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5 T r a n T h i Tuyet Oanh (chu bien), Giao due hoc, tap N X B D H S P , H a N o i , 2005 V u M i n h T a m Ml hoc vd giao due tham ml N X B Giao •f^ due, 1998 Hoat dgng giao due lao dgng - Hudng 2000 - 2001 vd phiidng nghiep Chirdng PHl/ONG PHAP GIAO DUG nam hoc Phifdng phap giao due la mot t h a n h to r a t quan t r o n g hiCdng nam hoc 2001 - 2002 (Bo Giao due va Dao tao, 2001) |ua qua t r i n h giao due n h ^ m thue h i e n muc dich va n h i e m Dao X u a n D u n g Gido due gidi tinh vi su" phdt trien cua l^u giao due xa h o i dat r a Phifdng phap giao due la he vi thdnh nien N X B D H Q G H a N o i , 2002 I h o n g n h f l n g each t h i i c tac dong cua n h a giao due den s i i Pham Lang Gido due gid tri nhdn vdn d triidng THCS N X B Giao due, 1999 10 Ban c h i dao giao due phong ehong A I D S va ma t u y (1998) Gido due phong ehong ma triidng sU pham 11 D u an V I E / / P (1995) Mot so van de cd ban ve gido due dan so' each cac em p h a t t r i e n to'i da n h i i n g gi m i n h eo the c6 theo Wdng mo h i n h n h a n each xa h o i mong m u o n N o i cu t h e hdn, phUdng phap giao due nhSm giiip t h e he t r e nkm viJng va thqc h i e n d u n g cac chuan mqe xa h o i , b i e n no t h a n h cac h a m chat, cac thuoc t i n h cua n h a n each, de til cac em CO the t h a m gia vao cuoc song xa h o i m o t each ttf n h i e n va hieu qua 12 T r a n Quoe T h a n h , Nguyen T h i M u i , Le T h i Hong A n '* (2004) Tdi lieu ve gido phat t r i e n n h a n each eua the he t r e n h a m l a m cho n h a n due dan so', SJ2C khoe sinh sdn (Tai Heu danh eho s i n h vien nganh T a m l i - Giao due thuoc cac triiOng dai hoc sU pham) , Phifdng phap giao due la nhutng tac dong cu the va trUe iiep cua n h a giao due den do'i tifdng giao due Do t a t ca nhiJng n g i i o i l a m cong tac giao due can p h a i h i e u ro b a n t h a t , chile nang cua phu:dng phap giao due t r o n g n h a trifOng 13 A D D m i t r i e p , E M Brixop Cd sd khoa hoc cua vice day lao dgng eho hgc sinh N X B Giao due H a Noi, 1973 cung nh\i cac yeu cau sii pham k h i sii dung cac phuldng phap giao due cu t h e M o i loai n h a t r i i d n g deu c6 phUdng phap giao due dac t r u n g N h a t r i f d n g X H C N ke thifa cac phiidng phap giao due to't dep trUdc day dong thdi phat t r i e n cac phUdng phap giao due m d i t i e n bo hdn cho p h u hdp vdi t i n h h i n h va dieu k i e n -.I'M 170 nidi Sau day chung ta chu yeu xem xet cac phiidng phap iao due t r o n g n h a t r i i d n g X H C N V i e t N a m h i e n nay, yeu 171 cau nhflng ngiidi lam cong tac giao due can phai nam vUnt chung de thue hien tot nhiem v u cao ea ciia m i n h K H A I N I E M P H l i O N G PHAP GIAO DUG Phifdng phap giao due nha trifdng ciia chung ta 1;\ phUdng thfle hoat dong chung, gin bo giiia nha giao due vdi dol tiidng giao due, giiifa tap the va ea nhan hoe sinh nhSm hinh nhiJng thuoe tinh, nhiing pham chat nhan each XHCN cho cac em De hieu ro hdn khai niem phiidng phap giao due, triide het ehiing ta can phai nam vufng mot so" dac diem ed ban eua phiidng phap giao due liri ! i - - , '-f\ f'^,y •J->t' » fis":;iri /ifftrf o'ft 1.1 Mot so dac diem cc( ban c u a phUdng phap giao due Trifde het, phiidng phap giao due la to' phu thuor vao muc dich giao due Muc dlch giao due khac se c6 phUdng phap giao due khac N6i each khac, moi muc dich giao due se c6 mot he thong phiidng phap giao due tiidng ling, k h i muc dich giao due thay doi thi phiidng phap giao due cung phai thay doi theo Chang han, muc dlch giao due phong kien nham dao tao nhiJng ngiidi ehi biel phuc tung v6 dieu kien (Quan bile than tii, than bat txi bat trung Phu xii t\i vong, txi bat vong bat hieu) thi phUdng phap giao due ehii yeu la ap dat, eiidng bile, nhoi nhet NgiJde lai muc dich giao due eua xa hoi ta nh&m dao tao nhflng ngUdi sang tao, dam nghi, dam lam, dam chiu trach nhiem thi phifdng phap giao due cung phai khae Phiidng phap giao due eua ehung ta la thuyet phue, la to chile hoat dong nham tao moi dieu kien, moi cd hoi eho ea nhan phat trien het tiem nang cua minh, tao cho moi ea nhan deu eo ban sac rieng va phue v u cho muc dich chung cua xa hoi 172 PhUdng phap giao due phu thuoe vao muc dich giao due yi the k h i lUa chon va sil dung cac phiidng phap giao due phai can cil vao muc dich giao due eua mot xa hoi cu the jNjgtfdc lai, phvtdng phap giao due la dieu kien, la each thilc «4 thUc hien muc dich giao due eua xa hoi da de f Phiidng phap giao due phu thuoe vao noi dung giao due fjoi dung giao due khac se phai sil dung phildng phap giao due khae Giao due lao dong phai c6 phildng phap Ichac vdi giao due the chat hay giao due tham mi Moi noi dung giao due phai eo he thong phildng phap chuyen tai rieng m6i CO hieu qua cao (Phitdng phap phai dilde van hanh tren nen mot noi dung cu the, noi dung c6 tac dung quy dinh phildng phap) Cac nha giao due phai can cil vao noi dung giao due cu the de lUa chon phiJdng phap giao due cho phii hdp Chung ta biet rang, qua trinh giao due diide dien theo ba khau t i l nhan thile den thai do, niem t i n den hanh vi va thoi quen PhUdng phap giao due nham tac dong vao tilng khau hoac tat ea cac khau cua qua trinh giao due Moi khau ciia qua trinh giao due doi hoi phai c6 phUdng phap rieng Khau hinh nhan thiie phai sil dung phildng phap khac vdi khau hinh hanh vi va thoi quen Hinh t r i thiie ve eae chuan miJe xa hoi, nham xay diing y thilc ea nhan ehil yeu sii dung eae phiidng phap thuyet phue nhil giang giai, dam thoai, neu gifdng Con hinh hanh vi va thoi quen ehu yeu sil dung eae phUdng phap luyen tap, l^en luyen ^ • ' 'HS.i^Myjr^S ;: ^ ;:;,,,JU, t„i- Phiidng phap giao due phu thuoe vao trinh do, nang liJc tin, vi the, vao kinh nghiem, sd trUdng, sci doan cua nha giao due Diing trUdc doi tiidng giao due nhii 173 n h Q n g d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h n h u n h a u n h U n g cac n h a giao j i o a t d q n g k h a e n h a u c u a hoc s i n h n h i f hoe t a p , l a o d o n g s a n due k h a e n h a u se lUa e h o n p h U d n g p h a p g i a o due k h a e n h a u x u a t , v u i c h d i g i a i t r i , s i n h b o a t t a p t h e c i i n g n h u cac Tham phaim v a n b o a v a t c h a t v a t i n h t h a n dUdc s i i d u n g t r o n g q u a e h i h a i n h a g i a o due c u n g s i i d u n g m o t b i e n phap san n h U n g h i e u q u a g i a o due e u n g k h a e n h a u N o i n h i i v a y , tuc t r i n h g i a o due n h U d u n g t r i i c q u a n , cac l o a i s a c h bao l a p h i J d n g p h a p g i a o due p h u t h u o e vao t r i n h v a n a n g luc cac c i i a n h a g i a o due ke ea viee lUa c h o n v a h i e u q u a s\i due s i i d u n g cac p h i i d n g t i e n g i a o due de tac d o n g vao dun^ C h i n h v i v a y , t r o n g q u a t r i n h t i e n h a n h g i a o due, cac nha g i a o due p h a i xac d i n h dUdc k h a n a n g , v i t h e v a u y t i n ciia va phUdng t i e n c h u y e n t a i t h o n g t i n P h i i d n g phap giao each hoc s i n h P h i i d n g t i e n g i a o due nhan c a n g da d a n g , cang I p h o n g p h u c a n g t h u a n I d i cho v i e c l\ia c h o n p h U d n g phap m i n h de \\la e h o n