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1 INTRODUCTION The urgency of the topic As an activity in the work of thought of the Party, political & ideological education contributes to the formation of the communist’s personality With the main goal of building trust, political & ideological education holds the leading role in the buidling of the Party Regarding the public security forces of Lao PDR, political & ideological education is the decisive factor to ensure the absolute loyalty to the Party, the State and the Lao tribes of the officers and soldiers who always have the resilient revoluntary will, strong determination, clear moral quality, solid professional qualifications, willingness to receive and successfully complete all tasks entrusted by the Party, the State and the people After more than half a century of building, fighting and maturing, the Lao Public Security forces have never been afraid of hardship, difficulties, always upholding the spirit of devotion, selflessness, willingness to sacrifice themselves for the sake of the country and people, considering the interests of the country and people as the goal and the highest ideal to strive for Continuous victories of the generations of security officials and soldiers have fostered the glorious tradition of the Lao public security forces Such achivements come from the fact that the Central Public Security Party Committee and the Ministry of Public Security are always aware of the significance and importance of political & ideological education in building public security forces Over the past years, the Party Committee and the Ministry of Public Security have had many guidelines and measures to lead, direct and strengthen the political & ideological education, focusing especially on effective implementation of key and breakthrough work, thereby creating positive changes in the implementation of political tasks and building of security forces The order and discipline are increasingly tightened, the sense of responsibility and effectiveness in all fields of work are raised First of all, there is a change in awareness as well as the observance of the Party’s and State’s guidelines, directives, orders, disciplines and regulation, implementation of regulations, working processes, postures and ceremonies, the cultural lifestyle of security officials and soldiers, implementing the goal of building a regular, elite and modern revolutionary public security force who effectively undertake the task of protecting the national security, maintaining social order and safety, creating a peaceful and stable environment, contributing to boosting the country’s socio-economic development The Ministry of Public Security is the strategic agency under directly Lao PDR government, whose main function is to fulfill the state management of social security and safety; counter-intelligence; crime prevention investigation; fire prevention, fighting and rescue; criminal judgment enforcement, judgment enforcement without temporary and definite imprisonment; judicial protection and support; and also the State management toward public services in the sectors and areas under the Ministry’s management, particularly, this is the agency in charge of managing the public security forces of Lao PDR In order to fulfill the mission of national security protection during the revolutionary periods, the Ministry of Public Security must conduct many tasks synchronously, in which political & ideological education for publics security officials and soldiers of those agencies at the Ministry level plays a very important role Political & ideological education not only teaches every official and soldier how to have the right, positive and self-motivating motivation in implementing tasks but also the fostering of beliefs, loyalty to the Party Therefore, improving the efficiency of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security aims not only at completing the political tasks of an agency at Ministry level, but also contributing to strengthening the political strength of the entire security force, meeting the immediate and long-term requirements and tasks of the Lao revolutionary career Being deeply aware of the position and role of political & ideological education, over the past years, the Ministry of Public Security has always focused and implemented many measures to improve the efficiency of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers The achievemets have made important contributions to help the Ministry of Security fulfill its mission as a strategic agency of the Party and State in protecting national security and building a comprehensively strong unit However, besides the achievements, the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers, it is still not commensurate with the comprehensive purpose and investment of the Ministry Political awareness, belief in the Party’s goals and ideals, the selfawareness in political activities of officials and soldiers is still limited In addition, the cause of building public security forces during the new revolutionary period in the the fierce resistance of hostile forces required the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officers and soldiers of the public security forces in general, and the officials and soldiers of the Ministry agency in particular to be raised to a new height Researching to clarify theoretical issues about the effectiveness of political & ideological education; Surveying and assessing the reality and proposing solutions to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security is an urgent issue which not only conveys a practical significance for the Ministry of Public Security but also contributes to supplementing and completing the theory of the effectiveness of the Lao People's Democratic Republic Research purposes On the basis of researching to clarify the theoretical and practical issues of research issues, the dissertation proposes pointviews and some solutions to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public security of Lao PDR in the time to come Research tasks - Researching to clarify basic theoretical issues about effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the public security forces - Evaluating the reality of the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security in recent years and identifying issues that need to be solved - Proposing pointviews and some solutions to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security in the Lao PDR currently Subjects and scope of research - The object of research is the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security - Scope of research: the political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security of Lao PDR Survey time is from 2012 to present Theoretical & practical basis and research methods - The dissertation is based on the Principles of Marxism - Leninism, thought of Kaysone Phomvihane; views of Lao People's Revolutionary Party on political & ideological education in general and political & ideological education for the public security forces in particular; resolutions and directives of the Party and laws of the Lao PDR on education, training and building of cadres; the absorption, inheritance and selection of research results from scientific works of Lao PDR, Vietnam and related countries - The dissertation’s study is based on the summary reports and evaluation of political & ideological education; Actual survey results of political & ideological education and effectivenes of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers at the Ministry of Public Security in the scope of research The thesis employs the interdisciplinary research methods of the sciences: Politics, Pedagogics, Sociology, Psychology in which method of Politics is the mainstream Specific methods: history and logistics, analysis and synthesis, comparison, system, induction, interpretation, statistics, document research, practical observation, etc - Historical and logical methods: Using historical materials and events, selecting typical cases to systematize and model events At the same time, things and phenomena must be placed in the process of mobilization and development according to objective rules, in the relation and interaction with objects and related phenomena The logical and historical method is also used to generalize domestic and foreign research issues according to the identified topics