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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY - TRAN HUU LONG STUDY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON SPATIAL ORIENTATION PRIORITY SOLUTIONS FOR INTEGRATED HAI PHONG COASTAL NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Major: Natural Resources and Environment Geography Code: 9440220 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN GEOGRAPHY HANOI - 2020 This work is completed at: Graduate University of Sciences and Technology – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Scientific instructor 1: Assoc Prof Dr Lai Vinh Cam Scientific instructor 2: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen An Thinh Reviewer 1: … Reviewer 2: … Reviewer 3: … The thesis will be presented in front of the Graduate University’s doctoral thesis evaluation council, meeting at the Graduate University of Sciences and Technology – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology at …………, dated ………… , 2020 The thesis is available at: - Library of the Graduate University of Sciences and Technology - The National Library of Vietnam PREAMBLE Urgency of the thesis The coast is the place where the human beings’ activities remain the most active The Vietnam coast has so far played the big part in our economic development, and is the gateway to the sea for international exchanges A integrated coastal natural resource management spatial orientation (IMSO) based on functional zoning (FZ) is considered as an effective tool which shows specific actions of the Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), and also an effective tool applied by various countries for their Integrated natural resource management (INRM), unifying specialized planning on the same territory, managing and settling conflicts, ensuring benefits of stakeholders in using coastal natural resources, towards sustainable development Based on the shortcomings in the Hai Phong coastal natural resource management space, I decided to my doctoral thesis in Geography, major in Natural Resources and Environment Geography in “Study and recommendations on spatial orientation priority solutions for integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resources management” Thesis objectives The thesis is to establish the scientific grounds for functional zoning and recommend spatial orientation priority solutions for integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resources management Main study of the thesis - Determine the theoretical basis, logical framework, appropriate study methods for the integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientation - Identify and analyze natural and environment conditions, and local, socio-economic activities that cause conflicts, trends of natural resource change in Hai Phong coastal area according to development stages - Recommend IMSO that should be associated with reasonable and effective exploitation and use solutions for the sustainable development of the Hai Phong coastal area Thesis theoretical point Point 1: The Hai Phong coastal area is a space of strong interaction between development activities and the natural dynamic impact of the river sea formation processes, causing spatial and natural - economic - social functional differentiation, forming functional zones in integrated natural resource management spaces Point 2: The strong socio-economic development has resulted in conflicts and inadequacies in the use and exploitation of natural resources, affecting the management space, requiring effective measures to reorganize in the direction of synthesis and high feasibility Scientific and practical significance a) Scientific significance The thesis’s findings settle conflicts of integrated use and development of integrated coastal natural resource management spatial orientation at province/city level, contributing to rational management and use of the Hai Phong coastal natural resources b) Practical significance The integrated coastal natural resource management spatial orientation will add a reasonable scientific basis for managers’ reference in their policy making, adjusting planning, plan on the integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientation after 2020, with a vision to 2045 CHAPTER THEORETICAL BASIS AND METHODOLOGY 1.1 Overview of works related to the thesis 1.1.1 Foreign works There are various marine spatial planning systems worldwide (including coastal space) The original idea of the MSP came about 30 years ago, from functional zoning at the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park in the Coral Sea, Northeast Australia Through it, people divided its marine space into functional zones for effective management and use and adapting to the nature of each zone From practical experience and good practices in countries, UNESCO, in November 2006, organized the first International Conference on the Marine Spatial Planning The world has, since then, witnessed an “explosion” of interest in MPA as a feasible way to manage the sea in space, to settle conflicts and increase compatibility in exploitation, use of marine resources and environment in the context of increasing pressure on coastal areas and seas Belgium has conducted its MSP to exploit the coastal wind energy and also protect and conserve ecological and biological values of the region at the request of the European Union with development areas being divided into: offshore “wind power area”, plan sustainable sand/gravel exploitation sites, map habitats, protect biodiversity values, and