Xu hướng sử dụng gói tin tức đa phương tiện trên báo mạng điện tử (nghiên cứu báo điện tử new york times, the guardian, vnexpress từ 2014 – 2016) tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION HO CHI MINH NATIONAL ACADEMY AND TRAINING OF POLITICS ACADEMY OF JOURNALISM AND COMMUNICATION NGO BICH NGOC TRENDS IN USING MULTIMEDIA NEWS PACKAGE ON ONLINE NEWSPAPER (Research VnExpress, New York Times, The Guardian from 2014 to 2016) Major: Journalism Major code: 32 01 01 SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION IN JOURNALISM HANOI - 2020 The dissertation was completed at Academy of Journalism and Communication, Vietnam Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Truong Giang Assoc Prof Dr Dinh Thi Thuy Hang REVIEWER 1: ASSOC.PROF.DR HA HUY PHUONG REVIEWER 2: ASSOC.PROF.DR DO CHI NGHIA REVIEWER 3: ASSOC.PROF.DR DANG THI THU HUONG The dissertation is defended at the National Council of Doctoral Assessment Academy of Journalism and Communication INTRODUCTION Rationale On December 20, 2012, readers of the online newspaper New York Times (NYT) first experienced a new type of article called Snow Fall with a completely new performance In Snow Fall, NYT used achievements in both technology and visual design at the same time: loop-based background and auto-run video, fullscreen video and embedded images with curtain effect transitions The whole multimedia news package is shown on the consistent background color and this color will gradually change to match the color of photo/video alongside the story The colors change when reader scrolls the mouse or uses the scrollbar to flip through the story This work alters previous notions of how to present an article on web in general and an online press work in particular The striking difference of Snow Fall is the visualization and the interactive content embedded throughout the length of the article Although the multimedia elements such as video, photo, interactive graphics are no longer new and have been used for many years, very few articles have a harmonious and seamless combination as Snow Fall Since then, multimedia news packages (not sophisticated as Snow Fall) have become more and more popular in newsrooms all over the world with weekly frequency Highlights of this period include "The Short Happy Life of Serengeti Lions” by David Quammen and Michael Nichols, National Geographic 2013, "The Confession of Reykjavik” by Simon Cox and team BBC.com 204, “Out in the Great Alone” by Brian Phillips posted, ESPN.com 2013 In the later stages, many multimedia news packages of the world's leading online newspapers such as NYT, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Le Monde, The Guardian, news agencies such as AP, Reuters, National Geographic continue to be produced and recognized by the prestigious press awards, including Pulitzer Prize and National Press Photography Association (nppa.org) It’s said that multimedia news package is specialty of modern journalism and an emerging style of journalism product with content and format different from traditional press works The 2016 annual report of WAN-IFRA affirmed: “Today's readers are no longer impressed by devices They expect how the content of the press is "packaged up" and how it will be released "[70, 18].The production of news package on online newspapers is a necessary job That is the trend of the world press, and Vietnam is not out of that trend The application of digital technology achievements on the Internet platform and high-tech equipment to produce journalism is a reality and also a requirement for the media to practise its political - social duties In order to convey large-scale issues or events, a few singular articles will not be powerful enough to properly and adequately display content in a sharp and attractive way It’s only multimedia news package that has capability to convey stories of sophisticated topic, big events or complicated processes Even so, multimedia news package is still a new term in our country The general awareness of journalists, journalism trainers and press practitioners about news package is limited This term is used in many researches on online newspaper by researchers and journalists at international research institutes and centers Therefore, although still quite unfamiliar in Vietnam, the author of the thesis still decides to use the term "multimedia news package" to have scientific unity with the existing research and journalistic practice in the world The challenges for researchers is to clarify: what is the nature of this trend; strengths and weaknesses as well as the relevance of this trend with each journalism type; how to use this form of journalism to reflect different topics, should it be identified that this trend will take place in the short, medium or long term? And how is the specific response of press organizations with specific human and facilities resources; If applicable, what conditions are required and which criteria should be reached; how to combine each multimedia element to create a complete product; how and what factors would affect production decision; how are the development trends in the future? Research aims and tasks Purpose of dissertation is to systematize the theoretical and practical issues of the issue, and then build the theoretical framework on multimedia news package on online newspaper; studying the situation of using news package on three surveyed newspapers, surveying its interaction with management, finance, technology issues of the editorial offices, understanding the factors affecting the trend development, from which to discover trends in using news package on online newspaper Research tasks: To achieve this goal, within the thesis, the author identifies the following research tasks: First, systematizing and initially building the theoretical basis related to multimedia news package: Clarifying concepts basically related to research issues; history of multimedia news package development; analyze the main categories of multimedia news package, clarify the purpose, object of reflection, structure, and language of this multimedia news package category; study creative ways and organize some typical cases Secondly, the thesis seeks for the situation of using multimedia news package on newspaper through three surveyed papers from Jan 2014 to December 31 2016; compare and evaluate multimedia news package in Vietnamese online newspapers with that on international newspapers Thirdly, analyze the factors affecting the use of multimedia news package on online newspaper, thereby determining the trends in using multimedia news package on online newspaper Research object and scope Research object of the thesis is the trends in using multimedia news package on online