THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THUONGMAI UNIVERSITY - VŨ THỊ NHƯ QUỲNH MANAGEMENT OF PURCHASING RAW MATERIALS FOR GARMENT COMPANIES UNDER VINATEX Major : Trade Business Code : 934.01.21 SUMMARY OF ECONOMIC DOCTORAL THESIS Hanoi - 2019 The work was completed at: Thuongmai University Science instructor: A/Prof.Dr Bui Huu Duc Dr Lục Thị Thu Hường Review 1: A/Prof.Dr Le Thai Phong Review 2: A/Prof.Dr Đinh Van Thanh Review 3: A/Prof.Dr Nguyen Xuan Quang Thesis will be protected before the thesis review board meeting at …………………………………………………………………………………… The dissertation can be found at: National Library Thuongmai University library INTRODUCTION 1.Rationale of the study Firstly, in his value chain framework, M Porter particularly emphasizes the supply of inputs especially raw materials and identifies this as the first step of primary value chain activities Purchasing of raw materials management is considered as an activity related to the purchasing and managing of raw materials from input to storage before such raw materials are put into production Purchasing of raw materials management is an important task for manufacturing companies because it can allow these companies to ensure the rhythm and continuity of their operations Secondly, in addition to other factors which are market demands, competitors activities and overall price indexes, raw material management also make great contributions to the company's performance, revenue and final profit Thirdly, raw material management includes all activities which are involved in purchasing raw materials, delivering finished products through manufacture and distribution to customers For these functional activities, it is necessary for companies to perform management tasks, namely, identifying production demands, having schedules for production and raw material procurement, sorting, distributing and evaluating raw materials Effectively coordinating the above said functional activities will allow companies to increase their business results Fourthly, in order to develop an industry that produces finished products for markets, it is essential for all the end consumers and/or equipment suppliers and economic organizations to pay their attention to the development of supporting industries to provide "inputs" and semi-finished details for the manufacturing process of finished products on principle Fifthly, it is the fact that Vinatex's garment companies are still dependent on foreign suppliers and industrial importers in terms of 70% - 75% of the "input" raw materials This is really difficult for many garment companies to comply with the “yarn forward rule of origin” under the provisions of Trade Agreements For the above said reasons, that the author selects the topic " Management of purchasing raw materials for garment companies under VINATEX " as a doctoral dissertation topic will really have both theoretical and practical significance and will contribute an important part in the orientational growth of raw material resources for the garment industry of Vietnam in general and Vinatex in particular Overview of research contents 2.1 Studies on Procurement/Purchasing Procurement/Purchasing is considered as a common content that have been studied by a lot of scientists for a long time For example, Compton & Jessop (1995) defines 'Procurement' as the acquisition of supplies or services by many different methods Van Weele and Rozemeijer (1996) define "procurement" as including all activities required in order to obtain the product from the supplier and get it to the place it is consumed According to An Thi Thanh Nhan (2018), ‘Procurement’ is defined as an activity done by companies to create inputs Procurement is also known as sourcing, drafting supply contracts as well as conducting inventory management Regarding purchasing strategies, according to Janda & Seshadri (2001), a purchasing strategy has a great influence on the performance of companies In order to ensure their performance, it is essential for companies to first assess the current supply and then to develop a strategy for obtaining resources Regarding organizational structures within purchasing, Peter Baily et al (2005) argue that there is no ideal structure that can be applied by companies forever In case of any arising change in the business environment and in case where companies grow more and more, it is required to re-evaluate and change the organisational structures within purchasing Once organizational strategies are correctly formulated, the roles and objectives of procurement/purchasing will be clearly defined 2.2 Studies on supply management Supply management has been considered an important factor for a long time because it allows companies to increase their revenue and reduce their costs David Burt et al (2010) identify that supply management has the following roles: (1) Creativity which means creating new design ideas for products through research and development, (2) Finance which means supply management, including: managing, making financial plans and controlling financial aspects of a company, (3) Human resource which means the management of labor supply and relationships with employees, (4) Raw