Chuyên đề: CÁC KĨ NĂNG LÀM BÀI TẬP ĐỌC HIỂU TRONG ĐỀ THI THPTQG Compiled by Mrs Trang Anh Facebook: Mrstranganh87 I Các bước làm tập đọc hiểu thi THPTQG Đọc câu hỏi trước, chưa vội đọc lựa chọn trả lời Vì biết kiểu câu hỏi phải trả lời dễ dàng tìm câu trả lời Đọc kĩ câu hỏi phương án trả lời, gạch từ khóa, tập trung vào từ khóa đọc để tìm câu trả lời Tùy vào kiểu câu hỏi để có chiến lược làm khác Không thiết phải làm từ đầu đến cuối, mà câu dễ làm trước, câu khó để lại sau II Các dạng câu hỏi thường gặp cách làm Câu hỏi main ideas(ý tưởng đoạn văn) Nó thường bắt đầu câu hỏi sau: - What does the passage mainly discuss? - What is the topic/subject of the passage? - The author’s main purpose in the passage is to… - What is the main topic of this passage? - What is the best title for the passage? - Where was the passage possibly taken from? - What does the first/ second/ paragraph discuss? - What is the purpose of the passage? - The passage was written to - The writer of this passage is trying to - The most suitable title for the passage could be - The passage mainly discusses - The purpose of the passage is - The passage is intended to => Ý tưởng đoạn văn thường tập trung phần đầu đoạn văn, nên tập trung vào phần đoạn văn đầu Tuy nhiên, có câu hỏi main ideas đặt xuống cuối thứ tự câu hỏi Với trường hợp này, ý tưởng đoạn văn rút từ việc hiểu nội dung tồn Do đó, câu nên làm cuối Ví dụ 1: “Different cultures follow their own special customs when a child's baby teeth fall out In Korea, for example, they have the custom of throwing lost teeth up on the roof of a house According to tradition, a magpie will come and take the tooth Later, the magpie will return with a new tooth for the child In other Asian countries, such as Japan and Vietnam, children follow a similar tradition of throwing their lost teeth onto the roofs of houses.” What is the passage mainly about? A Presents for young children’s lost teeth B Customs concerning children's new teeth C Animals eating children's lost teeth D traditions concerning children's lost teet Ví dụ 2: We get great pleasure from reading The more advanced a man is, the greater delight he will find in reading The ordinary man may think that subjects like philosophy or science are very difficult and that if philosophers and scientists read these subjects, it is not for pleasure But this is not true The mathematician finds the same pleasure in his mathematics as the school boy in an adventure story For both, it is a play of the imagination, a mental recreation and exercise What does the passage mainly discuss? A Different types of books B Different kinds of reading C Reading as an exercise for the brain D Reading as a pleasurable activity Câu hỏi stated details - Các câu bắt đầu bằng: According to the passage, - Các câu hỏi phủ định với NOT EXCEPT TRUE như: Which of the following statements is NOT /TRUE according to the passage? All of the followings are bees' main sources of food EXCEPT => Cách làm: Khi gặp câu hỏi đọc tìm chi tiết, thực theo bước sau: Bước 1: Xác định keywords câu hỏi/ câu trả lời Bước 2: Đọc lướt để tìm keywords xác định bước Notes: - Chỉ tập trung vào tìm "keywords" - Lướt hàng đọc dừng lại phát "keywords" - Đơi khơng tìm xác "keywords" mà có từ/ cụm từ đồng nghĩa/ trái nghĩa Bước 3: Dừng lại thấy "keywords" Đọc kỹ thông tin trước sau "keywords" xem có phục vụ cho việc trả lời câu hỏi khơng Nếu khơng liên quan đến câu hỏi, tiếp tục tìm chỗ mà keywords xuất tìm câu trả lời cho câu hỏi Ví dụ 3: “ Birds aren't the only animals thought to take lost teeth In Mexico and Spain, tradition says a mouse takes a lost tooth and leaves some money However, in Mongolia, dogs are responsible for taking teeth away Dogs are highly respected in Mongolian culture and are considered guardian angels of the people Tradition says that the new tooth will grow good and strong if the baby tooth is fed to a guardian angel Accordingly, parents in Mongolia will put their child's lost tooth in a piece of meat and feed it to a dog.” * According the passage, where is a child's lost tooth thought to be taken away by a mouse? In Mongolia B In Korea C In Japan and Vietnam D In Mexico and Spain Ví dụ 4: Marriage was not so much a romantic love story but a business transaction, or deal Most marriages were arranged between parents while their children were still very young It was the custom that the fathers made the decision on whom their children were going to marry The mothers had little say in it since they rarely made any decisions outside the household The fathers would meet to arrange the wedding date and the money given for the bride on her wedding date The more money and land a girl had, the more chances she had to marry well Therefore, it was important that her father choose the bridegroom very well Usually, it was someone who