Encyclopedia of world cultures 10 volume set 2 oceania (1991)

Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume 11 OCEANIA ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD CULTURES David Levinson Editor in Chief North America Oceania South Asia Europe and the Middle East East and Southeast Asia Soviet Union and China South America Middle America and the Caribbean Africa Bibliography The Encyclopedia of World Cultures was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University HRAF, the foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, is a not-for-profit consortium of twenty-three sponsoring members and 300 participating member institutions in twenty-five countries The HRAF archive, established in 1949, contains nearly one million pages of information on the cultures of the world Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume II OCEANIA Terence E Hays Volume Editor G.K Hall & Company NEW YORK MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS When You Know LENGTH inches fet yards mils meters centimaters meters mners kilormers AREA square feet square yards square miles acres hectares square meters square kilometers Multiply By 2.54 30 0.9 1.6 0.04 0.4 3.3 1.1 0.6 0.09 0.8 2.6 0.4 2.5 1.2 OA To Find c s centimeters meers kilometrs Inches inches feet yards mles square meters square meters square kilorneers hectares acres square yards square miles TEMPERATURE IC - (F - 32) x 555 -F - (C x 1.8) + 32 i 1991 by the Human Relations Area Files, Inc First published in 1991 by G.K Hall & Co 1633 Broadway, New York, NY 10019,6785 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 Libnry of Congress Catalog in-Publication Data (Revised for vol 2) Encyclopedia of world cultures Includes bibliographical references and index Filmography: p Contents: v North America / Timothy O'Leary, David Levinson, volume editors v.2 Oceania / Terence E Hays, volume ed Ethnology-North America-Encyclopedias Levinson, David 1947GN307.E53 1991 306'.097 90-49123 CIP ISBN 0-8161-1808.6 (v 1) ISBN 0-8161-1809-4 (v 2) The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials ANSI Z39.48-1984 i) MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Contents Project Staff vi Contributors vii Preface xvii Introduction xxiii Maps Oceania xxxviii Australia xxdxi New Guinea xl Melanesia xli Micronesia xlii Polynesia xliii Cultures of Oceania I Glossary 397 Filmography 403 Ethnonym Index 407 Project Staff Editorial Board Linda A Bennett Memphis State University Europe Research Christopher Latham Nancy Gratton Fernando Cimara Barbachano Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Editorial and Production Eva Kitsos Abraham Maramba Victoria Crocco Elizabeth Holthaus Ara Salibian John Amburg Nancy Priest Mexico City Middle America and the Caribbean Norma J Diamond University of Michigan China Paul Friedrich University of Chicago Soviet Union Cartography Robert Sullivan Rhode Island College Terence E Hays Rhode Island College Oceania Paul Hockings University of Illinois at Chicago South and Southeast Asia Robert V Kemper Southern Methodist University Middle America and the Caribbean Kazuko Matsuzawa National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka East Asia John H Middleton Yale University Africa Timothy J O'Leary Human Relations Area Files North America Amal Rassam Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York Middle East Johannes Wilbert University of California at Los Angeles South America vi Contributors Steven M Albert Philadelphia Geriatric Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States Lak William H Alkire Department of Anthropology University of Victoria Victoria, British Columbia Canada Woleai Thomas Bargatzky Institut fur Valkerkunde und Afrikanistik Universitit MiInchen Munich Germany Samoa John Barker Department of Anthropology and Sociology University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Canada Main Kathleen Barlow Department of Sociology and Anthropology Gustavus Adolphus College Saint Peter, Minnesota United States MuriJ& Robert Borofsky Department of Anthropology Hawaii Loa College Kaneohe, Oahu, Hawaii United States Puspw Ross Bowden Department of Sociology La Trobe University Bundoora, Victoria Australia Ktuoma Vii viii Contributors David J Boyd Department of Anthropology University of California, Davis Davis, California United States Fore Paula Brown Department of Anthropology State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York United States Chimbu Mark Busse Papua New Guinea National Museum Boroko, National Capital District Papua New Guinea Boazi; Kiwai James G Carrier Manus Laurence M Carucci Department of Sociology Montana State University Bozeman, Montana United States MarshaU Islands Ann Chowning Department of Anthropology Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand Laklcai; Sengseng Brenda J Clay Department of Anthropology University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky United States Mandak John Connell Sisvai Leslie Conton Fairhaven College Western Washington University Bellingham, Washington United States Usimo Marjorie Tuainekore Crocombe University of the South Pacific Suva Fiji Cook Islands Ron Crocombe University of the South Pacific Suva Cook Islands Department of Anthropology University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia United States Department of Geography University of Sydney Sydney Australia Fiji 4-ofnlTWULOTS William H Davenport University Museum of Archaeology/Anthropology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States Santa Cna William W Donner Department of Anthropology Kutztown State University Kutztown, Pennsylvania United States Ontong Java A L Epstein Department of Social Anthropology University of Sussex Brighton, Sussex TolWi England Ellen E Facey Department of Sociology and Anthropology Mount Allison University Sackville, New Brunswick Canada Nguna Richard Feinberg Anuta Department of Sociology and Anthropology Kent State University Kent, Ohio United States Edwin N Ferdon, Jr Arizona State Museum University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona United States Tahiti Raymond Firth London England Tikopia James G Flanagan Department of Sociology and Anthropology University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, Mississippi United States Wovan Karl J Franklin Summer Institute of Linguistics Ukarumpa via Lae Papua New Guinea Kewa Deborah Gewertz Department of Anthropology-Sociology Amherst College Chambri Amherst, Massachusetts United States Michael Goldsmith