p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due cho phCi h d p T h u c giao due, c a n g c6 d i e u k i e n de n a n g eao c h a t l U d n g g i a o due te g i a o due da c h i i n g m i n h d i e u n a y V i d u , eCing s i i d u n g P h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due n g a y n a y r a siic t a n d u n g cac p h i l d n g p h a p t r a e h p h a t hoc s i n h , y e u c a u hoc s i n h v i e t b a n t i e n g i a o due h i e n d a i , t h a n h q u a p h a t t r i e n rUc r d c u a k i e m d i e m n h U n g g i a o v i e n c h u n h i e m v a h i e u t r i i d n g , giao hoc v i e n l a u n a m v a g i a o v i e n m d i r a t r i f d n g se c6 tac d o n g k h a e n h a n each hoe s i n h n h a u d e n n g U d i hoe s i n h k i t h u a t e o n g n g h e de t a c d o n g d o n g bo, Trong n h i i n g dieu k i e n , hoan canh, phifdng khoa s a u sac t i n h huong den khae P h i f d n g p h a p g i a o due p h u t h u o c v a o d o l t i f d n g giao f h h a u c u n g p h a i l i i a e h o n phufdng p h a p g i a o due k h a e n h a u due V d i m o i do'i t i f d n g g i a o due, n h a g i a o due p h a i b i e t sii C h u n g t a b i e t r S n g , t i e n h a n h g i a o due t r e ci t h a n h p h o k h a e d u n g cac p h i i d n g p h a p g i a o due k h a e n h a u m d i c6 h i e u q u a vdi t r e n o n g t h o n va k h a e v d i t r e m i e n n i i i K h o n g the t i e n Co hoc s i n h c a n p h i i d n g p h a p n h e n h a n g t h u y e t p h u e , c6 hoc h a n h g i a o due eo h i e u q u a n e u k h o n g b i e t l U a c h o n p h U d n g s i n h p h a i hkng p h a p g i a o due cho p h i i h d p v d i t i f n g t i n h huo'ng v a m e n h l e n h ddt k h o a t , r o r a n g C h u n g t a b i e t r i n g , m o i eon n g U d i l a m o t t h e g i d i r i e n g cac d i e u k i e n h o a n c a n h c u t h e N h a g i a o due p h a i c a n ci3 v a o v d i n h i J n g n e t doc dao ve cac dac d i e m t a m s i n h l i , ve d i e u phong tuc, tap q u a n , t r u y e n t h o n g v a n hoa, k i e n h o a n c a n h song, ve k i n h n g h i e m ea n h a n , v i t h e p h U d n g giao c i i a t i f n g v u n g , m i e n , v a o k h o a n g t h d i g i a n cho p h e p , p h a p g i a o due p h u t h u o c vao t i f n g d o i t i i d n g c u t h e , m o i doi vao d i e u k i e n h o a n c a n h c u t h e de t i e n h a n h g i a o due t d d n g g i a o due c6 m o t each g i a o due r i e n g , k h o n g eo p h i i d n , ^ Nhu: dac d i e m v a y , p h i f d n g p h a p giao due p h u t h u o c vao ton phifdng p h a p g i a o due c h u n g h i i u h i e u cho m o i do'i t i i d n g D a y c h i n h t i e n , d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h cu t h e K h i n h i J n g d i e u k i e n n a y la t i n h n g h e t h u a t t r o n g eong tac g i a o due t h a y doi t h i n h a giao due P h U d n g p h a p g i a o due l i e n q u a n c h a t ehe vdi phUdng 174 t i e n g i a o due dUdc h i e u l a cac loai h i n h doi P h i f d n g p h a p g i a o due l i e n q u a n c h a t ehe v d i h i n h t i e n , d i e u k i e n , h o a n c a n h cu t h e cua q u a t r i n h g i a o due Phddng ciing phai dieu chinh, thay p h i f d n g p h a p giao due t h i m d i n a n g eao diidc h i e u qua giao due thtic t h u c to ehifc g i a o due T h U c te g i a o due cho thay phifdng 175 phap giao due k h o n g the tach r d i h i n h thiic to ehiie giao due, n h i e u k h i ehiing hoa quyen vao n h a u H i n h thiie giao due t h i i d n g diidc phan loai theo so' liidng hoc s i n h t h a m gia vao cac hoat dong giao due (toan trvfdng, 16p hoe, nhom, to hay ca nhan), hoac theo t i n h chat hoat dong chung gifla nha giao due va do'i tUdng giao due M o i h i n h thilc giao due p h a i lua chon mot phudng phap giao due thieh vLng V i d u , h i n h thiic to ehiic giao due toan t r i l d n g t h i k h o n g nen sii dung phiidng phap k h u y e n giai hay t r a n h l u a n , h i n h thiic to ehiic giao due ca n h a n k h o n g nen sii dung phUdng phap k h e n thiidng, v i nhif t h e h i e u qua giao due se k h o n g eao tho'ng nhat giuta each thiie hoat dong eua nha giao due va do'i tiidng giao due, t r o n g hoat dong eua nha giao due gii2 v a i tro chii dao, eon hoat dong ciia do'i tudng giao due la hoat dong t u giac, tieh eUe, ehu dong de ttf giao due, tU van dong va phat t r i e n theo muc t i e u phat t r i e n n h a n each da xae d i n h Noi torn l a i , phiidng phap giao due het sile da dang, phong p h u va p h u thuoe vao n h i e u yeu to'khac ciia qua t r i n h giao due N h a giao due p h a i biet v a n dung l i n h hoat, Itfa chon cac phiJdng phap giao due eho p h u hdp v6i muc dich, v6i noi dung giao due, v6i t r i n h do, nang lUe eua ban t h a n , v6i do'i tUdng giao due eung nhi:^ cac dieu k i e n hoan canh cu the thiic, t h a m gia v6i sii eo' gang het k h a nang eua m i n h va , Tic nhutng dac diem tren chung ta thay phiJdng phap giao due phan anh each thiie to chiic eac loai h i n h hoat dong phong phii, da dang eiia nha giao due va tap the hoc sinh nham ehuyen hoa nhiJng yeu cau, ehuan mUc cua xa hoi car pham chat va nang \\ic eua ea nhan ngUdi hoe sinh due diJdc the h i e n d eho ho p h a i hoat dong mot each eo y khong p h u thuoe hoan toan vao cac tac dong cua nha giao due V a i t r o dac biet quan t r o n g t r o n g qua t r i n h t i i t u diidng, t u giao due Tuy vay, v a i t r o tU giac, t i c h eiic va ehu dong cua do'i tiidng giao due p h a i diidc dat du6i v a i t r o ehu dao cua nha giao due N e u k h o n g , qua t r i n h tU giao due eua do'i tUdng phap giao due la eho hg nhSng lai, neu nha giao due ap dat, k h o n g phat b u y v a i t r o chu dong, sang tao cua do'i t i i d n g giao due se tao nen nhutng ngUdi rap k h u o n , may moc, n h i i n g eon ngiidi t h u dong y- Cach thiic tac dong eua nha giao due den do'i tUdng giao due bao gid eiing can eii vao muc t i e u , yeu eau eiia xa hoi ve mot m a u ngiidi xae d i n h Thiic chat phiidng phap giao due la phiiOng thi2c tdc dong cua nha giao due vd tap the hoe sinh den tiicJng giao due nham hinh V a i t r o i\i giac, t i c h cUc va c h i i dong cua do'i t i i d n g giao giao due se m a t p h i i d n g hudng va k h o n g c6 h i e u qua NgUdc 1.2 Khai niem phUdng phap giao due Noi mot each eu the, phUdng V a i tro ehu dao cua nha giao due diidc; the hien d ch6 ho la ngifdi to chiic dieu k h i e n qua t r i n h giao due, la ngiidi l i i a chon noi dung, phUdng phap, h i n h thiic to chiie giao due, ngifdi k i e m t r a , d a n h gia qua t r i n h giao due pham each thiic to chiic cuoe song, to ehiie hoat dong va giao lUu dot cho hoc s i n h theo mue dich giao due eua xa hoi Qua t r i n h chat n h ^ m tae dong vao n h a n thiie, t h a i va h i n h t h a n h nhan each theo yeu edu eua mot xd hoi eu the hanh v i , thoi quen eho hoc s i n h ^ ,^ Phifdng phap giao due phan anh moi quan he pho'i hdp 176 177 H $ THONG C A C PHUONG P H A P GlAO DUG 2.1 Phan loai c a c phi/dng phap giao due 11 , Giao due la mot hien tUOng xa hoi r a t philc tap va day nhQng m a u t h u ^ n C h i n h v i vay, phUdng phap giao due eung het siic da dang, phong p h u va l i n h hoat D i e u l a m