and issues and presented according to the time of publication of the research works - Methods of synthesis and analysis: These are the methods used to collect and evaluate sources of material, exploit information from available sources, including documents of the Party and the State, the periodic and thematic reports of the Ministry of Public Security, domestic and foreign research works related to the topic Regarding the effectiveness of political & ideological education, the dissertation employs the method of analyzing collected materials and sociological survey sheets in the survey area Both quantitative and qualitative content analysis is applied - Comparison method: Comparing and contrasting the purpose with the results, between the results with the mobilization of resources for political & ideological education, thereby assessing the advantages and limitations of each press type At the same time, the author compares and comments on the views of both domestic and foreign authors on the research issues - The systematic method allows to consider and study problems in general, in relation and interaction with things and other phenomena in the system Accordingly, with this method, the research issue of the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security needs to be placed in a control relationship with the effectiveness of political & ideological education for the officials and party members in general and for officials and soldiers of the public security forces in particular in dialectical relations with the impact of many factors such as traditional factors, era factors, domestic factors, international factors, objective and subjective factors, etc - Inductive and interpretive methods are used to clarify the content, method, and form of political & ideological education - Statistical method used for the statistics of documents, numbers, events, data, etc obtained during the research and information gathering process Methods of collecting and processing information: - Materials research methods: Collecting and arranging domestic and international sources of material related to the topic, from perspectives, theory to statistical data, scientific and analytical works clarifying issues related to the theoretical basis, methodology and practical issues posed by the topic New scientific contributions of the dissertation - Developing and completing the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the public security forces - Summarizing of contradictions that need to be solved in improving the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers the Ministry of Public Security of Lao PDR 5 - Proposing pointviews and solutions in the perspective of scientific and ideological aspect to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological education Practical significance of the dissertation - Research results contribute to increasing knowledge about the efficiency of political & ideological education in particular and the effectiveness of work of thought in general - Providing scientific arguments for leaders and commanders of the Ministry of Public Security to set up pointviews and measures to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry’s agencies - Research results can be used as the professional documents for political officials of the Ministry of Public Security; references in research, security and politics teaching and learning in Lao security schools as well as the majors in ideology in Vietnamese academies and universities Structure of the dissertation The structure of the dissertation includes: introduction, chapters, 11 periods, conclusions, references and appendices Chapter SUMMARY OF RESEARCH WORKS RELATING TO TOPIC 1.1 As for the concept of Political-ideological education Political-ideological education is the term used by many sciences such as: Party building, politics, education, military psychology, etc Depending on the nature, characteristics, purposes, research requirements there are different approaches Eg: Cuốn “Soviet Military Encyclopedic Dictionary” (Russian language) defines: “Political-ideological education in the armed forces is a system of measures to help officers and soldiers become qualified in terms of professional skills and ideology and ready to complete all combat missions to win the war” In the “Innovating the work of ideological and political education for cadres and party members” book, author Vũ Ngọc Am defines: the work of ideological and political education is “the process of organizing education, spreading the ideology of the working class to the people, essentially the process of spreading and educating Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh ideology, credo, ways, views and guidances and policies of the Party, the State's laws for cadres, party members and people” Author Nguyễn Văn Cần in the doctoral thesis in Philosophy called “Improving the quality of political-ideological education in security forces before the new requirements of the ideological struggle in our country today”, gives another definition: Political-ideological education in security forces is a process of purposeful, organized, systematic impact of the Party on the consciousness of cadres and soldiers to spread basic political ideas, the cores herein are Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh ideology, Party's guidances and policies and the laws of the State, making them infiltrate, occupying an absolute dominance in the spiritual life and orientation of thoughts and actions of officers and soldiers; build them a worldview, scientific methodology, strong political belief, humanism of communism; fostering their capacity to carry out the Party's political ideologies in combat and all other socio-political activities; gather, unite, encourage and promote them to take active and creative actions for ideals, goals of national independence and socialism, contributing to firmly consolidating the Party's ideological battlefield in the security forces… So, Political-Ideological Education from the scientific perspective of ideological work and political education, it is a practical task, although they are all part of the ideological work, there are differences in purpose, content, position, the relationship with the work of ideology 1.2 As for the concept of effectiveness and criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of political-ideological education 1.2.1 As for the concept of effectiveness of political-ideological education The “Ideological activity of the Soviet Communist Party” comes up with the concept of an effective ideological work “…is the correlation between the outcome of the ideological impact achieved and the goals of building enlightened communism and human communist virtue” In Vietnam, the efficiency issue is concerned both in the field of material and spiritual production In economics, effectiveness is a basic concept and clearly delineated with the concept of results and quality The result is the whole product that the manufacturing process produces, including quantity and quality, in which the quality is the properties of the product that can meet user’s needs The doctoral dissertation of author Lương Ngọc Vĩnh also introduced the concept of effectiveness of political-ideological education in a more specific way, which is “the correlation between perceived political knowledge and forming political beliefs and the socio-political activeness of the subject after the educational impact of the subject for the purpose of identifying and using resources appropriately to achieve that outcome under specific conditions” The “Theoretical basis of ideological works” book by author Lương Khắc Hiếu, issued by the National Political Publishing House in 2017, launched a new concept about the effectiveness of ideological work: it is “correlation between perceived political knowledge, forming political beliefs and socio-political activism in the subject after its educational impact with the identified purpose and resource cost to achieve that result under specific conditions” Through the above-mentioned studies, it can be seen that the effectiveness of ideological work, political-ideological education or political-ideological education work is a matter of great concern to domestic and foreign scientists Most works say that the effect is the correlation or comparison between results with purpose and cost Some have mentioned the concept of