manage land-based activities which affect the marine environment 1.1.2 Domestic works The Vietnam Coastal area is the place where most of the major cities are located and which play an important role in the overall development of the country It is also considered as a driving force for economic development, capable of developing various industries (tourism, ports, fisheries, etc.) and attracting investment in the effective socio-economic development strategies, creating widespread influence to support development of inland areas (midland and mountainous areas) The MSP will, therefore, allocate space as scheduled for human activities in the planned area to achieve short and long-term economic and social goals The integrated Ha Long Bay coastal management project in 2002 carried out by cooperation between Vietnam – USA – IUCM prepared the Halong Bay Use Functional Zoning map at a ratio of 1:25,000 which is feasible and consistent with the practice of multi-industrial development of this coastal area JICA (1998) divided the use functional zones in Quang Ninh Coastal area into 04 major environment areas, consisting of: Special conservation area, Active management area, Development area Within the framework of the project of using counterpart capital in cooperation with NOAA (USA) during 2011-2013, led by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam Administration of Seas and Islands) and managed by the Ministry of Science and technology; the Integrated Quang Ninh - Hai Phong Coastal Management until 2020, one of the priority activities is to conduct “Use Zoning and make plan on Quang Ninh - Hai Phong Coastal Space Management” In Vietnam, about 20 years ago, the conflict over coastal space management began to be solved from the first State-level project KHCN.06-07: “Study and develop an integrated Vietnam’s coastal management, contributing to environmental safety and sustainable development assurance” carried out by the Sub-institute of Oceanography in Hai Phong (currently known as Institute of Marine Environment and Resources)/Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology during 19961999, chaired by Nguyen Chu Hoi, and then projects on the integrated coastal planning were implemented 1.1.3 Works in the Hai Phong Coastal area The Juavanova’s tidal classification study carried out in the late 1960s and 1970s, the program of Hai Phong coastal general investigation conducted by Trinh Phung and his colleagues of the Marine Research Institute during1975-1979, Program 48B carried out by Dang Ngoc Thanh After 2000, the study findings of the Program KHCN 06-07 on Integrated Coastal Management conducted by Nguyen Chu Hoi and his colleagues at the Subinstitute of Oceanography in Hai Phong (Institute of Marine Environment and Resources) put a beginning for Integrated Coastal Management The typical works carried out on my thesis topics include: General investigation on natural resource consitions, natural resources and environment of Tonkin Gulf carried out by Nguyen The Tuong et al (2006) Besides, the Hai Phong coastal area was also studied and evaluated according to the positional resource approach and development potential developed by Tran Duc Thanh (2014); works on: MSPO for socio-economic development of Hai Phong city; Hai Phong Coastal Nature and environment 1.2 Theoretical and practical basis for integrated natural resource management spatial orientation 1.2.1 Theoretical and practical basis for coastal spatial functional zoning Based on the experiences of functional zoning conducted in the region and in Vietnam, the following principles can be applied: - Respect the zone’ objectivity: The zone is an objective entity It is formed due to the long-term interaction of natural factors and human impact, following the natural law of energy flows and material exchange - Accept the relative homogeneity of the zone: The zoning is carried out based on uniformity of various criteria However, that is a relative homogeneity Therefore, it is important to identify the main and typical criteria, and auxiliary and complementary ones for each zoning level - Match the natural - economic - ecological functions of the zone: Each sub-zone is considered a system (ecosystem) The zone’s function represents a strong coherence of its components Each ecosystem (subzone) has several unique functions - Match the management method: Functional zoning is a tool to manage, exploit and use resources within the ecosystem’s load capacity of The zoning boundaries are often natural, in special cases, delineated following the administrative boundaries Accordingly, the zones can be classified as follows: (a) Zones of restricted exploitation; (b) Exclusive exploitation zone; (c) Multidisciplinary exploitation zone 1.2.2 Theoretical and practical basis for coastal spatial planning (CSP) As defined by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), the MSP is a policy-based synthetic approach, in order to regulate, manage and protect the marine environment, including locating space (very complex), accumulating potential conflicts in use of the sea and thereby moving towards sustainable development The MSP is a practical way to create and establish a more rational organization of the use of marine space and the interactions between its uses, to balance demands for development with the need to protect marine ecosystems, and to achieve social and economic objectives in an open and planned way (DEFRA, 2008) Marine Spatial Master Plan - MSMP is considered a practical approach, providing a process for a strategic