eho qua t r i n h p h a n loai giao due het siie kho k h a n va phiic tap Kho eo the xac d i n h diidc mot cd sci logie thong nhat de phan loai eac phiidng phap giao due M i each p h a n loai chi c6 the dua vao mot t i e u chi nao do, chang h a n d\i& vao cac khau ciia qua t r i n h giao due hay dUa vao ban chat cua qua t r i n h giao due Neu dula vao cac k h a u cua qua t r i n h giao due t h i phiidng phap giao due c6 the chia t h a n h cac nhom nhU: - Nhom eac phUdng phap tac dong vao nhan thflc, t h a i do; Ngoai ra, ngUdi ta eo the can cil vao muc t i e u , n h i e m v u , noi d u n g giao due, can cii vao dac diem l i i a t u o i , dac diem nhan each cua do'i tUdng giao due de p h a n loai phuong phap giao due Chung ta biet rang nhan each cua moi hoe sinh la mot chinh the thong nhat, toan ven, nang dong va het silc phiic tap Cac thuoc t i n h , cac pham chat cua nhan each luon g^n bo chat che v6i nhau, tac dong qua lai l i n tao nen dac trUng rieng, net dae t h u cua m6i nhan each M o i mot net pham chat dUde h i n h t h a n h c6 the mang nhiing noi dung khac nhau, bieu hien ngoai eung khac theo no nkm mot cau true nhan each nao, chung tUdng tac n h i i the' nao vdi nhiing pham chat, nhiJng dae diem khac mot chu the - N h o m cac phUdng phap h i n h t h a n h h a n h v i , t h o i quen; Giao due v i i a l a m sinh, h i n h t h a n h n h a n each vu:a - N h o m cac phUdng phap k h u y e n k h i c h va dieu chinh bien doi, cai tao n h a n each Giao due k h o n g chi n h a m l a m s m h n h a n each n h i i n g n h a n thile m d i , t i n h cam mdi, n h a m ciing co ket qua cua h a i nhom t r e n N e u dUa vao ban chat cua qua t r i n h giao due t h i phUdng nhu cau m d i t i i tao nen n h i i n g h a n h v i va t h o i quen nhat d i n h cua n h a n each ma c6 k h a nang l a m thay doi phap giao due bao gom cac nhom n h i i : - Cac phifdng phap to chiic cuoc song eho hoc sinh; - Cac phUdng phap to chLtc cac loai h i n h hoat dong cho n h i i n g n h a n thiie, t i n h cam, n h u cau cho p h i i hdp vdi yeu cau xa hoi, cai tao nhutng net t i n h each k h o n g p h u hdp De l a m dUdc dieu nay, nhat t h i e t giao due p h a i tac dong hoc sinh; - Cac phUdng phap to chile hoat dong giao Ixiu cho hoc sinh de xay d i i n g y thiie, t i n h cam, ren luyen k i nang, k ! xao, t h o i N e u can ci3 vao cac qua t r i n h tarn 11 cua ca n h a n t h i c6 quen cho hoe s i n h M a t khac, giao due p h a i c6 n h i i n g bien the chia phiJdng phap giao due t h a n h eac n h o m : - Cac phUdng phap h i n h t h a n h t r i ihiic ve cae chua^n hoac han che, loai t r i i nhufng mat xau Tif n h i i n g p h a n t i c h t r e n chung ta co the p h a n chia mUc xa hoi; phudng phap giao due t h a n h ba nhom cd ban sau: - Cac phUdng phap h i n h t h a n h t i n h cam; - Cac phUdng phap ren l u y e n y ehi phap de kieh t h i c h , dieu c h i n h n h a m cung c o ' n h i i n g mat tot VJf - N h o m cae phUdng phap thuyet phue nhSm h i n h t h a n h y thiic ca n h a n ; • -' ' ' 178 179 - N h o m cac phiidng phap to chiic boat dong n b a m b i n h t b a n h k i nang, k i xao, b a n h v i va t h o i quen; - Nhom cac pbiidng phap kicb tbicb va dieu chinh banh v i Sau day cbung ta se phan t i c h tufng nhom pbifdng phap giao due cu the 2.2 He thong cac phi/ctng phap giao due 2.2.1 Cac phuang phap thuyet phuc Thuyet phuc la phiidng phap tac dong vao nhan thiie, t i n h cam cua eon ngiidi de h i n h t h a n h cho ho y thfle va t h a i dung dan p h u hdp v6i cac chuan mUc xa hoi Thuyet phuc la diing cac h le xac dang, dung cac d i n chiing sinh dong, dung eac tam gifdng tieu bieu thUc te de phan tich, cbiing a Phuang phap khuyen giai Khuyen giai la mot phifdng phap thuyet phuc ma nha giao due chu yeu dung Idi noi chan t i n h boac bang eac lap luan vQng chac de khuyen bao, giai tbieb, m i n b boa, phan tich cho hoc sinh bieu nhiJng k h a i niem ve cac chuan mUc xa hoi, nhiing quy tac, nhflng chuan mUc ma moi ngiidi phai tuan theo K h u y e n giai c6 the t i e n b a n h v6i tuing ca n h a n r i e n g le ciing C O the t i e n b a n h vdi tap the, nhom hoc s i n h s v > K h u y e n giai bao gom cae yeu to' k h u y e n r a n , k h u y e n can, khuyen n h u (khuyen bao) va giang giai K h u y e n n h u la dufa n h i i n g Idi k h u y e n mang t i n h gdi y chan t i n h t r e n ed sci phan t i c h p h a i t r a i cho doi tUdng bieu K h u y e n n h u mang nang yeu to' t i n h cam, thuyet phuc bang t i n h cam, bang moi quan be to't dep giufa nha giao due va doi tUdng giao due m i n b , k h u y e n giai giiip hoc sinh nhan, bieu va t i n , lam Khuyen r a n , k h u y e n can la dUa n h i i n g Idi k h u y e n mang theo n h i i n g gia t r i chan, t h i e n , m i cua cuoc song, iing bo, bao t i n h eanh bao, nbac nbd do'i tiidng t r a n h va'p phai n h i i n g dieu ve le phai, len an, loai trCf cai xau, cai khong p h u hdp sai l a m K h u y e n r a n tbiidng dUde sii dung k h i doi tifdng bieu Y tbflc ca n h a n la s\ thong nbat bien chilng giiia nhan thiic, niem t i n , t h a i cua ca n h a n ve n b f i n g chuan m\ic da diidc xa hoi quy d i n b va t h i i a n h a n Trong thUc t i g n giao due, muon h i n h t h a n h y thflc ca nhan nha giao due thUdng dung phifdng phap t h u y e t phuc Chiic nang cua nhom phiidng phap chu yeu nham b i n h t h a n h cac t r i thiic dung d^n ve cac chuan mUe xa hoi h i n h t h a n h niem t i n , t i n h cam ebo ca nhan de tvf xay dung nen tang y tbiic cho ca n h a n Nhom phiidng phap thuyet phuc bao gom mot so'phiidng phap n h i i : phifdng phap k h u y e n giai, phifdng phap t r a n h l u a n , phiidng phap neu gUdng 180 dung n h i i n g co t i n h lam sai, co t i n h v i pham n h i i n g chuan mUc, n h i i n g quy t i e cua xa hoi Giang giai la lap l u a n , phan tich cho do'i tUdng bieu mot va'n de, t h i l d n g dUdc tien banh do'i tifdng giao due khong bieu ma b a n h dong sai De khuyen giai nha giao due phai gap gd, tro chuyen t a m t i n h vdi doi tUdng giao due de lam sang to n h i i n g va'n de c6 lien quan, lam ebo do'i tifdng bieu dung, nghe theo, t i n theo Su k h u y e n giai co the bang l i le nhUng chu yeu la bang difdng t i n h cam thong qua mo'i quan he tot dep, t h a n thien giiia nha giao due va do'i tUdng giao due de cam hoa cac 6m, giiip cae em nhan thiic dung n h i i n g gia t r i dao diic, dieu chinh l a i n h i i n g n h a n thile sai l a m , siia chiia n h i i n g lech lac, hanh dong theo le p h a i 181 De khuyen giai c6 hieu qua nha giao due can chii y cac yeu cau sau: - Nha giao due phai chuan bi triidc noi dung van de can khuyen giai v6i cac do'i tifdng cu the, c^n chuan hi nhiJng l i le thuyet phuc, lap luan vi3ng chae ea ve phiidng dien l i luan va thvfc t i i n mv f - Triidc tien hanh khuyen giai can tim hieu k i doi tUdng, hieu ro doi tiidng de tiep can va dUa each khuyen giai phii hdp Can c6 s\l thong cam sau sic, dxia tren cd sd tinh thUdng va s\i khoan dung ket hdp v6i sU nghiem khdc can thiet mot each c6 l i c6 tinh mdi khuyen giai c6 hieu qua - Ban than nha giao due phai thiic sU gUdng m^u, thuc sii CO uy t i n vdi hoc sinh b Phuang phap tranh luan Tranh luan la phUdng phap thuyet phuc nha giao due kheo leo to chile cac cuoc