materials supply which means the management of procurement of raw materials, services and necessary equipment, (5) Production which means the management of producing products and services with economic value from purchased raw materials, (6) Distribution which means the management of marketing and selling products and services to the market After identifying how supply management can affect company profits, Waters and Donal (2011) consider supply chain management to be a difficult task because it contains a lot of risks, from small risks which can result in delays to big risks which can disrupt the entire supply chain 2.3 Studies on raw materials management Raw materials management can be defined as the function of business that is responsible for the coordination of planning, sourcing, purchasing, moving, storing and controlling raw materials in an optimum manner so as to provide services to customers at a minimum cost Raw materials management enables companies to coordinate raw materialsrelated activities and control total raw materials costs through integrated systems The raw materials management has the duties as follows: Purchasing; Selecting supplier; Valuation process; Reception process; Technical evaluation; Trade evaluation In his study, Olusakin S Akindipe (2014) show the following important factors in raw materials management: procurement control and stock level control 2.4 Studies on making plans and progress for use of raw materials Raw materials are considered to be the most used resource by most of manufacturing companies in terms of both quantity and costs Making plans and progress for use of raw materials allows companies to make the best use of such resources in their production process In order effectively make plans and progress for use of materials, it is advised that companies can use a variety of support tools and models For example, MRP (Material Requirement Planning) is said to be an effective tool that companies should use to accurately identify their demands for raw materials 2.5 Studies on raw materials management of garment companies For the garment industry, its supply chain is a combination of retailers (Customers), manufacturers (Suppliers) and dependent suppliers (Manufacturer's suppliers) In order to manage the procurement of raw materials, it is necessary for companies to first manage their suppliers Suppliers evaluation criteria have been classified by Venkatesan Baskaran et al (2012) into two groups, namely, traditional ones and sustainable ones Garment companies' flexibility in the production and the supply chain has been affirmed as one of the most important factors determining their competitiveness in the market The reason is that member companies can be more sensitive to the market, can synchronize supply and demand, and can shorten the time of a production cycle thanks to the flexibility of supply chains In addition, many other studies are also carried out to prove that flexibility has a great influence on the operation agility and efficiency of companies 2.6 Research gaps In term of theoretical perspective: The research process shows that the garment industry is considered as a long-term industry It can be seen that many concepts have been built and many theoretical and practical research works are carried out in connection with the procurement and the procurement management of raw materials in garment companies Thus, it can be said that the reason why this doctoral dissertation is carried is to systematize theoretical contents about procurement management in previous studies; Also, this doctoral dissertation focuses on studying the purchasing of raw materials management of garment companies which take part in the supply chain of garment industry This feature ensures that this doctoral dissertation not only has an inheritance but it also shows a new point from previous studies on the purchasing of raw materials management In term of practical perspective: Currently, it can be said in Vietnam that studies directly mentioning about the purchasing of raw materials management only focus on a typical company However, the number of studies with larger research scopes is still limited Particularly, the number of studies about the purchasing of raw materials management of garment companies is very few Therefore, it can be completely affirmed that so far in the world and in Vietnam, there has been no research on the purchasing of raw materials management of Vinatex's garment companies in the context of managing the supply chain in the supply market for companies This is considered as a theoretical and practical research gap to be further studied for suggesting raw materials purchasing management recommendations which are optimal and suitable to the garment industry of Vietnam in the current period Research objectives & missions The research objectives of the thesis is to propose scientific and practical solutions and recommendations for improving the purchasing of raw materials management of Vinatex’s garment companies, contributing to innovation and improve production efficiency business of enterprises in the context of the new development in Vietnam and the world For fulfilment of the above objectives, some research tasks are set out as follows: (i) Set up a general theoretical framework for purchasing management, purchasing of raw materials management of garment companies (ii) Survey and assess the current purchasing of raw materials management of Vinatex's garment companies (iii) Suggest highly feasible directions and recommendations for Vinatex's garment companies in particular and garment ones in general for the purchasing of raw materials management Research subjects and scope Research subjects:‘This doctoral dissertation topic is to focus on the theory and the current situation purchasing of raw materials management of Vinatex's garment companies.’ Research scope and limitations: Regarding contents: On the basis of evaluation criteria and methods, this doctoral dissertation goes into depth research on the current purchasing of raw materials management of Vinatex's garment companies Regarding time: This doctoral dissertation collects information and data in the 2013 2018 period as well as solutions with a vision to 2025 Research methods The study is done in accordance with the following process Figure 1: The research process of the topic Research methods used in thesis The study combines both qualitative and quantitative methods like some previous studies on material purchasing management Qualitative research is used in analyzing the situation of material purchasing management of garment enterprises of Vinatex and summarizing experiences of some garment enterprises in the world Specifically, after gathering general knowledge, consulting experts, the author conducted in-depth research on four garment enterprises of Vinatex, which are Garment 10, Viet Tien, Nha Be, Vinatex Da Nang Quantitative research is used to analyze the situation of raw material purchasing management of garment enterprises of Vinatex, factors affecting the purchasing management of raw materials Setting up models and proposing hypotheses Based on the factors affecting the purchasing of raw materials management in garment companies as well as the interview results of directors and managers in garment companies and the researches on Vinatex's typical garment companies, the author has summarized and pointed out that there are five factors affecting the performance of the raw materials purchasing management in garment companies These factors are: institutional and legal environment; Scientific and technological environment; Business environment; Resources and business strategies; Power and dependence Below are some proposed hypotheses: (H1) There is a positive relationship between the institutional and legal environment and the performance of raw materials purchasing management in Vinatex's garment companies (H2) There is a positive relationship between the scientific and technological environment and the performance of raw materials purchasing management in Vinatex's garment companies (H3) There is a positive relationship between business environment and the performance of raw materials purchasing management in Vinatex's garment companies (H4) There is a positive relationship between the internal resources and strategies and the performance of raw materials purchasing management in Vinatex's garment companies (H5) There is a positive relationship between the power and dependence and the performance of raw materials purchasing management in Vinatex's garment companies New contributions of the doctoral dissertation Regarding scientific theories: Firstly, it has systematized and clarified the basic theories on the purchasing of raw materials management of garment companies It has identified the basic contents about the purchasing of raw materials management of garment companies Secondly, it has identified the factors affecting the purchasing of raw materials management of garment companies Thirdly, it has summarized experiences in the purchasing of raw materials management of garment companies around the world to draw lessons for Vinatex's garment companies Regarding reality: Firstly, the doctoral dissertation has provided an analysis of the current market of the garment industry and pointed out issues arising in the garment raw materials market in Vietnam Secondly, on the basis of the study cases of typical companies and the survey results in the doctoral dissertation, the author clearly shows the current purchasing of raw materials management of Vinatex's garment companies Regarding solutions: In this doctoral dissertation, its author has suggested some orientational recommendations for improving the purchasing of raw materials management in garment companies when the majority of Vietnamese garment companies are processing garments and fashion products for garment groups and foreign companies in in the current deeper and deeper international economic integration context Structure of the doctoral dissertation In addition to parts such as introduction and list of tables, figures, references and appendices, the doctoral dissertation include three chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Theoretical and practical basis for the purchasing of raw materials management of garment companies Chapter 2: Analysis and evaluation