newspapers Scope of the dissertation is formation and transformation of the trends in using multimedia news package to have a comprehensive view of this subject, thereby studying and surveying multimedia news package on online newspapers which are NYT, TG and VNE Research questions I propose the following research questions while conducting the research: - Is multimedia news package a new form of journalism product with new flexible structures and the multimedia elements are at the level of sophistication and modern, helping to achieve effective storytelling and wide spreading? - In multimedia news package, what are the new ways to incorporate new elements? Which elements and interfaces are used in the stories of multimedia news packages? Are there new ways to incorporate new elements in which new interfaces were created to produce these multimedia news package? what narrative structures are these multimedia news packages implemented? Follow the research frameworks of Landown, Nelson, Manovich or Murray? (These theories are presented in the Overview section) - Among important factors affecting the decision of the editorial offices, is it possible that production costs can be the most important factor? - News package on online newspaper has developed strongly in international newspapers, but in Vietnam, there are still few, assuming that domestic newspapers still have many financial difficulties Is there any recommendation of low-cost production? Theoretical and practical background and research methods 5.1 Theoretical background - The General Methodology: The thesis approaches research objectives and tasks based on the following main theoretical frameworks: the Communist Party's and Vietnam State's views, law and policies; modern journalism theories about concepts, history of development, roles, functions, operational principles of author-work-audiences, communication and mass media theory - Specialized methodology: The thesis uses the following theories: (1) Theories on online newspaper: The concept, history of development, characteristics for online newspaper, HTML programming language, presentation, changing role of online newspaper in the books: The basis of online newspaper by author Nguyen Thi Truong Giang (Political Publishing House - Administration, 2011, Hanoi); Journalism Online (Online Press) by Mike Ward (Oxford: Focal Press 2002); and Online Journalism - A critical primer of Jim Hall - Theory of multimedia, storytelling in the book Multimedia Storytelling for Digital Communicators in a Multiplatform World, Gossip story for digital media in the multi-platform world by Gitner, Seth (New York: Routledge 2015); Journalism and multimedia media edited by author Nguyen Thi Truong Giang (National University Publishing House, Hanoi 2017) (2) Theory of Hierarchy of Influences: The theory of "Influence hierarchies" in the mass media summarized by Pamela Shoemaker and Stephen D Reese in 1996, and by Reese development and expansion related to global communications issues in 2001 This framework is introduced in the book Communication Messages: Theories Affecting Mass Media Content by Shoemaker and Reese [60] and scientific journalism Press research and model of influence hierarchies: Stephen D.Reese's global vision This is the theory of communication sociology analyzing the impact of the media ecosystem, analyzing the influence levels on the media content (3) Multimodality theory of digital longform products: In the course of the study, there is no term corresponding to longform found in Vietnamese, the thesis allows to use the form from the longform to bring the full meaning of this journalism The theory of multimodality of digital longform products is actually developed from the theory of semantic, semiotics in communication, which is led by Arthur Saga Berger in Semiotics Analysis in Media Analysis article Techniques; 1998 was then inherited and developed perfectly with the work of Daniel Chandler “Semiotics - the basic” in 2007 and Sigrid Norris and Carmen Daniela Maier in “Interaction, image and text - a reader in multimodality” The thesis writer uses these theories in the study of how multimedia news package are encoded and formed using semantic and symbolic modes (4) Theory of Use and Gratifications: This theory was born in the 40s of the XX century in the US This theory studies the behavior of media exposure by the public In the 1940s and 1950s, research on the theory of "Use and Satisfaction" was quite sketchy, studies in the early stages only inducted the types of "use" and "gratification" There is no breakthrough in theory; the main method is interviews, not forming a strict survey analysis process Until the 1960s, the value of these studies was reaffirmed and research activities were more active, among that the most typical results were from the surveys of British media expert Denis McQuail, (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) The researchers found that the public's exposure to the media was based on basic needs, such as information, entertainment, social relations and mental and psychological needs The content and form of the media all meet those basic human needs The media audiences in the Internet environment is also characterized by "anonymity" so their needs are more individualized, their behavior is to some extent affected by this characteristic In addition to practical reports on the trend of using and receiving press information, the thesis author uses this theory to assess the current situation of audience consuming multimedia news package 5.2 Research methods General research methods: Based on the principles of dialectical logic, research uses some common research methods such as analysis - synthesis, logic history, modeling - generalization, inductive - interpretation Specific research methods: Methods of document analysis: Selecting research studies, works of relevant domestic and foreign authors, websites of survey subject newspapers, websites of research organizations to synthesize and analyze, on that basis, draw out the arguments and arguments for the research subjects; At the same time, inheriting available studies, serving as a basis for evaluating survey results, finding trends of research issues Media content analysis method: The author uses Google search engine and search engine on surveyed newspapers with the keywords "Interactive", "Multimedia, "Megastory", “Longform” in order to find the right articles according to criteria Each newspaper also has a summary list of outstanding articles using the yearly distribution - this is a very well-integrated synthesizer, a data source that helps to understand research issues from perspective of each editorial office The articles that are read and studied in detail