trao doi, thao luan ve mot chu de nao c6 lien quan den noi dung giao due de tu: giiip hoe sinh khang dinh mot van de trUde day phan van, de hinh quan diem, xoa di nhutng nhan thiic sai lam trUdc day ' '^ Tranh luan eo the dien giufa nha giao due v6i doi tiidng giao due, giiia cac vien mot nhom, mot tap the hoc sinh ve cae van de ma eac em quan tarn dang dien cuoc song, sach vd, phim anh Tranh luan nhSm giup cho doi tiidng hoc 16 quan diem, chinh kien cua minh, thong qua de nha giao due nam dUdc va CO hudng tae dong giao due phii hdp Th6ng qua tranh luan de giup eho hoc sinh biet d i i n dat quan diem, y 182 Icien eiia minh cho ngUdi khae hieu, van dung su hieu biet ciia ban than de bao ve quan diem ca nhan minh hoac ving ho hay bac bo mot quan diem nao Tranh luan c6 the tao cd hoi eho hoc sinh phat huy tinh tich eUe cua moi ca nhan thong qua viec cac em diidc triic tiep tham gia giai thich, thao luan, nhan xet, danh gia va qua t i i rut ket luan cho ban than, nhd cae em hinh va phat trien niem tin, tinh cam, hanh vi, thoi quen phii hdp De tranh luan eo hieu qua nha giao due phai to chiic cho that ecii md, moi ngUdi thoai mai neu quan diem cua minh, neu c6 nhiing vUdng mkc hoac bat dong t h i eiing phan tich, thao gd de di den le phai v6i mong mu6n cung dat tdi sU hieu biet chung vi mot mue dich t6't dep NhiJng va'n de diia tranh luan phai c6 y nghla thiet thvtc, gin lien vdi cuoc s6ng cua hoe sinh, nhiing van de da va dang lam cac em ban khoan suy nghi Mu6'n vay, nha giao due can phai nghien ciiu, t i m hieu de lUa chon cac chii de cho phu hdp Tranh luan vdi muc dieh la ciing hoc hoi l^n nhau, eiing tien bo kh6ng vui ve, thoai mai, tranh tinh trang cay cu hdn thua, bao thu kh6ng chap nhan cai dung V i the, tranh luan kh6ng nen trcl nhiing cuoc tranh cai gay gat nhiing cung khong diing d miie ban luan, thao luan chung ehung, ma phai the hien chinh kien ro rang va di den sii th6ng nhat Tuy vay, tranh luan giao due chu yeu la nham muc dich tao ed hoi eho ca nhan hoc sinh hoc 16 quan diem chii khong phai de di den nhiing giai phap cu6'i cung, nhiing ket luan diit khoat Tranh luan khong nen ap dat ma nen tao ed hoi eho moi ngiidi bao ve y kien cua minh, cho 183 p h e p bao \\iu y k i e n k h i t h a y c a n t h i e t , k h o n g n e n k e t l u a n g i f d n g t o t de cac e m b a t c h u d c l a m t h e o l a m o t p h u d n g p h a p t h e o q u y l u a t so dong Ngutdi t h a m g i a t r a n h l u a n p h a i c6 giao due ra't q u a n t r o n g t r o n g n h a t r U d n g c i i a c h u n g t a d u n g c a m t u : bo n h i J n g q u a n d i e m k h o n g d u n g v a c h a p n h a n nhUng quan d i e m d u n g dan T\l n h i i n g k e t q u a n g h i e n c i i u c i i a t a m l i hoc, g i a o due hoc cho t h a y , q u a t r i n h b a t c h u d e eua cac e m t h i i d n g d i e n r a N h a g i a o due p h a i d u n g u y t i n v a sU h i e u b i e t eua m i n h nhif sau: de d i n h h u d n g cho eac e m t r a n h l u a n d u n g t r o n g t a m v a n n h i f n g k h o n g nen can t h i e p qua sau vao qua t r i n h tranh l u a n eua eac e m , c a n g k h o n g n e n c h i t r i c h , de b i u , p h e p h a n cac y k i e n m a m i n h cho l a c h i i a p h u hdp, k h o n g n e n v o i vang k e t l u a n m a p h a i de cho cae e m tU d i d e n t h o n g n h a t v o i n h a u v a d u a r a k e t l u a n Ne'u t h a y c h i f a p h u hdp t h i nha g i a o due c h i n e n d i i a r a n h i i n g gdi y m a t h o i c ong bat chUcie n h i i n g h i n h m a u x a n h i i cae n h a n v a t t r o n g t r u y e n , cac n h a n v a t l i c h s i i , p h i m a n h - T\i cho b a t c h u d e m o t each v6 y t h i i e d e n b a t c h u d c m o t each CO c h u d i n h , eo y t h i i c ^; • : bat „,,, - T i r b a t c h u d e t r o n g t r o c h d i d e n b a t ehude t r o n g cuoc song N e u g i i d n g la phiJdng p h a p t h u y e t p h u c t h o n g q u a n h i i n g t a m g i i d n g t r o n g cuoc song t h u e t i e n , t r o n g sach v d , bao c h i , t r o n g cac p h i i d n g t i e n t h o n g t i n d a i c h u n g hoac b a n g c h i n h su g i i d n g m l u cua n h a giao due de k i c h t h i c h t i n h t i c h cUc hoat d o n g t u d i f d n g , r e n l u y e n eua d o i t i i d n g giao due, d o n g v i e n k h u y e n k h i c h ho p h a n d a u l a m theo n h i i n g t a m g i i d n g T u y n h i e n t r o n g g i a o due k h o n g e h i b i e t d u n g n h i J n g t a m gUdng t o t , n h i J n g t a m g i f d n g c h i n h d i e n de g i a o due ma eon b i e t d i i a r a n h i i n g giidng x a u de c a n h bao, r a n de, n g a n ngCfa n h i J n g h a n h v i s a i t r a i ciia hoe s i n h Dae d i e m t a m l i eua hoc s i n h la h a y b a t c h d d c ( b a t chxidv chifdc c a i x a u r a t n h a n h ) Cac e m h a y s u y t o n v a t h a n t h a n h hoa n h i J n g n g i i d i m a eac e m y e u t h i c h V i t h e p h i i d n g p h a p neu 184 i^3.aBdn-:,-s:'ir.Kml chude CO s a n g t a o nhifng Cling CO t h e b a n g cac t a m gUdng ea c a i t o t v a c a i k h o n g t o t , thUe te cho t h a y cac e m bat A •.' - T i i b a t c h u d e m o t each n g u y e n m l u , m a y moc d e n Phuang phap neu gi/ong T h u y e t p h u c eo t h e bang Idi n o i , bang t i n h c a m - Tu: b a t c h u d e eac h i n h m l u g a n g i i i n h i i eha m e , ba, a n h c h i e m t r o n g g i a d i n h , b a n be t r o n g Idp d e n T i n h eha't c i i a sU b a t ehude t u y t h e o t u o i tac, t u y t h e o k i n h n g h i e m , t r i n h dUde g i a o d u e ciia ca nhan K h i v a n d u n g p h U d n g p h a p n e u g U d n g n h a g i a o due can can e i i v a o m u e t i e u , n o i d u n g g i a o due m a lUa c h o n n h i J n g t a m g U d n g t h a t d i e n h i n h de g i a o due B a n t h a n n h a giao due e i i n g p h a i l a ta'm g U d n g s a n g ve dao diie tac p h o n g , ve l o i song cho eac e m n o i t h e o " K h i dUa r a n h i i n g ta'm g U d n g cho cac e m hoc t a p c a n l U a chon n h i i n g t a m g U d n g g a n g i i i v d i cuoc s o n g c u a cae e m n h u ban be cung Idp, eung trUdng, nhiing ngUdi eiing que h u d n g , k h o n g n e n lUa c h o n n h i i n g ta'm g U d n g xa v d i t h i e u t h u c t e n h U n g ta'm g U d n g q u a l i t U d n g n h i e u k h i l a i l a m n h u t y c h i pha'n da'u c i i a eac e m , nha't l a do'i v d i t r e n h o t u o i 185 Tom lai, cac phifdng phap thuyet phuc nham hinh thanli y thilc cho ca nhan hoc sinh, giup cac em c6 nhiJng hieu biei can thiet ve cac chuan mvtc xa hoi, nhiJng quy tac, nhiing gi;') tri dao diic , qua hinh tinh cam, niem tin va doni; cd tiJ giao due hoan thien ban than Con ngiidi chi c6 tho hanh dong dung c6 nhan thttc va tinh cam dung Cac phiidng phap thuyet phuc la phUdng tien quan nhai giup ca nhan hoc sinh c6 nhan thiic va thai dung 2.2.2 Cac phuong phap to chut hoat dong nham hinh ki nang, kixao, hanh vi va thai quen Gia tri dao diic, nhan each cua ngUdi khdng chi nam nhan thilc va thai cua ho ma no diidc bieu hien cu the thong qua hanh vi cu the Chinh hanh vi m6i la thudc dao diic cua ngiidi Dieu c6 nghia la, nhiJng pham chat, nhi3ng net tinh each cua m6i ngUdi suy cho cung phai diidc the