperity, viii, x, 201, 202, 203, 210, 267, 307, 385, 503 protection, 26, 36, 37, 38, 44, 75, 93, 96, 106, 108, 112, 122, 138, 139, 192, 202, 204, 207, 212, 215, 224, 241, 245, 252, 253, 260, 261, 262, 271, 279, 314, 347, 376, 379, 423, 432, 437, 438, 439, 441, 448, 540 protectorate, prototype(s), 120, 224 psychology, 112 public administration, viii, 138, 202, 205, 234, 335, 384 public affairs, 338, 580, 588 public awareness, 20, 46 public broadcasting, 167 public concern, 42 public figures, 430 public finance, 68 public financing, 399 public health, 42 public interest, 33, 246 public offices, 152 public officials, 43, 139, 214, 221, 279, 441 public opinion, 121, 155, 156, 214, 216, 238, 239, 241, 264, 276, 286, 483, 485, 580 public policy, 221, 279, 355, 489 public safety, 138 public schools, 50, 336, 401, 444 public sector, 55, 171, 172, 447 public service, 7, 42, 47, 221, 279, 583 public support, 141, 142 publishing, 33, 43, 441, 454 punishment, 22, 25, 47, 68, 120, 277, 426, 429, 475, 537 purchasing power, 162, 305, 396 purchasing power parity, 162, 305, 396 purity, 456 Q qualifications, 46, 148 quality of service, 49 query, 509 questioning, 430, 440 questionnaire, 218, 222 quotas, 390, 528, 535 R race, 45, 163, 237, 399, 417, 439, 443, 500 racing, 477 radar, 191, 264, 272, 275, 314, 346, 410 radiation, 423 radiation XE "radiation" treatment, 423 radicalism, 479, 487, 490, 491, 499, 560, 580, 581, 582, 583, 586 radicalization, 452, 480, 498, 510, 525, 539, 566, 570 radicals, 488, 497, 567, 568, 569, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 581, 582, 583, 584 radio, 107, 111, 127, 128, 233, 243, 335, 434, 457, 469, 481, 485, 514, 517, 588 radius, 113 Ramadan, 506 rape, 26, 45, 47, 145, 424, 425, 443, 444 ratification, 317, 411 raw materials, 231, 332, 374 reaction time, 119, 121 reactions, 51, 204, 579 real estate, 29, 39, 578 real income, 374 reality, 136, 138, 203, 225, 236, 243, 260, 265, 487, 500, 562, 580 reasoning, 208, 228, 258, 429, 499 recall, 264, 410 recess appointment, 307, 414 recognition, 57, 58, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 76, 78, 84, 85, 87, 176, 178, 180, 182, 187, 208, 298, 304, 312, 317, 321, 324, 327, 329, 332, 349, 386, 412, 439, 444, 469, 481, 483, 488, 559 reconciliation, 82, 183, 187, 311, 312, 360, 414, 542 reconstruction, 82, 83, 142, 188, 189, 343, 374, 393, 416, 472, 496, 577 recovery, 85, 161, 304, 331, 357, 374, 522, 542 recreation, 152, 474 recreational, 473 recruiting, 465, 470, 481, 511 Red Army, x, 3, 59, 132, 371, 386, 395, 396, 549, 557, 558 redundancy, 468 reelection, 246 reformers, 388, 404 reforms, viii, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 19, 30, 59, 94, 97, 105, 110, 126, 137, 138, 141, 142, 145, 146, 147, 156, 161, 164, 167, 170, 175, 176, 185, 186, 187, 189, 202, 229, 232, 246, 253, 255, 256, 257, 263, 270, Index 271, 273, 283, 298, 311, 312, 331, 333, 336, 338, 343, 348, 374, 379, 381, 386, 388, 389, 392, 396, 402, 404, 436, 503, 539 refugee status, 38, 437, 438, 439 refugees, 8, 36, 38, 66, 177, 181, 216, 231, 298, 320, 321, 322, 325, 329, 378, 391, 412, 413, 437, 438, 439, 489, 495, 503, 549, 550, 553, 562, 579 regeneration, 360 regional cooperation, 13, 482 regional economies, 331 regional facilities, 24 regional integration, 319 regional problem, 580 regionalism, 229 regionalization, 235, 236 Registry, 39 regulations, 46, 136, 149, 320, 332, 367, 