are selected by the systematic random method, with the first selected by the random method (jump = 3) The author chooses each newspaper 20 articles per year according to this method for specific research The total number of papers in each newspaper is 60 articles The two researchers coded the packages, with 10.43% overlap (n = 16) The average consistency is 93%, with the reliability measured by the Krippendorf Alpha average of 0.8245 The thesis uses SPSS quantitative information processing software and Nvivo qualitative information processing software Scope of research: Choose large online newspapers in countries: New York Times (USA), The Guardian (UK), VnExpress (Vietnam) Sample: multimedia news packages on surveyed online newspapers, from January 1, 2014 - December 31, 2016 Research unit: Full-text content, the elements of the components used in the lesson Quantitative analysis: - Statistics of numbers and comparison of numbers of news package on survey reports in years (2014-2016) - Statistics on the number, frequency of use and comparison of structures and elements in the multimedia news package Case study method: I selected two well-invested and outstanding cases which are the United States Presidential Election 2016 and Rio Olympic Games 2016 to analyze indepth and to compare content and format of the multimedia news package among the newspapers Since then, the development trends in using multimedia news package have been found I analyze the multimedia news package in terms of storytelling, news value, and media formats The dissertation lists all the news packages on these two topics in newspapers Interview method: The researcher used this method to study the awareness, situation and trends of using multimedia news package at these editorial offices, especially the selected newspapers to verify and add the missing theoretical and practical parts, also explore organizing implementation and producing process of multimedia news package Specifically, we conducted in-depth interviews with 17 cases of the following groups: + Group (9 cases): those who directly implement and produce the news package in many different newspapers including editors, reporters, designers + Group (3 cases): online newspaper managers; + Group (5 cases): experts in the field of media and journalism; journalists, researchers, organizational leaders, reporters, editors, technicians Interview conducted directly and via phone or email Method of using secondary sources: secondary sources from research institutions such as American Institute of Journalism, Reuter Institution…are used to measure the relevance, interest in the products Scientific contribution of thesis The thesis studies a new form of online journalism product: multimedia news package, so there will be many scientific discoveries The thesis clarifies the concept of multimedia news package, ways of storytelling, purposes, classification, creative methods, production organization; deeply analyze some of the multimedia news package cases of leading newspapers in the world to see the peak development of the current online newspaper; from that, an objective assessment of Vietnam's multimedia news package products is proposed to improve the quality, and find trends in using news package in the current online newspapers research results of the thesis will be orientation for online newsrooms This is a reference for researchers, managers, lecturers and journalists Theoretical and practical significance - Theoretical significance Newspapers are constantly evolving and in the digital age, newspapers have changed drastically The most stable parts of the press like genres are also changing Up to now, very few domestic published research papers have a definition of article genre that has both text, images, sound, graphics, interactive maps, in the scope of thousands of words, dozens of full screen sized photos, videos, while intertwined with express spaces and continuous narration Communication technologies have changed the public media approach, and turned back to change content of the press itself Modern journalism theory precedes the need for additional research issue This thesis clarifies the history of formation, concepts, characteristics, classification and development trends of one of the new types of press works, a representative of the digital journalism era - that is multimedia news package on online newspaper - Practical significance This is also a problem that domestic journalism practice has to study and learn to keep the loyal audiences, as well as to find new because if readers, there cannot exist and perform the social political tasks of the press Structure of thesis In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, Literature review, List of Abbreviation, List of Tables, Table of Contents, Appendix, the thesis consists of four chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Theoretical and practical basis of using multimedia news packages on online newspapers Chapter 2: Current situation of the trend in using multimedia news packages on online newspapers Chapter 3: Trends in using multimedia news packages on online newspapers through case studies of Olympics Rio 2016 and the US Presidential Election 2016 on the New York Times, The Guardian and VnExpress Chapter 4: Evaluation of successes, limitations, trend prediction and recommendation to enhance the quality of multimedia news packages on the online newspapers in Vietnam LITERATURE REVIEW The situation of research of multimedia news package on online newspaper in the world The thesis presents the results of studies related to the topic at different approaches in the world In particular, international researchers expressed their views in angles of news package, namely approach from the perspective of performance quality of online journalism, digital journalism, emphasizing the distinctive nature of the online newspaper and the multimedia news package are at the level of application of hypertext languages studies from the technical perspective, emphasizing the role of digital era technology improvement/innovation affect the way of reporting online newspaper, assuming the internet environment and its attributes including hypertext, interactivity, multimedia that impacted the quality of multimedia news package; studies of approaching multimedia news package from the perspective of journalistic content, considering the type of storytelling press and longform in the digital environment (narrative journalism, longform journalism) are precursors to multilateral news convenient now The researches mentioned directly to this topic is still thin, mainly analysis conducted by and from the perspective of journalists The theoretical perspective on multimedia news