of the purchasing of raw materials management of Vinatex's garment companies Chapter 3: Recommendations for improving the purchasing of raw materials management of Vinatex's garment companies CHAPTER THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS FOR THE PURCHASING OF RAW MATERIALS MANAGEMENT OF GARMENT COMPANIES 1.1 Some basic theoretical contents about the purchasing of raw materials management 1.1.1 Overview of purchasing and purchasing of raw materials It is traditionally understood that purchasing is a commercial behavior as well as an activity to create inputs, to make reserve decisions, and to ensure supplies, raw materials and goods for production or to supply for distribution activities Dooley (1995) argues that purchasing and supply management plays an important role in affecting the management decisions of companies directly There are two main purchasing purposes, namely, purchasing for resales and purchasing consumption or exchange Another different point of view shows that procurement is understood as a process in which a company (or an organization) signs contracts with a third party to obtain products and services for its goals to be done promptly and effectively Purchasing raw materials is considered as one of the important activities of a company, especially to the management and supply of raw materials Purchasing raw materials is to provide inputs for production activities, maintain and ensure stability for production activities of a company 1.1.2 Purchasing management and purchasing of raw materials management a Purchasing management Traditionally, purchasing and purchasing management play a supporting and recording role; They are done by focusing on discounts and development of good relationships with suppliers However, in case of any chaotic market, it does not create any competitive advantage as desired For the improvement of shopping performance, new concepts, tools and techniques are being invented and applied more and more According to Le Quan and Hoang Van Hai, purchasing management is a collection of activities such as making purchase plans, conducting purchase operations and purchase control in order to achieve goals as set out b Raw materials Raw materials are inputs which are mainly used for for production activities Raw materials are considered to be the most used resource by most of manufacturing companies in terms of both quantity and costs It has been affirmed that raw materials play an important position and role in the production activities of companies Particularly, the availability of raw materials as well as their appropriate quality and quantity will determine the relevance, timeliness, quality, and quantity of outputs c Purchasing of raw materials management According to Carr (1997), purchasing of raw materials management is the process of planning, implementing, evaluating and controlling the strategy of making purchasing decisions to functional purchase operations which are reasonable for companies to achieve their long-term goals Purchasing of raw materials management is an important operation which not only focuses on purchasing raw materials at the cheapest level but it also focuses on establishing relationships with suppliers as soon as possible and focuses on logistics activities throughout the supply chain In this doctoral dissertation, purchasing of raw materials management is understood as companies' strategic decisions to directly or indirectly affect human or material factors to purchase raw materials 1.1.3 Some models associated with the purchasing of raw materials management Michael Quayle's ‘Five Rights’ Purchasing Model, 2006 Peter Kraljic’s Portfolio Purchasing Model, 1983 Gelderman's Power and Dependence Purchasing Model, 2003 Russell and Taylor's Material Requirements Planning, 2010 1.1.4 Total cost of owership Total cost of owership is a financial estimate intended to help companies better understand the types of costs incurred in the supply chain when they purchase a particular goods or service Total cost can account for 5-35% of total revenue, which depends on production type, geographical location and the value of raw materials used for creating products According to Jacob (2014), total cost of ownership is a financial estimate of all procurement and use relating items There are three components in the total cost of ownership They are are procurement, ownership and post-ownership 1.2 The purchasing of raw materials management of garment companies 1.2.1 Characteristics of garment enterprises and garment materials a Characteristics of garment enterprises Garment production activities have the following characteristics: Having a cooperative relationship with related parties; Specialization; Data is very important; Need lots of human resources; Focus on customers; Production line b Garment materials Garment materials include many different categories, each with different functions and uses Garment materials include: (1) main materials: main fabric, lining, cotton, feather ; (2) auxiliary materials: thread, button, buckle, label, label, packaging, chemical ; (3) fuel: electricity, gasoline, oil ; (4) Spare parts: sewing machine foots, bobbins, antennas, sewing