came from a good family or who was rich too It was very unlikely that people married outside their social class The author mentions all of the following in the passage EXCEPT A People tended to marry outside their social class B Men made almost all decisions inside the family C Marriage used to be a deal between two families D The wedding date was decided by the fathers Từ vựng văn cảnh Một số câu hỏi tìm nghĩa từ: - What is the word/ phrase "abc" closest in meaning to? - What does the word/ phrase "abc" most closely mean? - The word/ phrase "abc" mostly means " " - The word/ phrase "abc" most likely means " " - The word/ phrase "abc" most closely means " " - The word/ phrase "abc" can be best replaced by " " => Ý nghĩa từ xác định dự đoán được: TH1: Ý nghĩa từ thường gợi ý từ đồng nghĩa cụm từ giải thích từ TH2: Ý nghĩa từ dự đốn thơng qua ngữ cảnh câu đoạn văn có từ Cách làm: + Finding - Xác định vị trí từ vựng: thường từ vựng câu hỏi in đậm văn bạn khơng gặp khó khăn việc tìm kiếm chúng đâu + Reading and Understanding – Đọc hiểu: Dạng câu hỏi thực đơn giản nhiều so với dạng khác bạn cần đọc câu văn chứa từ vựng từ đến hai câu xung quanh để hiểu ý nghĩa từ vựng + Eliminating or Choosing – Loại bỏ Chọn lựa: Sau hiểu ý nghĩa sắc thái từ vựng, bạn loại bỏ từ khơng phù hợp Ví dụ từ vựng mang nghĩa tích cực hay gạch bỏ đáp án mang tính tiêu cực Một số ý đoán nghĩa từ: - Đơi người đọc biết hết nghĩa từ hỏi đáp án đưa Tuy nhiên, cần đọc kỹ ngữ cảnh trước chọn câu trả lời từ có nhiều nghĩa khác ngữ cảnh khác - Nắm vững ý nghĩa tiền tố hậu tố để đốn nghĩa xác Ví dụ 5: when three young whales were trapped in the sea It was close to winter and the sea had begun to freeze over Whales are mammals that require oxygen from the air, so the frozen ice was a great danger to them All they had then was a tiny hole in the ice for them to breathe through Volunteers from all over soon turned up to help these creatures They cut holes in the ice to provide more breathing holes for the whales These holes would also serve as guides for the whales so that they could swim to warmer waters The word “tiny” in paragraph probably means _ A very small B very deep C very fat D very ugly Ví dụ 6: The idea of giving lost teeth to an angel or fairy is also a tradition in the West Many children in Western countries count on the Tooth Fairy to leave money or presents in exchange for a tooth The exact origins of the Tooth Fairy are a mystery, although the story probably began in England or Ireland centuries ago The word "origins" in paragraph is closest in meaning to _ A countries B families C beginnings D stories Câu hỏi tìm mối liên hệ Các loại câu hỏi đọc tìm mối liên hệ: - What does the word "abc" refer to? - The word "abc" refers to " " Cách làm: Bước 1: Tìm từ liên hệ đọc Bước 2: Đọc kỹ thông tin trước sau từ để tìm từ/cụm từ mà từ liên hệ tới Những từ liên hệ thường nằm câu phía trước Bước 3: + Tìm từ/cụm từ => chọn câu trả lời + Thử thay từ liên hệ từ/cụm từ cho xem có hợp lý khơng Ví dụ 7: “Marriage nowadays is a choice people make on their own, but this has not always been the case in society Thousands of years ago, the average lifespan was shorter than it is today A man usually lived until he was about 40 years old, while women died even sooner because of childbirth There were many wars and illnesses, and people had to protect themselves by having more children while they were still young The parents lived through their children.” * The word "it" in paragraph refers to A marriage B a choice C society D the average lifespan Ví dụ 8: Different cultures follow their own special customs when a child's baby teeth fall out In Korea, for example, they have the custom of throwing lost teeth up on the roof of a house According to tradition, a magpie will come and take the tooth Later, the magpie will return with a new tooth for the child In other Asian countries, such as Japan and Vietnam, children follow a similar tradition of throwing their lost teeth onto the roofs of houses The word "their" in paragraph refers to A houses' B roofs' C children's D countries' Câu hỏi suy ngẫm (inference and reasoning questions) Các câu hỏi suy luận thường gặp tập đọc: - What can be inferred from the passage? - It can be inferred from the passage that - The passage/author implies that _ - Which of the following best describes the tone of the passage? Đây kỹ đọc hiểu khó vì: + u cầu người đọc rút kết luận dựa vào thông tin + Người đọc phải hiểu kỹ nội dung đọc + Người đọc phải hiểu ý sâu xa => Cách làm: Để câu hỏi làm cuối, sau hiểu ý tưởng chung toàn dễ dàng tìm câu trả lời III Các tập áp dụng Overpopulation, the situation of having large numbers of people with too few resources and too little space, is closely associated with poverty It can result from high population density, or from low amounts