resources instead of using capital rather sensitive capital in the field of ideology Some only refer to comparisons between cost and outcome factors or between results and goals Not only giving the concept, the research works also give classification and factors affecting the effectiveness of ideological work 1.2.2 As for the criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of politicalideological education In the “Party-politics works in the Soviet armed forces” book, Soviet scientists said:" The measure of the results of political education for the people is, of course, specific works Communism ideology - it is a sustainable alloy of knowledge, beliefs and practical actions” The "On the ideological work of the Communist Party of Vietnam" book by author Đào Duy Quát gives three criteria for evaluating the effectiveness, including: completing political tasks; the maturity of cadres, Party members and the people; strong and clean organizations At the national level, the effectiveness of ideological work is political stability; economic, social, cultural development, strengthened defense and security; Advanced international reputation In addition, it is possible to evaluate the effectiveness of ideological work according to three constituent parts (morphology) or by means and tools of ideological work: research agencies, political schools, rapporteur, communication mass news, culture - arts, social survey, etc In the “Professional work of propaganda” book published by Central Propaganda Department in 2008, the authors stated that: The effectiveness of ideological work is assessed through the ideological changes of the classes and the whole society, reflected in economic, political and social results, movements according to the levels: long-term, immediate, direct 1.3 On the effectiveness of political - ideological education for security forces officers and soldiers Up to the time of researching the topic, there are a number of works addressing this issue such as: Scientific topics at basic level: "The work of capturing, solving and reporting on the status of ideology of officers and soldiers of the People's Police – Realities and solutions" by the Department of Political Affairs, Ministry of Public Security and Ministry-level Scientific Topic: "Solutions to improve the effectiveness of ideological mission of the People's Public Security Forces in the current situation" by Dang Thai Giap; the Book "Syllabus of Party mission, political mission for the People's Public Security" by Dinh Ngoc Hoa; "Building strong and clean grassroots party organizations associated with building a comprehensive strong base unit in security forces of the Lao People's Democratic Republic today ", by the Faculty of Party Mission, Political Affairs - People's Security Academy In general, the solutions are all aimed at resolving the problems of subjects, objects, objective social environment and innovating elements and parts of ideological work itself In particular, most of the works are mentioning about raising awareness, enhancing the innovation of leadership, direction of committees, commanders at all levels for ideological work; promoting the synergy of organizations, forces, all fields; improving the quality of the contingent of political cadres; promoting the positive, self-discipline studying and training of the subjects Then moving on to the measures: combining political education with organizing revolutionary action movement, building a strong and comprehensive unit; continuing to renovate the content and form of ideological work; building a healthy and good educational cultural environment; ensuring and promoting the effect of facilities, instruments 1.4 Achievements and issues that need further research 1.4.1 Basic achievements - The ideological work has a main activity of spreading political content for the purpose of raising awareness, forming beliefs and encouraging positive, self-conscious political actions of the subjects Whether approaching as an activity or a work of the Party, this activity has the purpose of shaping the political quality, capacity or culture for the object The subject is the Communist Party, particularly party organizations, socio-political organizations, officials, party members, and political workers - Most of the authors acknowledge that the effectiveness of ideological or politic- ideology education is the correlation between outcome and purpose and cost of resources - Point out the criteria or standard for evaluating the effectiveness of ideological work - Stating requirements, proposing many solutions to improve the effectiveness of ideological work in general and in localities, agencies and units in particular 1.4.2 Issues that need further study On the basis of inheriting the researched results, being a Lao graduate student studying in Vietnam, for the identified purpose, the author continues the research to clarify the following issues: - Systematize and perfect the concept of Political-Ideological Education for officials and soldiers of the security forces according to the scientific perspective of ideological work, especially identifying clearly the constituent elements of Political-Ideological Education activities as a basis for building concepts and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of Political -Ideological Education - Concretize the general theory of the effectiveness of Political – Ideological Education in a specific subject, as in here is the officers and soldiers of the Lao People's Security Ministry - Examining and summarizing practices at the Ministry of Public Security to confirm and clarify theoretical issues studied - Proposing new and specific solutions from the perspective of scientific ideological work to improve the effectiveness of Political-Ideological Education for officers and soldiers under the Ministry of Public Security Among the issues mentioned above, the proposal of new solutions to improve the effectiveness of Political -Ideological Education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Security is of the utmost importance As in the point of view of Marxism–Leninism political theory, the purpose of human action is not only to perceive the world but more importantly to improve the world By pointing out the issues that need further study, it can be affirmed, the thesis topic has identified a separate direction, not duplicated with any previous research Sub-conclusion The security force is a sharp tool of the Party and Government of Lao PDR in maintaining security and social order and safety To accomplish its task, the entire force must carry out Political-Ideological Education in order to build and foster political qualities and capacity for cadres and soldiers and develop the party members and build a strong security forces in the field of politics Political-Ideological Education is an important activity aimed at equipping political knowledge, forming political beliefs and promoting the socio-political activism of officials and soldiers Political -Ideological Education for officials and soldiers in the security forces has its own characteristics in a favorable direction and requires high efficiency The effectiveness of Political-Ideological Education is the correlation between results and resources Assess the results of Political-Ideological Education based on two criteria groups: outcome criteria and resource use Improving the effectiveness of Political-Ideological Education for officers and soldiers of security forces is an objective and urgent requirement stemming from the strategic role of security forces, from the role of Political -Ideological Education in shaping the political quality of security forces officers and soldiers and from the requirements of the revolutionary task in the new period as well as the limitations and weaknesses in the Political-Ideological Education of security forces today 10 Chapter THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL EDUCATION FOR OFFICIALS AND SOLDIERS OF THE LAO MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECURITY THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ISSUES 2.1 Political and ideological education and Political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Lao public security forces 2.1.1 Political and ideological education the Lao People's Revolutionary Party Political and ideological education is an activity of the work of thought aimed at spreading the Party’s