Investigating english vietnamese translation of geology texts

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ CÚC INVESTIGATING ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF GEOLOGY TEXTS (NGHIÊN CỨU VIỆC DỊCH ANH - VIỆT CÁC TÀI LIỆU CHUYÊN NGÀNH ĐỊA CHẤT) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Hanoi - 2016 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYỄN THỊ CÚC INVESTIGATING ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE TRANSLATION OF GEOLOGY TEXTS (NGHIÊN CỨU VIỆC DỊCH ANH - VIỆT CÁC TÀI LIỆU CHUYÊN NGÀNH ĐỊA CHẤT) M.A MINOR PROGRAMME THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Lê Hùng Tiến Hanoi - 2016 Certificate of originality I, Nguyễn Thị Cúc, hereby claim the originality of my study Unless otherwise indicated, this is my own piece of academic accomplishment Signature Acknowledgements I am sincerely grateful to Assoc Prof Dr Lê Hùng Tiến, my supervisor, for his guidance, valuable suggestions, and precious advice during the course of my MA thesis writing Without his guidance, encouragement and critical comments, the study would have never been completed My sincere gratitude goes to all my professors and lecturers at the University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, for their enthusiastic teaching and tremendous knowledge that have directly or indirectly enlightened my research paper I would like to take this chance to thank all of my colleagues at Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Basic Sciences, and at Faculty of Geology at Hanoi University of Mining and Geology for their constant encouragement and the favorable conditions they provided Finally, I also wish to express my great thanks to my parents, my husband for their love, support and share of housework and childcare Without their help, this thesis could not have gained the current status Hanoi, October - 2016 Nguyễn Thị Cúc Abstract This thesis is targeted at investigating the English - Vietnamese translation of geology texts Specifically, it is more concerned with the translation of some typical lexical and syntactic features in English geology texts which include geological terminologies, nominalizations, the passives, the relative clauses, and anticipatory empty subject It because of their highly frequent occurrence in investigated geology texts Major findings of the study are discovered: First, transposition is the main procedure applied to translate geology terminologies and nominalizations Next, modulation and transposition stand out to be the two main translation procedures in translating the passive sentences and the empty subject It In the third place, transposition, omission, and addition are three popular translation procedures applied in translation of the relative clauses Besides, there are some lexical and syntactic translation problems which can be solved if the translators are trained to have not only translation skills, specialized knowledge but also English proficiency Some main conclusions are accordingly drawn out In the first place, geology texts have more or less the same characteristics of technical and scientific documents In the second place, although translation methods and procedures applied in translation differ and diversify from one lexical and syntactic feature to another, transposition, modulation, omission, and addition are four common translation procedures applied in translation of geology texts Abbreviations SL: source language TL: target language ST: source text TT: target text N: Noun Adj: Adjective V: Verb NP: Noun phrase VP: Verb phrase TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality Acknowledgements ii Error! Bookmark not defined Astract iii Acknowledgements iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Part A: Introduction 1 Rationale Study objectives Scope of the study Methodology Design of the study Part B: Development Chapter 1: Theoretical background 1.1 Translation methods/procedures 1.1.1 Transpositions 1.1.2 Modulations 1.1.3 Omissions 1.1.4 Additions 1.2 Translation equivalence 1.3 Technical translation 1.4 Geology texts 10 Chapter 2: Methodology 2.1 Study subject 12 12 2.2 Data collection 12 Chapter 3: Findings and Discussion 14 3.1 Translation of geological terminologies with transposition procedure 14 3.1.1 Translation of single geological terms with transposition 15 3.1.2 Translation of compound geological terms with