387, 449, 485 regulatory agencies, 252 rehabilitation, 21, 48, 49, 60, 83, 272, 342, 380, 443, 463, 475, 526 reimburse, 33 reinforcement, 123 rejection, 204, 248, 317, 323, 570 relatives, 30, 31, 32, 71, 143, 144, 337, 403, 423, 427, 476, 478, 524, 529, 540, 569, 574 relevance, 243, 479 reliability, 398 relief, 28, 72, 77, 83, 189, 275, 343, 391, 522, 542 religion, ix, 45, 219, 279, 371, 387, 439, 454, 455, 465, 493, 513, 530, 534, 536, 553, 556, 559, 567 remediation, 292 remittances, 172, 218, 315, 331, 373, 374 renaissance, 559, 578 rent, 32, 147, 246, 248, 249, 256, 442 repair, 71, 79, 191, 314, 317, 341, 347, 384 reporters, 33, 403 repression, 147, 492, 502, 503, 536, 577 Republican Party, 2, 7, 333, 334, 370, 372 repulsion, 235 reputation, 103, 104, 140, 143, 168, 339, 482 requirements, 8, 10, 24, 32, 36, 39, 40, 79, 113, 132, 184, 187, 209, 242, 259, 262, 337, 436, 437, 469, 481 RES, 287 resale, 162 research institutions, 212, 216 resentment, xi, 232, 550 reserves, 351, 353, 388, 389, 404, 407, 417 resettlement, 17, 228 residence permits, 439 resilience, 204, 205, 208, 210, 213, 216, 236, 240, 244, 246, 262, 266, 274, 276 617 resistance, 97, 108, 147, 149, 260, 386, 492, 493, 494, 497, 498, 501, 502, 510, 512, 527, 536, 555, 557, 560, 562, 563 resolution, 8, 13, 28, 30, 58, 64, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 85, 86, 87, 148, 171, 180, 181, 183, 229, 304, 305, 306, 328, 329, 330, 343, 360, 381, 392, 469, 481, 540 resource management, 143 resource policies, 488 resources, x, 3, 5, 37, 40, 48, 141, 143, 163, 166, 171, 196, 209, 229, 234, 245, 268, 293, 305, 306, 316, 319, 320, 331, 335, 351, 365, 370, 373, 379, 385, 395, 399, 405, 467, 494, 573 response time, 118 responsiveness, 13, 392 restoration, 168, 189, 242, 270, 339 restrictions, 34, 36, 40, 69, 165, 172, 215, 234, 246, 275, 312, 333, 336, 338, 342, 388, 389, 399, 402, 403, 416, 434, 436, 438, 442, 446, 447, 475, 559 restructuring, 110, 140, 148, 167, 256, 338 retail, 384 retaliation, 319, 403, 432, 435 retirement, 101, 103, 121, 140, 292, 297 retribution, 20, 168, 339, 432, 442, 447 revenue, 32, 375, 389 rewards, 253, 258 RH, 442 rhetoric, 69, 167, 264, 274, 292, 295, 306, 312, 323, 348, 414, 494, 499, 574 Rice, Condoleezza, 91, 198, 365 Rice, Secretary of State Condoleezza, 58, 61, 75, 85, 90, 343 RICO, 140 risk, 43, 58, 137, 175, 187, 262, 273, 306, 374, 455, 474, 483, 486, 503, 578, 585, 586 risks, 581 rodents, 20 role playing, 253 Romania, 190, 225, 269, 309, 345, 353, 354, 367, 407, 408 root, 502, 504 roots, 232, 247, 492, 536, 558, 559, 560, 573, 576, 585 rotations, 194, 309, 344 routes, 69, 75, 153, 292, 307, 309, 351, 353, 355, 374, 385, 405, 406, 415, 416 rowing, 538 RSFSR, 560, 561, 590 rubber, 7, 32, 35, 145, 170, 373 rule of law, 6, 12, 13, 16, 29, 82, 131, 135, 140, 168, 176, 184, 186, 202, 207, 218, 232, 259, 260, 267, 268, 277, 279, 288, 299, 310, 311, 335, 339, 349, 380, 416, 540, 547, 587 618 Index rules, 24, 27, 43, 163, 203, 205, 208, 226, 229, 240, 241, 249, 251, 252, 253, 261, 262, 268, 277, 498, 517, 562 runoff, 340 rural areas, 47, 54, 143, 145, 148, 153, 443, 444, 525 rural poverty, 379 RUS, 547 Russian airborne forces (VDV), viii, 94 Russian art, 564 Russian-mediated ceasefire, vii, 57 S Saakashvili, Mikheil, vii, viii, ix, 2, 4, 9, 16, 58, 59, 89, 134, 161, 162, 187, 197, 232, 291, 292, 364, 469, 481 sabotage, 61, 153, 482, 490, 526, 530, 