Department of Politics University of Waikato Hamilton New Zealand Tuvalu ix x Contributors Jane C Goodale Department of Anthropology Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania Tian United States Ward H Goodenough Department of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania United States Tnak Richard A Gould Department of Anthropology Brown University Ngatjara Providence, Rhode Island United States Murray Groves Department of Sociology University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Motu C R Hallpike Department of Anthropology McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario Tauadc Canada David Hanlon Department of History University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii United States Pohknpi F Allan Hanson Department of Anthropology University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas United States Rapa Thomas G Harding Department of Anthropology University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California United States Sio Brigitta Hauser-Schiublin Institute of Ethnology University of Basel Basel Abelam; Iatinul Switzerland Terence E Hays Department of Anthropology Rhode Island College Providence, Rhode Island United States Gaiuku-Gama; Garia; Gogodala; Tairora; Tor Yungar in 1623 The second and more significant contact was with a party of cattle herders in 1864, an encounter now known as the "Battle of Mitchell River." Acculturation into EuropeanAustralian society began after 1900 with settlement of the lower Cape York Peninsula and the establishment of an Anglican mission station just south of Yir Yoront territory in 1915 The Yir Yoront were, however, shielded from encroachment on their land when the Australian government established the reserve along the coast Although some Yir Yoront moved south and settled at the mission, and various products of European manufacture were used by all Yir Yoront, much of the traditional culture survived into the 1940s The Yir Yoront speak a "Yir-" language related to the "Wik-" and "Koko-" Aboriginal languages of Australia The Yir Yoront subsisted by hunting, fishing, and gathering shellfish and plant foods Men hunted and fished, often in groups, while women gathered and maintained the camp The Yir Yoront also maintained trade relations with groups to the north and south Spears made from stingray spines were the major export, while stone from tribes to the south for stone ax heads was the major import Trading often took place at the annual intertribal ceremonies, with male trading partners often having the status of fictive brothers Yir Yoront trade, however, was less elaborated and of less economic importance than that of many other Queensland Ab~riginal groups The introduction of European goods such as tools, cloth, and tobacco and the establishment of the reserve have altered the traditional hunting and gathering economy Traditional Yir Yoront society was divided into patrilineal, totemic clans and two exogamous moieties A distinction was also made, apart from kinship organization, between coastal people" and 'inland people." The nuclear family was the basic residential and economic unit Traditionally, social relations were based on superordinate and subordinate status, with men dominant over women and older people dominant over younger people Leadership rested with the clan leaders While individuals displaying superior knowledge or skill might enjoy personal prestige, there was no formal status system The day-to-day world of the Yir Yoront was seen by them as a reflection of the world of their ancestors, with all new developments accounted for by myths and totems With the recent acceleration of acculturation into White Australian society, many traditional beliefs and practices have disappeared and have been replaced by involvement in the cash economy and more permanent settlement near cattle ranches and small towns Bibliography Sharp, Lauriston (1934) 'Ritual Life and Economics of the Yir-Yoront of Cape York Peninsula." Oceania 5:19-42 Sharp, Lauriston (1968) "Steel Axes for Stone Age Australians." In Man in Adaptation: The Cultural Present, edited by Yehudi A Cohen, 82-93 Chicago: Aldine 395 Yungar The name given to a number of closely related and affiliated Aboriginal groups who lived in the deserts of western Australia Known groups included the Koreng, Minang, Pibelman, Pindjarup, Wardardi, and Wheelman All ofthe Yungar groups are either totally or nearly extinct Bibliography Hassell, Ethel, and D S Davidson (1936) "Notes on the Ethnology of the Wheelman Tribe of South-westem Australia." Anthropos 31:679-711 Glossary Glossary See autochthones aborigine affine by marriage A relative Absence of agamy marriage rule; neither endogamy a nor exogamy age grade within sonatic A social category culturally defined a descent See patrilineal descent through either the male ancestor spirits lieved have lives of the animism A belief in arild or powers that are be- influence the can spiritual beings (ali'i, aliki, ari'i) hereditary A An island consisting of atoll kinship affilia- the female line Ghosts of deceased relatives who supernatural living to of persons who fall The practice of tracing ambilineal descent tion composed age range chief in coral reef a Polynesia surrounding a lagoon A large group of languages (forlanguages merly called 'Malayo-Polynesian") including about 450 in Oceania They are found mostly on the coasts in Melanesia and New Guinea, but otherwise throughout Polynesia and Anstronesian Micronesia refer to indigenous inhabitants of a region the native inhabitants encountered by The autochthones Often used European explorers to settlers or The practice of avunculocal residence couple residing in the community or newly a married household of the hus- band's mother's brother bark cloth See tapa bkhe-de-mer A sea slug found in shallow tropical waters gathered in large quantities in the nineteenth century by Europeans (and earlier by Chinese and Japanese traders) for export to Asia for usein soups It was betel A nut nicotinelilke nesia and Micronesia formed of the bean, nut as lime from shells or as of the Areca of the Piper or stem stimulant used in well betle vine, coral and western Mela- "betel quid" is catechu palm and the leaf, in Asia A then chewed with slaked expectorated political leader whose influence is based on peror qualities rather than formal authority Such influence often is achieved through factional politics or the manipulation of exchange relationships big man sonal A prestige bilateral descent more or less The practice