hien bang hanh vi, thoi quen, bang lo'i song lanh manh, c6 van hoa thiic tiln, nhan thiic va hanh dong, Idi noi va viec lam phai thong nhat v6i De cac chuan miic, cac quy tac ciia xa hoi chuyen cac pham chat nhan each thi phai dUde tap luyen thoi quen cua ngiidi Ban chat cua qua trinh giao due la qua trinh to chiic cuoc song, to ehiie hoat dong va giao liiu cho tre Vi the phiidng phap giao due tot nhat la diia tre vao hoat dong tap diidt, de ren luyen cac hanh vi tiidng ling thoi quen, nhiing net, nhiing pham chat ciia nhan each Chiic nang cd ban ciia nhom phiidng phap la hinh hanh vi va thoi quen thong qua viec to chiic cac loiU hinh hoat dong cho hoc sinh Nhom cac phUdng phap to chiic hoat dong gom c6 cac phUdng phap cu the sau: : 186 - Phiidng phap luyen tap; - Phifdng phap ren luyen a Phuang phap luyen tap Luyen tap tiic la to chiic cho tre thiic hien mot each deu (3an, CO ke hoach, c6 he thong cac hanh dong nhat dinh nh&m bien chiing thoi quen, nhiing thuoe tinh ben viing cua nhan each De luyen tap, nha giao due thUdng dUa hoe sinh vao cac loai hinh hoat dong da dang, phong phii mot each eo muc dich, CO ke hoach Co rKt nhieu loai hinh hoat dong khac nhii lao dong phuc vu ca nhan, lao dong san xuat, vui chdi giai tri, hoat dong xa hoi, sinh hoat tap the, tham quan du lich Thong qua viec to chiic cac hoat dong de nha giao due giao nhiing cong viec cu the, phii hdp cho tiing ca nhan ren luyen Trong qua trinh thiic hien nhiing eong viec difdc giao, ngifdi hoe sinh se tii minh tich luy diide nhiing kinh nghiem ling xii xa hoi Nha giao due ciing c6 the tan dung hoac tao cac tinh huo'ng giao due de luyen tap Cac tinh huong CO the dien qua trinh to chiic cac hoat dong cu the Luyen tap nhSm cung co'vuEng eh^c nhiing ki nang, ki xao, nhiing hanh vi vula difdc thiet lap thong qua on luyen mot each c6 he thong Luyen tap can diidc thiic hien cang s6m cang tot (uo'n cay eon non, day eon nho), qua trinh luyen tap phai dUde tien hanh thifdng xuyen va c6 he thong Liic nho tien hanh gia dinh, 16n len nha trUdng, xa hoi, d dau va liic nao diia tre ciing phai dUde luyen tap Luyen tap cang phong phii, cang da dang, moi tinh huong, moi hoan canh khac n h a u t h i gia t r i giao due can^r cao L u y e n tap p h a i thong qua eae loai h i n h hoat dong p h o n g p h u , da dang, hap d i n , t r a n h svi ddn dieu te nhat mdi cu6n h u t diide hoc s m h t h a m g i a eo hieu qua Khong nen go ej), b&t buoe hoc sinh t h a m gia vao n h f l n g hoat dong ma cac em k h o n g t h i c h , khong muon T u y n h i e n c&n giao due cac em k h o n g c h i l a m nhiJng cai m i n h t h i c h ma p h a i l a m ca n h Q n g cai xa h o i , tap the yeu cau Trong qua t r i n h to chiic h o a t dong luyen tap cho hoc sinh, nha giao due p h a i t h i i O n g xuyen theo d5i, k i e m t r a don doc v a c6 sii nhae nhci h a y g i i i p dd cac em k h i can t h i e t Cac hoat dong to chiic luyen t ^ p cho hoe sinh p h a i difde t i n h toan cho p h u hdp v i dac diem tam sinh l i hoc sinh, vdi dieu k i e n hoan canh cu t h e K h o n g n e n de hoc sinh luyen tap qua siic, luyen tap t r o n g nhiJng dieu k i e n , hoan canh c o h a i L u y e n tap bao gid cung nen d i tii de den kho, liie d a u cham n h U n g dung chinh xac, sau t a p cho dep r o i mdi t a n g n h a n h dan toe Neu luyen t a p voi vang, k h i dila t r e da c6 n h i i n g thao tac sai, k h i da t h a n h t h o i quen t h i r a t kho siLa L u y e n t a p p h a i c6 he thong, p h a i c6 muc t i e u , t i e u c h i ro r a n g L u y e n tap k h o n g c h i de h i n h t h a n h t h o i quen ma nhSm siia chiia, cai tao nhi3ng t h o i quen khong dung M o i p h U d n g phap luyen tap deu cho r a mot k e t qua toi Uu t U d n g ting V i vay, t r o n g qua t r i n h luyen t a p , n h a giao due can t h U d n g xuyen t h a y doi, t i m k i e m nhiJng p h U d n g phap l u y e n tap m d i eo h i e u qua cao h d n b Phuang phap ren luyen Ren luyen la p h U d n g phap giao due t r o n g nha giao due diJa hoc sinh vao cuoc song t h u e t i e n de t h a m gia vao cac 188 loai h i n h hoat dong khac n h a u n h a m the nghiem va the hien y thiie, t i n h cam, h a n h v i ciia m i n h Neu n h u t a p luyen cho hoc sinh i i n g x i i t r o n g cac t i n h huong gia d i n h , nhiJng t i n h huong giao vien va ban be d a t xa t h i r e n luyen doi hoi d miJc cao hdn, hoc sinh p h a i do'i m a t vdi t i n h huong thUe t r o n g dieu k i e n thUe cua cuoc song, ho phai t u nguyen t h a m gia giai quyet, qua nhiJng h a n h v i va t h o i quen diide h i n h t h a n h va cung eo'viJng eh^e hdn, cac k i nang, k i xao t h u ^ n thue va ben viJng hdn ,,,„,, Ren l u y e n la dUa hoc sinh vao cuoc song xa hoi, gkn l i e n cuoc song cua t r e em v d i cuoc song xa h o i , tiJ cac em tracing t h a n h theo yeu cau cua xa h o i Con ngUdi cang diidc ren l u y e n n h i e u cang c6 dieu k i e n t r i i n g t h a n h n h a n h Ren luyen la phiJdng thuoc hiJu hieu de nang cao ban l l n h ca nhan Con ngiJdi cang diJdc t o i l u y e n t h i b a n l i n h cang cao Ren l u y e n chii y e u la r e n luyen dong ed, r e n luyen y c h i ca nhan de vifdt qua nhiJng t r d ngai, de d a u t r a n h giiJa cai can lam va cai p h a i l a m giiJa cai c6 the va cai k h o n g the PhUdng phap r e n l u y e n ve thUe chat eiing nhkm hinh t h a n h t h o i quen, tiJc la eiJng p h a i l a m d i l a m l a i n h i e u Ikn, phai eiing eo', p h a i hoan t h i e n Thong qua r e n luyen de giup hoe s i n h t i c h l u y k i n h nghiem ting x i i xa hoi T u y vay, viee r e n luyen ciJng can c h u y den hiJng t h i i , nguyen vong, den nang l\ic, siJe khoe cua hoc sinh, dong thdi chu y den n h i i n g dieu k i e n r e n l u y e n T r o n g qua t r i n h r e n luyen, n h a giao due can chu y phat hien r a nhiJng thao tac, nhiJng t h o i quen ehiJa dung de tiep tuc u o n n a n , luyen tap l a i cho cac em Qua t r i n h r e n luyen phai diJdc t i e n hanh t r o n g cac loai h i n h hoat dong khac 189 Dvf mot buoi s i n h hoat 16p triJOng thong, lap dieu BAI T A P VAN D U N G L I L U A N GIAO D U G k h i e n mot hoat dong tap the va viet bao cao t h u hoach T H U G ve cac cong viec Hay neu va p h a n t i c h nhOng i f u , nhifdc diem cua con^^ tac chu n h i e m 16p h i e n c( mot triiOng thong ma anh chi biet ThvL TAI L I E U T H A M ' ' ' ; - Hom ehung ta l a i s i n h hoat n h i i t h u d n g le Le chiing ta p h a i k i e m diem t a t ca cac m a t cua Ictp nhiJ cac buoi sinh hoat trifdc day N h i f n g - giong thay hdi cang thSng - K H A O t r o n g t u a n vCfa r o i t i n h h i n h hoc tap cua Idp ta khong tie'n Ha The N g i i , D a n g V u Hoat Gido due hoc, tap 2, N X B len t i nao ma t r a i l a i cang d i xuo'ng doc V i the t h a y muon Giao due, 1987 16p ta hom ban r i e n g ve chuyen hoc t a p , ma van de chu Ha N h a t Thang, Le Tien H u n g To chi2c hoat dgng gido due, H a N o i , 1995 Gio SINH HOAT ' Chd cho ca 16p i m lang, t h a y mdi bat dau noi: len ke hoach giao due mot hoc s i n h ca biet va phan ' G O N G TAG G U A N G U O I GIAO V I E N Thay giao D u bu6c vao 16p ' '^"^ ' t i c h t a i l a i t i e n h a n h n h u the? T I E N vAo Nguyen Due Quang NhUng sinh cua ngiidi gido tinh huong vien chu nhiem, gido due hoc yeu la phai t i m r a b i n g diidc bien phap tot n h a t de giup dd cac ban hoc kem - n g i i n g mot l a t - t h a y noi tiep: Bay gid em Nga cho Idp sinh hoat d i : , ,, , , Em Nga d i len bang, vvfa gid so tay vvfa noi: N X B D H Q G Ha ' !' - - Trong t u a n viia qua, theo doi kiem t r a hoc tap cho biet N o i , 2000 •thi tong so diem ciia 16p ta la 122, diem xau chiem 43 va hau het la rdi vao cac ban Tarn, Long, H u n g , Quy, Giang ;;,Oii ">i>.yil!, x i a o i ' V- T i m t o i dap t h i n h t h i c h : T a i t u a n doi bong cua toi l a i nhieu diem x a u the nhi? Chang c6 gi la la ca, t u a n 16p toi k i e m t r a v i e t va mieng r a t n h i e u Toi ngang dau nghe •I J cai Nga noi tiep: - Truf mot h a i ngifdi r a , l a i so' dong cac ban h i n h i e u diem kem k h o n g p h a i la cac ban hoc yeu ma c h i n h la cac ban chua cham hoc, n h a t la cac ban hay da bong ,, 1) 234 • , v-» 'V'it.'