583 safe haven, 568 safe havens, 568 safety, 37, 55, 63, 113, 138, 266, 314, 352, 376, 406, 449, 490, 542, 547 sanctions, 69, 74, 78, 79, 80, 90, 177, 234, 246, 253, 274, 275, 281, 319, 325, 357, 541 Sarajevo, 125, 495 Sarkozy, French President Nicolas, 4, 57, 66, 179, 327, 475 saturation, 373 Saudi Arabia, 459, 464, 465, 470, 546, 559, 567, 584 savings, 28 scholarship, 252 school, viii, 8, 34, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 71, 101, 116, 117, 121, 202, 206, 334, 336, 337, 342, 400, 401, 435, 444, 445, 448, 460, 464, 506, 523, 537, 552, 575 schooling, 534 science, 128, 132, 188, 342 SCO, 481 scope, xi, 81, 184, 310, 521, 522, 524, 567 SCP, 75, 316, 352, 353, 357, 405, 406 second language, 50 Second World, 517 secondary education, 83, 342 secondary schools, 336, 400, 444 Secretary of Defense, 92, 180, 184, 197, 198, 307, 328, 344, 362, 364, 366 Section 907, 306, 308, 344, 416 security assistance, 83, 176, 187, 190, 341, 343, 345, 349, 415 security forces, ix, 16, 22, 164, 181, 217, 243, 303, 307, 309, 328, 372, 393, 401, 402, 424, 426, 432, 436, 472, 473, 477, 494, 521, 522, 524, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 538, 540, 575 security guard, 143 security services, 98, 220, 279, 401, 539, 547, 582 security threats, 155, 175 sediment, 255 seizure, 29, 32, 192, 347, 378, 573 self-consciousness, 226 self-employed, 52 self-expression, 207, 211 Senate, 85, 86, 167, 190, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 288, 301, 307, 338, 345, 361, 364, 365, 366, 415, 419, 508, 513, 517, 587 Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 85, 86, 198, 307, 508 sentencing, 27, 319, 509 separatism, x, 177, 312, 325, 395, 397, 490, 501, 522, 528, 532, 534, 567 September 11, 194, 197, 306, 308, 314, 324, 343, 363, 396, 416, 462, 498, 545, 572 Serbia, 73, 75, 355 Serbs, 460, 499 service provider, 140, 434 settlements, 322, 556 sex, 51, 171, 404 sexual abuse, 47, 424 sexual activity, 51 sexual harassment, 46, 443 sexual intercourse, 47 sexual orientation, 51, 52, 436, 446 sexual violence, 45, 443, 444 sexually transmitted infections, 443 shadow economy, 141, 157, 492 Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 65, 481 Sharia, 529, 532, 533, 545, 551, 567, 568, 570, 571, 573, 591 shortage, 49, 107, 146 showing, 9, 231, 238, 249, 296, 465, 475, 476, 558 Siberia, 456, 457, 467, 488, 558, 574 signals, 256, 496 signs, 17, 19, 21, 68, 122, 228, 238, 239, 251, 260, 264, 277, 286, 298, 423, 435, 448, 466 silk, 371 silver, 370 skilled personnel, 99 skin, 423, 565 skin cancer, 423 slaves, 511 Slovakia, 198, 364 smuggling, 60, 70, 178, 304, 306, 319, 326, 410, 470, 496, 586 Smuggling, 377 soccer, 317, 411, 478, 490, 537 social benefits, 140, 151 Index social contract, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 261, 262, 265, 266 social development, 203, 205, 206, 207, 212, 214, 215, 236, 582 social expenditure, 172, 476 social fabric, 222, 462, 536 social group, 208, 439 social indicator, 416 social injustices, 435 social interactions, 240 social learning, 253, 257, 258, 260 social movements, 221, 279, 481 social network, 215, 218 social norms, 207, 444 social order, 133, 135, 145 social perception, 445 social problems, 585 social programs, 342 social relations, 238 social rules, 240 social security, 223, 384 Social Security, 448 social services, 13, 71, 165, 207, 438, 446, 535 social status, 45, 443 