of tracing kinship affiliation equally through both the male and the female line blackbirding coercion or A form of labor recruiting, often deception From the 840s to teenth century thousands of male Pacific islanders to Australia home or (though service South America many were as laborers not) after a involving the end of the nine- to period were taken be returned of years in 397 breadfruit A fruiting tree (Artocarpus altilis) that is usually seasonal and cultivated mainly in Micronesia and Polynesia, but also in some parts of Melanesia The fruit's starchy pulp is either cooked or fermented in pits as a staple or important standby food bride-price, bride-wealth The practice of a groom or his kin giving substantial property or wealth to the bride's kin before, at the time of, or after marriage bride-service The practice of a groom performing work for his wife's kin for a set period of time either before or after marriage buliroarer A sacred oval-shaped object, usually wooden, that is swung on a cord to make a buzzing sound representing the voices of ancestors or other spirits tn Australia, New Guinea, and Melanesia revelation of the bullroarer was often an important part of male initiation ceremonies cargo cult A millenarian or nativistic movement, found mostly in Melanesia and New Guinea during the first half of the twentieth century in the context of colonialism and World War II The cults usually focused on the prophesied arrival of trade goods ("cargo') heralding a new era of material plenty and native control cassava A starchy root crop (Manihot esculenta), also called manioc or tapioca, that was introduced to Oceania following the arrival of Europeans cassowary A large, flightless bird with three species endemic to New Guinea and New Britain The bird is locally prized for its flesh, plumes, and bones caste An endogamous hereditary group, usually with a distinct hereditary occupation, who has a virtually immutable position in a hierarchy Although the caste system is most elaborated throughout South Asia, castes have also been reported in Tibet, Japan, Burundi, and the American South churinga (t#uringa, tiurunga) A term from the Aranda language applied generally by various Australian Aboriginal desert groups to stone or wooden sacred objects (including bullroarers) symbolizing culture heroes or ancestral figures clan, sib A group of unilineally affiliated kin who usually reside in the same community and share common property classificatory kin terms Kinship terms, such as aunt, that designate several categories of distinct relatives, such as mother's sister and father's sister cognates Words that belong to different languages but have similar sounds and meanings collaterals A person's relatives not related to him or her as ascendants or descendants; one's uncle, aunt, cousin, brother, sister, nephew, niece consaguine A relative by blood (birth) continental islands Islands formed from the portions of the Continental Australasiatic Platform that are currently above sea level copra The dried flesh of the coconut used as the basis of oils, soaps, cosmetics, and dried coconut Beginning in the 860s copra became the chief commercial export in most Pacific islands 398 Glossary coral islands Islands, including atolls, formed of the exoskeleton created by th~e excretion of lime from sea water by tiny marine animals Cordyline An ornamental or ritually important shrub (Cordyline terminals) planted widely in Oceania; in some places the tuber is sometimes eaten cousin, cross Children of one's parent's siblings of the opposite sex-one's father's sisters' and mother's brothers' children cousin, parallel Children of one's parent's siblings of the same sex-one's father's brothers' and mother's sisters' children creole A general, inconsistently used term usually applied to a spoken language or dialect that is based on grammatical and lexical features combined from two or more natural languages It is a first language, distinct from a pidgin cross cousin See cousin, cross cult The beliefs, ideas, and activities associated with the worship of a supernatural force or its representations, such as an ancestor cult or a bear cult culture hero A mythical bird, animal, or person who is believed to be the group's protector cuscus A type of marsupial found in New Guinea and highly prized for its meat and fur demo A group based on the merging of locality, descent, and in-marriage descriptive kIn terms Kinship terms that are used to distinguish different categories of relatives such as mother or father Dreaming, The (Dreamtrne, The) A sacred time in the Australian Aboriginal mythological past when culture heroes and totemic ancestors created many of the physical features of the land and established traditional customs Ego In kinship studies ego is a male or female whom the anthropologist arbitrarily designates as the reference point for a particular kinship diagram or discussion of kinship terminology endogamy Marriage within a specific group or social category of which the person is a member, such as one's caste or community exogamy Marriage outside a specific group or social category of which the person is a member, such as one's clan or community extensive cultivation A form of horticulture in which plots of land are cleared and planted for a few years and then left to fallow for a number of years while other plots are used Also called swidden, shifting, or slash-and-bumn cultivation fictive kin Individuals referred to or addressed with kin terms and treated as kin, although they are neither affines nor consanguines Plant cultivation carried out by relatively simple means, usually without permanent fields, artificial fertilizers, or plowing horticulture initiation, or puberty, rites Ceremonies and related activ- ities that mark the transition from childhood to adulthood or from secular status to being a cut-member kava A fermented beverage traditionally consumed ritually or ceremonially (though sometimes merely for its euphoric and soporific effects) in Melanesia, New Guinea, and Polynesia The drink is made from the dried and ground root of the kava plant (Piper methysticum) mixed in water kIn terms, bifurcate-collateral A system of kinship terminology in which all collaterals in the parental generation are referred to by different kin terms kin terms, bifurcate-merging A system of kinship terminology in which members of the two descent groups in the parental generation are referred to by different kin terms kin terms, Crow A system of kinship terminology in which matrilateral cross cousins