ideologies, lines and views, State policies and laws, political knowledge and traditions of the Party and Lao tribes, domestic and international political events to form political qualities for cadres, party members and people in the process of building and protecting the country 2.1.2 Political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Lao public security forces Political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Lao public security forces is an activity of the work of thought of the Party in the revolutionary armed forces in order to spread the Marxism-Leninism, ideology of Kaysone Phomvihane, lines and views of the Party; policies and laws of the State; political knowledge of mankind, the political tradition of the nation, the Party and security forces; domestic and international political situation, etc to build political qualities and capacities for officals and soldiers of the public security forces The nature of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers is the process of education and self-education to transform the political requirements and values of society and security forces into the quality and political capacity of the public security officials and soldiers through performing professional tasks, organizing life and relationships in the working unit and society The purpose of political & ideological education is to raise political awareness, build political beliefs and promote political-social positivity for officials and soldiers Content of political & ideological education covers all political knowledge Form of political & ideological education is very rich, diverse, integrated into other activities of the unit Political & ideological education uses all methods, facilities, means and infrastructure with the principles of the work of thought The subject of the political & ideological education for officials and soldiers is a very diverse and closely organized system in the security force, including: the subject of leadership, direction and management; the subject of directly leadership and implementation; subject of Participation; subjects of 11 supporting, officials and soldiers, etc These subjects are also the subject of the political & ideological education Stemming from the relationship of politics with other forms of social awareness, political & ideological education has a close relationship with moral education, legal education, aesthetic education, etc 2.2 The effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Lao public security force 2.2.1 Concept of the effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Lao public security force The effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Lao public security force is the correlation between political knowledge, political beliefs and political-social positivity of officials and soldiers after the impact of political and ideological education with the mobilized resources to achieve that result under specific conditions The effective structure of political and ideological education consists of components: results, goals and resources The purpose of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers is the political construction target of public security forces The result of political and ideological education is a positive change in the perception, attitude and political action of the object Rational use of resources is a scientific mobilization, saving human resources, time, funding, facilities, facilities, existing and potential educational environment to bring the highest results Nature of the effectiveness is a comparison among results and purpose and resource use As the result is closer to the goal, creating a premise for political and ideological education shall achieve high efficiency and vice versa Effectivness is seen as political and ideological education achieves the purpose and rational use of resources 2.2.2 Criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of Lao Public Security Forces * Group of criteria for evaluating the results of political and ideological education - Political knowledge of officals and soldiers is assessed at the level of memorization, understanding and application of Marxism-Leninism and thought of Kaysone Phomvihane; Party’s lines and views, political tasks of security and unit forces; political traditions of the nation and the Party, security force and its units; political science knowledge and political values of humanity; the situation of world and domestic politics and practical political experiences of officials and soldiers - Political beliefs of officials and soldiers are expressed in the level of interest in the political field The level of trust in the correctness of MarxismLeninism, the thought of Kaysone Phomvihane, Party’s lines and views, at the leadership and commanding levels, on the fighting power of security forces ; the level of consistency in political situations, the determined attitude of 12 struggling with wrong views, hostility about political ideology and negative moral and lifestyle expressions - Political-social activeness is the most important factor to assess the effectiveness of political and ideological education, expressed at the level of participation in socio-political activities; work results and learning and training; the level of readiness to receive and complete the tasks assigned by the organization; the level of observance of discplines and State law * Group of criteria for using the resource of political and ideological education This group of criteria assesses the level of promotion of leadership and management role of organizations; quantity and quality of officials and reporters; the level of time management and use; degree of innovation, effect of the content, form and method; the level of mobilization of facilities, infrastructure, funding and construction of the office culture environment to bring about the most effective results 2.3 The necessity of enhancing effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of Lao Public Security Force 2.3.1 Stemming from the role of political and ideological education - in building political qualities for officials and soldiers of public security forces Marxism-Leninism has affirmed the important role of political reasoning on the revolutionary movement In order to overthrow the old social regime, to build a new social regime, there should be the leadership of one party armed with Marxism-Leninism, the doctrine having the scientific and revolutionary nature which both properly reflects the objective rules of social development and points out goals, lines, forces, strategies, plans and methods of revolutionary struggle 2.3.2 Stemming from the important role of the public security forces and high demands on political qualities of public security officials and soldiers The Public Security Force is the sharp instrument of the Party and the State The main responsibilities and tasks of the public security forces are to provide the Party and the State with advice and at the same time fulfill the key role to successfully implement the lines, policies, guidelines of the Party and the State law on ensuring security, maintaining social order and safety Therefore, absolute loyalty to the Party and Regime is the key for the quality and personality of public security officials and soldiers 2.3.3 Stemming from the mission requirements of national security work and the limitations on political & ideological education for officials and soldiers of public security forces during the last time During the past years of renovation, Lao public security has contributed to helping the country overcome the serious and great challenges to uphold 13 independence and sovereignty, and maintain political and socials stability as well as the socialist orientation However, due to the change of situation, the resistance of hostile forces, the Ministry of Public Security still shows certain limitations while carrying out the tasks The limitations and shortcomings of the public security work partly come from some problems in political and ideological education that needs to be overcome Being unable to fully aware of the position and importance of political and ideological education, some Party Committees and the commanders of agencies and units have not focused on leading and directing the good implementation of this task Chapter THE EFFECTIVENESS OF POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL EDUCATION FOR OFFICIALS AND SOLDIERS OF THE LAO MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECURITY - THE REALITY AND ISSUES 3.1 Factors affecting the effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Lao Ministry of Public Security 3.1.1 Overview of the development process, functions, tasks and characteristics of the Ministry of Public Security On 2nd December, 1975, the National Congress of the Party passed the Resolution to establish the Ministry of Home Affairs, under which the Central Security Office was changed to the Ministry of Home Affairs On 11 th April 2002, the Lao Government decided to change the name of the Ministry of Home Affairs into the Ministry of Public Security of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (hereinafter referred to as the Lao Ministry of Public Security) and decided to take 5th April, 1961 as the Traditional Day of the Lao Ministry of Public Security The Ministry of Public Security is the macro-level state management agency in the Government apparatus, which is under the direct and comprehensive leadership and direction of the Politburo and the Party Central Committee’s Secretariat of the Lao People revolution Lao Ministry of Public Security has a unified and strict system of Party organizations and commanders There is a large number of officials and soldiers of the Lao Ministry of Public Security who are rigorously selected and formally trained to have a strong political background and good professional qualifications The officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security have a sense of strict discipline and democratic freedom, but coming from many different tribes and religions with unequal qualifications These factors pose a requirement that in the process of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public 14 Security, the subject of education must also grasp the psychosocial characteristics of the objects to choose different and proper content, methods, forms and means to achieve high results during the educational process This is also a factor directly affecting the political & ideological education for officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security today 3.1.2 Impact of international situation In general, the world is heading to a fast, complicated and unpredictable evolution Although, peace, independence, democracy, cooperation and development among countries and regions are inevitable trends, there remain the fight within nation and class, local war, armed conflict, ethnic conflicts, religious conflicts; activities of intervention, subversion, terrorism, separatism; cyber war, infringement of national sovereignty, etc 3.1.3 Impacts of domestic factors In the process of comprehensive reform of the socialist-oriented country initiated by Lao PDR, the leaders have gained many important achievements Through 30 years of implementing the renovation, Lao PDR has created the position and strength to continuously bring Laos into a new era of development which creates conditions for gradually implementing the national industrialization and modernization and continuing to implement two strategic tasks of building and defending the Fatherland, striving for the goal of “rich people, strong countries, social unions, democracy, fairness and civilization” 3.2 Reality of the effectiveness of political & ideological education in Ministry of Public Security from 2012 until now 3.2.1 The advantages and limitations of political knowledge * Advantages of political knowledge of officials and soldiers Officials and soldiers are equipped with basic political theory knowledge for building the scientific world view and communist faith; firmly grasping the Party’s views and lines; having knowledge of the history and political traditions of the nation, the Party, the public security forces and the political values of humanity; having broad knowledge and updates on domestic and international political situation The majority of officials and soldiers are interested in the political field; with excitement believing in the innovation and good development of the country; having national patriotism and self-respect, reassuring with the mission, trusting the military’s victory; having strong political mindset, determination and the attack of hostile forces on the ideological front Officials and soldiers actively participate in political and social activities organized by the units; ready to receive tasks when assigned, strictly abide by the State’s laws and regulations The work results basically meet the requirements of the Ministry of Public Security; From 2012 until now, 100% of officials and soldiers in the Ministry of Public Security have been evaluated to have good political qualities, none of which violate political discipline 15 * Limitations of political knowledge of officials and soldiers Political knowledge of a part of officials and soldiers is incomplete, insufficient and the ability of applications is limited The belief in MarxismLeninism, the thought of Kaysone Phomvihane, the leadership of the Party and the strength of the Ministry of Public Security’s victory in a part of cadres and soldiers is not solid Political bravery of some officials and soldiers is not stable, ambiguous, inattentive towards the enemy’s plots and tricks A part of officials and soldiers participated in social-political activities passively and reluctantly with low positivity self-consciousness The work results are not commensurate with the training objectives and the investment of resources for the officials and soldiers in Ministry of Public Security 3.2.2 Advantages and limitations on political attitudes and beliefs of officials and soldiers in the Ministry of Public Security * The advantages of political & social attitudes, beliefs and positivity of officials and soldiers The majority of officials and soldiers in the Ministry of Public Security are interested in the political and social fields; are excited, confident in the leadership of the Party and believe in the cause of national renewal led by the Party Officials and soldiers have national patriotism and self-respect, and feel excited with their assigned tasks; have a political will and determination toward the country’s difficulties and the attack of hostile forces on the ideological front * Limitations on attitudes and beliefs of officials and soldiers in the Ministry of Public Security The belief in Marxism-Leninism, the Party’s leadership and the victory power of public security forces in a part of officials and soldiers is not solid Thus, it can be seen that shallow knowledge, unstable beliefs lead to a lack of clear political attitude, the words and behaviors of officials and soldiers before the collective and organization are different from those in daily life The political bravery of a part of officials and soldiers has not been stable, ambiguous, inattentive towards the enemy’s plots and tricks The limitation on awareness shall lead to a part of officials and soldiers to the instability about the political position A few officials and soldiers are unable to analyze and assess the developments of domestic and international situation 3.2.3 Advantages and limitations of social & political positivity of officials and soldiers * Advantages and limitations of social & political positivity Active participation in political and social activities organized by the unit Officials and soldiers of the Ministry of Public Security are available to receive the tasks when assigned, strictly abide by the discipline of public security forces and State law The political and social positivity of officials and soldiers in the 16 Ministry of Public Security is also reflected in the results of the building a strong and clean Party organization as well as a strong and comprehensive unit * Limitations on social & political positivity of officials and soldiers A part of officials and soldiers participate in social & political activities passively, reluctantly with low self-awareness The results of learning, training and professional operation of a part of cadres and soldiers remain unequal 2.2.4 Advantages and limitations in mobilizing resources for political and ideological education * Well promoting human resources in political and ideological education for officials and soldiers Advantages in leadership, management of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers Party Committee, Steering Committee of