transposition 3.2 Translation of the passives with modulation and transposition 16 17 3.2.1 Translation of English passive structures into Vietnamese active ones with modulation procedure 17 2.2.2 Translation of English passive structures into Vietnamese passive ones with transposition procedure 20 3.3 Translation of the relative clauses with transposition, omission, and addition 22 3.3.1 Translation of the relative clauses with transposition 3.3.2 Translation of the relative clauses with omission 25 3.3.3 Translation of the relative clauses with addition 26 23 3.4 Translation of the empty subject It with transposition and modulation 27 3.4.1 Translation of the structure It + be + Ven + that clause with transposition and modulation 27 3.4.2 Translation of the structure It + be + adjective + to V with modulation 28 3.5 Translation of the nominalizations with transposition procedure 29 3.5.1 Translation of SL noun phrases with TL verb phrases 30 3.5.2 Translation of SL noun phrases with TL noun phrases 31 3.6 Problems in English - Vietnamese translation of geology texts, possible causes and solutions 32 3.6.1 Lexical problems 32 3.6.2 Syntactic problems 33 3.6.3 Possible causes and solutions 34 Part C: Conclusion 36 Major findings 36 Conclusions 36 Implications for English - Vietnamese translation of geology texts 38 Study limitations 39 Suggestions for further research 39 REFERENCES 40 APPENDIXES 43 Part A: Introduction Rationale Recent developments in science and technology have highlighted the acute need for scientific and technical translation because of its pivotal role in disseminating the latest scientific and technical knowledge At Faculty of Geology, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, English for Geology is a compulsory subject and an essential tool for geology - majored students to be most updated with geological advances in the world They usually have to deal with geology - related documents in English through various kinds of exercises like reading comprehension or translation tasks To many students, translating geology - specialized texts from English into Vietnamese is a difficult and demanding task As an ESP teacher, I frequently apply translation as an indispensable means to promote the students' better comprehension of English spoken or written technical documents in general and geology texts in particular The outcomes, however, are not highly pleasing since in most cases students could not give fully clarified explanations of geological terms or perfect translation versions of difficult texts, and the like The reasons may be consequences of inadequate knowledge of English or lack of translation skills In addition, as doing researches in applied linguistics is one of mandatory duties of university lecturers, I occasionally pay serious attention to translation of scientific and technical texts, especially geology ones I find doing research on this issue problematic since so far there has been very little discussion about English Vietnamese translation of geology documents The above-mentioned reasons inspired me to carry out an M.A minor thesis titled investigating English - Vietnamese translation of geology texts in the hope that the study can find out the major factors affecting the translation process, figure out prominent applied translation methods and procedures, problems, solutions and possibly provide useful implications to English - Vietnamese translation of geology 10 misunderstandings which can lead to wrong or inadequate translations Hopefully, the thesis will be of some use to the translators who are dealing with English Vietnamese translations of geology texts Study limitations Within the limited study framework of a minor M.A thesis and due to the author’s limited study skills and knowledge, undeniably, this thesis paper has some inevitable limitations In term of lexical items, only the bold terms in the investigated geology texts are analyzed; therefore, the paper can only focus on the nouns while other parts of speech like verbs are not addressed In term of syntactic structures, examples of different syntactic issues are extracted from the study subject with a limited number; therefore, it should be more adequate if all the examples of these issues present in the data are listed, generalized and then analyzed to achieve more accurate findings Suggestions for further research Although aimed to provide