are distinguished from each other and from parallel cousins and siblings, but patrilateral cross cousins are referred to by the same terms used for father or father's sister kin terms, Dravidian See kin terms, Iroquois kin terms, Eskimo A system of kinship terminology in which cousins are distinguished from brothers and sisters, but no distinction is made between cross and parallel cousins kin terms, generational A system of kinship terminology in which all kin of the same sex in the parental generation are referred to by the same term krin terms, Hawaiian A system of kinship terminology in which all male cousins are referred to by the same term used for brother, and all female cousins are referred to by the same term used for sister krin terms, Iroquois A system of kinship terminology in which parallel cousins are referred to by the same terms used for brothers and sisters but cross cousins are identified by different terms ktin terms, lineal A system of kinship terminology in which direct descendants or ascendants are distinguished from collateral kin kin terms, Omaha A system of kinship terminology in which female matrilateral cross cousins are referred to by the same term used for one's mother, and female patrilateral cross cousins are referred to by the same term used for one's sister's daughter kin terms, Sudanese A system of kinship terminology in which there are distinct terms for each category of cousin and sibling, and for aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews kindred The bilateral kin group of near kinsmen who may be expected to be present and participant on important ceremonial occasions, usually in the absence of unilineal descent kinship Family relationship, whether traced through marital ties or through blood and descent kula ring A system of ceremonial exchange in the Massim area and southeastern tip of New Guinea characterized by the circulation of shell necklaces and shell armbands in opposite directions, hence the "ring" of islands linked by the system Glossary 399 kunai The Tok Pisin term for the tall swordgrass (Imperata cylindrica) that typically covers drier regions in New Guinea and Melanesia that have been cleared of forest by burning The grass is commonly used for housing and thatching material umndu The Tok Pisin term for the hourglass-shaped drum used in many New Guinea and Melanesian societies lagoon A sheltered body of sea water encircled by a coral reef Lapita Culture A hypothesized culture that flourished from about 4,000 to 2,500 B.P., characterized by a distinctive type of pottery with dentate impressed designs and associated with a widely distributed seafaring people and Austronesian languages levirate The practice of requiring a man to marry his brother's widow lineage A unilineal (whether patrilineal or matrilineal) kin group that traces kinship affiliation from a common, known ancestor and extends through a number of generations longhouse A large, rectangular-shaped dwelling with a wood frame covered by planks, bark, mats, or other siding and usually housing a number of related families hluai The Tok Pisn term for village leaders appointed by the government in New Guinea and Melanesia during the colonial period magic Beliefs and ritual practices designed to harness supernatural forces to achieve the goals of the magician mana A term with cognates in numerous Melanesian and Polynesian languages for a type of spiritual power, energy, or energizing capability believed to be physically resident in objects, persons, or places Marae A stone plaza, platform, or walls regarded throughout Polynesia as a sacred enclosure Traditionally a marae was a center of ceremonial rituals and the focal point of community life Massim A region consisting of islands and island groups off the southeastern tip of New Guinea characterized by distinctive art styles and interisland exchange links, especially the kula system manrineal descent, uterine descent The practice of tracing kinship affiliation only through the female line matrilocal residence, uxorilocal residence The practice of a newly married couple residing in the community of the wife's kin Uxorilocal is sometimes used in a more restrictive sense to indicate residence in the household of the wife's family Melanesia A general term (derived from the Greek for "black islands") for New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu (New Hebrides), and New Caledonia men's house A structure, common in New Guinea and Melanesia, usually housing the young adult males and adult men of a community A men's house typically serves as both a residence and ceremonial center Micronesia A general term (from the Greek for 'tiny islands") for the Mariana, Caroline, Marshall, and Gilbert is land groups in the north Pacific moiety A form of social organization in which an entire cultural group is made up of two social groups Each moiety is often composed of a number of interrelated clans, sibs, or phratries monogamy Marriage between one man and one woman at a time nativism A movement often with social, religious, or political components that centers on the rebirth of the native culture and the demise of the colonizers Near Oceania A general term for the islands of the westem and southwestern Pacific nearest to Asia, including Australia, New Guinea, and Melanesia east to the Solomon Islands neolocal residence The practice of a newly-married couple living apart from the immediate kin of either party Neo-Melanesian See Tok Pisin net bag An expandable string bag hand-made from local materials throughout New Guinea and Melanesia Net bags are used to carry garden produce, infants, and piglets Non-Austronesian languages See Papuan languages pandanus A general term for numerous species of the Pandanus palm that grow wild or are cultivated throughout the Pacific The oily kernels or nuts of some species are eaten, and the long leaves are commonly used for thatching and for wrapping material Papuan languages Also called Non-Austronesian languages, these number over 700 and are found mostly in New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and Bougainville parallel cousin See cousin, parallel patois A dialect of a language spoken by a specific social or occupational group in a multi-cultural environment patrilineal descent, agnatic descent The practice of tracing kinship affiliation only through the male line patrilocal resdUnce, viriocal residence The practice of a newly married couple residing in the community of the husband's kin Vinilocal is sometimes used in a more restrictive sense to indicate