Ministry of Public Security paid attention and directed the serious implementation of political & ideological education for cadres and soldiers Organizations and forces have promoted their dynamics, creativity and overcome difficulties, gradually raising the results of political & ideological education for officers and soldiers Advantages in building a contingent of cadres who directly work in political & ideological education The contingent of cadres, lecturers and reporters has developed in quantity and quality, meeting the requirements of political & ideological education Regularly consolidate and actively improve and foster the quality of the contingent of officials and soldiers * Actively explore, create and strongly innovate the content, methods, forms of political & ideological education Through the inspection of the authorities and the Ministry of Public Security, the agency always strictly abides by the regulations on the promulgated program and contents The reporters did well in praising and encouraging positive and pointing out deviant and negative manifestations, combining professional education with ethical education among the agencies at ministry level * The results of mobilizing time, means, facilities and funding for political & ideological education The agencies and units of the Ministry of Public Security have used a reasonable time to conduct political & ideological education for officials and soldiers Paying attention to the investment and management and use of facilities, and reasonable funding, contributing to improving the efficiency of political & ideological education Building a cultural environment and a healthy educational environment to create favorable conditions for political & ideological education * Limitations on mobilizing resources for political & ideological education 17 The sense of responsibility of the subjects, the coordination and promotion of the role of organizations, and forces remain limited Human resources directly participating in political & ideological education for officials and soldiers are still inadequate Results of innovating contents, forms and methods of the political & ideological education have not met the requirements The use of time, funding, means and facilities for political & ideological education is not reasonable Building and promoting the positive impact of the educational environment remain limited 3.3 Issues raised toward improving the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security currently Improving the efficiency of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers in the Ministry of Public Security is the process of detecting and resolving obstacles and problems that exist in each internal element of political & ideological education and negative impacts from objective social environment Research to clarify issues posed as a basis to find out methods, proposal and solutions to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers 3.3.1 Conflict between the increasing demand for quality of education and the limitations and inadequacies of subjects conducting political and ideological education for officials and soldiers The number and quality of subjects have a strong influence on the effectiveness of political & ideological education, but in reality, the perception of the subjects about the effectiveness of political & ideological education remain limited The sense of responsibility, enthusiasm, creativity and exemplary have not meet the requirements Educational, emotional and persuasive capacity of cadres is still inadequate In the end, the inadequacies in capacity stem from the lack of enthusiasm, responsibility in the fostering and training of the subject This is the fundamental contradiction of improving the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security currently 3.3.2 Conflict between the need to promote the positivity of the object with the lack of interest, excitement, self-awareness of officials and soldiers in political and ideological education The degree of comprehension and transformation of political knowledge into the action and sustainability of the effectiveness of political & ideological education depend on the subjective dynamism of the object From the perspective of psychology, dynamism, political activism are rooted in the political and social needs and interests of each official and soldier Meanwhile, the fluctuation of social structure and class leads to the increasing complexion of demands and benefits of young learners Passive psychology, political ignorance and the appreciation of material benefits as well as personal interests 18 in officials and soldiers are increasing strongly affecting the self-awareness and positiveness of officials and soldiers in political and ideological education The profound root reveals that some officials and soldiers not have the social and political demand of politics political & ideological education has not brought practical benefits to them It is necessary to request them to actively study and foster politics because the political ignorance and lack of interest in this area can be considered as a major contradiction of political & ideological education in officials and soldiers of the the Lao Ministry of Public Security today 3.3.3 Conflict between the increasing demand for effectiveness and inadequacies in the content, form, method, means of political and ideological education The basic objective of political & ideological education is to educate communist the beliefs for officials and soldiers, so it requires a high level of scientific and persuasion, while the educational content is both complex, abstract and overloaded for both teachers and learners Although the basic subjects are aware of the requirements for innovation, the reality shows the lack of motivation and necessary conditions for means, facilities, time and funding to promote strongly the process of renewing the contents, forms and methods of political & ideological education in the officials and soldiers 3.3.4 Conflict between the requirement of normality of the working environment with the diversity and complexity of social life practice Political & ideological education in officials and soldiers reaches high efficiency only when there is a pedagogical and standard education environment, however, the situation of today and in the coming years make it difficult to satisfy that requirement The negative impact of international and regional situation continues to increase Adverse impacts from the domestic socio-economic situation still exist due to the slow and overhauled limitations and shortcomings and the fierce resistance of the enemy to “nonpoliticize” the security forces The working environment of officials and soldiers continues to be negatively affected by the reverse of the market mechanism The lack of consistency between ideals and reality causes difficulties for political & ideological education In summary, in the context including of both many advantages and several difficulties and challenges, the officials and soldiers of the Lao People’s Security Ministry have paid attention to mobilizing all resources to maintain and constantly improve the effectiveness of political & ideological education Thanks to such attention, there have found the the positive change in awareness, attitudes, beliefs and political - social positiveness of officials and soldiers However, the reality of political knowledge, the stability of the socio-political beliefs and motivation have not met the requirements; and the use of resources is not really reasonable and economical, so the efficiency remain low In order to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological education of the officials and soldiers in Ministry of Public 19 Security, attention must be paid to studying thoroughly how to resolve the existing conflicts, especially the fundamental and principal conflicts Chapter VIEWPOINTS AND EFFECTIVENESS TO IMPROVE POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL EDUCATION FOR OFFICIALS AND SOLDIERS IN THE LAO MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECURITY 4.1 Viewpoints and effectiveness to improve political & ideological education for officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security 4.1.1 Improving political & ideological education for officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security is the responsibility of party committees and commanders