package is still a gap and in need of additional research Among a few significant researches, there are some remarkable works such as Dowling and Vogan [28] found that long articles often try to create a "A cognitive container, an environment that protects readers from the inconveniences caused by the typical web browsing processes of the previous day, allows them to become immersed in the story” This contrasts with the consumption of rapid information and fragmentation of online news in the theory of author Barnhurst (2012) [23] In the study of Jacobson, Marino and Gutsche [35, 14], "paralax scroll" technique - which means content floating on the page at different speeds is considered to be the main feature of this genre The authors concluded that the combination of technology in storytelling helped the longform improve recontextualize the traditional techniques of literary journalism This may lead to an argument that: longform is not just about displaying technological power, but (in fact) that multimedia structure is at the core of the narrative structure Other features related to longform identification include video looping, including a single image, and a transition between text content and image content The combination of minimal interface with many visual elements creates a cinematic effect [66] CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS OF USING MULTIMEDIA NEWS PACKAGE ON ONLINE NEWSPAPER 1.1 Basic concepts related to the topic, The thesis clarifies basic concepts: trend, news packages, multimedia, electronic newspapers, multimedia news packages on oline newspapers Multimedia news package is understood as: an emerging form journalism product published on online newspaper, or a collection of news and articles reporting multiple aspects a complex, multi-dimensional and/or data-driven topic; with linear or non-linear structure, vivid and realistic storytelling by many highquality multimedia elements including text, photos, audio, video, graphics, data visualization, interactive elements, communication participation and social media, which are creatively assembled as unified whole, closely linked with each other with smooth transitions 1.2 Composition of multimedia news package on online newspaper The thesis clarifies the constituent elements of a multimedia news package on the online newspaper and their characteristics, evidenced by specific examples of multimedia news package that stand out in many newspapers around the world The elements are: text, images, audio, video, graphics, interactive programs 1.3 Characteristics of multimedia news package on online newspaper 1.3.1 Characteristics of content in multimedia news package on online newspaper The thesis points out that the news package usually includes the following characteristics: news package often draws on big, unique topics with high social value; Storytelling in multimedia news package using both linear and non-linear methods; Using many literary methods 1.3.2 Characteristics of format of multimedia news package on online newspaper Format characteristics include Large and unlimited work capacity; Diversified and very creative multimedia elements; Interactive elements are seamlessly integrated; news package can be in closed or opened format with custom design 1.4 Multimedia news package classification on online newspaper Before presenting their views on the news package classification, the thesis presents a classification perspective of international authors 1.4.1 Classification of Paul Grabowicz (2014) Grabowicz classifies according to two principles: the classification depends on the narrative characteristics of story in the article (including the narrative structure and the narrative means) 11 categorizing based on the distribution of the media elements: how to put the elements in a very different story Sometimes the text will drive the whole story, and the multimedia elements such as videos, graphics or image slideshows are set aside In other cases, the multimedia elements are embedded in the text (or even embedded in video as interactive elements in the video) or become part of the Immersiveexperience 1.4.2 Classification of R Hernandez and Rue (2015) Inherited by author Paul Grabowicz and developed based on the biological classification tower of scientist Carolus Linnaean, who is considered the father of today's classification system, researchers R Hernandez and Rue (2015) [33] classified multimedia news package in to biological classes (the Left), and on the Right is Life Domain Kể chuyện Non fiction storytelling Kingdom Online Non fiction storytelling Phylum Class Order Family Multimedia newspackge Base on structure: continuous, comprehensive, immersive Base on multimedia elements: text, images, audio, video, game, data… Christmas tree format, embedded multimedia… 1.4.3 Classification of thesis writer Inheriting all classification points of Paul Grabowicz and two authors R Hernandez and Rue, thesis writer suppose that multimedia news package can be divided into main groups including Continuous, Comprehensive, Immersive and the fourth group is the Mixed which has intersection characteristics of at least two out of the three main groups The classification opinion is shown as the chart below: 12  Continuous category has the following characteristics: - Often reported linearly, the topic is a reportage of an event or a narrative stories about a person; The multimedia elements often locate in the narrative process, or if it is too scattering that affects the content flow, it will be arranged next to it (text); Having a main media element that plays narrative role throughout entire story, This news package group is more suitable for passive news consumption, readers need less interaction than when viewing news package in the other two groups Readers only receive mainly by reading and viewing, not much clicking, making decisions - In many circumstances, it is possible to use the built-in template to make this Continuous news package style, without the need for software or graphics experts to participate The design is not too sophisticated  Comprehensive category have the following characteristics: - Topical stories or article forms that need to convey a lot of information or when it comes to solving major topics, not just a single reporting unit or certain stories, - This news package format allows users to choose to read, view any content they like first, no need in certain order  Immersive category has the following characteristics: - Using a lot of audio visuals to strongly influence the viewers' vision; - High-resolution, full-screen, vivid, full-screen audio images, like watching movies, or like watching/experiencing a video game It requires viewers to interact, and open the