residence in the household of the husband's family pearlsheil Also called 'mother-of-pearl," the shells of Pincada spp are found on many of the coral reefs of the southern Pacific and traditionally were widely traded, especially in New Guinea and Melanesia, for use in body decoration and ceremonial exchange systems phratry A social group consisting of two or more clans joined by some common bond and standing in opposition to other phratries in the society pidgin A second language very often made up of words and grammatical features from several languages and used as the medium of communication between speakers of different languages 400 Glossary pitpit sugar A Tok Pisin generally applied term (Saccharsm spontaneasm) cane In New Guinea and house walls and a cane for also refers the garden plant stem is grasses commonly used term common Guinea The edible heart of the or is material The palmifolia, plant Setaria pitpit Melanesia, fencing type of wild to a and other to in New cooked in earth ovens steam-cooked in bamboo tubes The marriage of polyandry one woman to more than one time man at a polygyny The marriage of woman at a time Polynesia A general one to man than more one (from Greek for "many islands') huge triangle formed by the Zealand, and Easter Island term for the islands located within the Islands, New Hawaiian Oudlier Polynesian An island located in Melanesia or Mi- speak Polynesian languages and whose cultures resemble those found on Polynesian but whose inhabitants cronesia islands reciprocal gift-giving, A form of prestation often associ- ated with marriage negotiations and ceremonial puberty See initiation rites rites raamag exchange An ancestor-focused bilateral descent group con- sisting of an entire community whose descent is traced from graded ranks based ancestor, with common on closeness a to the senior line of descent Remote Oceania sago east term Pacific in natural stands eas Sago and a for all of the islands of and north of the Solomon Islands large palm (Metrxlon spp.) A western general A the Pacific located is an important source or found widely in the cultivated in swampy of starch in lowland staple food in much of New Guinea; as thatching material its fronds are ar- areas typi- cally used Sahul A prehistoric land mass, connecting Australia with emerged during worldwide lowerings of sea New Guinea, that levels Fibers from the husk of the sennit string and widely used for cordage and parts of Melanesia A religious practitioner who directly from supernatural forces shaman power shifting cultivation See extensive made into coconut Micronesia, Polynesia, in or her which two receives his cultivation See clan sib sister A form of arranged marriage exchange exchange their sisters as wives in brothers slash-and-burn horticulture that involves burning trees garden plot, and then planting few years and then left to A system of food and brush to production clear and fertilize a plot is used for a fallow while other plots are similarly crops The used slit gong (slit drum) tree trunk, used as large drum made of a hollowed-out signaling device or for ceremonial A a purposes sorcery The use of supernatural forces primarily through manipulation of material objects ests of the sorcerer, to further the inter- formulae and the ritual inororal polygyny The marriage of one man to two or more sisters at the same time sororate The practice of a woman being required to marry her deceased sister's husband sucking cure A curing technique often used by shamans which involved sucking out a foreign object from the patient's body through an implement such as a bone tube The foreign object, a piece of bone or stone, was viewed as the cause of the malady and the sucking out the cure sugr cane The grass Saccharum officinarum, indigenous to Melanesia but now cultivated widely in the Pacific The juicy pith is sucked or chewed for its sweet moisture Sunda A prehistoric land mass, connecting mainland Asia with much of Malaysia and Indonesia, that emerged during worldwide lowerings of sea levels sweet potato The New World plant lpomoea batatas, established in parts of Polynesia prior to the arrival of Europeans and subsequently introduced to the western Pacific It is a major source of carbohydrates and often used as pig fodder in much of the Pacific swidden The field or garden plot resulting from slash-andburn field preparation Tambaran cult A general term applied to male cults widespread in the Sepik and northern regions of New Guinea, focused on ancestral spirits (or tambaran in Tok Pisin) and usually associated with large ceremonial structures, or haus tambaran tapa A fabric (or bark cloth) made by soaking and beating the inner bark of trees, especially the paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), Ficus spp., or Hibiscus spp Tapa was traditionally used in much of Oceania for protective cloaks or clothing tapu A Polynesian term (from which the word 'taboo" is derived) for a sacred quality combining ritual power and ritual danger, the term may apply to objects, places, or people taro A starchy root crop cultivated throughout Oceania When 'true taro" is intended, the term applies to Colocasia escuslenta, but recent usages extend it to other aroids such as Alocasia macroryhiza, Cyrtospermna chamissonis, and Xanthosoma spp teknonymy The practice of addressing a person after the name of his wife or his or her child rather than by the individual name For example, "Bill" is called "Father of John." Tok Pisin A lingua franca (sometimes called NeoMelanesian Pidgin) that is now one of the official languages of Papua New Guinea totem A plant or animal emblematic of a clan that usually has special meaning to the group trepang See biche-de-mer tribe Although there is some variation in use, the term usually applies to a distinct people who view themselves and are recognized by outsiders as being a distinct culture The tribal society has its own name, territory, customs, subsistence activities, and often its own language Glossary 401 unilineal descent The practice of tracing kinship affiliation through only one line, either the matriline or the patriline unflocal residence The general term for matrilocal, patrilocal, or avunculocal postmarital residence usufruct The right to use land or property without actually owning it uterine descent See matrilineal descent uxorilocal residence See matrilocal residence virilocal residence See patrilocal residence volcanic islands Islands (often called "high islands") formed through volcanic intrusion from the Australasiatic Continental