implications on English - Vietnamese translations of geology texts, the study can hardly satisfy the interested readers due to limited data collection and insufficiency of discussed issues Many other interesting aspects in English - Vietnamese translations of geology texts can be taken into consideration for further research First, the translation of the third persons or the present tenses in the geology texts can become feasible study topics Second, the further study can also carry out a deeper investigation into one of lexical items and syntactic features mentioned in the thesis 48 REFERENCES English Books Baker, M (1992), In Other Words: a Coursebook on Translation, Routledge, London Baker, M (1992), In Other Words, Routledge, London Bell, R T (1998), Psychological/cognitive approaches, In M Baker (ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies, Routledge, London & New York Byrne, J (2006), Technical Translation: Usability Strategies for Translating Technical Documentation, Springer, the Netherlands Catford, J C (1965), A Linguistic Theory of Translation: an Essay on Applied Linguistics, Oxford University Press, London Cobuild, C (1990), English Grammar, Collins Publishers, London Delisle, J et al (1999), Translation Terminology, John Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia Fetter, C.W (1993), Applied Hydrogeology (3rd Ed.), Prentice Hall, New York Halliday, M A K (2004), An Introduction to Functional Grammar (Revised by Mathieson, C.M.I.M., Ed), London: Arnold 10 Halliday, M.A.K (1967), Notes on transitivity and theme in English (Part and 2), Journal of Linguistics 3, 37-81; 199-244 11 Halliday, M.A.K & Martin, J R (1993), Writing science: literacy and discursive power, Falmer Press, London 12 Hatim, B A (2014), Teaching and Researching Translation (2 ed.), Routledge, USA 49 13 Hoàng Văn Vân (2005), Translation: Theory and Practice, Education Publisher, Hanoi 14 Holtz, M (2011), Nominalisation in Scientific Discourse: A Corpus-based Study of Abstracts and Research Articles Archived on 14/7/2016 from ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/publications/cl2009/341_FullPaper.doc 15 Koller, W (1979), Equivalence in Translation Theory, Translated by Andrew Chesterman, In Readings in Translation Theory, Andrew Chesterman (ed.), pp 99-104, Oy Finn Lectura, Helsinki 16 Larson, L (1984), Meaning Based Translation: A guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, University Press of America, Lanham 17 Newmark, P (1981), Approaches to Translation, Pergamon Press, Oxford 18 Newmark, P (1988a), A textbook of Translation, Prentice-Hall International, New York 19 Newmark, P (1988b), Approaches to Translation, Prentice Hall, Hertfordshire 20 Nida, E (1964), Principles of Correspondence, In Venuti L The Translation Studies Reader, Routledge, London 21 Nida, E A & Taber, C.R (1969), The Theory and Practice of Translation, E J Brill, Leiden 22 Sofer, M (1999), The Translator’s Handbook, Schreiber Publishing, U.S.A 23 Stuart, C (1998), Translation into the second language, Longman, London 24 Vinay, J P & Darbelnet, J (1995), Comparative Stylistics of French and English: a Methodology for Translation, Translated by J C Sager and M J Hamel Amsterdam, John Benjamins, Philadelphia 25 Vinay, R J & Darbelnet, J (1995), Comparative Stylistics of French and English, John Benjamins, the Netherlands 50 English unpublished dissertations/theses: 26 Đỗ Kim Phương (2012), An investigation into structure and meaning of geological textbooks as a genre in English and Vietnamese, Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, VNU-VLIS, Hanoi 27 Hoàng Văn Vân (1994), A functional Perspective on Translating ELT Texts from English into Vietnamese, Unpublished MA thesis, Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Australia Vietnamese book 28 Fetter, C.W (2000), Địa chất thủy văn ứng dụng 1, (Translators: Nguyễn Uyên, Phạm Thanh Hiền & Phạm Hữu Sỹ) Education Publisher, Hanoi Vietnamese Journals/scientific reports 29 Bùi Thị Diên (2005), Các phương thức chuyển dịch câu bị động tiếng Anh sang tiếng Việt, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN, Ngoại ngữ, T.XXI, Số 3, 2005 30 Lê Hùng Tiến (2007), Vấn đề phương pháp dịch thuật Anh-Việt, VNU Journal, volume English - Vietnamese dictionary 31 Research institute of geology and mineral resources (2001), English Vietnamese dictionary of geology, Encyclopedia Publishing