social welfare, 104, 565 socialism, 454 socialization, 208, 228, 249, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 260, 266, 276, 278 sociology, 132 Socrates, 207 software, 371 solid waste, 342, 376 solidarity, 498, 536 solution, 37, 324, 392 Somalia, 280, 481, 547 South Asia, 463, 481, 583 South Korea, 474 South Ossetia, vii, 4, 8, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 29, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 44, 47, 48, 50, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 105, 106, 107, 162, 165, 174, 176, 177,178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 197, 215, 231, 242, 265, 273, 298, 303, 304, 305, 311, 315, 320, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333, 349, 363, 364, 412, 489, 528, 529, 531, 538 Southern Caucasus, 552 sovereign state, 58, 86, 560 sovereignty, 4, 8, 9, 12, 58, 73, 75, 76, 80, 84, 91, 161, 162, 184, 185, 233, 253, 260, 261, 263, 288, 291, 292, 299, 300, 310, 311, 318, 457, 491, 510, 560, 571, 578 619 Soviet foreign minister, viii, 161 Soviet legacy, 133, 135 Soviet Union, viii, ix, x, xi, 4, 9, 10, 59, 74, 98, 105, 113, 114, 161, 162, 197, 202, 214, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234, 239, 243, 249, 267, 270, 276, 280, 283, 303, 305, 320, 331, 363, 370, 371, 373, 374, 378, 384, 385, 386, 390, 392, 395, 396, 404, 467, 493, 494, 522, 549, 550, 552, 558, 559, 560, 565, 567, 581 Soyuz, 461 Spain, 73, 466, 470, 511 specialists, 238, 318, 396, 416 species, 252, 390 speech, 31, 50, 80, 163, 166, 169, 219, 233, 259, 279, 283, 285, 291, 296, 298, 299, 311, 313, 324, 336, 340, 401, 413, 415, 432, 473, 484, 534, 540 spending, 10, 96, 117, 165, 166, 172, 188, 216, 229, 341, 389, 404, 542 spillovers, 223, 253, 254, 256, 258 Spring, 123, 401, 518 SSI, 451, 452 St Petersburg, 3, 458, 467, 471, 474, 475, 486, 490 stabilization, ix, 21, 73, 83, 189, 229, 303, 308, 331, 396, 416 staff development, 192, 347 stakeholders, 47, 211, 276, 298 Stalin, Joseph, 4, 226, 228, 282, 493, 558, 590 standard of living, 13, 452 state borders, 455 state control, 210, 245 state of emergency, 293, 372, 390, 560 state regulation, 131, 136, 138 statehood, 139, 142, 162, 224, 228, 254, 264, 494 state-owned enterprises, 250, 448 statistics, 11, 39, 45, 47, 48, 50, 174, 378, 439, 525, 568 status of refugees, 439 statutes, 141 steel, 3, 238, 385 steel industry, 238 stigma, 45, 51, 52, 446 stimulus, 11, 567 stock, 515 stomach, 423 storage, 268, 342 strategic assets, 64 strategic management, 239 Strategic Studies Institute, 451, 452, 504 stratification, 222 stress, 68, 75, 105, 112, 168, 248, 339, 534, 540, 541 stress test, 105 stretching, 354, 408, 474 620 Index structural adjustment, 109 structural changes, 109, 134 structural reforms, 147 structure, viii, 94, 95, 98, 99, 108, 110, 120, 133, 135, 138, 146, 153, 190, 240, 345, 374, 479, 484, 566, 580 style, 74, 97, 141, 224, 230, 234, 235, 237, 372, 475, 491, 564 Subsidies, 594 subsidy, 316 subsistence, 55 substance abuse, 48 subway system, xi, 521 succession, 97, 100, 109, 206, 387, 507 Sudan, 460, 510 suicide, 402, 423, 424, 425, 453, 455, 458, 465, 468, 469, 478, 480, 487, 507, 508, 512, 513, 524, 526, 527, 530, 531, 532, 537, 574 suicide attacks, 459, 478 suicide bombers, 458, 465, 468, 480, 526, 530 supervision, 26, 44, 274, 415, 448 supervisors, 40 supplier, 173, 276, 351, 353, 405, 406 suppliers, ix, 252, 303, 351, 405 