of the Ministry of Public Security The party committees from the Ministry of Security to the Party cells in the Party Committee must devise specific measures to build, consolidate and consolidate the quality, fighting, persuasion and activeness, creativity, bravery and morality of the team of reporters and propagators; overcome the weaknesses and shortcomings, continue to innovate the content and operation methods to meet the increasing requirements of political & ideological education; pay attention to coordinate with agencies, units and organizations to ideological work to improve the efficiency of political & ideological education 4.1.2 Renovating political & ideological education for officials and soldiers in line with the development trend of the digital revolution is an indispensable trend set for the Party Committee and command of the Ministry of Public Security Previously, the Party and the State owned a number of reporters, propagandists and mass media such as printed newspapers, radio and television, and recently the electronic media as an official means to conduct political & ideological education Currently, the industrial revolution 4.0 has turned these monopoly tools and facilities down to the secondary line and brought social media to the throne by outstanding features such as providing abundant sources of information which is rich, attractive and continuous than ever In this context, the Party Committee and the Ministry of Security Steering Committee must pay attention to investing intellectually, enthusiastically in the human resources to create new political & ideological education form, focusing on promoting the achievements of Digital revolution It is necessary to adapt but not escape from the development of social networks, on the contrary, there is a need to make the most of social networks in political & ideological education so that they are suitable to each object, with a focus on young officials and soldiers who are serving at the Ministry of Public Security 20 4.1.3 Political & ideological education must be based on a firm grasp of the ideological situation and in accordance with the characteristics of the officials and soldiers at the Ministry of Public Security Improving the effectiveness of political & ideological education must start from the task of grasping, assessing and resolving the situation of ideological officials, soldiers, on that basis to have the content, methods and forms of conducting the political & ideological education that is suitable to each object, meeting the requirements of the unit’s political tasks On the basis of properly grasping and assessing the ideological situation of cadres and soldiers, it is necessary to classify the levels, associated with the objects, with the tasks of each individual and collective to conduct appropriate education For the group of general rank, colonel, upper rank, the content of education must be deeper, the form of talks, seminars and self-study is the mainstream For the group of lieutenant officers and employees, the content and methods must have plans, systems and methodologies such as: political study, political activities, ideological and specialized studies of officers 4.1.4 Combining education with self-education, “building” coupled with "anti" to improve the effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers at the Ministry of Public Security Under the current conditions, the “building” task of political & ideological education is to strengthen education for Marxism - Leninism, the thought of Kaysone Phomvihane, the views, lines of the Party, policies and laws of the State; the situation, the mission of the revolution, the task of security and defense, the task of the security forces; The “anti” task of political & ideological education is to regularly struggle to expose wrong views, ideological and hostile views, prevent and combat recession in political ideology, morality, lifestyle, and risk control “Self-evolutions”, “self-transformation” internally, timely prevent violations of officials and soldiers In particular, the struggle must be strengthened to prevent the resistance of hostile forces in the field of ideology and culture in cyberspace 4.2 Solution to improve the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security Improving the effectiveness of political & ideological education for officials and soldiers is an issue related to many levels and branches, but as a strategic agency, the head of the security force, the Ministry of Public Security needs aiming at maximizing the potentials of the specific working environment These are proactive, creative and internal solutions, which not require much time, effort, money and support of the above but quickly bring the highest efficiency 21 4.2.1 Raising awareness, responsibilities of party committee secretary, commander of all levels in political & ideological education Raising awareness of the secretary of the Party, who is in charge of the effectiveness of political & ideological education Promoting the role of the party committee secretary, commander in political & ideological education in officials and soldiers Promoting the responsibilities of the leaders and heads of the Ministry in orientation, direction and supervision of activities of the political & ideological education 4.2.2 Promoting the pioneering and exemplary character of senior staff as an example for lower-level officials and soldiers to trust, study and follow Promoting exemplary character, setting the example of Party Committee, Standing Committee, Minister and Vice Ministers in Ministry agencies Promoting education and fostering of ideology, morality and lifestyle for senior officials working at Ministry agencies Strengthening inspection, control and resolutely taking out of the ministry the officials and soldiers who are not yet politicized, ideological and ethical 4.2.3 Renovating educational content towards practicality, meeting the political and social needs of officials and soldiers In the trend of innovating educational content, it is to promote learner’s activeness, positive, self-awareness Political and ideological education is also an educational activity but a belief education Therefore, the trust of the government is the basic and direct objective to conduct the renovation of the content of the political and ideological education The spiritual effect of political and ideological education is belief, but it is necessary to have knowledge first of all The process of spreading knowledge to the subject must comply with the rules of memory, the most important of which is the rule of excitement, the rule of strong impression, the rule of understanding information, etc Therefore, internal renewal capacities, forms and methods must comply with these rules In order to build political beliefs for officials and soldiers, a requirement for political and ideological education is to convey proper, scientific and persuasive knowledge on the principle of strength, through the emotional path of statue 4.2.4 Innovating forms and methods, strengthening management and rational and economic use of resources for political and ideological education Innovating forms and methods is the solution mentioned in most scientific works and projects on ideological work in general and political and ideological education in particular That said, the universality and importance of the problem Practices in the Ministry of Security in the past years also pointed out the limitations of the efficiency of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers that have caused from inadequate forms and methods 22 4.2.5 Promoting the role of self-education and self-training of each official and soldier working at the Ministry of Public Security Any human activity also contains internal needs and interests No administrative measures can force officials and soldiers to revel in knowledge, self-discipline if not stemming from their own needs Therefore, orienting the right needs for officers and soldiers is a fundamental measure to solve the average ideological ideology in the units of the Ministry of Public Security today It is a way to turn the education process into self-education, turning knowledge into beliefs, turning beliefs into positive and voluntary actions of officials and soldiers in the process of implementing the tasks assigned by the Party and Lao tribes 4.2.6 Building a healthy office culture contributing