^ -: isi I VK«1 Phong theo cuo'n: Bai tap thUc hanh gido due hoc ciia Nguyen D i n h C h i n h 235 - N h f l n g a i h a y da b o n g va bo hoc ? - T h d y D u h o i cai Nga - T h i f a t h a y , cac b a n : S a n g , Q u y , H u n g , G i a n g , Tan D u n g , D a t , T a r n , ThCfc, T h a i N h i n x u o n g cho b o n t o i , no n o i t i e p : G a n d a y dUdc 16p gop y, cac b a n S a n g , T a r n v a D u n g d a c h i u k h o hoc c o n cac k h a c t h i v i n l i i d i ' T h a n g T a r n n o i v d i t o i , g i o n g lo l a n g : „ t o i r o m o n m o t G a n g ve cuo'i g i o n g n o c a n g h a o h i i n g : - X e c g a y l a m o t c a u t h u ra't g i o i N h U n g X e c g a y k h o n g , p h a i m d i bo c u a X e c g a y - l a h u a ' n l u y e n v i e n d o i b o n g - d e n de n g h i k h o n g cho X e c g a y r a s a n b o n g n h i e u n h u t r U d c n i i a ," Thang Quy cung t h u t h i : idi , N h d sU n g h i e m k h a c c i i a bo, c6 q u y e t t a m cao n e n cuo'i c u n g , , - T a o sd t h a y g i a o d e n n h a m a c h t h i c h e t M a g i a i t a n doi b o n g t h i tiec l a m N g h e c h i i n g no n o i t o i c u n g d a m l o , b o i h o i , t i e n g tiec T o i liec v o i l e n b a n g x e m t h ^ y g i a o l a m g i T h a y D u van d i e m t i n h n g o i ci b a n c a i N g u y e t M o t l i i c t h a y m d i d i l e n b a n g n h i n ca Idp r o i h o i : « ~:A>ii us - Cac e m d a x e m bo p h i m " S u t , s i i t n i i a d i " c h u a ? Ca Idp nhao nhao: X e c g a y trci t h a n h m o t hoc s i n h k h a , m o t c a u t h u xua't sac diidc t h ^ y giao y e u me^ ^^ , \o d a n g d i n h n o i t i e p t h i t h a y D u d a r a h i e u cho no n g o i xuong va noi: , -.; - Da'y C l i n g l a d i e u t h a y muo'n n o i v d i cac e m , n h a ' t l a n h i i n g e m h a y d a b o n g , bo ca hoc - T h a y ngUdc m a t n h i n r a n g o a i n h i J n g g i o n g v a n s a n g s a n g - D i i d i che x a h o i c h u n g h i a , k h o n g c6 v i e c g i m a k h o n g c a n d e n k h o a hoc, k e ca m o n t h e due t h e t h a o N e u cac e m k h o n g c h i u k h o hoc t a p ifii - p.' _ T h U a t h a y h o m ay c h i e u cho ca x a x e m a! xem b a t d a u ke Q u a Idi no ke, t i i n g h i n h a n h h i e n r a trUdc m a t c h u y l a m d e n v i e c hoc t a p ci t r U d n g T h a y d a y X e c g a y buoc - C h e t r o i , S a n g a Em T h e l a t h a n g H a n h - "bo 6c d i e n t u " c u a 16p d i i n g d a y v a roi a! jyo ,bup t h i k h o n g t h e p h u c v u To quoc d i i d c t o t , l a cac e m t u d e m a t q u y e n hoc t a p c u a c a c e m ,',•,.,,,( 4, , y,^ • T a i l a i t h e n h i ? T u n h i e n t h a y l a i h o i c h u y e n p h i m S a u do, t h a y D u de c a i N g a t i e p t u c d i e u k h i e n Idp t h a o l a CO y gi? T o i chUa t r a I d i dUdc c a u h o i ay t h i t h a y D u l a i l u a n n h i i n g h i e n p h a p n a n g cao k e t q u a hoc t a p c i i a 16p hoi tiep: Rieng vdi doi bong c h u n g toi, cai Nga - E m nao n h d k i nhat? h a i y k i e n Co y k i e n t a m t h d i g i a i t a n d o i b o n g de d a m -Em v i e c hoc t a p c u a ca n h a n n h i i n g b a n t r o n g d o i c i i n g n h i i a! - E m n h d l a m a! ^ ' , , , < , - T h U a t h a y e m x e m h a i I a n cd a! 236 t o n g k e t l a i r a n g , c6 ,, ^ bao t h a n h t i c h hoe t a p c h u n g c i i a ca 16p K h i n a o cac b a n t r o n g d o i b o n g c h a m hoc v a d a t k e t q u a k h a m d i de d o i b o n g s i n h b o a t N g h e y k e n n a y m i c h u n g t o i k h o n g a i bao a i , v6 T h a y D u cUdi n o i : c u n g lo l a n g C o n y k i e n k h a c t h i va'n de d o i b o n g s i n h b o a t - E m H a n h d i i n g l e n k e l a i cho 16p n g h e di! ov;i>« lo/r b i n h t h i f d n g , n h i i n g m o i t h a n h v i e n h i i a se c h a m hoc, dam 237 - T r d i d i , t a i em l a i dam t r a n h l u ^ n v6i hoc s i n h ve bao ket qua hoc t a p , k h o n g t a i p h a m n h i i n g k h u y e t diein de t a i Co h a i day, chung no da biet gi dau, n h i i n g Idi em cua t u a n qua TnJ6c k h i 16p d i t i bieu quyet, t u y doi bong k h o n g cu n h i i n g toi danh p h a i d i i n g day x i n hiia thiic hien n h i i n g dieu noi l a i k i c h t h i c h t i n h to mo, l a m r u n g dong t i n h cam ciia chiing m a t t h o i L a n sau r i i t k i n h nghiem em nhe - T i n h yeu v6i ban be t h i viec gi p h a i noi Den mot luc k i e n cua 16p do'i v6i chung t o i Nhd vay h ^ u n h i l toan 16p nao t h i ngiidi t a kh^c biet ma t h o i Co day diidc yeu dong y v6i y k i e n sau Tif t r d di doi bdng chung t o i thiic giuc n h a u , giup d o dau ma - K h o n g nen k h u y e n k h i c h hoc s i n h lao sau vao de t a i n h a u hoc tap va nhd the chung t o i khong bi diem xau niJa, va cang cang dat n h i e u diem tot dua t h a n h t l c h hoc tap T r o n g v a n hoc n h i e u de t a i khac day! ^.1^ , toan 16p cang cang cao, difdc nha t r i i d n g bieu diidng Cau h o i Cau , T Cuoc t r a n h l u a n ciia giao v i e n v6i hoc s i n h ve de t a i Phan t i c h p h i i d n g phap tac dong song song t r o n g qua la d i i n g hay sai? N h i i n g cuoc t r a n h l u a n n h u the c6 tac t r i n h giao due qua cau t r u y e n t r e n d u n g nhif the nao? Phan tich cac k h a u ciia qua t r i n h giao due diidc the hien Ngifdi giao vien p h a i d i n dat hoc s i n h n h u the nao t r o n g qua cau chuyen t r e n cac cuoc t r a n h l u a n tUdng tU de xay d i i n g diidc n h i i n g D a n h gia nhijtng phifdng phap giao due ma giao vien v a bieu t i l d n g va k h a i niem d i i n g dan ve the gidi quan, ve tap the da sii dung dao diic va t h a m mi? D a n h gia each to chiic buoi s i n h boat I6p i f ; •! ' (if,' hoi " •'iSi'ti-: VE TINH BAN, TINH YEU Sau gid giang v a n d 16p l l A , cac em hoc sinh x i i m x i t q u a n h c6 giao de hoi ve t i n h yeu ciia anh T r o i va chi Quyen CHIEC BUT MAY B! THAT LAC " ^' " Gid chdi vao, k h i mci cap de chuan b i sach vci dCing cho t i e t sau t h i U y e n t h a y chiec b u t may m d i t i n h ciia m i n h da k h o n g canh ma bay E m voi vang t h i i a v6i c6 giao: t r o n g tac pham ''Song nhU anh" Chang may choc giiJa car - T h i i a CO, em bi mat b i i t