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Chapter 31 - The digestive system. After completing chapter 31, you will be able to: List the functions of the digestive system; trace the pathway of food through the alimentary canal; describe the structure and functions of the mouth, teeth, tongue, and salivary glands; describe the structure and function of the pharynx; describe the swallowing process;...
PowerPoint® to accompany Medical Assisting Chapter 31 Second Edition Ramutkowski Booth Pugh Thompson Whicker Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Permission required for reproduction or display The Digestive System Objectives 311 Spell, define, and correctly use the Key Terms in this chapter 312 List the functions of the digestive system 313 Trace the pathway of food through the alimentary canal 314 Describe the structure and functions of the mouth, teeth, tongue, and salivary glands 315 Describe the structure and function of the pharynx The Digestive System Objectives (cont.) 316 Describe the swallowing process 317 Describe the structure of the esophagus and tell how it propels food into the stomach 318 Describe the structure and functions of the stomach 319 List the substances secreted by the stomach and give their functions 3110 Describe the structure and functions of the small intestine The Digestive System Objectives (cont.) 3111 3112 3113 List the substances secreted by the small intestine and describe the importance of each Explain the structures and functions of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas List the substances released by the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas into the small intestine and give the function of each secretion The Digestive System Objectives (cont.) 3114 Describe the structure and functions of the large intestine 3115 Tell what types of nutrients are absorbed by the digestive system and where they are absorbed 3116 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of various disorders and diseases of the digestive system Introduction Digestion The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that your body cells can absorb The organs of the digestive system carry out digestion Two categories Those of the alimentary canal The accessory organs Alimentary Canal Length of the entire canal is about 9 meters (29 feet) Mucosa absorbs Serosa secretes nutrients serous fluid to keep the outside of the Submucosa carry away canal moist and absorbed nutrients prevent it from Muscular layer move sticking to other materials through the organs canal Mouth, Teeth, Tongue, and Salivary Glands Mouth takes in food and reduces its size through chewing Salivary glands saliva (spit) contains an enzyme that will break down carbohydrates Teeth act to decrease the size of food particles and different types of teeth are adapted to handle food in different ways Apply Your Knowledge What is the purpose of the serosa? Apply Your Knowledge Answer What is the purpose of the serosa? Serosa secretes serous fluid to keep the outside of the alimentary canal moist and prevent it from sticking to other organs 10 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System Appendicitis an inflammation of the appendix Causes Blockage of appendix with feces Blockage of appendix with tumor Treatments Surgery to remove appendix Signs and Signs and symptoms – lack of symptoms – lack of appetite, pain in and appetite, pain in and around the navel around the navel area or in the area or in the abdomen, nausea, abdomen, nausea, slight fever, pain in slight fever, pain in the right leg, and the right leg, and increased white increased white blood cell content blood cell content 32 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System Cirrhosis a long lasting liver disease in which Cirrhosis normal liver tissue is replaced with nonfunctional scar tissue Causes Excessive alcohol consumption Hepatitis C infection Hepatitis B infection Treatment Liver transplant Lifestyle changes to stop medications or use of alcohol 33 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System (cont.) Colitis defined as inflammation of the large Colitis intestine Causes caused by viral or bacterial infection or the use of antibiotics. Ulcers in the large intestine, Crohn’s disease, various other diseases, and stress may contribute Treatments Treating underlying causes Changing antibiotics Fluids Repair of ulcers 34 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System (cont.) Colorectal cancer usually comes from the lining of the Colorectal cancer rectum or colon. Causes mostly unknown. Polyps in colon or rectum can become cancerous Signs Changes in bowel movement Blood in feces Anemia Abdominal pain Weight loss Narrow feces 35 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System (cont.) Crohn’s disease a common type of inflammatory bowel disease and is an autoimmune disorder that typically affects the end of the small intestine Causes this is an autoimmune disorder Treatment Medications to reduce inflammation Antibiotics Surgery to remove affected part of intestine Changes in diet 36 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System (cont.) Diverticulitis inflammation of diverticuli in the intestine. Diverticuli are abnormal dilations in the intestinal wall Causes – mostly unknown. Lack of fiber in diet and bacterial infection of the diverticuli Signs Abdominal pain Constipation Diarrhea & nausea Fever Blood in feces High white blood cell count 37 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System (cont.) Gastritis an inflammation of the stomach lining Gastritis Causes bacteria or viruses, some medications, alcohol, spicy foods, excessive eating poisons, and stress Treatment Cook food properly to kill bacteria/viruses Avoid foods/medications that irritate stomach linings Begin acid reducing medications 38 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System (cont.) Heartburn called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acids are pushed into the esophagus Causes – alcohol, some foods, defective esophageal sphincter, pregnancy, obesity, hiatal hernia, and repeated vomiting. Treatment Reducing weight Diet changes Reduce alcohol consumption Medications Not lying down after meal 39 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System (cont.) Hemorrhoids varicose veins of the rectum Hemorrhoids or anus Causes – constipation, excessive straining during bowel movements, liver disease, pregnancy, and obesity Treatment Eating high fiber Stool softeners Medications Surgery 40 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System (cont.) Hepatitis inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis Causes bacteria, viruses, parasites, immune disorders, the use of alcohol and drugs, and overdose of acetaminophen Treatment Avoid drugs and alcohol Prescribed medications 41 Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System (cont.) Hiatal hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm. diaphragm Inguinal hernias occurs when a portion of the large intestine protrudes into the inguinal canal Oral cancer usually involves the lips or tongue, but can occur anywhere in the mouth Pancreatic cancer – 4th leading cause of death in the U.S Stomach cancer most common in the upper part of the stomach Stomach ulcers occur in the lining of the stomach 42 Apply Your Knowledge Your patient has been diagnosed with Crohn’s disease. What is the usual treatment for this disease? 43 Apply Your Knowledge Answer Your patient has been diagnosed with Crohn’s disease. What is the usual treatment for this disease? Treatment for Crohn’s disease includes medications to reduce inflammation, antibiotics, surgery to remove affected part of intestine and/or changes in diet 44 Summary Medical Assistant Knowledge of the digestive system will assist you in providing care for the patient with diseases and disorders of the digestive system. 45 End of Chapter 46 ... Objectives 31 1 Spell, define, and correctly use the Key Terms in this chapter 31 2 List the functions of the digestive system 31 3 Trace the pathway of food through the alimentary canal 31 4 Describe the structure and functions of the mouth, ... Describe the structure and functions of the mouth, teeth, tongue, and salivary glands 31 5 Describe the structure and function of the pharynx The Digestive System Objectives (cont.) 31 6 Describe the swallowing process... List the substances secreted by the stomach and give their functions 31 10 Describe the structure and functions of the small intestine The Digestive System Objectives (cont.) 31 11 31 12 31 13 List the substances secreted by the small