Platform or directly from the ocean floor weir A wall of sticks or rocks placed in a body of water, river, or stream to prevent fish from passing witchcraft The use of supernatural forces to control or harm another person Unlike sorcery, witchcraft does not require the use of special rituals, formulae, or ritual objects yam A term applied to various species of Dioscorea, a cultivated plant whose vines are usually trained to climb up sticks or poles The starchy root is eaten and often is the basis of competitive exchanges in Oceania Filmog-raphy 403 Filmography Following is a list of films and videos on cultures in Oceania Except for those that cover Oceania in general, the subject of each is indicated following the title This list is not meant to be complete; rather it is a sampling of videos and films available from many distributors Listing not a film or video here does, endorsement by the volume editor or the authors, nor does the absence of a film represent a constitute summary an nonendorsement Abbreviations for provided at names of distributors the end of each citation The full name are and ad- directory of distributors that folfilmography Many of these films are also available dress may be found in the lows the University of Berkeley and/or the Audio-Visual Services of the Pennsylvania State University, indicated by (EMC) or (PS) at the end of the citation Extension Media Center of the through the California at Aborigines of the Seacoast (Australian Aborigines) 1973 Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (PS) American Samoa: Paradise Lost? minutes, 16mm (Samoa) 1969 Color, 55 (EMC) (Tasmanians) (EMC) Ancestors: The Last Tasmanian 12 minutes, 16mm McG-H 1980 Color, in Papua New Guinea (Papua Angels of War: World War New Guinea) 1983 Andrew Pike, Hank Nelson, and Gavan Daws Color, 54 minutes or 30 minutes, 16mm, VHS FL Craftsmen of New Guinea (Asmat) 1977 Leimnbach, Jean-Pierre Dutilleux, and Peter Van Asmat: Cannibal William Arsdale Color, 60 minutes, 16mm MAC Atoll Life on Kiribati (Kiribati) 1987 Human Face of the Pa- cific Series Color, 28 minutes, VHS FIV of the Duna (Papua New Guinea) Color, 41 minutes, 16mm, VHS, Axes and Ark: Stone Tools J 1977 U-mat Peter White (EMC) Bathing Babies in Three Cultures (latmul) 1954 Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead B&W, 11 minutes, 16mm NYU (EMC) Becoming Aboriginal (Australian Aborigines) 1978 Color, 10 minutes, 16mm (PS) Bougainville Copper Project (Nasioi) 1972 Color, (EMC) 28 min- utes, 16mm Cannibal Tours (Papua New Guinea, Sepik) 1987 Dennis O'Rourke Color, 70 minutes, 16mm, VHS DCL Childhood Rivalry in Bali and New Guinea (latmul) 1952 Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead B&W, 17 minutes, 16mm NYU Collum David (EMC) Calling Canberra MacDougall utes, 16mm Coniston (Australian Aborigines) 1984 and Judith MacDougall Color, 58 min- (EMC) (Australian Aborigines) 1976 Roger Aboriginal Studies Series minutes, 16mm, VHS, U-mat (EMC) Muster Sandall Australian Institute of Color, 29 Dani Houses (Dani) 1974 Karl G Heider Color, 16 minutes, 16mm, VHS, U-mat (EMC) (PS) Dani Sweet Potatoes (Dani) 1974 Karl G Heider Color, 19 minutes, 16mm, VHS, U-mat (EMC) (PS) Dead Birds (Dani) 1963 Robert Gardner Color, 82 minutes, 16mmn, VHS, U-mat PHENIX (EMC) Desert People, The (Mardudjara) 1968 lan Dunlop and Robert Tonkinson B&W, 51 minutes, 16mm CRM, McG-H (EMC) (PS) Dingari Ceremonies at Papunya-)une 1972 (Pintupi) 1977 Color, 15 minutes, 16mm (EMC) Easter Island: Puzzle of the Pacific (Easter Island) 1970 William Mulloy and Peter Jennings Color, 28 minutes, 16mm MAC (EMC) Echoes of War 1987 The New Pacific Series Color, 50 minutes, VHS FIV Emu Ritual at Ruguri (Warlbiri) 1969 Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Series Color, 33 minutes, 16mm (PS) Extinction: The Last Tasmanian (Tasmanians) 1980 Color, 60 minutes, 16mm McG-H (EMC) Familiar Places (Australian Aborigines) 198 David MacDougall Color, 53 minutes, 16mm, VHS, U-mat (EMC) Fifty Ways to Get Enlightened 1987 The New Pacific Series Color, 50 minutes, VHS FlV Fiji: Legacies of Empire (Fiji) 1987 Human Face of the Pacific Series Color, 28 minutes, VHS FIV First Contact (Papua New Guinea) 1982 Bob Connolly and Robin Anderson Color, 54 minutes, 16mm FL (EMC) (PS) First Days in the Life of a New Guinea Baby (Iatmul) 195 Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead B&W, 19 minutes, 16mm NYU (EMC) For Richer, for Poorer 1987 The New Pacific Series Color, 50 minutes, VHS FIV Gogodala: A Cultural Revival! (Gogodala) 1982 Chris Owen Color, 58 minutes, 16mm DER Goodbye, Old Man (Tiwi) 1979 David MacDougall Color, 70 minutes, 16mm, VHS, U-mat (EMC) House-Opening, The (Australian Aborigines) 1980 Judith MacDougall Color, 45 minutes, 16mm, VHS, U-mat (EMC) Island of the Red Prawns (Fiji) 1978 William R Geddes Color, 52 minutes, 16mm, VHS, U-mat (EMC) lugs to Be Filled or Candles to Be Lit 1987 The New Pacific Series Color, 50 minutes, VHS FIV Kawelka: Ongka's Big Moka (Melpa) 1989 Disappearing World Series Color, 52 minutes, VHS FIV Kerepe's House: A House Building in New Guinea (Maring) 404 Filmography 1966 Allison jablonko and Marek Jablonko Color, 50 minutes, 16mm, U-mat PSUPCR (PS) Kula: Argonauts of the Western Pacific (Trobriand Islands) 1971 Color, 60 minutes, 16mm (EMC) Land Divers of Melanesia (Pentecost) 1973 Kal Muller Color, 31 minutes, 16mm PHENIX (PS) Lau ofMalaita, The (Malaita) 1989 Disappearing World Series Color, 53 minutes, VHS FIV Malbangka Country (Australian Aborigines) 1979 Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Series Color, 30 minutes, 16mm, VHS, U-mat (EMC) Man Blong Custom (Guadalcanal, Vanuatu) 1975 Tribal Eye Series Color, 52 minutes, 16mm T-L (EMC) Margaret Mead's New Guinea Journal (Manus) 1969 Color, 90 minutes, 16mm (EMC) (PS) Maring in Motion (Maring) 1968 Allison Jablonko and Marek Jablonko Color, 16 minutes, 16mm, U-mat PSUPCR (PS) Marshall Islands: Living with the Bomb (Bikini) 1987 Human Face of the Pacific Series Color, 28 minutes, VHS FIV Maqemosh (Asmat) 1964 Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (EMC) Mendi, The (Mendi) n.d Color, 57 minutes, 16mm CBC Moana Roa (Cook Islands) n.d Color, 32 minutes, 16mm NZNFU, IU Mokil (Marshall Islands) 1950 Conrad Bentzen B&W, 58 minutes, 16mm (EMC) Mourning for Mangatopi (Tiwi) 1977 Curtis Levy Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Series Color, 25 minutes, 16mm, VHS, U-mat (EMC) Mulga Seed Ceremony, The (Australian Aborigines) 1968 Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Series