House, Hanoi 51 APPENDIXES Appendix 1: Hydrogeology texts extracted for data analysis a) 11 13 15 Translation of geology terminologies English dynamic viscosity permeameter constant-head permeameter aquifer confining layer condensation leaky confining layer vadose water 17 depression storage 19 overland flow 21 interflow 23 gravity drainage 25 27 29 31 33 Vietnamese độ nhớt động thấm kế thấm kế cột nước cố định tầng chứa nước lớp chặn ngưng tụ lớp chặn – rò rỉ nước ẩm đất hay nước đới khơng khí nước đọng dòng chảy tràn dòng hội lưu nước trọng lực zone of saturation đới bão hòa water table mực nước ngầm ground water nước đất hay nước ngầm ground-water dòng nước flow ngầm absolute humidity độ ẩm tuyệt đối 35 relative humidity 37 land pan 39 transpiration 41 wilting point 43 Duration curve 45 stream gauging độ ẩm tương đối bồn đất thoát nước điểm héo đường cong thời gian đo dòng chảy English aquiclude hydrology hydrogeology 10 12 14 geohydrology evaporation aquifuge precipitation Vietnamese lớp cách nước thủy văn học địa chất thủy văn thủy văn địa chất bốc lớp không thấm mưa 16 weir đập tràn 18 aquitard lớp trì hỗn 20 baseflow 22 runoff 24 surface water dòng sở dòng chảy sơng suối nước mặt 26 magmatic water nước macma 28 evapotranspiration bốc – thoát nước 30 potential bốc – thoát evapotranspiration nước tiềm tàng 32 actual bốc – thoát evapotranspiration nước thực tế 34 rhombo- hedral xếp chồng khối mặt packing thoi 36 Sedimentary đá trầm tích rocks 38 Plutonic rocks Đá xâm nhập 40 metamorphic đá biến chất rocks 42 Volcanic rocks đá phun trào 44 Specific yield suất riêng 46 specific retention độ trì riêng 52 giãn nở đoạn nhiệt dòng chảy xuyên return flow dòng chảy tràn thứ sinh hydrograph biểu đồ thủy lượng baseflow suy giảm recession dòng sở storm hydrograph biểu đồ thủy lượng bão gaining stream dòng chảy nhận nước losing stream dòng chảy nước stage-discharge đường cong rating curve quan hệ lưu lượng – cấp độ sâu unconfined nước ngầm ground water treo hydrologic cycle chu trình thủy văn vadose zone/ zone đới khơng khí of aeration 47 adiabatic expansion 49 through flow 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 b) 48 hydraulic conductivity 50 intrinsic permeability 52 specific weight độ dẫn thủy lực 54 porosity of earth materials 56 primary porosity độ rỗng đất đá 58 secondary porosity 60 Effective porosity độ rỗng thứ sinh 62 cubic packing xếp chồng lập phương tầng chứa nước ngầm hay tầng chứa nước không chặn 64 water-table aquifer or unconfined aquifer 66 confined aquifer 68 potentiometric surface 70 Perched aquifer Translation of the passive sentences English The creation and distribution of precipitation is heavily influenced by the presence of mountain ranges and other topographic features More than 75% of the water in land areas is locked in glacial ice or is saline Below the land surface the soil pores contain both air and water The region is known as the vadose zone, or zone of aeration Excess vadose water is pulled downward by gravity, a process known as gravity drainage hệ số thấm thực trọng lượng riêng độ rỗng nguyên sinh độ rỗng hiệu tầng chứa nước bị chặn bề mặt thể tầng chứa nước treo Vietnamese Các dãy núi ảnh hưởng nhiều đến việc tạo mưa phân bố mưa Hơn 75% nước đất liền băng hà nước mặn Dưới mặt đất lỗ rỗng đất chứa nước khơng khí vùng gọi đới khơng khí Khi nước ẩm đất dư thừa bị kéo xuống trọng lực Đó q trình nước trọng lực 53 Phương trình thủy văn áp dụng cho hệ thống có kích cỡ Nó với hồ nhỏ với lục địa Water molecules are continually being Có trao đổi không ngừng phân exchanged between liquid and atmospheric tử nước nước lỏng nước water vapor khí Research has shown that the manner in Các nghiên cứu cho thấy cách đo which precipitation is measured can affect lượng mưa có ảnh hưởng đến lượng bốc the amount of evaporation that is calculated tính từ trạm bốc at an evaporation station Precipitation can Lượng mưa xác định be determined with a rain gauge placed next dụng cụ đo mưa tiêu chuẩn đặt cạnh to the evaporation pan bồn bốc Any open container can be used to catch and Có thể dùng bể chứa để hứng đo measure rainfall mưa The catch of precipitation gauges is affected Việc hứng mưa bị ảnh hưởng gió by high winds mạnh Daily records from these weather stations Số liệu ghi ngày trạm khí tượng are published monthly on a state-by-state công bố tháng lần basis in Climatological Data; data from sở liên bang tạp chí recording stations