screen full screen; - Usually has Play/Launch button on the first page of multimedia news package  Mixed category: In fact, many news packages combine characteristics of many packages, forming a group with the interference characteristics of two out of 13 the three groups mentioned above Includes: Immersive - Continuous: news package has many features of the Immersivegroup, with impressive audio and video, giving the audience a sense of the story’s part Besides the way of telling stories with a linear orientation, the reader needs to read in the order from the top down, which is predetermined by the author - Comprehensive - Continuous: The package is distributed in the style of the Comprehensive group - that is, divided into chapters, sections, the reader can choose the order of chapters to read according to preferences, not too affect the whole product logic Each chapter is told in the style of the Continuous group; - Immersive - Comprehensive: This is news package prioritized reader's absolute experience - producers want readers to have their own reading order, and readers' experience with the product Each person's own way is also the number one priority of this news package format 1.5 Quality evaluation criteria for a multimedia news package on the online newspaper The two basic criteria to evaluate are: The multimedia news package content that reports, reflects a major event, or analyzes certain issues, topics, and characters; The diversified, highly personalized news package structure, and complete body of the elements of the package with specific transition techniques 1.6 Factors affecting the trend of using multimedia news package on online newspaper The thesis raises the impact factors including: Viewpoints and principles of the editorial office; The variety of editorial channels / platforms; Interaction between product producers and the needs of the public; The effects of technological progress, especially digital technology *Summary of Chapter In Chapter 1, the thesis managed to clarify concepts related to research issues such as journalism trend, multimedia, multimedia news package, digital longform; clarify roles, characteristics and classification of main groups of news package with different genre characteristics This chapter also clarifies the practical basis of the topic with the prevailing press trends: the trend of the press media continues to be promoted, the social network continues to be an unofficial source of information but still predominantly, algorithms of social networks significantly influence policy decisions on the content and advertising of news publishers; The problem of fake news and disinformation tends to be stronger; In the media, television is stalling, online and radio tend to increase in viewership All of these trends are set in the context of highly interactive, digitalized and personalized digital media 14 CHAPTER 2: CURRENT SITUATION OF TREND IN USING MULTIMEDIA NEWS PACKAGE ON ONLINE NEWSPAPER 2.1 Introduce surveyed online newspapers Nytimes.com is the online version of The New York Times (NYT) print newspaper dating back to 1851, the electronic version was born in 1996 and is one of the most important newspapers in America NYT and Nytimes.com have won many awards for their innovative journalism The Guardian also originated as the famous print newspaper of England born 1821, the electronic version Theguardian.com was developed in 1994-1995, TG is always one of the leading newspapers in multimedia journalism VNE online newspaper at Vnexpress.net is among newspapers that producing multimedia news packages in the early stage and many of them were modern and impressive At the time of the research students selected this topic, VNE is one of the electronic networking newspapers that has the most impressive multimedia presentations 2.2 Analyze trends in using multimedia news package on the three online newspapers in the research 2.2.1 Frequency of use of the news packages of the three surveyed newspapers from 2014 - 2016 While NYT and TG gradually increased in frequency of using news packages, VNE newspaper of Vietnam tended to decrease in the period of 2014 2015, and news packages, slightly increased in the period of 2015 - 2016 2.2.2 Contents of news packages of three surveyed newspapers from 2014 2016 Among the articles published, using the systematic random method, the thesis selected 20 articles per year of NYT and TG for specific research, which sum up 60 articles per newspaper per year Particularly VNE newspaper is intentionally researched entirely, because years the total number is only 45 articles Since there are some articles that are no longer available on the website or the video link is broken, only 16/23 articles are published in 2014, 9/10 articles in 2015 and articles in 2016 are 12/12 News packages often cover topics that have social impacts: First, about individuals, groups of people (or animals) with unusual talents, special stories, famous characters; Second, reflect on individuals or groups of people who encounter big and complex problems; Third, the news package recreates/stimulates complex events, complex issues or exciting real-world 15 experiences; explain things, events, difficult to visualize phenomena The content of news package has three main purposes: to give information, to explain, to analyze; the meaning of entertainment Specifically, according to the survey, there are 119 news packages used for giving information, storytelling, 50 news packages is used to analyze, explain a certain problem and news package used for entertainment In which TG uses the number of articles for giving information/ storytelling information is 47 articles, while NYT’s is 41 articles and VNE’s is 31 articles 2.3 Format of multimedia news package on surveyed online newspaper As mentioned in the news packages classification in chapter 1, news package is divided into categories: Continuous, Comprehensive, Immersive and Mixed group (including Immersive - Continuous, Comprehensive - Continuous, Immersive - Comprehensive) based on two factors: storytelling and characteristics of the use of the multimedia elements The dissertation analyzes the model and illustrates the proof of this news packages format 2.4 Use multimedia elements in the multimedia news package of the three online newspapers The dissertation also analyzes ways to use outstanding multimedia elements: text, images, audio, video, graphics and interactive programs * Summary of Chapter This chapter analyzes the general characteristics of the quantity, frequency, content and format of multimedia news package on the three surveyed newspapers The results show that the number of TG and NYT is approximately the same, tends to increase slightly, while VNE is less