of resources, or from both Excessively high population densities put stress on available resources Only a certain number of people can be supported on a given area of land, and that number depends on how much food and other resources the land can provide In countries where people live primarily by means of simple farming, gardening, herding, hunting, and gathering, even large areas of land can support only small numbers of people because these labor intensive subsistence activities produce only small amounts of food In developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and the countries of Western Europe, overpopulation generally is not considered a major cause of poverty These countries produce large quantities of food through mechanized farming, which depends on commercial fertilizers, large-scale irrigation, and agricultural machinery This form of production provides enough food to support the high densities of people in metropolitan areas A country’s level of poverty can depend greatly on its mix of population density and agricultural productivity Bangladesh, for example, has one of the world’s highest population densities, with 1,147 persons per sq km A large majority of the people of Bangladesh engage in low – productivity manual farming, which contributes to the country's extremely high level of poverty Some of the smaller countries in Western Europe, such as the Netherlands and Belgium, have high population densities as well These countries practice mechanized farming and are involved in high-tech industries, however, and therefore have high standards of living At the other end of the spectrum, many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have population densities of less than 30 persons per square km Many people in these countries practice manual subsistence farming; these countries also have infertile land, and lack the economic resources and technology to boost productivity As a consequence, these nations are very poor The United Slates has both relatively low population density and high agricultural productivity; it is one of the world's wealthiest nations High birth rates contribute to overpopulation in many developing countries Children are assets to many poor families because the provide labor, usually for farming Cultural norms in traditionally rural societies commonly sanction the value of large families Also, the governments of developing countries often provide little or no support, financial or political, for family planning; even people who wish to keep their families small have difficulty doing so For all these reasons, developing countries lend to have high rates of population growth Question 1: Which of the following is given a definition in paragraph 1? A Overpopulation B Population density C Simple farming D Poverty Question 2: According to the passage, what will suffer when there are excessively high population densities? A Available resources B Skilled labor C Farming methods D Land area Question 3: The phrase "that number" in paragraph refers to the number of _ A people B densities C resources D countries Question 4: It can be inferred from the passage that In certain countries, large areas of land can only yield small amounts of food because _ A there is a lack of mechanization B there are small numbers of laborers C there is on abundance of resources D there is no shortage of skilled labor Question 5: According to the passage, Bangladesh is a country where the level of poverty depends greatly on A its population density only B both population density and agricultural productivity C population density in metropolitan areas D its high agricultural productivity Question 6: The word “infertile” in paragraph probably means _ A disused B impossible C unproductive D inaccessible Question 7: Which of the following contributors to overpopulation in many developing countries is TRUE according to the passage? A High-tech facilities B Economic resources C Sufficient financial support D High birth rate Question 8: Which of the following could be the best title for the passage? A High Birth Rate and its Consequences B Overpopulation: A Cause of Poverty C Overpopulation: A Worldwide Problem D Poverty in Developing Countries ... passage? Đây kỹ đọc hiểu khó vì: + Yêu cầu người đọc rút kết luận dựa vào thông tin + Người đọc phải hiểu kỹ nội dung đọc + Người đọc phải hiểu ý sâu xa => Cách làm: Để câu hỏi làm cuối, sau hiểu ý tưởng... mối liên hệ Các loại câu hỏi đọc tìm mối liên hệ: - What does the word "abc" refer to? - The word "abc" refers to " " Cách làm: Bước 1: Tìm từ liên hệ đọc Bước 2: Đọc kỹ thông tin trước sau từ... EXCEPT => Cách làm: Khi gặp câu hỏi đọc tìm chi tiết, thực theo bước sau: Bước 1: Xác định keywords câu hỏi/ câu trả lời Bước 2: Đọc lướt để tìm keywords xác định bước Notes: - Chỉ tập trung