and integrated approach based on the marine management plan that allows a clearer view and control of existing or potentially contradictory marine use activities, cumulative consequences of human activities and management of marine protection in this zone The Integrated Spatial Planning (ISP) is made as a highlight in the work of Portman et al (2012) by using findings available from coastal countries in the world and quantitative analysis, through surveys to recommend five main mechanisms that support implementation of the ISP methods, including environmental impact assessment, planning decentralization, and limited coastline determination By analysis of features of marine spatial planning, the features of integrated spatial planning (comprehensive planning) strategy, which is necessary for cooperation and learning among stakeholders, have been identified 1.3 Study approach and methodology 1.3.1 Study approach: Territorial spatial approach, synthetic and systematic approach, interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach, development approach, legal approach 1.3.2 Main methodologies a Methodologies on collecting documents and figures:Document overview method, field study method, semina method, community and expert consulting method, questionnaire-based sociological survey method, Delphi method, data processing method b Mapping and geographic information system methods c Analysis and synthesis methods: SWOT analysis method, Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) Chapter conslution: Chapter of the thesis refers to the core issues of the theoretical ground for the study: synthesize concepts related to the integrated coastal resource management space; summarize concepts related to zoning and functional zoning; Chapter also summarizes the works related to the thesis topic By summarizing and establishing the theoretical and practical basis of integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resources management spatial orientation (INRMSO), I have selected appropriate approaches, methodologies and techniques for my thesis Therefore, I have well established the theoretical framework and study steps for my thesis This is the basis for carrying out specify study for the Hai Phong Coastal area in Chapter CHAPTER TERRITORIAL FUNCTIONAL ZONING OF HAI PHONG COASTAL AREA 2.1 Geographic differentiation factors 2.1.1 Geographical location and position of Hai Phong coastal area Hai Phong is a port city downstream of the Thai Binh river system, with geographical coordinates between 20o35’-21o01’ of Northern latitude; 106o29’-107o05’ of East longitude; The city share boders with Quang Ninh to the North and Northeast, Hai Duong province to the Northwest, Thai Binh province to the Southwest borders and Gulf of Tonkin to the East It owns a 125km long coastline, with large estuaries of Bach Dang and Cua Cam, Lach Tray, Van Uc and Thai Binh 2.1.2 Geological – geomorphological differentiation of the Hai Phong coastal area Geologically - tectonically, the original rock formations before the Quaternary in the Hai Phong coastal area have exposed original quarry foundation in Bac Thuy Nguyen, terrigenous and carbonate basalt rocks belonging to Duong Dong and Lo Son formations; terrigenous and sometimes carbonate rocks belonging to the Xuan Son and Do Son formations in the Kien An - Do Son range Regarding the geological and geomorphological differentiation: mountainous and hilly areas of terrigenous sediments; coastal plains; estuary area; shallow coastal areas; ocean accumulation shelves 2.1.3 Thermal and moisture differentiation in Hai Phong coastal area Regarding climatic factors, being a narrow strip of coastal land, the terrain - geomorphological factors pose no large differentiation which affects formation of local climates, so Hai Phong coastal area carries typical features of tropical monsoon coastal climate There are about 1600 - 1900 hours of sunshine annually, focusing on May - July and October, the number of hours of sunshine is the least in February and March Total annual radiation volume is 105 - 115 Kcal/cm2, highest in May, August, lowest in February The annual radiation balance is 65-70 Kcal/cm2 The annual average temperature is 23.9oC, around 27.9oC in summer and 19.8oC in winter, highest at 38.6oC (August 3, 1985) and lowest at 6.6oC (November 21, 1996) The total annual heat is 8000-8500oC, coldest in January (16.5oC), hottest in August (28.5oC) In general, the climate of the Hai Phong coastal area is quite homogenous, does not create any climate division or local climate, including coastal areas and coastal sea areas 2.1.4 Soil differentiation of Hai Phong coastal area Regarding soil factors: The Hai Phong coastal area has its soil differentiation based on water - river elements, including: alluvial soil; alkaline soil; saline soil; saline soil with mangroves Thus, the soil of the Hai Phong coastal area is differentiated from the mainland to the sea and differentiated according to the water elements related to river, river - sea (alkaline soil) and to the sea land (saline soil) The soil differentiation affects the settlement and economic activities (agriculture, tourism, fisheries, etc.) and society (settlement activities), affecting the natural resource management space Regarding biological factors: The Hai Phong coastal area is relatively rich in biodiversity with ecosystems typical of the funnel-shaped estuary, and over 600 marine species In particular, the mangrove ecosystem, with more than 500 marine species, plays an important role in its biodiversity, as