and tends to decrease the forms of news package with complicated forms Each newspaper shows its own strengths about content exploitation Two international newspapers, developed from print newspapers, have rich and abundant content sources All three newspapers have news packages that exploit the content of the three topic groups Formally, NYT uses a variety of Continuous, Comprehensive, Immersive and Mixed group Meanwhile, the strength of TG is Continuous, and Mixed VNE also has products that use quite comprehensive model The creativity of the content and design team is no limit Over the years, newspapers have innovated the same old elements, and also applied new techniques in graphic design and interactive activities with readers such as virtual reality, 3D techniques Chapter is the overview and detailed observations of the entire multimedia news package of the three surveyed newspapers in years 2014, 2015 and 2016 These are the background research results for the thesis to go into Chapter of the case studies with comparative analysis 16 CHAPTER 3: TRENDS IN USING MULTIMEDIA NEWSPACKAGE ON ONLINE NEWSPAPERS THROUGH CASE STUDIES: OLYMPIC RIO 2016 AND USA PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2016 ON THE NEW YORK TIMES, THE GUARDIAN AND VNEXPRESS 3.1 Introduction to two case studies 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 introduce two major survey events These are two international events which are a political event and a sport event and both have great social impact, and are favorable topics for the press to promote creativity and show the technical level of technology in reporting 3.1.3 Correlation in quantity and frequency in using multimedia news package on two topics on three survey newspapers The purpose of the following analysis is to understand the trend in using forms of news packages in online newsrooms Understanding how to the three survey newspapers on the same topics has important comparative implications (whether in terms of journalism style/type, certain choice and reality) Currently, different editorial offices are different because of their conditions and position But the research, analysis and comparison are still necessary to achieve the general purpose of the thesis On NYT, the number of news package on the 2016 US Presidential election event is 133, five times higher than the news package on Olympic Rio 2016 In TG, the number of news package used in two major events of the world near the same, with 18 articles on the Olympics Rio 2016 and 21 articles on the US Presidential Election VNE has the modest number usage of news package at two events which are three packages and four packages, respectively 3.2 Current situation of news package on Olympic Rio 2016 3.2.1 About quantity and frequency of news package Rio Olympic 2016 Through the statistics of the number of news package used in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, we saw that NYT produced the most with 26 packages, TG ranked second with 16 news packages, VNE ranked third with three packages VNE - Vietnam online newspaper representative in this study has news packages covering Rio 2016 By analyzing the three newspapers, we can see that VNE had great effort in reporting this important sporting event 3.2.2 About the content of news package Rio Olympic 2016 theme In this section, the dissertation analyzes the content and techniques shown in these news package, including: impressive victory moments, world records through the Olympics, scandals in the period Rio 2016 Olympic Games; memorable images in the Rio 2016 Olympics, remarkable achievements of countries, emerging 17 generations of international sports, the journey to the success of Olympic legends, analysis of competitive techniques 3.2.3 The multimedia news package texture is preferred Mixed structure (structure with a combination of at least out of types Continuous, Comprehensive, Immersive) is the most used structure - with a total of 81 packages, and mostly by NYT; the second most used package is the Continuous package with 58 packages, used by TG, the third is the Comprehensive package with 56 packages, in which NYT has 35 packages and TG has 21 packages, and the fourth is Immersive with packages which all used by NYT The dissertation analyzes the outstanding news package, different ways of exploiting the structure, and the multimedia techniques of each newspaper's own creative ways 3.3 Current situation of news package about the US Presidential Election 2016 3.3.1 Number and frequency in using news package on 2016 US Presidential Election NYT dominates with 133 news package, six times more than TG with 21 news packages, and 33 times more than VNE with news package Since this is a big event taking place in the US, this editorial office has invested manpower and resources (time, tools, and external support) to produce high quality news package Thus, NYT has proved its superior strength in manufacturing news package about outstanding political events Although the US presidential race ended in 2016, the newspaper continued to investigate and successfully uncovered the Russian involvement in this political event, as well as "dissecting" the detail Russia's relationship with the cabinet of President Donald Trump This series of investigations helped NYT win the "National Press" category of the Pulitzer 2018 award [21] In news package of US Presidential Election, VNE selected topics: 2016 US Presidential Election, Trump's win and Republican Party, Representing the most important battleground states in the US election; Presidential debate in American history as the subjects to implement news package Most of these are general content topics, and there are elements that need different layers of information including history Different from TG, most packages are about voting sessions 3.3.2 Content of the news package about the topic US Presidential Election 2016 The theme of the news package in the 2016 US Presidential Election event includes synthesis of voting results, analysis of the debate among candidates, assessment of candidates' views, prediction of voting results, public opinion on 18 election, speech analysis of candidates, analysis of reports from authorities, and other topics 3.3.3 News package structures most uses The often used news package stypes are Continuous, Comprehensive Continuous, Immersive - Continuous In this section, the thesis analyzes the specific content and techniques shown in these news packages * Conclusion of Chapter In Chapter 3, the thesis writer conducts indepth research on two research cases: Olympic Rio 2016 and the US Presidential Elections 2016 The author has specifically analyzed and detailed both of these cases to clarify how to use news package in