Chapter 10 – Research techniques: Interviews. In this chapter students will be able to: Explain the purpose(s) of research interviews, list the types of interviews, identify key challenges in conducting a research interview, prepare for an effective interview, plan and conduct an effective interview, prevent bias in an interview.
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Learning Objectives
» » » » » »Explain the purpose(s) of research interviews
List the types of interviews
Identify key challenges in conducting a research
interview
Prepare for an effective interview
Plan and conduct an effective interview Prevent bias in an interview
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Key Terms
»> » » » » » » » » » » » Acquiescence bias Auspices bias Courtesy bias Door-to-door interviewing Doorknob questions Filter questions Focus groups Group interviews Intercept interviewing Interviewer error Interview fatigue Interview protocol © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved » » » » » » » » » » » » » Interview schedule Leading questions Loaded questions Order bias Probing questions Research interviews Respondent bias Semi-structured interviews Social desirability biasStages of interview process Status bias
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Using Interviews
» Definition of Interviewing
> The process of collecting information from an individual or group in order to understand
actions, decisions, policies, or practices in some
depth
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Using Interviews (conf d)
» Reasons for Interviewing
> Effective way method to collect a lot of important information
> More detailed information than questionnaires
> Extra information since people like to talk about
their work and their programs or company > Suggestions for future research
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Formats of lnterviews (conf d)
» Structured Interviews
> Hard to develop the protocol
> Easy to conduct
> Follow up questions ahead of time > Requires less interviewer skills
> Limits responses — may block avenues of discussion
> Can be full of leading questions
> Easy to take notes
> Easy to analyze and compare responses
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Formats of lnterviews (conf d)
» Semi-structured Interviews
> Easy to develop the protocol
> Difficult to conduct
> Follow up can be easy or difficult, depending on interviewee and interviewer
> Requires good interviewer skills
> Encourages wide rage of responses — may block core issues
> Difficult to take good notes
> Difficult to analyze and compare responses
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Formats of lnterviews (conf d)
» Unstructured Interviews
> Easy to develop the protocol
> Difficult to conduct for research; easy to conduct since it is just listening
> Follow up can be easy or difficult, depending on interviewee and interviewer
> Requires real contact and trust
> Encourage wide rage of responses — may block core issues
> Difficult to take good notes
> Difficult to analyze and compare responses
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Interview Protocol
» Schedule > Warm up and introduction > List of questions > Follow up questions > Probes and prompts> Order you would ask questions
> Last two golden questions (What have | not
asked that you want to tell me? Who else would you suggest that | interview’)
> Closing speech, review, and thank you
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lnterview Protocol (conf d)
» Interview Permission
> Give a person a chance to say yes or no
> Explain privacy, purpose of interview, recording, use of information
> Honor ethical issues around interviewing
> Provide appropriate recognition of time spent > Conduct yourself professionally
> Offer checking words, phrases, quotes, statistical
data
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Preparing for the Interview
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Preparing for the Interview (contd)
» Tips for Interviewing
> Determine how you will take notes
> Prepare well organized interview schedule — with
probe (or ICQ if appropriate) and follow up
questions ready (if necessary}
> Present yourself professionally
> Write script to introduce yourself and your
purpose (Ss)
> Listen carefully to what is actually said
> Ask when something is not clear
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Preparing for the Interview (contd)
» Tips for Interviewing (cont'd)
> Respect his or her time so be prompt
> Recognize what he or she cannot tell you
> Refrain from interpreting what is said; pay
attention to exactly what the interviewee says > Remember the phases of a research interview —
beginning, middle, end, and wrap up
> Honor the time commitment
> Close the interview thoughttully
> Thank the person
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Preparing for the Interview (contd)
» Improving the Interview
> Consider using ICQ — interview control questions — to assess attitudes and relationships
> Frame the interview > Build trust
> Cultivate curiosity
> Use active listening — scanning for meaning and non verbal behavior while interviewing
> Select your tone of listening
> Monitor foreground and background
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Stages of a Research Interview
» Arranging an interview » Obtaining permission » Establishing guidelines > Warm-up > Asking questions > Following up on information> Checking interpretations and recording > Ending and summarizing
» Thanking with a hand written note Vv
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Stages of a Research Interview (cont’d)
» Challenges of Interviewing
> Recording or note taking
> Listening carefully and closely and not hearing and recording what you want to hear
> Preparing good follow up questions > Developing prompts and probes
> Avoiding leading or loaded questions > Analyzing the results
— Individual interviews — Several interviews
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Stages of a Research Interview (cont’d)
» Problems in Collecting Data
> No responses
> Delayed responses
> Desire to please — interviewer or interviewee > Inconsistency in responses or in understanding
what is being asked
> Bias in respondent
> Bias in interviewer or observer
> Poor notes
> Note taking errors
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Unusual Interview Formats
» Telephone interviews
» Group interviews (and not focus groups}
» Door to door interviews
» Follow up interviews