well as ecological, environmental and aquatic resources maintenance 2.2 Socio-economic factors 2.2.1 Current land use status Regarding the total area, the study area accounts for 52.78% of total area of Hai Phong city It shows the advantage of its land fund for arranging socio-economic development activities, but also puts a great pressure on land resources and environment Comparing the land ratio in the study area in 2008 (10 years from this study year, 2018), the land ratio of the study area is nearly equivalent, reaching 53.30% of the total natural area of the city Therefore, within 10 years, the area has been narrowed for about 68,916.1 ha, about 0.52%, creating a small fluctuation in the common land resources of the whole coastal area 2.2.2 Current population and labor According to Hai Phong city’s statistics in 2018, population of the coastal area is unevenly distributed by space, population in Tien Lang, Kien Thuy and Hai An districts are almost double that in Duong Kinh, Do Son and Cat Hai districts 11 diversity, phytoplankton and mollusk communities account for the highest proportion of the total diversity of species of marine flora and fauna communities in Hai Phong Marine fishes are also in high number with 332 species that have been recorded as one of the potentials for fisheries development in the city 2.4 Functional zoning of Hai Phong coastal area 2.4.1 Criteria for dividing territorial functional units Based on the differentiation characteristics of solid substrate elements (geological - geomorphological background) in heat - humidity of climatic factors which are almost homogeneous, but with presence of differentiation of estuaries related to the formation and geomorphology of the Hai Phong coastal area, together with the differentiation of organic material substrate elements, along with the process of land exploitation and territorial differentiation, the criteria for functional zoning have been established to consist of groups: (1)- natural differentiation factors, (2) - Socioeconomic differentiation factors, (3) - environmental differentiation factors, (4) - planning element differentiation factors; (5) - climate change and natural disaster differentiation factors 2.4.2 Functional zoning results Based on criteria groups to identify the functional zones, 09 functional zones have been identified in the Hai Phong coastal area and they have been assessed for priority: (1) - Tien Lang - Kien Thuy river sea accumulative delta agricultural zone, (2) – Hai An River – Sea accumulative delta Urban – industrial zone, (3) - Tien Lang - Kien Thuy coastal accumulative delta agricultural and fishery zone, (4) – Duong Kinh sea marsh Urban commercial and industrial zone, (5) - Hai An modern tidal flat surface industrial - port service zone, (6) - Tien Lang – Kien Thu modern tidal flat surface Fishery and protection forest Zone, (7) - Do Son Peninsula trade - service - tourism Zone, (8) - Bach Dang Funnel-shaped estuary seaport and industrial zone, (9) – Cat Hai Wetland ecosystem conservation and fishery zone 12 Figure 2.1 Functional zoning map of Hai Phong Coastal districts 13 Chapter conclusion: By analysis and assessment of the status and changes in the geographical conditions, natural resources and environment of the Hai Phong coastal districts, b consisting of Hai An, Do Son, Duong Kinh, Tien Lang, Kien Thuy and Cat Hai) serving as a basis for functional zoning under the study subjects Based on five groups of criteria for determining the functional zones, the Hai Phong Coastal Districts are divided into 09 functional zones which play a very important part in determining the priority orientations in the integrated coastal spatial planning for the purpose of sustainable socioeconomic development, reasonably associated with environmental protection CHAPTER INTEGRATED NATURAL RESOURCE AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SPATIAL ORIENTATION 3.1 Assessing the impact of a number of natural, socio-economic factors on functional zones 3.1.1 Impact of natural disasters - Impacts of climate change and sea level rise: According to the sea level rise scenarios in Hani Phong coastal area at the late 21st century, there impact is quite high If the sea level rises 100cm, up to 58.0% of the natural area of Hai Phong is at risk of flooding, posing urgent challenges and solutions in the climate change and SLR response plan; - Impact of natural disasters: The natural disasters in this coastal area include: sea impacts such as storm, water rise, but basically erosion accretion, and others 3.1.2 Socio-economic development pressure - Socio-economic development pressure to entire Hai Phong coastal area: Population pressure, migration and social infrastructure in the urbanization process; pressure from industrial development; pressure from the seaport service - Pressure from socio-economic development activities to industrial zones of the Hai Phong coastal area 3.2 Conflicts in exploitation and use of natural resources 3.2.1 Conflicts - Conflicts in land, water, forest and biodiversity use 14 - Conflict in industry groups with the exploitation and use of land, water, forest and biodiversity resources - Conflicts in production development with exploitation and use of land, water, forest and biodiversity resources 3.2.2 Criteria for impact extent assessment of socio-economic development and natural resource planning, exploitation and use - Socio-economic criteria: Among the assessed criteria, industrial development ones (marine - seaport, functional zones) have the highest impact The