a! em va c6 giao da mot cuoc t r a n h l u a n ve t i n h ban v a - E m yen t a m chac c6 ban nao mifdn, cuo'i gid ban ay se t i n h yeu K h i ve phong n g h i ciia giao vien, c6 giao hao h i i n g ke l a i cuoc t r a n h l u a n viia qua M o t so'dong nghiep da to khong dong t i n h v6i cuoc t r a n h l u a n ve de t a i nay: 238 , • t r a em H e t buoi hoc, chiec b i i t v i n biet v6 am t i n Sang hom sau,CO giao l a i noi: Nhufng nguyen t&c giao due nao da l a m cd sd cho viec tac cho chung t r a Idi va tU l a m theo Nhutng ban thUe hien tot se gianh diidc giai thiicing dong den Vu? Thay giao da thiic hien nhi3ng nguyen tSc n h i i the nao? Qua cau chuyen c6 the thay nhiJng dac diem gi t r o n g qua t r i n h giao due Vii? N h i i n g dac diem da dUdc the h i e n n h i i the nao? C a u hoi dieu gi ban k h o a n ve cae mon hoc, ve n h i i n g h i e n t i l d n g thUc te, ve cuoc song x i n mdi ban hay den cau lac bo M o t ban true cau lac bo se h i i d n g d ^ n ban g h i cau hoi vao phieu Ba sau ban se t i m diide sU chi dan t r e n bao bang N h i i n g cau hoi eua cac ban t r i f d n g toi dat t r o n g hom la: " H a y cho biet n h i i n g t h a n h txlu noi bat cua nganh du l i c h v i i N h i i n g cau lac bo loai d6 se l a m tot diidc n h i i n g k h a u dung hoat dong eiia cau lac bo Neu c6 ; , ciia qua t r i n h giao due se the h i e n n h i i the nao t r o n g noi hay eua ca n h a n ban trUdng t o i c6 cau lac bo giai dap thkc mkc nao eua qua t r i n h giao due? Mo'i l i e n he giiia cac k h a u H a y neu len nhiJng v i du eu the tii viec quan sat nhiJng BAN HOI, C H O N G TOI XIN TRA LCJI ' ' ''^ ^ D a n h gia viec to chiie eong tac giao due n h u vay do'i v d i n h i i n g hoc s i n h t r i i d n g P T T H h i e n tvfdng giao due tifdng i\l t r o n g thue te, qua sach bao •• """^ BAI PHAT BIEU Biidc vao phong h i t h i i chi bo la mot t h a n h n i e n t a m thiidc, khoe m a n h A n h la h i t h i i Doan T N C S nha t r i i d n g A n h noi: , ,- ' - T h i i a thay, sap t d i c6 H o i n g h i tong ket eong tac D o i toan t i n h , trUdng ta diidc cii mot so' dai bieu va doc t h a m l u a n Theo y k i e n t h a y chung ta nen cii doc t h a m l u a n va n h i i n g d i dU h o i nghi? tru? ", "Kho'i liidng t r a i dat la bao nhieu?", "Hay cung giai Thay b i t h i i ehi bo ciidi t r a Idi: v6i t o i mot bai tap v i i a siiu tarn diidc", "The nao la t i n h ban - Viec cii la y k i e n cua Ban chap h a n h Doan t r i i d n g , chan chinh?", "Chdi t h a n v6i mot ban gai eo p h a i la hxidc md toi k h o n g can t h i e p vao dau A n h ve to ehiic hop Ban chap dau eua t i n h yeu khong?", "Su gia doi t h i i d n g h i e n dien d h a n h t o i se xuo'ng d\i n h i i n g k h i a canh nao?" X i n gidi t h i e u them vdi ban, de t r a Idi diidc n h i i n g cau hoi la bo 6e tap the ciia cac thay c6 giao va n h i e u hoc sinh gioi t r i i d n g t o i N h i e u k h i n h i i n g cau t r a Idi l a i chi hudng dan cho ban t u t i m thay cau t r a Idi t r o n g cac sach bao ma t h o i Cau lac bo eiing t h i i d n g xuyen dat n h i e u cau hoi 242 Sau buoi hop, thay b i t h i i chi bo giii anh b i t h i i Doan va doan vien G, la ngiidi difde cii doc tham luan t a i hoi nghi d l a i - Viec cii d i d i i t h i chung ta l a m r o i The ban t h a m l u a n cac a n h d i n h ehuan b i the nao? - Thifa thay, em da viet s i n ca r o i - A n h b i t h i i Doan 243 m a u m a n r u t tii t r o n g c a p r a m o t t a p g i a y - G c h i v i e c doc that hay thoi ,• CO CAN S l / T L / G I A C lou ,•(• C u o i b u o i h o c , c6 M a n h h o i : T h a y b i t h u c h i bo c U d i h o i : - - T h e a n h k h o n g t r i n h b a y t h a m l u a n m a c o n c u G l a m gi? A n h bi thU chi doan lung tung: ' H o r n q u a a i d a n h g a y g h e c i i a I d p Co c a n sU t u g i a c c i i a cac e m Ca I d p c u i d a u i m l a n g B o n g T r a n d i l n g d a y : Arf luf uk-:, ' ^ Y t l i ' / ' - T h d i g i a n gap qua, em sd G c h u a n b i k h o n g k i p Q u a y s a n g p h i a G, t h a y b i t h u h o i : - T r o n g nhutng d a u e m d e n vdi c h i d o i L e V a n Tarn n h i i t h e nao? Cac e m c6 n g h e I d i e m n g a y k h o n g ? E m da d i n d a t cac e m t r d t h a n h c h i d o i k h a n h a t h u y e n n h a nhii" t h e nao? E m h a y k e l a i c h o t h a y n g h e d i G k e B a n d i u e m c o n l u n g t u n g , c o n s a u c a u c h u y e n c u a e m r a n h m a c h v a s i n h d o n g hkn l e n T h a y b i t h u c h i bo n g h e G k e h e t siic c h a m c h u , d o i k h i t h a y h o i e m t h e m ve n h u f n g c h i t i e t c h U a t h a t r o , cuo'i c u n g t h a y bao: - E m v e v i e t l a i n h i J n g I d i k e n a y n h e D o se l a b a i p h a t ^_ ,, p - Thufa CO h o r n q u a b a n - K h o n g , e m t r a I d i s a i c a u h o i r o i - Co M a n h cat n g a n g c a u t r a I d i c u a T r a n - Co m u o n b a n nao d a n h g a y g h e t\i n h a n l o i t r U d c Idp cd m a D e n l u c n a y H i J u m d i n a n g ne d i i n g day: \ • ^ - T h i i a CO, h o r n q u a e m m a i n g h i c h n e n d a n h g a y g h e c u a I d p , e m x i n l o i c6 va cac b a n ,^ • Co g i a o n h a c nhci H i J u va cac b a n p h a i b i e t g i i i g i n v a bao v e c u a c o n g Co k h e n H i u d a b i e t t\i g i a c T r U d c k h i r a k h o i I d p , CO h o i : - Gid s a u cac e m c6 k i e m t r a S i i p h a i k h o n g ? Cac e m se l a m b a i n h i i t h e nao? ^ ,,,, Ca Idp 61 o n ao h a n l e n b i e u c h a n t h u c v a h a y nha't c u a e m da'y - Q u a y s a n g a n h b i t h u D o a n t h a y dan - A n h duyet l a i va nhd la dtfng viet ho - T h i f a CO, t o t a , - T h i J a CO, k h o n g q u a y cop a C a u hoi H a y p h a n t i c h v a d a n h g i a n h i J n g b i e n p h a p g i a i q u y e t va'n de n e u t r e n c i i a t h a y b i t h u c h i bo v a b i t h i f D o a n t r U d n g - T h U a CO, t u giac l a m b a i a Co M a n h l i e n n o i : , r T r o n g t r i i d n g hdp n a y t h a y b i t h i i c h i bo da s\l d u n g n h i i n g n g u y e n tac giao due nao v a da svi d u n g n h u t h e nao? 244 ' > !,-:" m: , orfi rht , " Kfit ttt - Co t i n r a n g cac e m se t h i i c h i e n d i e u m i n h v\ia n o i n h i f cac e m v i i a t h e h i e n 245 ^ Cau hoi OAf.;j U ' Cau Co giao da sii d u n g n h i i t n g bien phap nao de giao due tinh trung thiic cho hoc s i n h ? M [ I J Uri iiirj hoi B'T,', , Co y k i e n gi ve each xtf s U ciia t h a y c6 giao vdi Xuan? Hay xay diJng ke hoach tac dong s U pham tdi Xuan lam V i giao l a i khong muo'n nghe Idi bao cao ciaa Tran? cho Xuan c6 h i i n g t h u hoc tap Hay l i giai xem n h i i n g bien NhQng bien phap giao due cua c6 giao da the hien su phap giao due phu hdp vdi cac nguyen t^c giao due nao? CO quan t r i e t cac nguyen tac giao due nao? Qlni f MAT L O N G T I N - , , > • , i BAG P H U T R A C H THIEU NIEN M o t so' em nho t h i l d n g t u t a p trudc ciia nha tap the vao ^ Gid hoc nao cung the, cii vao d U d c may p h u t la X u a n l a i x i n phep ngoai, hay te hdn la cau bo l u o n quan nude ngoai t r i f d n g ngoi M a c6 d t r o n g Idp t h i X u a n x i n phep r a ngoai la