terms of content, form, analysis of causes and explain the successes and limitations of each in this particular cases, compares the relationship between each newspaper when reflecting on a topic Each newspaper has its own strengths and exploits the subject and structure, the multimedia elements are unique and extremely impressive Detailed surveys in Chapters and are the basis ground for a general assessment of the successes, limitations and causes of success, the limitations of using multimedia news package on three online newspapers, and predict trends in using multimedia news package in the near future 19 CHAPTER EVALUATION OF SUCSESS AND LIMITATION, TREND PREDICTION AND RECOMMENDATION TO ENHANCE QUALITY OF MULTIMEDIA NEWS PACKAGES ON ONLINE NEWSPAPER IN VIETNAM 4.1 The success, limitation and causes of success and limitation of the three publishers in the use of multimedia news package 4.1.1 The success of the three publishers in using multimedia news package can be listed as follow: the three newspapers are always in the group of multimedia creative pioneer in their industrial level; the content of the news packages are extensive, highly social valued with diverse, creative forms; Successful news package are powerful tools to strengthen and spread the brand of publishers; the publishers proceed to standardize the news package production process to reduce time, manpower and finance costs; Meet the public's expectation for receiving high-quality press information, creating more interactive opportunities for readers 4.1.2 Limitation and limited causes of the three publishers in using multimedia news package can be listed as follow: Most news package are designed for website format, no mobile version yet; The drawback of VNE is that there are not many breakthroughs in producing news packages; limited quality of the transmission line, and website infrastructure will reduce the creativity of designers, especially for the domestic newspaper VNE; In TG and NYT, there is a conflict between the ambition of journalists and editors in transferring large and complex content with readers' acceptability/ability; Financial pressure, revenue and human resources are factors that greatly affect quality journalism choices, especially in the domestic newspaper VNE 4.2 Predict the trend of using multimedia news package on the online newspaper in the future 4.2.1 Package-based reporting continues to be a trend to be promoted with advanced technology, actively support press content Application of technology to communication activities is an important factor for news publishers and publishers to exist and develop Multimedia, social media, data journalism, mobile journalism, virtual reality technology, artificial intelligence, online chat platforms are the prevailing trends in the press flow and world digital communication today The content, the form of media products are changing, the process of creating multimedia journalism works is changing, the method of distributing is also changing 4.2.2 The trend of strengthening news package production on mobile phones 20 According to the author's report with the new mobile phone habits, longform holds readers twice as long as short-form articles, and attract the same number of readers According to Pew Press Research Center, the types of longform articles that retain readers are 123 seconds on average, compared to 57 seconds for the short form, the corresponding number of readers of the two corresponding works are 1530 and 1576 respectively 4.2.3 The development trend of newspapers in general depends heavily on the algorithms of social networks, especially Facebook and Google With 1.7 billion users every month globally, Facebook has become the world's largest newspaper, in other words a great source of information 44% of people in 26 countries around the world participated in a recent survey by the Reuters Press Research Institute of Oxford University, saying they consider Facebook a key source of information The rate for printed newspapers dropped to a very low level of 24% Facebook-owned platforms - including Instagram, Messenger and WhatsApp - reach 86% of Internet users between the ages of 16 and 64 in the GlobalWebIndex survey's 33 countries 4.2.4 The news package will be produced more and more personalized Personalize the communication shown in categories: - Personalize news content; Personalize the news experience; Personalize news services, 4.2.5 The production process becomes more complicated with the editor having to build the raw script of the news package, and the role of the coder and the painter increases The importance of programmers and designers in the production process increases, in addition to the role of reporters and editors The thesis proposes basic steps in the production process news package on online newspaper 4.2.6 The trend of producing products for paying customers (paid content) or coordinating production with partners is based on the principle of mutual benefit between the editorial office and organizations Although there is no strong potential like NYT and TG, the newsrooms are focusing on high-quality journalism, and this will be a way to attract advertising and readers The tendency to tell stories in an interactive way increases Sometimes words, videos or images are not enough to put a story in the most appealing way 4.2.7 The trend of storytelling in interactive way increases Interactive storytelling uses technology to engage users on multiple levels, evoking as many senses as possible, to create a unique experience that stands out from traditional content delivery The next phase of the creative design will be an 21 ingenious blend of art, sound, photography, movement and tempo that is beautifully illustrated and cleverly combined 4.3 Recommendations to enhance the quality of multimedia newspackage on Vietnam's online newspapers 4.3.1 Editorial research and development teams need to develop user-friendly and easy-to-use structure and tools collections for journalists and readers who can create news packages or restructure content 4.3.2 Set up bigger content data to get resources for essential topics 4.3.3 Recruitment of human resources to meet the requirements of multimedia journalism 4.3.4 Change correspondent training format 4.3.5 Invest equipment in the production of innovative journalism products Each agency itself needs to regularly update the trend, supplement knowledge on the use of new technology products in the production of press products in general and multimedia news package technology in particular for reporters and editors Maintaining engagement with loyal readers becomes the "heart" of the business and messaging strategy * Conclusion of Chapter In the production of high quality news