Lecture Planning an applied research project in hospitality, tourism, and sports: Chapter 12 - Mayo

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Lecture Planning an applied research project in hospitality, tourism, and sports: Chapter 12 - Mayo

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Chapter 12 – Research techniques: Observation, focus groups, and other techniques. In this chapter students will be able to: Explain the advantages of observations, focus groups, expert panels, and content analysis; explain the challenges of conducting objective observations; conduct a research observation;...

Planning an  Applied Research  Project  Chapter 12 – Research Techniques:  Observation, Focus Groups, and Other  Techniques © 2014 John Wiley  Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Learning Objectives » Explain the advantages of observations, focus  groups, expert panels, and content analysis » Explain the challenges of conducting objective  observations » Conduct a research observation » Organize a focus group » Develop an expert panel research design » Conduct a content analysis research design » Develop a coding system © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Key Terms » » » » » » » » » » » » » Coding Coding manual Coding schedule Content analysis Delphi panel Descriptive observation Detached observer Disposition Evaluative observation Facilitator Focus group Inferential observation Inter­rater reliability © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved » » » » » » » » » » » » » Latent content Manifest content Observer drift Outside observer Participant observer Perceptual flooding Pilot observation Research blindness Selective attention Skilled facilitator Time frame Units of behavior Units of observation Benefits of Observational  Research » Objective way to record and notice behavior of  other people » Non obtrusive way to gather information with limited  involvement of the persons being observed » Structured and objective model » Numbers can be analyzed using statistical  techniques © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Challenges in Conducting  Observations » » » » » » » Observer drift Obtaining permission Deciding on observer role  Perceptual flooding Recording accurately using a coding scheme Selecting units of behavior and time frame Selective attention © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Observational Roles » » » » Outside observer Participant observer Observer as participant Mystery shopper © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Benefits of Focus Groups » » » » Gathering many opinions Collecting new ideas  Sampling opinions of select participants Enabling reactions of participants to each others’  ideas » Follow up on opinions possible » Inclusion of verbal and non­verbal behavior » Saves time and money and staff time © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Organizing Focus Groups » » » » Clarifying the purpose of the focus group Deciding on incentives or stipends Selecting  and inviting participants Developing the questions to be asked in the focus  group  » Determining recording systems » Developing a plan for the facilitator – who will do it  and why? © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Organizing Focus Groups  (cont’d) » Selecting a place to hold the focus group » Creating the process for recording the conversation,  both verbal and non­verbal » Reminding all the participants of the time and  location » Conducting the focus group » Thanking them after the group » Analyzing the recording © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Expert Panels » Group of people who are chosen for their expertise,  wisdom, or experience and who operate as a group  to help solve a problem, provide insight or create  predictions for the future » Effective method to collect a  lot of information from  professionals who do not meet but conduct their  work by email and other forms of communication » A Delphi Panel is one form © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Expert Panels (cont’d) » » » » » No communication among the participants A tight time table Careful review and editing of what you receive The value of clear questions to start the process The need for participants to commit to a promote  review and retune of documents » How electronic communication helps the process © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Content Analysis » Objective and careful analysis of words and/or  phrases in a series of documents, videos,  magazines, periodicals, or in order to determine  what the evidence shows » Content analysis can uncover cultural assumptions  about the ways words or images are used » Content analysis can provide insights about how  organizations or individuals use language, phrases  or symbols to convey meaning  © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Steps in Content Analysis » » » » » » Selection of software (if being used) Development of coding schedule Coding manual Careful training of people involved Careful selection of documents Clear plan of how to analyze the results © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Coding in Content Analysis » Process of recording what is in a document or set of  images in a consistent and replicable manner » Requires:  ˃ Determination of unit of analysis ˃ coding schedule ˃ Coding manual ˃ Training coding persons © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved Review of Class Session » Anything unclear? » One thing that fascinates me about the topics in this  class is … © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights reserved ... Sons, Inc All rights reserved Organizing Focus Groups » » » » Clarifying the purpose of the focus group Deciding on incentives or stipends Selecting  and inviting participants Developing the questions to be asked in the focus ... Process of recording what is in a document or set of  images in a consistent and replicable manner » Requires:  ˃ Determination of unit of analysis ˃ coding schedule ˃ Coding manual ˃ Training coding persons © 2014 John Wiley Sons, Inc All rights... Sampling opinions of select participants Enabling reactions of participants to each others’  ideas » Follow up on opinions possible » Inclusion of verbal and non­verbal behavior » Saves time and money and staff time

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Mục lục

  • Planning an Applied Research Project

  • Learning Objectives

  • Key Terms

  • Benefits of Observational Research

  • Challenges in Conducting Observations

  • Observational Roles

  • Benefits of Focus Groups

  • Organizing Focus Groups

  • Organizing Focus Groups (cont’d)

  • Expert Panels

  • Expert Panels (cont’d)

  • Content Analysis

  • Steps in Content Analysis

  • Coding in Content Analysis

  • Review of Class Session

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