support services, 46, 111 suppression, 144, 234, 243, 277, 318, 337 Supreme Council, Supreme Court, 2, 26, 28, 41, 170, 233, 384, 399, 424, 431, 433, 442, 487 surplus, 148 surveillance, viii, 30, 32, 36, 40, 133, 154, 171, 185, 191, 192, 346, 347, 576 survival, 89, 180, 327, 390 survivors, 574 susceptibility, 96 sustainability, 240, 262, 270, 374, 482 Sustainable Development, 6, 544 sustainable economic growth, 392 Sweden, 9, 280, 282, 321, 470, 591, 594 swelling, 578 Switzerland, 70, 173, 281, 350, 351, 411 symbiosis, 258 sympathy, 120 synchronization, 155 syndrome, 566 synthesis, 488 Syria, ix, 123, 353, 357, 371, 403, 407, 510, 582, 584, 595 systemic change, 244 T tactics, x, 105, 137, 233, 243, 276, 426, 452, 453, 454, 471, 472, 495, 498, 528, 532, 552, 554, 555, 556, 557, 560, 563, 564, 568, 576, 578 Tajikistan, 66, 136, 156, 249, 313, 413, 469, 496, 576 takeover, 121 talent, 555 Taliban, 194, 195, 403, 457, 458, 461, 462, 466, 467, 469, 480, 509, 545, 565, 568, 583 tangible benefits, 238, 253, 254, 260 tanks, 74, 108, 112, 113, 212, 376, 558, 564, 565 TAP, 354, 355, 356, 367, 408 target, 75, 80, 97, 107, 115, 116, 203, 204, 205, 222, 223, 254, 341, 374, 392, 468, 471, 473, 479, 507, 555, 574, 584 Task Force, 379, 508 tax breaks, 474 tax collection, 10, 457 taxation, 258 taxes, 9, 10, 141, 204, 376, 389, 434, 522 teacher training, 342 teachers, 36, 50, 51, 53, 137, 334, 336, 400, 454, 463, 559 teams, 324, 574 technical assistance, 13, 314, 376, 380, 392, 393, 415 technical support, 154, 392 techniques, 103, 105 technologies, 99, 111, 112, 114, 558 technology, 113, 137, 150, 151, 188, 342, 377, 379, 380, 388, 455 teeth, 564 telecommunications, 69, 374, 392, 500 telephone, 6, 31, 32, 46, 171, 432, 447 telephone conversations, 171 telephones, 30 television coverage, 399 television stations, 33, 171 temperament, 234 temporary protection, 38, 439 tension, 4, 61, 112, 127, 272, 294, 296, 486 tensions, vii, ix, 43, 51, 57, 61, 67, 80, 84, 152, 165, 168, 173, 179, 181, 182, 267, 291, 313, 314, 318, 324, 326, 328, 331, 353, 356, 407, 409, 477, 481, 488, 501, 521, 524, 530, 535, 582 tenure, 101, 139, 477, 478 terminals, 174, 351 territorial, 4, 8, 9, 12, 13, 58, 60, 61, 64, 72, 73, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 91, 161, 173, 176, 177, 185, 187, 190, 197, 242, 265, 266, 267, 273, 310, Index 311, 312, 315, 318, 325, 335, 345, 348, 349, 350, 363, 386, 453, 456, 482, 550, 560 territory, vii, 2, 3, 18, 20, 21, 37, 38, 47, 51, 59, 63, 64, 76, 80, 98, 117, 174, 178, 179, 183, 184, 185, 190, 194, 225, 228, 318, 321, 326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 345, 385, 390, 409, 413, 423, 489, 503, 507, 513, 522, 557, 560, 563, 566, 568, 572 terrorism, ix, 31, 74, 84, 137, 146, 154, 181, 269, 272, 303, 304, 306, 308, 318, 329, 344, 358, 395, 409, 414, 415, 416, 452, 458, 459, 465, 466, 472, 479, 480, 482, 483, 484, 485, 490, 495, 498, 511, 521, 522, 525, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 547, 550, 551, 572, 574, 576, 583, 584, 586, 587, 593 terrorist activities, 576, 578, 581 terrorist acts, 175, 484, 582 terrorist attack, xi, 181, 194, 308, 314, 396, 416, 460, 463, 467, 470, 471, 476, 481, 482, 487, 492, 498, 503, 511, 521, 522, 524, 527, 528, 533, 538, 540, 562, 565, 572, 575, 582, 587 Terrorist attack, xi, 521, 524, 582 terrorist groups, 521, 524, 533, 584 terrorist incidents, xi, 521, 524, 525 terrorist