findings are quite in line with reality in Hai Phong, because this city has a modern infrastructure: roads, railway, airways in the logictics chain, its industrial and trade - service – tourism industries also enjoys a great development - Planning criteria: Concern about priority orientations for the three objectives - economy, natural resource conservation, and national defense and security receives the highest scores, with the highest for the economic development in the process of socio-economic development planning 3.2.3 Conflicts in exploitation and use of coastal natural resources: The conflicts in exploitation and use of the Hai Phong coastal natural resources are selected according to their highest, biggest and greatest relevance They are: (1) – impact of conflicts in land use, (2) - conflicting effects among industries, (3) - production sectors 3.3 Planning overlapping 3.3.1 Impact of master planning on Hai Phong coastal area Impacts of of national and regional planning; city planning; district planning 3.3.2 Assessment of Hai Phong city planning status - Appropriateness and compatibility of planning space: suitable with the orientation of exploitation and use of natural resources in national and regional planning; consistent with the trend of resource exploitation and use in the city-oriented planning for each district - Overlapping planning space: overlaps in planning space through index of planning scale 15 3.4 Spatial Orientation (SO) assessment and integrated natural resource management solution 3.4.1 Natural resource and environment management priority orientation by functional zones a Functional grouping criteria: Economic, ecological and social based on the following principles: - Firstly, because the ecological function is mainly dominated by the natural, socio-economic characteristics of the subzone, despite homogeneity in vertical structure, a sub-zone which contains a difference in the horizontal structure and the time structure will have different functions - Secondly, the sub-zone has a clear difference between its ecological function and the land use orientation - Thirdly, it is necessary to affirm that the impact of human beings causes changes in the ecological function of a sub-zone If such impact is strong enough, exceeding the “limit”, it will cause a change in ecological structure, thereby changing the function of the sub-zone b Criteria for dividing specific functions: Main functions; Auxiliary functions; Service functions: For Hai Phong coastal area, assessment and classification of ecological functions of the functional zones are approached by building a model that integrates component functions and calculates a single quantitative indicator The ecological functions are determined based on Niemann's ecological function classification system (1977) Accordingly, the satisfactory functions will be assessed as 1, the others are assessed as Then, statistics is made by each function level (group of functions, main functions, sub-functions) The statistical result is the total number of functions in each level This result is classified by zone to analyze changes in multifunctional characteristics of zones 3.4.2 DPSIR framework analysis for emerging environmental and resource management issues for functional zones Objective: Strengthening the capacity of state agencies in ICNRSO, in order to enhance cooperation between ministries and industries, releasing conflicts on the coastal natural resource use Benefits of functional zoning integration for coastal natural resource management: DPSIR analysis allows the natural resource and environment management priority orientation by functional zones 16 3.4.3 Identify priority measures in defining integrated management space Based on the Hai Phong coastal functional zoning by SWOT method, AHP analysis is conducted to determine the preferred plan to identify the integrated natural resource management space Process of identifying preferred plan based on aspects of development spatial planning: (i) - seaport, (ii) - Industry-trade, (iii) - service - tourism, (iv) - fishery and marine conservation The preferred plan to organize the natural resource and environment management space is made according to the functional zones shown in the table below Table 3.1 Preferred plan to organize the natural resource and environment management space Priority Orientation FZ 1/ Tien Lang - Kien Thuy river - sea accumulative delta agricultural zone 2/ Hai An River – Sea accumulative delta Urban – industrial zone 3/ Tien Lang - Kien Thuy coastal accumulative delta agricultural and fishery zone 4/ Duong Kinh sea marsh Urban commercial and industrial zone 5/ Hai An modern tidal flat surface industrial - port service zone 6/ Tien Lang – Kien Thu modern tidal flat surface Fishery and protection forest Zone 7/ Do Son Peninsula trade - service tourism Zone 8/ Bach Dang Funnel-shaped estuary seaport and industrial zone 9/ Cat Hai Wetland ecosystem conservation and fishery zone 1: Seaport and seaport service 2: Industry and Trade 3: Tourism and tourism services 4: Fishery and biodiversity conservation 5 1 5 1 5 5 1 5- Very high priority plan; 4- High priority plan; 3- Medium priority plan; 2-Low priority plan; 1- Very low priority plan 17 Figure 3.1 Map on Integrated Hai Phong Coastal Spatial Planning Orientation by functional zones 18 3.5 Integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientations and solutions 3.5.1 Recommendations on Integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientations The integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientations are as follows: (1) - Seaport, seaport service, industrial operation management spatial orientation; (2) - Industrial - urban - trading operation management spatial orientation; (3) - Trading - Service - Tourism operation management spatial orientation; (4) - Fishery - afforestation - wetland ecosystem conservation management spatial orientation *Functional zone-based integrated Hai Phong Coastal natural resource management spatial orientation based on solutions for promoting the opportunity advantages as follows: Solution I-1: Enhancing public participation; Solution I-2: Training, improving management capacity; Solution I-3: Planning facilities for landscape ecological services; Solution I-4: Orienting the market mechanism-oriented international relationships; Solution I-5: Managing education on awareness of natural resources and environment protection * Functional zone-based integrated Hai Phong Coastal natural resource management spatial orientation based on solutions for eliminating and minimizing negative impacts as follows: Solution II-1: Minimizing Conflict between industries within the same space; Solution II-2: Minimizing overexploitation of natural resources and ecosystems; Solution II-3: Minimizing single-sector management, outdated production techniques; Solution II-4: Minimizing the risk of overlapping development space 3.5.2 Recommendations on priority solutions on integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientations In order to implement the integrated Hai Phong coastal natural resource management spatial orientation, the following two groups of solutions need to be implemented: (1) – those to promote opportunity advantages; (2) – those to eliminate and minimize the negative impacts 19 3.5.2.1 Solutions to promote opportunity advantages (Soluion group I) a Enhancing public participation (Solution I-1) This solution is applied to the functional zones with high biodiversity characteristics; landscape diversity, geographic diversity, ecological landscape and positional resources, therefore meeting the development needs of various industries in the same space Therefore, the development orientation of this group should be based on: (1) - Features of landscape diversity, geographic diversity, ecological landscape and positional resources of the zones; (2) - Conflicts in exploitation and use of natural resources; (3) - Conflicts among communities that carry out exploitation and use of natural resources; (4) - Conflicts among values of natural resource use From the above factors, I recommend that the functional zones having issues mentioned above should be orientated based on this solution With this sense, the functional zones 1, 3, 7, and should be applied with this solution, in order to ensure harmony between development and the public interests b Training, improving management capacity (Solution I-2) Practical requirements of the functional zones are as follows: (1) Multidisciplinary development but also integration, analysis, extraction, and use of large data sources to select the priority development options for each industry, industry group from time to time, or short- or medium-term strategy, and develop long-term strategy; (2) -The ability to exploit and use large data, infrastructure at the domestic, regional and world level, because the study space is a modern international port city Demand for a highly qualified workforce to perform such tasks as logistics; (3) - Demand for both development and limited environmental impact - building a green seaport; (4) -Evaluation of favorable and unfavorable situations based on natural factors (overlapping development space) From the needs and practices mentioned above, I recommend applying this solution to all functional zones 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, of the Hai Phong coastal area c Planning facilities for landscape ecological services (GPI-3) On the basis of the Hai Phong coastal functional zoning, I have found that the demand for planning of facilities for tourism services is extremely realistic with a presence of diverse ecosystems: continental ecosystem, 20 Coastal ecosystem, estuarine ecosystem, wetland ecosystem, shallow coastal ecosystem The functional zones with: (1) - Biodiversity, with landscape value; (2) – putting top priority on conservation and protection; (3) -Combining conservation and development in the direction of ecoeconomy should be applied with this solution Accordingly, on the basis of functional zoning, I recommend developing the Tien Lang – Kien Thu modern tidal flat surface Fishery and protection forest Zone; Do Son Peninsula to be an ecological landscape of hills, beaches, and then establishing a marine park centered on Hon Dau island To build Tien Lang - Kien Thuy coastal area into a green development zone with mangrove ecosystem and generating wetland value according to RAMSA Accordingly, this solution is highly recommended for the functional zones 1, 3, 6, and d Orienting the market mechanism-oriented international relationships (Solution I-4) In order to have a basis for carrying out the orientation, it is necessary to have overall and specific assessments for each functional zone according to some basic issues as follows: (1) -Technical infrastructure; (2) Experience in single-sector and multi-sector management; (3) - Industry development potential; (4) –Labor structure and qualification With this criterion, this solution is highly recommended for the functional zones: 2, 4, 5, and especially e Managing education on awareness of