Color, 25 minutes, 16mm (EMC) (PS) Navigators, The (Polynesia) 1983 Color, 60 minutes, 16mm T-L (EMC) New Caledonia: A Land in Search of Itself (Ajii) 1987 Human Face of the Pacific Series Color, 28 minutes, VHS FIV New Lives for Old (Manus) 1959 Horizons of Science Series Color, 20 minutes, 16mm (PS) New Rangers, The (Australian Aborigines) 1980 Color, 31 minutes, 16mm (PS) Not to Lose You, My Language: Bilingual Education in the Northern Territory (Australian Aborigines) 1974 Color, 27 minutes, 16mm (PS) Over Rich, Over Sexed, and Over Here 1987 The New Pacific Series Color, 50 minutes, VHS FIV Pacific Age, The 1987 The New Pacific Series Color, 50 minutes, VHS FIV Pacific Island (Marshall Islands) 1949 B&W, 18 minutes, 16mm IFF (PS) Papua New Guinea: Anthropology on Trial (Melpa, Maisin Manus) 1983 Nova Series Color, 57 minutes, 16mm T-L (EMC) (PS) People of the Free Train (Fiji) n.d Color, 14 minutes, 16mm 'U Place of Power in French Polynesia (Tahiti) 1987 Human Face of the Pacific Series Color, 28 minutes, VHS FIV Quest for the Killers: The Kuru Mystery (Fore) 1984 Color, 60 minutes, VHS (PS) Red Bowmen, The (Papua New Guinea) 1982 Chris Owen Color, 58 minutes, 16mm DER Return to Paradise 1987 The New Pacific Series Color, 50 minutes, VHS FIV Rock Engravings (Australian Aborigines) 1969 Australian Museum Series Color, minutes, 16mm (EMC) (PS) Secrets of Easter Island (Easter Island) 1988 Nova Series Color, 58 minutes, VHS (PS) Shadow of the Rising Sun 1987 The New Pacific Series Color, 50 minutes, VHS FIV Shark Callers of Kontu, The (New Ireland) 1986 Dennis O'Rourke Color, 54 minutes, 16mm, VHS DCL Sons of Namatjira (Australian Aborigines) 1982 Color, 50 minutes, 16mm (EMC) Spear in the Stone (Australian Aborigines) 1983 Color, 35 minutes, 16mm (EMC) Stockman's Strategy (Australian Aborigines) 1984 David MacDougall and Judith MacDougall Color, 54 minutes, 16mm (EMC) Takeover (Australian Aborigines) 1981 David MacDougall and Judith MacDougall Color, 90 minutes, 16mm (EMC) Three Horsemen (Australian Aborigines) 1983 David MacDougall and Judith MacDougall Color, 55 minutes, 16mm, VHS, U-mat (EMC) Tidikawa and Friends (Gebusi) 1973 Jef Doring and Su Doing Color, 82 minutes, 16mm DER (EMC) (PS) Tighten the Drums: Self-Decoration among the Enga (Mae Enga) 1982 Chris Owen Color, 58 minutes, 16mm DER Trobriand Cricket: An Ingenious Response to Colonialism (Trobriand Islands) 1976 Jerry W Leach Color, 54 minutes, 16mm (EMC) (PS) Waiting for Harry (Australian Aborigines) 1981 Kim McKenzie Color, 57 minutes, 16mm (EMC) Walbiri Fire Ceremony: Ngatjakula (Warlbiri) 1979 Roger Sandall Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Series Color, 21 minutes, 16mm (EMC) Walkabout (Revised Version) (Australian Aborigines) 1974 C P Mountford (Original version 1946.) Color, 25 minutes, 16mm (PS) FilmograPhy 405 Western Samoa: I Can Get Another Wife but I Can't Get Par(Samoa) 1987 Human Face of the Pacific Series Color, 28 minutes, VHS FIV White Clay and Ochre (Australian Aborigines) 1969 Australian Museum Series Color, 15 minutes, 16mm (EMC) Directory of Distributors ents (PS) Yap: How Did You Know We'd Like TV? (Yap) 1987 Dennis O'Rourke Color, 54 minutes, 16mm, VHS DCL Yumi Yet (Papua New Guinea) 1987 Dennis O'Rourke Color, 54 minutes, 16mm, VHS DCL CBC CRM DCL DER EMC FIV FL 1FF IU MAC McG-H NYU NZNFU PHENIX PS PSUPCR T-L Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, CBC Educational Films, English Services Division, P.O Box 500, Terminal A, Toronto, ON M5W I1E6 (245 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017) CRM/McGraw-Hilt Films, 674 Via de la Valle, P.O Box 641, Del Mar, CA 92014 Direct Cinema Limited Library, P.O Box 315, Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417 Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse Street, Watertown, MA 02172 University of California Extension Media Center, 2176 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94704 Films Incorporated Video, 5547 North Ravenswood Avenue, Chicago, IL 60640-1199 Filmakers Library, Inc., 124 East Fortieth Street, New York, NY 10016 International Film Foundation, 155 West Seventy-Second Street, Room 306, New York, NY 10023 Indiana University, Audio-Visual Center, Bloomington, IN 47405 Macmillan Films, 34 MacQuesten Parkway South, Mount Vernon, NY 10550 McGraw-Hill Films, 1 West Nineteenth Street, New York, NY 10011 New York University, Films Division, Division of Center for Media Services, 26 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003 New Zealand National Film Unit, Fairway Drive, Avalon, Lower Hutt, New Zealand PhoenixlBFA Films and Video, Inc., 468 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016 Pennsylvania State University, AudioVisual Services, Special Services Building, University Park, PA 16802 Pennsylvania State University, Psych Cinema Register, Willard Building, University Park, PA 16802 Time-Life Multimedia, 100 Eisenhower Drive, P.O Box 644, Paramus, NJ 07653 Ethnonym Index This index provides some of the alternative names and the names of major subgroups for cultures covered in this v~olume The culture names that are entry titles are in boldface a Bal-Amb3ee Ablalm Abulas-Abelain MAi-Orokaiva Aiome Pygmles,-Gaisj Aji Akhuni-Dani Ambse Ambelam-Abelam Ambelas-Abelam Amibulas-Abelam Blkini-Masshall Islands Bileki-Lak Binandele-Orakaiva Biwat-Mundugusnor Blimo-M(4anmnin Boadii-Boazi Boazd Bonerif-Tor Bosavi-Kal" Brat-Mcibrat Anarigai-Woleai Angal Tagar-Amaee Angal-Mendi Anganen-Mendi Bukiyip-Mountain Arapesh Bunlap-Pentecost Anuts Aoba-Ambae Aramasen Chuuk-Truk Aranda Arapesh-Mountain Arapesh Bwaidloka-Gooenugh Island Camilero,-Kamilaroi Arawe-9e~uveng Canaque-AJUi 'Are'are-Mialaita Arrernte-Aranda Arunta-Aranda Asaro Gba Asengseng Senweng Annat Asmat-ow-Asmat Australian Aborigines,-Aranda, Mecrl, Kiangaeoi Karadjemi Knima Mardu~Jara Murngin, Npuam~aa PintUMPi Tasananlans, Thwi, Warlpfri Wik Mungkaa, Wongsilxon, Yir Yoroam, Yungar Austral Islands-Rapst Buka-KurbtatM Bush Mekeo-Mekeo, Butam-Lak Butona-Ambae Es~ Island East Futuna-Futuna East Uvean-U'vea Edugaura-Dobu Efate-Nguna Eipo Eipodumanang-Eipo Ekagi-Kapauku Ekaui-Kapanka Elema Orokolo Ellice Islands-Tuvalu 'Enata-Marueas Islands Enewetak-Marshail Islands Eschaltz Islands-Bildni Euahlayi-Karnilaroi Fataleka-Malaita Fiji-Ban, Lau, Rounna Fiwaga-Foi Chamnbuli-Chamubr Cherry Island-Anuta Chiomb Foe-Pol Foi Foi'i-Foi Fore Fuyuge-IMafiul Fuyughi-Mafiuu Cook Islaniders Cook Islands Cook Isands Cook Islands Maoras Cook Islands Gahuku Galukn Gama Gahuku-Gawa Dadibi-Daribi Dangerous