are published in Hourly Climatological Data, số liệu Precipitation Data trạm đo ghi mưa cơng bố tạp chí Hourly Precipitation Data This may be determined for time periods Điều xác định cho ranging from the duration of part of a single khoảng thời gian, từ cho giai đoạn storm to a year trận mưa bão tới cho năm To solve the problem, three close Để giải vấn đề này, người ta dựa precipitation stations with full records that vào ba trạm có số liệu đầy đủ gần are evenly spaced around tine station with a cách gần trạm thiếu số liệu missing record are used In drawing the isohyets, such factors as Khi vẽ đường đồng mức mưa phải known influence of topography on xem xét nhân tố ảnh hưởng địa precipitation can be taken into account hình đến lượng mưa The start of the baseflow recession was Thời điểm bắt đầu suy giảm considered to be the day when the annual dòng sở ngày mà lượng mưa hàng discharge dropped below 3500 ft /s năm ft3/s It is first assumed that both the direct Trước hết người ta giả thiết dòng precipitation and the interflow components hội lưu lẫn mưa trực tiếp không are inconsequential phải thành phần tất yếu As a liter of pure water contains million Vì lít nước tinh khiết chứa triệu milligrams at 3.89°C, the temperature at mg 3,89°C – nhiệt độ mà nước có mật which it is most dense, it is commonly độ lớn – nên thường giả thiết The hydrologic equation can be applied to systems of any size is as useful for a small reservoir as it is for an entire continent 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 54 assumed that ppm is equal to mg/L 17 The advection-dispersion equation is based on the premise that the center of mass of the solute is moving at the same rate as the average linear ground-water velocity 18 Furthermore it is assumed that hydrodynamic dispersion causes the solute to spread out both ahead of and behind the center of mass in a pattern that follows a statistically normal distribution, which is the familiar bell-shaped curve 19 If human activity alters the natural water quality so that it is no longer fit for a use for which it had previously been suited, the water is said to be polluted or contaminated 20 Leaks can potentially be detected by monitoring the water in the vadose (unsaturated) zone 21 Vapors can be detected by gas-monitoring wells, which are simply wells that terminate in the unsaturated zone c) Translation of the relative clauses English Running water and ground water are geologic agents that help shape the land To solve the problem, three close precipitation stations with full records that are evenly spaced around tine station with a missing record are used Precipitation that falls on the land surface enters various pathways of the hydrologic cycle Water flowing in a stream can come from overland flow or from ground water that has seeped into the streambed Several inflows add to this water volume: precipitation that falls on the lake surface, streams that flow into the lake, ground water that seeps into the lake, and overland flow from nearby ppm mg/L Phương trình theo – phân tán dựa giả thiết trung tâm khối hòa tan chuyển động với tốc độ tuyến tính trung bình nước đất Nó giả thiết phân tán thủy động lực, chất hòa tan trải rộng trước sau trung tâm khối theo sơ đồ phân bố thống kê chuẩn đường cong hình chuông quen thuộc Nếu hoạt động người làm thay đổi chất lượng nước tự nhiên khiến khơng thích hợp cho sử dụng trước nữa, nước gọi nhiễm bẩn hay nhiễm Rò rỉ phát cách giám sát nước đới khơng khí (đới khơng bão hòa) Hơi phát giếng giám sát khí giếng đơn giản đào đới khơng khí Vietnamese Nước chảy mặt nước ngầm tác nhân địa chất nhào nặn hình đất đai Để giải vấn đề này, người ta dựa vào ba trạm có số liệu đầy đủ gần cách gần trạm thiếu số liệu Mưa rơi mặt đất vào chu trình thủy văn theo số đường khác Nước sơng suối có nguồn gốc từ dòng chảy tràn từ nước ngầm thấm qua lòng song Sẽ có số dòng chảy vào bổ sung nước, mưa rơi mặt hồ, nước đất ngấm vào hồ dòng chảy tràn từ vùng mặt đất lân cận 55 10 11 12 13 14 15 land surfaces In 1989, the diversions were halted under a temporary court restraining order that prohibited any such diversions that would result in a lake level of less than 6377 ft (1944 m) A hydrogeologist working for a consulting company paid by the company with funds that come from fees charged to the project owner for the work that is contracted The liquid waste is carried to a drain tile field, where it seeps