natural resources and environment protection (Solution I-5) In fact, the functional zones’ environment and ecology have been negatively affected due to some basic impacts as follows: (1) - The ecosystem has been being overexploited, especially sensitive ecosystems such as wetlands; (2) - Risk of exhaustive exploitation of natural resources and environmental pollution; (3) - The risk of overlapping development space; (4) - Conflicts between industries Accordingly, I recommend applying this solution to all functional zones: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 3.5.2.2 Solutions to eliminate and minimize the negative impacts (Solution group II) 21 a Minimizing Conflict between industries within the same space (Solution II-1) The conflicts should be analyzed on the basis of functional spaces of each specific zone Therefore, this solution is required It should be applied to all functional zones b Minimizing over-exploitation of natural resources and ecosystems (Solution II-2) It is the fact that it is required to carry out exploitation of the natural resources and ecosystems for development However, overexploitation and restoration of natural resources and ecosystems lead to their exhaustion Therefore, this solution is required It should be determined based on presence, advantages, current status of exploitation of natural resources and ecosystems in a functional zone c Minimizing single-sector management, outdated production techniques (Solution II-3) Going along with the single-sector and outdated management methods is outdated production forms and techniques which all result in various consequences on exhaustion of the natural resources, ecosystems and environmental pollution Therefore, this solution is required It should be determined on the basis of determining the overlapping of management and production technology level in each functional zone d Minimizing the risk of overlapping development space (Solution II-4) Each coastal space which is rich and diverse in topography, resources, biology contains an important premise for the development of industries As a result, there has been an overlap in development and exploitation planning of various industries this solution is required It should be determined on the basis of determining overlap and choosing the development priority option at each functional zone Chapter conclusion: - In chapter 3, the thesis has assessed the natural, natural disasters, socio-economic pressure on exploitation and use of the coastal natural resources, accordingly, the Hai Phong coastal area often suffers from typhoons annually; strongly affected by climate change and sea level rise impacts 22 - The assessment results of conflicts in exploitation and use of the coastal natural resources show that Hai Phong is a highly developed city, so it contains conflicts between industries, space, encroachment and disputes over agricultural land, aquaculture areas have become even worse due to irrationalities in planning and professional development as well as localities - 04 management spatial priority orientations established for functional zones consist of: (1) - Seaport, seaport service, industry, (2) – Industry – urban – trading; (3) - Trading – Service – Tourism; (4) - Fishery - afforestation - wetland ecosystem conservation On that basis, a map on spatial orientation for natural resources and environment management of Hai Phong coastal area was developed based on 09 functional zones - The solutions to promote advantages and overcome limitations to organize the natural resources and environment management of Hai Phong coastal area are integrated into two groups: (1) those to promote opportunity advantages, including (i) - Enhancing public participation (ii) Training, improving management capacity; (iii) - Planning facilities for landscape ecological services; (iv) Orienting the market mechanismoriented international relationships (2): those to eliminate and minimize the negative impacts, consisting of: (i) - Minimizing Conflict between industries within the same space; (ii) - Minimizing over-exploitation of natural resources and ecosystems; (iii) - Minimizing single-sector management, outdated production techniques; (iv) - Minimizing the risk of overlapping development space CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion Hai Phong is a coastal city located in the downstream of Thai Binh river system with very complex natural conditions, of which the existence and domination of the estuarine system which forms the coastal ecosystems which show the basic functions of the environment and have a strong impact on all socio-economic activities of the city are the most prominent The functional zoning mainly based on environmental functions has contributed to providing a scientific basis for orienting and recommending solutions for integrated coastal natural resource management of the city 23 The geographic approach for the integrated coastal natural resource spatial planning orientation at provincial/city level is the coastal functional zoning, based on a rational arrangement and division of ecosystems, thereby identifying the spaces for planning socio-economic development and environmental protection activities The functional zone is the basic zoning unit for the integrated coastal natural resource spatial planning orientation at provincial/city level; the functional zones are connected by the system of socio-economic development axes, creating a framework of territorial spatial organization suitable to the function of natural components There are