DECLARATION
APPENDIX
1. What are turn-taking strategies used by the host – Phoebe Trần?
To identify the signals of turn-taking strategies which were used by the host and describe their functions in each typical episode.
2. How is turn-taking managed by the host?
To know the process of turn-taking and point out whether the kinds of the preferred turn shapes for nonnative speakers of English from the moderator.
d. The Mechanism of Turn Taking
Strategy 8: Prompting
Strategy 9: Appealing
Strategy 10: Giving up
3.1. Research design
This study aims to reveal how the host – Phoebe Tran in “8 Ielts” talk show understands and responds to guests’ turns in many Ielts-oriented topics. Its development focuses to build her linguistic actions, namely depending on her signals of turn-taking strategy. Interestingly, they are produced by the host as traces on the linguistic structures so as to allow co-participants to display their appreciation but orderliness. The object of study is different types of speech-exchange signals conceived in terms of turn-taking system. To interpret the interactive behaviors, the researcher chooses cross-sectional design structure in the observational research. Obviously, cross-sectional design (a representative sample is selected from a large population) is the best option on both theoretical and practical grounds to cover the amount of turn-taking signal. Semi-formal dialogues between a center component of participant observation (the subject of research – Phoebe) and guests (those who are the professional non-native speakers of English in their career field, even Ielts testers) are free-ranging. This helps the researcher arrange in advance in order to explore some different aspects of turn-taking mechanisms and make sure herself cover a list of topics. The form of qualitative design involves discussion back and forth between interlocutors in providing background information and context, generating ideas, discovering the unexpected, and providing in-depth information on each participant’s views, perspectives and motivations.
a. Subject
c. Instrument
3.3. Procedure
a. Context
In the first episode of the first ever educational Ielts show in Vietnam, the host Phoebe Tran introduced “We are not a teaching show”. The 8 Ielts brings lovers of English a chance to talk to celebrities, to learn something about the Ielts through listening to a number of their really good stories in intimate conversations or other interactive activities. Contexts for the analysis of the data are observed from short initial conversations between the host and “stars” in many fields such as art, culture, entertainment, sport or business, especially proficient Ieltsers. As a moderator, the hostess converses with them about a lot of topics raised in speaking part of Ielts examination. Each dialogue opens ton of interesting experience on children, hobbies, dreams, travel, gender equality, so on and helps viewers accumulate more tips or patterns of conversation. More importantly, these “companions” will inspire those who have been learning English to be confident to communicate or further conquer Ielts high marks.
In the context of the televised talk show, the host not only is an adjustor but also a companion to facilitate her parties to share more information. Apparently, the goal of communication is to tell the individual stories to make messages about the certain title. Therefore, background-knowledge context is focused. And the use of language is semi-formal when guests talk about their own experiences which need to adopt a sociolinguistic approach.
b. Data collection
The data of the research are collected by using the following steps. First, the researcher downloads a video from the internet in You Tube. Second, the researcher will watch the video several times while making some notes in order to know the utterances in detail. Third, after listening and watching the video, the researcher will make detail script in the conversation between the interviewer and the interviewee because the script of the interview is not provided. Fourth, transcribing the conversation using Jefferson’s transcription symbol. The last, the researcher checks and identifies the conversation in the interview in order to describe how turn-taking strategies are used by the hostess.
c. The choice of the typical cases
In this study, the accessible population comprises all the utterances which are considered as the turn-taking strategies in 20 episodes of “8 Ielts” show. However, the study may not entail a large population with the same phenomenon. Therefore, a smaller group of turn-taking strategies drawn through a definite procedure from an original population should be made up.
After collecting the data and building a collection of cases, the research starts with the clearest situations to analyze each case in the collection. The patterns of turn taking strategy used by the host are categorized, described and discussed in terms of their signals and functions in certain background-knowledge contexts.
In details, firstly, the writer selects some excerpts which contain turn-taking strategies used by Phoebe in various topics to get various data. Secondly, she identifies her utterances that contain turn-taking strategies. Thirdly, the research manager categorizes the data in accordance with turn-taking strategies based on Stenstrom’s theory. Then, the researcher classifies the data into three kinds of turn-taking strategies those are: taking the turn, holding the turn, and yielding the turn. Fourthly, the doer describes and explains the data from each category comprehensively based on the theory that is used. Finally, she makes conclusion by describing the result of the research. This is the last steps in analyzing the data. She herself makes a conclusion after analyzing the whole data.
In summary, the data is collected by downloading the videos in You Tube. It is presented in the form of conversation using Jefferson’s transcription symbol. The data is analyzed by selecting and dividing into some excerpts based on kinds of turn-taking strategies used by host – Phoebe Tran. Then, the data is described and explained comprehensively based on Stenstrom’s theory. Stenstrom (1994) shows the theory of turn-taking strategies which is divided into taking the turn strategy, holding the turn strategy, and yielding the turn strategy. Methodologically, the researcher adopts observational qualitative method as the research design and uses the researcher herself as the key main instrument.
APPENDIX
THE TRANSCRIPTS OF “8 IELTS” TALK SHOW.
8 IELTS | S01E01 | HOBBIES // KHÁNH VY & PHƯƠNG MAI
8 IELTS | S01E02 | DREAMS I MINH AN & TIÊU NGỌC LINH
8 IELTS | S01E03 | TRAVEL | MAI NGỌC NHÂN 8.5 IELTS & AN JAPAN
8 IELTS | S01E05 | ART | HÀ ĐỖ & ĐINH MẠNH NINH
8 IELTS | S01E06 | MUSIC | KIMMESE & MC ANH DUY
8 IELTS | S01E08 | MEDIA | JVEVERMIND & THUY BUI THE VOICE
8 IELTS | S01E09 | CHILDREN | TÚ LÊ & TIÊU NGỌC LINH
8 IELTS | S01E14 | SCHOLARSHIP | MINH BETA & DENIS ĐẶNG
8 IELTS | S01E15 | UNIVERSITIES | PHƯƠNG MẶC TRI & VIỆT NGUYỄN & MAI BÍCH NGỌC
8 IELTS | S01E17 | GENDER EQUALITY | LÂM VISSAY & PHƯƠNG MAI
8 IELTS | S01E19 | ADVERTISING | SƠN ĐOÀN & HARRY LU