through the vadose zone to the water table Eventually the shallow aquifer and the deep aquifer merge where the confining layer thins and disappears Wells in tectonic valleys should be located where the aquifer material is coarse, the depth to water is not great, and a source of recharge water is available However, there may not be any surface streams near areas where wells are needed At one time, considerable ground-water outflow occurred from the Bunker Hill Basin in the area where the Santa Ana River crosses the San Jacinto Fault Zone (Colton Narrows) Furthermore it is assumed that hydrodynamic dispersion causes the solute to spread out both ahead of and behind the center of mass in a pattern that follows a statistically normal distribution, which is the familiar bellshaped curve In ground-water hydrology, we utile the concept of a ground-water basin, which is the subsurface volume through which ground water flows toward a specific discharge zone The professional hydrogeologist has a Năm 1989, việc dẫn nước tạm ngừng lệnh tòa án hạn chế việc lấy nước làm cho mực nước hồ xuống thấp 6377 ft (1944 m) Lương nhà ĐCTV làm việc cho công ty tư vấn công ty trả, lấy từ nguồn thu theo hợp đồng công việc với chủ dự án Chất thải lỏng dẫn đến miền thấm, thấm q đới khơng khí tới mực nước ngầm Cuối cùng, hai tầng chứa nước nông sâu hợp nơi lớp chặn mỏng dần biến Các giếng khai thác thung lũng kiến tạo phải đặt nơi mà vật liệu chứa nước hạt thô, độ sâu mực nước ngầm không lớn nguồn bổ sung nước có sẵn Tuy nhiên, vùng cần đến giếng lại khơng có dòng chảy mặt Một thời, có dòng nước đáng kể chảy từ lưu vực Bunker Hill nơi sông Santa Ana cắt qua đới đứt gãy San Jacinto (Colton Narrows) Nó giả thiết phân tán thủy động lực, chất hòa tan trải rộng trước sau trung tâm khối theo sơ đồ phân bố thống kê chuẩn đường cong hình chng quen thuộc Trong thủy văn nước ngầm, ta có khái niệm lưu vực nước ngầm – thể tích ngầm mặt đất qua mạch nước ngầm chảy vùng thoát riêng biệt Đất dụng võ nhà địa chất thủy văn 56 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 wide variety of occupations from which to choose As a liter of pure water contains million milligrams at 3.89°C, the temperature at which it is most dense, it is commonly assumed that ppm is equal to mg/L Classical studies in hydrogeology focused either on the mathematical treatment of flow through porous media or on a general geologic description of the distribution of rock formations in which ground water occurs The dew point for an air mass is the temperature at which condensation will begin The energy budget for a reservoir may be used to find the amount of energy used for evaporation, which in turn can yield the amount of evaporation Research has shown that the manner in which precipitation is measured can affect the amount of evaporation that is calculated at an evaporation station Transpiration by plants rooted in the soil causes an increase in the humidity, which can be measured in the air space around the plant The increase is greatest during the first year, when there is little reforestation Transpiration from a cornfield in May, when the plants are a few centimeters high, is much less than in August, when they may exceed ft (2 m) in height In months when the potential evapotranspiration is less than the rainfall, some of the demand will be met by drawing upon moisture stored in the soil Hydrogeologists who perform any of the interesting work just described also expect to be compensated for their time Hydrogeologists who work for (ĐCTV) rộng Vì lít nước tinh khiết chứa triệu mg 3,89°C – nhiệt độ mà nước có mật độ lớn – nên thường giả thiết ppm mg/L Các nghiên cứu cổ truyền ĐCTV tập trung vào xử lý tốn học dòng chảy qua mơi trường lỗ rỗng, vào việc mô tả địa chất khái quát thành hệ đất đá chứa nước đất Điểm sương khối khơng khí nhiệt độ bắt đầu có ngưng tụ Quỹ lượng ao hồ dung để tính số lượng dùng cho bốc hơi, tức tính lượng bốc Các nghiên cứu cho thấy cách đo lượng mưa có ảnh hưởng đến lượng bốc tính từ trạm bốc Sự thoát nước có rễ cắm đất làm tăng độ ẩm khơng gian xung quanh đo Tăng mạnh năm đầu việc tái tạo rừng bắt đầu cối nhỏ Lượng nước ruộng ngơ vào tháng 5, ngơ cao vài cm, thấp nhiều so với vào tháng tám, cao ft (2 m) Trong tháng mà lượng bốc - thoát nước tiềm tàng thấp lượng mưa, phần nhu cầu đáp ứng việc rút ẩm trữ đất Các nhà ĐCTV làm công việc vừa nêu trông đợi trả cơng Với vấn đề tài lien quan với 57 