steps to implement the integrated coastal natural resource spatial planning orientation at provincial/city level, consisting of (i) Investigate, analyze and assess the potential of natural resources, socioeconomy, the current environment situation in the study area against in priority sectors for socio-economic development; (ii) Define the functional zoning criteria, develop a map of functional zones ; (iii) Assess overlaps, and conflicts in planning and determine the priority and interests of stakeholders involved in the integrated coastal natural resource spatial planning of each functional zone; (iv) Assessing co-management by the parties involved in the integrated coastal natural resource spatial planning; (v) Analyze and forecast future conditions; (vi) Develop a map for the integrated coastal natural resource spatial planning orientation for the study area The map is a very special inter-sectoral planning, with spatial features and forms an integral part of the socio-economic development and environmental protection planning Based on the analysis and evaluation of groups of criteria (natural conditions, socio-economic conditions, planning, climate change environment and natural disasters), the Hai Phong coastal area is divided into functional zones with 04 integrated coastal natural resource spatial planning orientations The 09 functional zones reflect the development reality, the natural, socio-economic and environmental differentiation and the impacts of climate change and natural disasters in Hai Phong coastal area 24 The 09 functional zones in Hai Phong coastal area serve as one of the scientific bases for preparing the city’s sustainable socio-economic development planning These functional zones must be located in the natural resource management space with basic groups of solutions, consisting of specific solutions to ensure efficiency and sustainability Identification of overlaps and conflicts in natural resource exploitation and use and socio-economic planning of the Hai Phong coastal area show the existence of various overlaps and conflicts arise Of which, the conflicts and overlaps between agricultural land use planning and nonagricultural land use planning; between biodiversity conservation and fishery, trade and tourism development; between infrastructure construction and heritage conservation and environmental protection are the most prominent Based on the results of multi-functional evaluation of functional zones, analysis of overlaps and conflicts in use and development planning, a map of integrated Hai Phong Coastal natural resource management spatial orientation has been established with 04 management spatial priority orientations identified for 09 functional zones, consisting of Seaport, seaport service, industry, (2) – Industry – urban – trading; (3) - Trading – Service – Tourism; (4) - Fishery - afforestation - wetland ecosystem conservation On that basis, a map on spatial orientation for natural resources and environment management of Hai Phong coastal area was developed based on 09 functional zones In which each zone is assessed and recommended with major orientations based on AHPs and SWOT analysis, allowing selection of each specific issue to take appropriate measures Recommendations Continue to promote theoretical study and methodology on variability (development driving force) of geographic conditions over the time as a basis for the integrated coastal spatial planning orientation for territories of different scales Combining approaches, theory and applied methodology of the Marine Spatial Planning and analytical techniques such as AHPs and SWOT, GIS into functional zoning of the same territory 25 NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS Theoretical point 1: The Hai Phong coastal area is a space of strong interaction between development activities and the natural dynamic impact of the river - sea formation processes, causing spatial and natural - economic social functional differentiation, forming functional subdivisions in integrated natural resource management spaces Theoretical point 2: The strong socio-economic development has resulted in conflicts and inadequacies in the use and exploitation of natural resources, affecting the management space, requiring effective measures to reorganize in the direction of synthesis and high feasibility PUBLISHED WORKS Tran Hung Long Current natural resource situation in Hai An District, Hai Phong City Journal of Marine Science and Technology, pp 75-78, ISSN 1859-316X Tran Hung Long, Tran Thi Thu Trang Marine functional zoning for sustainable development of Hai Phong coastal area Journal of Marine Science and Technology 2019, pp 359-372, ISSN 1859-3097 Tran Hung Long, La Vinh Cam, Tran Thi Thu Trang Application of Delphi techniques to identify conflicts in exploitation and use of natural resources in Hai Phong coastal areas Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography No 3- September 2019, ISSN 2354-0648 ... (saline soil) The soil differentiation affects the settlement and economic activities (agriculture, tourism, fisheries, etc.) and society (settlement activities), affecting the natural resource... feasibility Scientific and practical significance a) Scientific significance The thesis’s findings settle conflicts of integrated use and development of integrated coastal natural resource management... witnessed an “explosion” of interest in MPA as a feasible way to manage the sea in space, to settle conflicts and increase compatibility in exploitation, use of marine resources and environment