package, the connection between sections in newsroom becomes stronger than ever The role of reporters and editors in developing multimedia news package in writing script, and the role of programmers and painters increased In the past, technology followed information, served information, but today two fields support each other and help each other improve Besides, essential factors of finance, marketing strategy also directly affect the production process and quality as well Using visualization reportage and promoting digital applications is an important management strategy that media editorial leaders consistently pursue NYT and TG have strongly developed the high quality multimedia news package genres and won many prestigious journalism awards, as well as won the trust of readers of the global 4.0 technology era, the smaller scale VNE also achieved certain success Although in the annual report released 1/2017 entitled "Journalism That Stands Apart", "Lady Grey" NYT though self-assessment they have "significant innovation, but need more speed" and "need to change at a faster pace than ever ", but what NYT does is actually the "dream" of many newspapers, what NYT pursues is motivation also is the goal to the newsrooms of the world But the concerns of NYT newspaper leaders are not without foundation 22 CONCLUSION Accelerating the visualization of press information is now the most important task to be done of many major press agencies in the world and in Vietnam In the world, this trend has formed and continues to grow strongly with diverse manifestations The study of the work of the two global newspapers on multimedia news package and the study of a representative of Vietnam to synthesize general reasoning, as well as matching to draw practical lessons for the Vietnamese press is essential The thesis has studied main issues that are Explaining what the news package is, the history of formation, the overall characteristics and characteristics of multimedia attributes That means the multimedia news package currently available on online newspapers is essentially a long-term literary and journalistic product that is expressed in polymorphic languages on the Internet platform In the digital media context, when the public changes, when social networks dominate most of the time and become their main source of daily information, multimedia news packages with the superiority of it becomes a quality and nutritious dish on information tray 2&3 Conducting two case studies: one is a quantitative survey of the entire news packages within years (2014-2016) in survey papers to find out the number, frequency and internal characteristics, content, form of multimedia news packages; secondly, with a case study of the Olympic Rio 2016 and the US Presidential Election 2016 - two important events in the world to analyze, compare deeply into the structure and way of development From these two surveys, in chapter 4, the thesis clarifies the success, limitation in the use of multimedia news packages and the causes of those Since then, the thesis predicts the development trends of news package in newsrooms In the 4.0 revolution era of journalism, when robots were programmed to exploit big data to write articles within only minutes, a question is raised: "Will journalists as humans soon be replaced?" The answer is "Not yet", because of the fact that although it is possible to produce news, articles with high speed and accuracy, feature stories which need analysis, expressing views, feelings, comments, with sophisticated storytelling, robot has not been able to so The researchers also pointed out that, in the era of mobile journalism, readers still like to read long and deep, besides, they also want to receive press products in a new format Therefore, in order to fully implement its role, journalists need to provide deep, analytical and highly compelling journalistic products The response of the newsroom to these trends will be crucial to their success 23 LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE STUDY The trend of producing multimedia news packages on modern electronic newspapers, Magazine of Political Theories and Communication, August 2014 Multimedia news package on electronic network newspaper - Concept, characteristics and classification, Magazine of Political Theories and Communication, November 2017 Digital long-form journalism development strategy of the leading newspaper New York Times, Reporter Magazine, December 2019 Prediction of trends in multimedia news package on online newspaper and suggestion in content development, Magazine of Political Theories and Communication, February 2020 Characteristic of digital communication and digital multimedia news package application in policy communication, International Scientific Conference on Policy Communication and Social Consensus, Hanoi, November 2017 Application of multimedia news packages in policy communication activities (research VnExpress.net), International scientific conference "Policy communication and social consensus", Hanoi, November / 2018 Globalization and personalization - two contradictory characteristics of social media, National scientific conference “Research and application of social media in the context of information social development in Vietnam”, 7/2017 24 LIST OF OTHER WORKS RELATED TO THE STUDY No Name of book Journalism in management and leading, Nguyen Duc Loi, Assoc,Dr Luu Van An (co-editor), News Publish House, Hanoi, 2016 Multimedia Journalism and Communication, Assoc.Dr Nguyen Thi Truong Giang (Editor), National University Publish House, Hanoi, 2017 Journalism and Communication – views from reality (Volumn 3), Assoc.Dr Nguyen Van Dung (Editor), National University Publish House, Hanoi, 2016 Journalism and Communication – Contemporary issues, Assoc.Dr Nguyen Thi Truong Giang (Editor), National University Publish House, Hanoi, 2015 Social network in the context of information society in Vietnam – Theory, reality and experience (co-editor: Assoc.Dr.Pham Huy Ky, Assoc.Dr Do Thi Thu Hang), Labour Publish House, March 2019 25 Title Member author Member author Member author Member author Member author ... the course of the study, there is no term corresponding to longform found in Vietnamese, the thesis allows to use the form from the longform to bring the full meaning of this journalism The theory... online newspapers Nytimes.com is the online version of The New York Times (NYT) print newspaper dating back to 1851, the electronic version was born in 1996 and is one of the most important newspapers... is the overview and detailed observations of the entire multimedia news package of the three surveyed newspapers in years 2014, 2015 and 2016 These are the background research results for the thesis