consulting firms must treat the firm's clients fairly in financial matters and work that is as precise and correct as is possible d) 10 Translation of the empty subject It English Because of physical constraints, it is not possible to model three-dimensional flow with a viscous-fluid model It is difficult to change the aquifer geometry and hydraulic characteristics built into a model It is highly desirable to verify a model (model verification) once it has been calibrated Often it is convenient to vary the size of the rows and columns so that there are more node points in certain parts of the aquifer than others It is much less expensive to apply an already developed model, if an available model will accomplish the desired goal It is very difficult to collect a sample of ground water that is actually representative of the chemistry of the water as it exists in die ground For dilute solutions, it is not necessary to make density corrections … As a practical matter it is quite difficult to collect representative ground-water samples that not undergo reactions during the process of collection In water-budget studies, it is necessary to know the average depth of precipitation over a drainage basin It should be noted that in many areas water quality has been impacted by human activity, but the water is still usable 11 As a liter of pure water contains million milligrams at 3.89°C, the temperature at khách hàng, nhà ĐCTV làm việc cho công ty tư vấn phải giải cách cơng tỉ mỉ xác tốt Vietnamese Do hạn chế vật lý, khơng thể mơ dòng ba hướng mơ hình chất lỏng nhớt Việc thay đổi hình dạng tầng chứa nước đưa đặc trưng thủy lực vào mơ hình thường khó khăn Một mơ hình lập xong, cần kiểm tra mơ hình Thường để thuận lợi, biến đổi kích cỡ hàng cột cho điểm nút số vùng nhiều số vùng khác Nếu mơ hình sẵn có hồn thành mục đích mong muốn việc áp dụng mơ hình rẻ Lấy mẫu nước đất thực đại diện thành phần hóa học nước tồn đất khó khăn Đối với dung dịch hòa tan yếu, khơng cần thiết thực điều chỉnh mật độ Việc lấy mẫu nước đất đại diện khơng bị phản ứng q trình lấy mẫu khó khăn Khi nghiên cứu quĩ nước, cần biết chiều sâu trung bình lượng mưa lưu vực Cần nhớ là, nhiều vùng chất lượng nước bị thay đổi hoạt động người nước khả sử dụng Vì lít nước tinh khiết chứa triệu mg 3,89°C – nhiệt độ mà nước có mật độ 58 which it is most dense, it is commonly assumed that ppm is equal to mg/L 12 Furthermore it is assumed that hydrodynamic dispersion causes the solute to spread out both ahead of and behind the center of mass in a pattern that follows a statistically normal distribution, which is the familiar bell-shaped curve e) Translation of nominalizations English A Cross section of a gaining stream, which is typical of humid regions, where ground water recharges streams B Cross section of a losing stream, which is typical of arid regions, where streams can recharge ground water At any given temperature, air can hold a maximum amount of moisture, called the saturation humidity, which is directly proportional to the temperature of the air Discharge is also inversely proportional to the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, µ, which is a measure of the resistance of the fluid to the shearing that is necessary for fluid flow Lusczynski (1961) introduced the concept of point-water head, which is the water level in a well filled with water coming from a point in an aquifer and which is just enough to balance the pressure in the aquifer at that point Fresh-water heads can then be calculated and used for the determination of hydraulic gradients and flow directions For theoretical reasons, equivalent freshwater heads cannot be used to determine the hydraulic gradient in aquifers where there is a lateral variation in density Steps in the determination of the direction of groundwater flow in an anisotropic medium lớn – nên thường giả thiết ppm mg/L Nó giả thiết phân tán thủy động lực, chất hòa tan trải rộng trước sau trung tâm khối theo sơ đồ phân bố thống kê chuẩn đường cong hình chng quen thuộc Vietnamese A Mặt cắt ngang dòng chảy nhận nước điển hình cho vùng ẩm – nước ngầm đổ vào dòng chảy B Mặt cắt ngang dòng chảy nước điển hình cho vùng khơ hạn – nước từ dòng chảy đổ vào nước ngầm Ở nhiệt độ khơng khí chứa lượng cực đại nước, độ ẩm khơng khí Nó tỷ lệ thuận với nhiệt độ khơng khí Lưu lượng lại tỷ lệ nghịch với độ nhớt động µ chất lỏng – số đo lực kháng chất lỏng, cần cho dòng