organization, 452, 470, 542, 551, 580, 581 terrorists, 184, 189, 307, 313, 314, 318, 330, 409, 460, 461, 463, 465, 466, 471, 484, 499, 509, 514, 521, 522, 525, 528, 530, 531, 534, 535, 536, 540, 541, 551, 552, 562, 568, 569, 570, 571, 574, 575, 576, 578, 580, 582, 583, 584 testing, 52, 150, 230 textbook, 75, 564, 589 textbooks, 50 textiles, 3, 373, 375, 385 Thailand, 570 theatre, 458 theft, 10, 148 Third World, 483 Thomas Hobbes, 280 thoughts, 131 threat assessment, 187, 306, 453, 583 threats, 26, 32, 70, 76, 81, 100, 136, 146, 155, 175, 184, 195, 242, 246, 248, 263, 265, 266, 276, 304, 310, 318, 320, 343, 411, 451, 484, 503, 586, 587 Tibet, 90 time frame, 5, 462 Title I, 350 Title IV, 350 tobacco, 371, 385 top-down, 133, 135, 153 torture, 17, 18, 19, 22, 44, 136, 137, 142, 145, 146, 149, 150, 170, 245, 397, 422, 429, 461, 478, 499, 539 tourism, 3, 163, 380, 388, 473, 474, 477, 485, 528 621 toxic substances, 448 tracks, 113, 114, 178, 326 trade, ix, 9, 10, 12, 35, 52, 53, 65, 69, 78, 86, 163, 167, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 185, 186, 187, 196, 204, 210, 212, 230, 256, 268, 275, 284, 292, 298, 299, 300, 303, 304, 305, 311, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 325, 331, 338, 350, 351, 357, 367, 378, 380, 384, 385, 392, 415, 447, 449, 568, 569, 583 trade agreement, 167, 173, 174, 185, 186, 187, 256, 299, 311, 320, 338, 350, 392 trade deficit, 11 trade preference, 367 trade union, 35, 52, 53, 447 traditions, 248, 249, 464, 536, 557, 559, 560, 565, 582 trafficking, 7, 13, 17, 23, 54, 146, 148, 171, 320, 343, 395, 404, 415, 443, 444, 462, 522, 542, 550, 568, 576, 583 trafficking in persons, 7, 13, 17, 415, 443 trainees, 110 traits, 225, 226, 245, 249 trajectory, 266 transaction costs, 207 transactions, 204, 237, 256, 316, 389 transcripts, 430, 460, 507, 515, 517 transformation, 135, 138, 142, 143, 149, 154, 202, 236, 254, 255, 258, 378, 392, 464, 466, 480, 491, 566 transformations, ix, 133, 134, 202, 203, 222, 223, 232, 237, 241, 254, 255, 258, 270, 493 transit area, 58 translation, 507, 508 transmission, 10, 321, 412 transparency, 7, 13, 16, 20, 26, 28, 29, 32, 33, 41, 42, 43, 88, 138, 140, 154, 155, 168, 281, 295, 333, 339, 348, 351, 374, 380, 392, 441, 448 transport, 9, 10, 58, 69, 76, 95, 96, 107, 112, 113, 119, 120, 174, 276, 305, 307, 309, 319, 332, 353, 355, 374, 406, 407, 415, 416, 461, 471, 478, 493 transportation, 10, 11, 49, 69, 77, 82, 182, 231, 316, 320, 353, 374, 375, 389, 407, 447, 541, 579 transportation infrastructure, 49 transportation security, 541 transshipment, 503 Treasury, 509 treaties, 217, 293, 317, 350 treatment, 18, 19, 20, 33, 47, 48, 52, 76, 135, 137, 141, 143, 144, 145, 209, 211, 232, 236, 261, 335, 342, 350, 393, 423, 426, 440, 443, 539, 557, 587 Treaty of Georgievsk, trial, 7, 24, 25, 26, 27, 144, 207, 298, 428, 429, 460, 467, 486, 578 622 Index tribal lands, 582 Tskhinvali, 24, 59, 62, 70, 76, 79, 106, 178, 179, 182, 326, 330 tuberculosis, 393, 425 tundra, 384 turbulence, 217, 484 Turkey, ix, 3, 11, 58, 75, 172, 173, 174, 225, 242, 304, 306, 312, 313, 316, 317, 318, 321, 332, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 357, 360, 362, 364, 367, 371, 373, 374, 376, 377, 378, 385, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 411, 414, 417, 418, 460, 462, 532, 534, 555, 583, 584 Turkmenistan, 136, 156, 304, 344, 355, 356, 389, 407, 409, 410 Turks, ix, 371, 385, 446 