cac thay c6 phay tay mdi luon, c6 c6 b i u m o i n h i n X u a n bifdc r a M o t Ian X u a n nghich qua, t h a y dia l i r a t nhe nhang xuong v6 v a i X u a n : cac buoi t o i Cac em t r e u choc cac ban gai, noi bay, h u t thuoc la p h i pheo T r o n g d6 c6 mot em dau t r o toe t a i b u x u , c6 dieu c U d i m i a m a i , mom meo xech M o t bac da gia, ve h u u t h i i d n g t i m each Ian la chuyen t r o vdi cac em Bac da biet diidc hoan canh t t o g em t r o n g k h u nha Thong qua em dau t r o bac da nhd cac em dong ho mot so t h u n g rac bang go tap Luc ddng xong may bac chau - Xuan di, em ngoai k i a ma chdi k i a ! Gid ciia toi la em ciL ngoai k i a chdi cho cac ban hoc nhe Toi khong m^ng daul l i e n hoan bang b a n h keo Cac em doi bac mua t h e m thuoc la n h i i n g bac k h o n g dong y Sau d6 bac den trufdng cac em hoc Bang d i mot t h d i gian khong t h a y X u a n den t r i i d n g Cac de n g h i nha t r i l d n g t u y e n difdng cac em ve viec giup dd ve t h a y C O deu thci phao nhe nhom H o m X u a n den t r i i d n g s i n h d k h u tap the Bac ciing de n g h i B a n quan l i k h u tap x i n l a i hoc ba Thay hieu hoi em: the neu gifdng cac em M o t so' em r a t t h i c h t h i i va de n g h i bac cho don ve s i n h t r o n g k h u n h a , l a m san chdi Bac dong y! - T a i khong d i hoc nfla? E m d i n h x i n viec d dau? The la tii moi ngiidi t r o n g k h u tap the bat dau n h i n cac e m bang m a t t h i e n cam hdn D a n da c6 ra't n h i e u em X u a n c U d i chua chat, t r a Idi: - Co t h i c h d a y em dau h a t h a y M a em be the n a y t h i biet x i n viec cf dau Em la t h a n g dot n a t , l a i h a y p h a p h a c h Cac thky c6 deu b a o the T h o i , t h a y cho em bo hoc de khoi a n h h U d n g tdi n h a t r i J d n g , t d i cac 246 em c i i n g la bo d i r o i t h a y c6, t d i cac ban t h a m gia Bac chia cac em t h a n h t i i n g n h o m Cac em Idn p h u t r a c h cac em be Doi t h i dua v d i doi k i a N e n nep cua cac e m t r o n g k h u tap the da k h a hdn Du Cau hoi ' ^ -"'^^ '" , M a t CO giao t h o a n g len Co h o i l a i , giong n g h i e m khac hdn: - Ngay m a i em se triic n h a t l a i chii? Co the hom em ' ' Co giao da sii d u n g phUdng phap nao de tac dong t d i Van? D a n h gia h a n h v i ciia c6 giao .-'vii.aiv? t s M i u f ^ / ^ V i C O l a i k h o n g chap t h u a n i l e n g h i ciia V a n ma bao em noi vdi 16p triicing? • • ' ' •• • , .| - E m k h o n g t h i c h ! - Sau mot luc diing i m , V a n mien cUdng t r a Idi .a''*' Cau h o i 13 TRUYEN TIN N h i e u giao v i e n day Idp 6C t h a n phien rkng dao Idp den muon p h a i khong? qua on v i cac em mdi n g h i mot t r o chdi m d i : viet vao - ThiJa C O , em k h o n g t h i c h triic n h a t ! - T a i l a i " k h o n g t h i c h " diidc? - Co giao on ton hoi T r o n g tap the, k h o n g the noi la t h i c h hay khong t h i c h Em t h i suy n g h i xem, ca Idp c6 40 hoc s i n h t h i nhiJng qua n h i i n g m a u giay r o i nem cho n h a u T r o n g gid ngiJ phap ciia giao vien chu n h i e m , sau k h i goi mot hoc s i n h l e n bang ong t h a y V i l i i i h i i i v i e t gi vao mot cac ban da Ian lUdt l a m ca r o i E m c6 gi dac biet hdn cac m a u giay r o i nem cho ban ngoi d day ben canh M a y ban tay ban? Co nhdc l a i , do'i v6i nghia v u cua m i n h t h i khong the gid r a chan diidng bay ciia vien giay noi t h i c h hay k h o n g t h i c h ma p h a i thuc h i e n Ch^c r i n g em - ' I E m dang l a m gi day Vi? - Thay giao hoi mit nhin ciing muon ngoi hoc t r o n g mot 16p sach se Chac em khong t h a n g vao c6 hoc t r o dang luo'ng cuo'ng - E m r a k h o i cho muon t r t h a n h mot ke an bam E m ngoi xuong suy n g h i l a i n h a t td giay m a n g l e n day cho t o i roi hay tra Idi CO , ji., Sang hom sau V a n d i s6m triJc n h a t Sau em chay d i t i m CO giao: - ThUa C O , em da trUc n h a t r o i N h i i n g em khong muon triic n h a t v6i ban L a n , Ian sau c6 difng b&t em triic n h a t vdi ban ay Co giao k h e n ngdi V a n : - E m da suy n g h i dung r o i day Con dieu em de n g h i , em hay noi vdi 16p trUdng C h i n h Idp triicing phan cong cac cap true n h a t day chiL 250 V i nang ne r d i cho n h a t m a n h giay, bo'i ro'i v6 n a t t r o n g tay E m k h o n g biet nen mang len cho th&y giao hay v i l t d i - E m cii m a n g l e n day Toi se k h o n g doc nhiJtng dieu b i mat cua em dau fj,, x V i mang m a u giay dat len ban giao vien jiitAju I'uv - Bay gid, cat het sach vci d i Toi se dap dug nguyen vong cua cac em - T h a y giao noi tiep - Chung ta se v i e t t a t ca nhiJng dieu b i m a t vao giay va nem cho n h a u Neu gid chufa het, ta se v i e t ca t r o n g gid chdi, t h a m chi ca nhijfng tiet sau niJa 251 V i dilng len: ^^?'J> s f-io • Dong y v6i each giai quyet nhif vay ciia c6 giao Theo ho, each giai quyet la tarn l i giup em hoe sinh gifl dUdc uy t i n tr\idc tap the, qua c6 t h e siia chiJa viidn len K h o n g dong y v i cho r a n g la k i e u giao due tifdng t u nh\i chien xifng t o i triicic cha co", t h i e u sU van dung siic m a n h cua t a p the hoe sinh t r o n g cong tac giao due Trifdc t r i f d n g hdp ban se giai quyet nhif the nao? Tren ed sci nguyen tac giao due, hay l i giai t i n h chat dung dSn t r o n g each g i a i quyet ciia m i n h fit* ; J ;:;-in^jO tv^d • Mo •'•iva o-^ D a n h gia p h i i d n g phap sif p h a m cua thay T h u a n Cau chuyen cua thay T h u i n neu c6 y nghia n h i i the nao? 18 NOI VA LAM ngUdi m6i Viet N a m X H C N N h i i n g co giao chii nhiem l a i nhan thay Van l a mot ke ich k i , khong thich t h a m gia cac hoat Can CO nhiJng bien phap giao due n h u the nao de tac y Q u a i l a , t a i h o m 16p l a i on t h e nhi? - thay T h u a n thoang n g h i Thay noi: - Neu cac em t r a t t i i , cuo'i gid t o i se t a n g ca 16p mot cau chuyen c6 tieh Gid hoe nghiem tue t r o i qua m o t each n h a n h noi nhieu den nhutng net dep loi song ve viec xay dUng dong tap the, chifa co uy t i n v6i cac ban 16p :tBfg; 17 CAU CHUYEN CO TiCH chong ThUc hien Idi hiia ciia m i n h , thay T h u a n hit d a u ke: - Ngay xiia, xifa ngvfdi sinh r a k h o n g p h a i nhif the NgUdi t a c6 nhutng hai cai mom va chi c6 mot cai t a i D a n dan, vai ngUdi m6i thay difde sU bat t i e n K h i noi t h i h a i cai mom eiing t r a n h n h a u noi, eh&ng the nao nghe ro Con mot cai t a i t h i nghe dUdc i t qua Luc ho mdi len t r i n h bay 256 • ii.ii.M lam ho sd giang day Trong n h i i n g bai van cua em t r i c h d ^ n va B a n CO y k i e n g i v6i h a i y k i e n neu tren? *• (,,,! O A : : ) i - ! v : - y n ... Sau day cbung ta se phan t i c h tufng nhom pbifdng phap giao due cu the 2. 2 He thong cac phi/ctng phap giao due 2. 2.1 Cac phuang phap thuyet phuc Thuyet phuc la phiidng phap tac dong vao nhan... , ngiidi giao vien chu nhiem p h a i k h o n g ngCfng t q hoan t h i e n m i n h ve moi mat f 22 0 22 1 V i e c h o a n t h i e n b a n t h a n p h a i dUdc t i e n h a n h thifdnf^ c a n h s o... phiidng phap thuyet phuc la phUdng tien quan nhai giup ca nhan hoc sinh c6 nhan thiic va thai dung 2. 2 .2 Cac phuong phap to chut hoat dong nham hinh ki nang, kixao, hanh vi va thai quen Gia tri dao