chất lỏng Lusczynski (1961) đưa khái niệm cột nước – điểm (point – water head), mực nước giếng chứa đầy nước tới từ điểm tầng chứa nước đủ cân với tầng áp suất tầng chứa nước điểm Sau xác định cột nước dùng để xác định gradient thủy lực hướng dòng thấm Vì lý lý thuyết, dùng cân cột nước để xác định gradient thủy lực tầng chứa nước có khối lượng riêng biến đổi theo hướng ngang Các bước xác định hướng dòng nước ngầm môi trường dị hướng elip 59 10 11 12 13 using the hydraulic conductivity ellipse The force potential is the driving impetus behind ground-water flow, and is equal to the product of hydraulic head and the acceleration of gravity A flow net is especially useful in isotropic media; however, with certain transformations it can be used with anisotropic aquifers (independent phrases) In some field investigations the practicing hydrogeologist may need to know the hydraulic conductivity of low-permeability materials Cedergren (1989) presents a complete discussion of the construction of flow nets, including those in anisotropic media If there is the steady movement of ground water in a confined aquifer, there will be gradient or slope to the potentiometric surface of the aquifer (there is/there are) If there is no recharge or evaporation when the flow traverses the region, the quantity of water flowing through the left side is equal to that flowing through the right side độ dẫn thủy lực Thế lực nguồn lực dòng nước ngầm tích cột nước thủy lực gia tốc trọng lực Lưới thấm đặc biệt hữu dụng môi trường đẳng hướng Tuy nhiên, với số biến đổi định, dùng cho tầng chứa nước dị hướng Trong số khảo sát trời, nhà địa chất thủy văn thực hành cần biết độ dẫn thủy lực vật liệu thấm nước Cedergren (1989) đưa số phương pháp hoàn chỉnh để thành lập lưới thấm, kể môi trường dị hướng Nếu tầng chứa nước bị chặn có chuyển động nước ngầm ổn định có gradient hay độ dốc mặt tầng chứa nước Nếu khơng có nước bổ sung hay bốc dòng thấm chuyển qua vùng, lượng nước thấm qua bên trái lượng nước thấm qua bên phải Appendix 2: a) The survey questionnaire THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE Good morning Sir/Madam! I am Nguyen Thi Cuc, a lecturer at Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology Now, I am doing a survey on difficulties in English and Vietnamese translation of hydrogeology texts in order to get information for completing my M.A thesis Could you please help me to answer the following questions? What you think how difficult English - Vietnamese translation of hydrogeology texts is to your geology-majored students? 60 (1) very difficult (2) difficult (3) normal (4) easy How you mark the difficulty level of the following features to English- Easy (4) Normal (3) Difficult (2) Very difficult (1) Vietnamese translation of hydrogeology texts? a Hydrogeology terminologies b Nominalizations c The passive sentences d Empty verbs e Present tenses f Third persons g Empty subject It h The relative clauses Could you list other features that can cause difficulty to your students’ translation of hydrogeology texts from English into Vietnamese? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …… What you often to help your students to overcome these difficult features in English - Vietnamese translation of hydrogeology texts? ………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………… …… 61 Personal information Name: THANK YOU SO MUCH! …………………………………… Telephone number: ……………………… Appendix 2: b) Summary table for the survey questionnaires Q.1 (1) (2) (3) (4) 0 Total Q.2 a 0 b c 0 d 1 e f 4 g 0 h 0 Q.3 - Too long sentences (1/11) - Legends of the tables and charts (1/11) - Ask students to look difficult terms in 11 Respondents geology dictionaries (4/11) Q.4 - Ask for help from lecturers/ professors/ specialists (2/11) - Translate more and more (5/11) 62 ... about English Vietnamese translation of geology documents The above-mentioned reasons inspired me to carry out an M.A minor thesis titled investigating English - Vietnamese translation of geology. .. targeted to investigate an English course book of geology and its Vietnamese translation to locate major affecting factors to English - Vietnamese translation of geology texts, translation methods/procedures,... features of geology texts - Defining some translation problems, causes, and possible solutions to the problems - Suggesting implications to English - Vietnamese translation of geology texts Scope of