to improving the effectiveness of political and ideological education Building a healthy cultural environment must incorporate political education, morality, and lifestyle, praising the good with resolute struggle with negative behaviors Ministry agencies need to statistics and generalize the negative phenomena that often occur in the working environment at strategic agencies Since then, propose measures to fight resolutely and implement seriously and seriously In particular, it is necessary to promote self-criticism and criticism in the activities of organizations, use collective public opinion to eliminate from the working environment backward expressions of ideology, morality, images the influence of bourgeois lifestyle, remnants of feudalism, superstition, superstition, pragmatic perspectives that appreciate money, belittling the value of moral character and revolutionary ideals In short, improving the effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers required the Ministry of Public Security to synchronize solutions with the participation of the whole political system As the subject conducting political and ideological education for cadres, soldiers, the Ministry of Public Security needs to carry out some specific solutions towards sticking to the goal of educating beliefs, promoting potential factors available in subjects and objects with the advantages of organization, staffing and tasks of officials and soldiers in the Ministry of Public Security In particular, it is neccessary to focus on the basic solutions including: promoting responsibility and exemplarity of the subject; educating orientation and satisfying the socio-political needs of the subjects; vigorously renovating the content, form and method and mobilizing all resources for political and ideological education; building a healthy educational environment to educate beliefs, ideal for officials and soldiers 23 CONCLUSION The effectiveness of political and ideological education is an important but complex issue, attracting the research interest of many domestic and foreign scientists Currently, although there have been some researches on this field, the theoretical consensus is still not high Practical requirements for building a strong political security force in the period of promoting the industrialization and modernization of the country requires deep research, profound and effective interpretation under the perspective of scientific and ideological work, creating a scientific basis to unify the awareness and action to further improve the efficiency of the political and ideological education of the Party in general and the political and ideological education for officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security in particular By inheriting and developing research achievements on the effectiveness of political and ideological education and applying to a specific object for officials and soldiers at the Ministry of Public Security, it is possible to initially conclude: the effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers is the correlation between the results of political knowledge acquisition, the formation of communist beliefs and the politicalsocial positivity of officials and soldiers under the impact of political and ideological education and the rational use of resources to gain achivements under specific conditions The effectiveness of political and ideological education shows many types and is the subject to the influence of the internal factors of political and ideological education and the inside and outside educational environment of the agencies of the Ministry of Public Security Effectiveness can only be measured by changes in the knowledge, beliefs and political - social positiveness of officials and soldiers on the basis of comparing with the reasonable and economic use of resources The effectiveness of political and ideological education has its ownspecific characteristics, therefore in order to have the effective evaluation, it is necessary to have the right scientific views, methods,and forms Political and ideological education for officials and soldiers at the Ministry of PublicSecurity is the political and ideological education for an object with high political quality and requirements, in a particular type of unit, having greater advantages rather than other units From 2012 to now, political and ideological education in the Ministry of Public Security takes place in the context of many advantages, but there are also many difficulties due to the impacts from objective and subjective factors In such conditions political and ideological education for officials and soldiers has obtained many remarkable achievements, creating a solid foundation to contribute significantly to the task of building a strong political security force However, in the comparision with the achieved results with the training objectives and investment interest, 24 mobilization of resources and outstanding advantages of a strategic agency, it is found that the effectiveness of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers remain low Improving the effectivess of political and ideological education for officials and soldiers is facing issues that need to be solved Those are, the conflict between the purpose and requirements of political and ideological education with limitations on human resources; with inadequacies of content, form and method; with complex changes and deviations in the personality trend of officials and soldiers; with difficulties in facilities and means; with negative impacts from the internal and external educational environment of the Ministry of Public Security In order to improve the effectiveness of political and ideological education, there is a need of the right opinion and synchronized implementation the solutions In particular, from the viewpoint, this is considered an important political task of the Ministry of Public Security; It is necessary to reform methods must come together with timely grasping and applying the achievements of the industrial revolution 4.0 on the basis of firm understanding of the ideological and peculiar situation of the Ministry of Public Security; to closely combine the buidling and the anti during the performance of political and ideological education Among solutions, the fastest, feasible and most effective one is to exploit renewable resources It is the exemplary, enthusiastic, responsible feature of an educator; there is a need for the vigorous renewal of content, forms and methods not for equipping a lot of knowledge but for the direction that each knowledge unit must come from the love of each official and soldier; it is also essential to stimulate social-political needs, making education and forging come from the internal forces of every cadre and soldier; investment and rational use of facilities and material facilities for political and ideological education must be considered; there is a need of building units to become advanced and exemplary models, and working closely with leaders and local authorities to participate in building safe areas and fighting to prevent negative phenomena entering the unit With the results achieved, the dissertation has not yet covered all the angles and aspects of the effectiveness of political and ideological education In terms of theory, it is necessary to study the economics political and ideological education in particular and work of thought in general It is required to interprete fully and deeply the correlation between spritual results and economic costs In practice, political and ideological education for officials and soldiers in the Lao Ministry of Public Security has many different subjects that need to be studied independently Therefore, it is necessary to have further scientific works for an in-depth study of this issue  ... Party's guidances and policies and the laws of the State, making them infiltrate, occupying an absolute dominance in the spiritual life and orientation of thoughts and actions of officers and soldiers;... of political and ideological education This group of criteria assesses the level of promotion of leadership and management role of organizations; quantity and quality of officials and reporters;... political and ideological education that needs to be overcome Being unable to fully aware of the position and importance of political and ideological education, some Party Committees and the commanders