Islands Raroia Gambler Islands-Mangareva Gants Gai Ganz Gaini Dani Garadjui-Karadjcr Gariuku-Gahulut-Gama Awara-Wauntat Dayerrie-Dieri Banar-Banaro Banara-Banaro Dehu-Loyaky Isuands Gebuni Gilbertese-liribati Diarn-Dieri Dieri Girara-Gogodala Dieyerie-Dieri Gogodals Gogodara-Gogodala Goilala-Mafiuu, Tauade Goliath-Eipo Deerie-Dieri Banwo Barrie Bay-Wamira Bathurst Islanders-Tiwi Beg Belau Berik-Tor Bibo Gebust Gnau Dieyrie-Dieri Diveri-Dieri Dobu Dthee-eri-Diwi Duba-Romi Island 407 Goodenough Wsand Gorokans Gahuku-Gamna 408 Ethnonym Index Koriki-Namau Kosirau-Maisdn Kosirava-Maiuin Marshall Islands Mayet-Murik Mbau-Bau Mbowamb-Melpa Me-Kapauku Medlpa-Melpa Me~,rat Koe Meiprat-Meibrat Kuaghe-New Georgia Kubuna-Bau Kuman-Chimbu Kunad-Diei Mek-Eipo Mekeo Melpa Melville Idlanders-Tiwi Mendi Mereyon-Woleai Mewun-Malela Koko Manjoen-Yir Yoront Grass Koian-Kodari Green Island-Nissan Guadalcanal Kokomindjan-Yir Yoront Konda-Dani Guadalcanar Guadakanal Koonarie-Dieri Guaradjara-Karadjeri Gunliroy-Kamiarod Guramalum-Lak Gururumba Hageners-Melpa 'Haruai-Wovan Hawaiian Islanders-Hawavians Hawailans Hoorn Islands-Futuna Hom Islands-Futuna laai-Loyaky Islands Kusaie-Kowrae Kutubuans-Fod Kwaio-Malaita Kwajalein-Marshall Islands Kwara'ae-Malaita Kwerba-Tor Iannul Kwoma Houallou-AjI Hunjara-Orokaiva Iduna-Goodenough Island l-Kiribati-Kiril" Ilpirra-Warlpiri Ipare-Tanna Ipi-irokol Isla de Psacua-Easter Island Jigalong-Mardudjara Jirjoront-Yir Yoront Kabid-Gogodala Kai-Nlngerum Kalleuna-Trobriand Islands Kainantu-Tairora Kaja-kaja-Marind-Anium Kalauna-Goodenough Island Kanak-AJi Kanaka-AjiW Kaoka-Guadaicanal Mae Enga Kaowerawedj-Tor Kapauku Kapinga-Kap-ngaqmrangi p ra~nm i Karadjari-Karadjeri Kadjer Karau-Murik Kariera Kauimui-Daribi Kaup-Murik Kelefomin-Telefolmin Kelefoten-Telefolmln Keraki Km Kewapi-Kewa Kietas-Nadoi Kiltnge Kilivila-Trobriand Islands Kimyal-Eipo Khm Kiriniti-Kapingatnarangi Kidwina-Trobriand Islands Kitava-Trobriand K -wai Koiani Islands Koka-mungin-Yir Yoont Miymunin Mobi-Fod Morata-Goodenough Island Morehead-Kerakd Lambel-Lak Langalanga-Malaim Lau Lau-Malaita-Malakta Lauru-uCoied Island Laus-Malekula Leper's Island-Ambae Kamoro-Mimika K" Kanilarol Mianmin-Miyanmin Mikaru-Daribi Mimilca Miruma-Grun Miwuyt-Murngln Laget-Lak Lagoon Islands-Tuvalu Lak Lombaha-Ambae Longana-Ambae Lord Howe-Ontong Java Lord Howe's Group-Ontong Java Lo y land Luangiua-Ontong Java Kablli Meybrat-Mmoxrat Madak-Mandak Mahidu Magi-Mailu Mail Maisin Maisina-Maisin Majuro-Mahall Islands Makira-San Cristobal Malaia Mambare-Orokalva Mortlock Islands-Nomol Mountain Arapesh Mubi-Foi Mugaba-Rennell Island Muku-Lakaial Mundokuma-Mundugumor Mundugamor-Mundugumor Mundugamror Munggan-Wik Mungkan Munggava-Rennell Island Muirik Muengin MUT Muyu Nakanai-Lbkalai Namau Nambu-Kerakl NasiW Nauru Navodo-Nauru Nawodo-Nauru Ndani-Dani Nduindui-Amnbae Ndumba-Takora Nembi-Mendi Nendo-Sant Cnr Mambule-Mafulu Nengone-Loyaky Islands Manam New Georgia Mandak Ngayatjara-Ngrab* Mander-Tor mans- Man~idi Manus Manusian-Manus Maon Mardudpr Mardujarra-Mardudjara Maind-anim Maring Marovo-New Georgia Marquesans-Marquesm Islands Marques" Islands Ngadadjaa-NgAzjara Ngaddjara Nga Tikopia-Tdkpla Nguna Ngunese-Nguna Nidula-Goodenough Island Ningum Ninggiroem-Ningerum Ninggirum-Ningerum Nissan Niue Niuean-Niue Niuefekai-Niue Ethnonym Index 409 Nomad River Peoples-Gebusl NOsno Notui-Lemu Nugum-Yangoru Boien Nukuma-Kwosa Nukumairaro-Anum Siar-Lak Sianfa-lak Uvean-Uvea Sigaba-Sio Sigawa-Sio Simbu-Chimbu Sio Siuai-Siwai Vakuta-Trobriand Islands Vokeo-Wopo Vulkan Islanders-Manam Oba-Ambae Siwul Small Nambas-Malekkla Wageva-Wogeo Society Islands-Tahiti Wailpiri-Wari Walbiti-Warpi Oleai-Woleai Olnea-Wedeai Olo-Wape Omba-Ambwe Ommura-Tadrora Ontorg Java Opa-Ambae Oparo-Rapa Soromaja-Tar South Mendi-Kewa South Ragans-Pentecost Strong's lsland-Kowae Suki-Boai Orok~oio Palau-Belau Paumotu-Raroia Pelew-Bedaw Penrhyn-Tongreva Pentecost Pesegem-Dani Pintubi-Pintupi Pintupi Pitjantjatjara-N gb*- Pito-O-Te Henua-Easter Island Pleasant Island-Nauru Pohnpei Pole-Kewa Ponape-Pohnped Pornowol-Pentecost Poumotu-Raroda Pugusch-Lak Pukapuka Rapa-ld-Rapa Rapa Nui-Easter Island Rarola Rataki-Marshall Islands Rauru-uChoiaeal Island Rennellese-Rennel Island Rennel Iand Re Ulithi-Ulhhi Roissy-Woeo Rossel IWand Rotuma Rova-Rosel Island Roviana-New Georgia Sa-Pentecost Sa'a-Malaka Sambi Samot-Amsint Santa Cruz SelePet Sen&eng Seniang-Makkula Sesake-Nouna Siane Walpiri-Warlpiri Waluli-KaXui Walurili-Ambae Tagata Samoa-Samoa Tahiti Taiora-Tairora Tairora Tana-Tanna Tan_ Tan Tannese-Tanna Wape Tapiro-Kapquku Tariba-Usino Tasmaisan Tauade Tauata-Tauade Tchambuh-Chambri Te'enana-M quems Islands Telefol-Telefdimin Telefolmin Telefomin-Telefolmin Te Maori-Maori Thirteen Island-Woleai rTiari-Dieri Timputs-Kurtatchi Tinputz-Kurttchi T1ii Tjaroro-Camoos To'aba'ita-Malaita Tokelau ToW Tongs Tongareva Tor Torres Steait Isblnders Trans-Fly-Keraki Trobriand Islands Truk Tuamotu-Raroia Tubuai Archipelago-Raps Tugeri-Marind-nim Tui Kaba-Bau Tungaru-Kiribsti Tuvadu Samoa San Cristobal Wallis Island-Uvea Wamira Wantost Purari-Na-au Ri-Marshalc Islands Raps Waibuk-Wovan Sumau-Garla 0OwgD-Kaluli Orokp-iva Wagarabai-Miyannin Ualan-Kowae Uap-Yap Uleai-Woleai Union Islands-Tokelau Urrominna-Died Usino Uves Wape-Wape Wapei-Wape Wapi-Wape Wapu-Wantoat Wardpiri Waropen Washkuk-Kwoma Wasida-Orokalva Wasio-Kurtatchi Waskuk-Kwom, Wedau-Wamira Weleya-Woleai Western Central Enga-Mae Enga Western Desert Aborigines-Ngraaa Western Elema-Orokolo West Nakanai-Laai West Ouvean-Loyaky Islands Wianu-Yangoru Dodken Wik-Wik Mungkan Wik Mungkan Wikmunkan-Wik Munskan Wisaesi-Kahill Wiyaw-Wovan WOge Wola-Mendi Wolesi Wombunger-Wongabon Wongaibon Wongai-bun-Wongaibon Wonghi-Wongaibon Wonghibon-Wogailon Wongksadieri-Dieri Wonkadieri-Dieri Wonti-Waropen Wopu-Wantoat Worpen-Waropen Wovan Wulamba-Murngin Yangoru-Yafnt- Bodken Yangoru Boilken Yap Yatmul-latniu Yela-Rosel Island Ylr Yoront Yolngu-Murngin Yungar Yuulngu-Murngin ... in 1949, contains nearly one million pages of information on the cultures of the world Encyclopedia of World Cultures Volume II OCEANIA Terence E Hays Volume Editor G.K Hall & Company NEW YORK... ways of life of the indigenous peoples in the area of the world they will be visiting Format of the Encyclopedia The encyclopedia comprises ten volumes, ordered by geographical regions ofthe world. .. appreciation of the nature of the island environments, we can better understand both the original human settlement of the Pacific and the world of Oceanic islanders today The Settlement of Oceania