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CHAPTER 15 15.1 The Origin of Oceans       15.1 Sự hình thành đại dương  !"#$%#$&'$()*+, --*./) $01'2+$/'345 '367'89:5!;&$<*&;70+ =7'$+%#>-?2 %(@:) &9:$19:)9:89:-9:AB(9:$C ',DE9:8F(G$H2( G3(#'4(%E 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L13%I.q- :-$+%#L$'kG9i$&E*%# Œ)D&J  15.3 Studying the Sea floor <A A   A9  15.3 Nghiên cứu đáy biển và đại dương W$.€u\-i$/',3$0A4\„-# E3$0$:|Ek=8•i?•-H  4\J5!&$VC40C)'>%X+$: H.-&$7$%X%!CI?j$=W-3 %#i-_F C%#wY$:JR 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waters are as hot as 400°C and would be toxic to life on land Yet the deep-sea floor around a black smoker teems with life (Figure 15.13) At the vents, bacteria produce energy from hydrogen sulfide in a process called chemosynthesis Thus, the bacteria release energy from chemicals and are not dependent on photosynthesis The chemosynthetic bacteria are the foundation... cá Oceanic Trenches and Island Arcs A black smoker spouts from the EastPacific rise Seawater is heated as it circulates through hot seafloor rocks, and it dissolves metals and sulfur from the rocks The ions precipitate as "smoke” consisting of tiny mineral grains, when the hot solution spouts into cold ocean water Rãnh đại dương và vành đai đảo Một miệng phun đen phun nước ra từ Đông Thái Bình Dương... trên hệ thống rặng núi dài nằm dưới đáy giữa các đại dương Oceanographers had long thought that little life could exist on the deep sea floor because no sunlight penetrates to those depths to support photosynthesis However, scientists using modern diving and sampling techniques have discovered thriving communities and a unique food chain in isolated parts of the deep sea floor Từ lâu, các nhà hải dương... động Tuy nhiên, tuổi thọ của đa số đá trầm tích trên các lục địa không trùng với số lần sông băng tan chảy Do đó, chúng ta cần giải thích hiện tượng ngập lục địa bằng một cách khác Recall that the new, hot lithosphere at a spreading center is buoyant, causing the Mid-Oceanic Ridge system to rise above the surrounding sea floor This submarine mountain chain displaces a huge volume of seawater If the MidOceanic... hơn, nó sẽ chiếm chỗ ít nước biển hơn và mực nước biển sẽ hạ xuống Nếu nó lớn hơn, mực nước biển sẽ dâng lên The Mid-Oceanic Ridge rises highest at the spreading center, where new lithosphere rock is hottest and has the lowest density The elevation of the ridge decreases on both sides of the spreading center because the lithosphere cools and shrinks as it moves outward The Mid-Oceanic Ridge nhô lên... the ridge would be narrow and of low volume, as shown in

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