turnout, 294, 296, 335, 337 turnover, 11, 204, 315, 318 Tuvalu, 179 United Nations (UN), 4, 8, 11, 27, 36, 44, 47, 67, 68, 76, 87, 90, 181, 217, 328, 377, 390, 391, 423, 442, 418, 547, 575, 578, 593 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, x, 15, 421 universe, 454 universities, 50, 336, 400, 435, 465, 474 university education, 50, 118, 473 UNM, ix, 240, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, 114 unresolved conflict, 217, 231, 503 urban, 47, 54, 223, 258, 564, 572, 576 urban areas, 54 USDA, 380 USGS, 367, 418 USSR, 136, 156, 212, 226, 233, 283, 379, 472, 559, 560, 590 Uzbekistan, 66, 76, 136, 156, 403, 469, 510 U V U.N Security Council, 61, 63, 64, 72, 78, 81, 85, 90, 307, 414, 415, 541 U.S assistance, 12, 13, 234, 274, 314, 341, 345, 379, 380, 392, 395 U.S Department of Agriculture, 341, 380, 392 U.S Department of Agriculture XE "Department of Agriculture" (USDA), 380 U.S interests, ix, 267, 271, 291, 292, 299 U.S policy, 78, 82, 154, 177, 187, 190, 266, 267, 300, 305, 312, 318, 325, 344, 346, 351, 405 U.S relations, 306 U.S support, 271, 273 Ukraine, v, vii, viii, 3, 11, 12, 61, 73, 75, 76, 80, 81, 92, 168, 172, 178, 201, 202, 203, 204, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 242, 243, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 256, 257, 260, 263, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 276, 277, 278, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287, 288, 310, 325, 341, 350, 367, 371, 390, 411, 558 Ukrainian government, 231, 238, 239, 268 unemployment rate, 579 UNHCR, 36, 37, 38, 39, 77, 87, 321, 423, 437, 438, 439, 542 unification, 69, 105, 231, 496 unions, 16, 35, 52, 53, 447, 448 United Kingdom, 125, 178, 269, 308, 324, 325, 517, 547 United National Movemen, ix, 240, 265, 291, 292 vacancies, 24 value added tax, Vanuatu, 179 VAT, VDV divisions, 94, 99, 109, 110, 122 vector, 239 vegetables, 10, 371, 385 vehicles, 35, 96, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 122, 128, 148, 189, 376, 384, 385, 563 vein, 101 Venezuela, 179, 327 Venice Commission, 397, 403, 417, 437 ventilation, 20, 21, 49, 424 venue, 35, 401 verbatim, 547 versatility, 249 vessels, 63, 115 vested interests, 100, 108 veto, 168, 212, 339, 356 victims, 7, 20, 22, 45, 46, 51, 54, 168, 298, 339, 404, 443, 444, 446, 526, 540, 569, 570, 574 videos, 145, 170, 453, 505, 509 videotape, 508, 569 Vietnam, 564 Viktor Yanukovych, 217, 230 violence, xi, 4, 17, 27, 30, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 59, 67, 72, 78, 79, 131, 135, 137, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 152, 155, 156, 167, 169, 206, 207, 273, 295, 296, 299, 306, 307, 322, 337, 340, 373, 391, 397, 403, 414, 415, 422, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 452, 458, 464, 473, 475, 476, 478, 479, 482, 483, 491, 492, 498, 499, 501, 503, 521, 522, 524, 528, 530, Index 531, 532, 535, 536, 537, 539, 540, 542, 547, 549, 551, 557, 576, 577, 580 violent extremist, 343 vision, 107, 115, 137, 150, 154, 155, 189, 205, 212, 237, 260, 453, 455, 500, 570 visions, 255 Vladimir Putin, 472, 484, 491, 498, 501, 517 vocabulary, 498 vocational education, 188 voicing, 355 voiding, 52 volatility, 205 volunteers, 88, 460, 544 vote, vii, 5, 8, 16, 17, 37, 39, 40, 41, 60, 139, 162, 163, 164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 173, 284, 294, 296, 333, 335, 337, 338, 340, 350, 371, 372, 386, 387, 397, 398, 399, 427, 489 vote-counting, vii, 16, 39 voters, 40, 41, 60, 167, 236, 294, 295, 333, 334, 335, 337, 398, 399 voting, 40, 42, 60, 74, 90, 163, 165, 294, 295, 333, 334, 335, 338, 387, 397, 399 vulnerability, 96, 245, 375, 389 W wage level, 447 wages, 52, 137, 250, 434, 441, 447, 528 Wahhabism, 518, 565, 567, 583, 591 waiver, 306, 308, 332, 344, 416, 441 walking, 67, 135 war crimes, 73, 103, 571 War on Terror, 547 war years, 462 warlords, 496, 500, 537 Washington, George, 162 waste, 83, 95, 342, 376, 555 waste disposal, 376 waste treatment, 342 waste water, 83 water, 3, 10, 11, 19, 48, 83, 101, 142, 144, 171, 172, 188, 341, 342, 370, 376, 379, 389, 424, 447, 512, 564 water resources, 171 water supplies, 188 Waziristan, 462 weakness, 96, 245, 491, 562, 581 wealth, 153, 205, 208, 211, 223, 234, 247, 297, 388, 404 weapons, 63, 108, 112, 115, 137, 149, 189, 190, 191, 192, 267, 276, 312, 314, 318, 319, 337, 343, 345, 346, 347, 372, 376, 377, 390, 393, 409, 410, 623 411, 433, 460, 468, 470, 471, 496, 512, 528, 537, 544, 558, 563, 569, 572 weapons of mass destruction, 267, 393, 471 websites, 243, 453, 454, 457, 460, 466, 469, 470, 471, 481, 505, 584 welding, welfare, 69, 104, 145, 246, 527, 565 welfare system, 565 well-being, 205, 213, 236, 244, 251, 268 Western countries, 276, 498, 535 Western Europe, 99, 576, 579 Western orientation, 174, 319 Western Siberia, 457 whistle blower, 578 White House, 80, 82, 90, 91, 158, 167, 175, 196, 198, 199, 287, 324, 338, 348, 361, 362, 363, 366, 418, 470, 514, 547, 588, 590 wholesale, 384, 493, 494 windows, 537 wires, 509, 514 wiretaps, 33 withdrawal, 4, 64, 69, 75, 78, 81, 96, 102, 197, 315, 364, 391, 565, 566, 581, 583 witnesses, 7, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 35, 71, 428 WMD, 84, 343, 471, 481 wood, wood products, worker rights, 449 workers, 52, 53, 55, 58, 76, 169, 180, 295, 305, 316, 330, 372, 447, 448, 449, 457, 500, 524, 546 workforce, 380, 448 working class, 226 working conditions, 447, 449 working groups, 12, 184, 185 working hours, 54 working population, 172 workplace, 46, 55, 448 World Bank, 6, 9, 11, 46, 68, 71, 77, 83, 89, 90, 142, 156, 157, 158, 182, 197, 257, 281, 331, 341, 342, 353, 370, 375, 380, 388, 390, 404, 406, 417, 418, 588 World Health Organization, 390 world order, 261, 566 World Trade Center, 498 World Trade Organization (WTO), 11, 69, 74, 172, 253, 350, 351, 366, 367, 375, 377, 388, 392, 404, 415 World War I, xi, 94, 226, 255, 385, 493, 495, 497, 530, 549, 550, 557, 558, 562, 566 worldwide, 187, 306, 331, 540, 561 624 Index X xenophobia, 486, 537 Y Yale University, 282, 504, 505 Yemen, 458, 459, 463, 481 young people, 456, 470, 536, 579 youth unemployment, 473, 491, 568, 579 Yugoslavia, 75, 94, 280, 518 Z zachistki, 521, 522, 524, 525, 531, 536 Zhordania, Noe, zinc, 370 ... resentment and hatred toward them that persist to the present time In: Encyclopedia of the Caucasus (2 Volume Book) Editor: Brendan L Cohen ISBN: 978-1-634 82- 228 -2 © 20 15 Nova Science Publishers,... prisoners increased from 24 2 in 20 10 to 445 during the year The ministry attributed the stabilization in the prisoner population from 20 10 to 20 11 to the use of alternative methods of rehabilitation... to the rights of the defendant during the entry of a plea agreement, while others failed to apprise the defendant of important rights and legal protections The June report of the Council of Europe’s