needles ; (5) recovered scrap: leftover fabric, rags, rags 1.2.2 Objectives and roles of the purchasing of raw material management of garment companies Objectives of the purchasing of raw materials management: The first is to ensure that there is enough raw materials required for production; The second is to ensure the quality of raw materials because it determines the quality of outputs; The third is to find how to purchase raw materials at a low level; The final one is to establish a relationship with 11 CHAPTER ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE PURCHASING OF RAW MATERIALS MANAGEMENT OF VINATEX'S GARMENT COMPANIES 2.1 Overview of Vietnam’s garment industry and Vietnam National Textile 2.1.1 Overview of Vietnam’s garment industry 2.1.2 Overview of Vietnam National Textile - Vinatex a History of formation and development b Overview of business results Table 2.1: Vinatex’s business results Unit: Billion dong Growth in the 2014No Criteria 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2018 period Total revenue 13,5 15,2 16,5 18,5 19,4 10% Total costs 11,9 13,3 15,8 15,3 14,7 5% Profit before 530 646 684 749 799 11% tax Profit after tax 617 704 579 685 728 4% (Source: Vinatex, 2018) In 2018, Vinatex's net revenue from sales and service provision accounted for 99% of its total revenue, reaching nearly VND 19,418 billion, up 11% compared to 2017 Income from financial activities and associates made a significant contribution to the Group's revenue In terms of production and business, textile and garment accounted for 81.9%; import-export and trade accounted for 9.8%; the rest was from other activities In 2018, Vinatex's total assets reached 21,976 billion VND; Its owner's equity reached 7,985 billion VND Liabilities amounted to VND 13,990 billion, equivalent to 63.6% of total assets, most of which are short-term debts (i.e: 8,644 billion VND for short loans and 5,326 billion VND for medium & long-term ones) By the end of 2018, Vinatex accumulated 582.3 billion Vietnamese dong of undistributed profit after tax c Material purchasing activity of Vinatex Because domestic demand is not enough, the majority of raw materials are imported from abroad During the last year, garment raw materials have always accounted for a large proportion of the total import-export turnover of the garment industry in particular and the total import turnover of Vietnam in general Of the imported garment raw materials, fabric always accounts for the largest proportion For example, in 2017, fabric import turnover reached 11.3 billion USD in the total import turnover of the garment industry Thus, in 2017, the costs of importing raw materials accounted for nearly 73% of the total export turnover of the garment industry Of the export revenue of 25.91 billion USD, companies only get billion USD, including costs of labor and production This shows that the garment industry of is heavily dependent on imported raw materials 12 Table 2.5: Total amount of materials of Vinatex Type of material Cotton (tons / year) Fiber (tons / year) Woven fabrics (1000m2/year) Amount 125.214,2 122.759 35.857 Knitted fabric (tons / year) 9.821,7 (Source: Vinatex, 2017) 2.2 The current purchasing of raw materials management of some Vinatex's garment companies and some impacting factors 2.2.1 The current purchasing of raw materials management of some Vinatex's garment companies In this section, the author will focus on studying the purchasing of raw materials management of some Vinatex's garment companies, namely, Vinatex's garment companies in 03 regions, which play important roles in the business activities of Vietnam Textile and Garment Group These companies are Viettien General Garment Joint Stock Company; Nha Be General Garment Joint Stock Company; Garmant 10 Corporation - Joint Stock Company; Vinatex Da Nang 2.2.2 Survey results of the current purchasing of raw materials management of Vinatex's garment companies 2.2.2.1 In term of forecasting and making a plan for purchasing raw materials Table 2.10: Levels for evaluating the forecasting and making a plan for purchasing raw materials of companies Std Std No Criteria Mean Error Deviation Demand analysis 3.17 092 1.191 Quality characteristics 3.21 088 1.138 Plans for logistics activities 2.87 086 1.107 Studying legal requirements 2.62 084 1.076 Studying environmental requirements 2.88 083 1.072 Studying the costs of raw materials and 3.14 090 1.165 related activities ( Source: The author's survey data and calculation results) In this doctoral dissertation, the author carried out a survey on companies' evaluation levels for forecasting and making a plan for purchasing goods Survey results show that garment companies have well done three following activities such as analysing the purchasing demands; studying the quality characteristics and studying the costs of raw materials and related activities In spite of Vinatex's garment companies' significant improvements in forecasting and making a plan for purchasing raw materials, this activity is overall assessed only at a normal level The reason is that many garment companies have not really considered forecasting and making a plan for purchasing raw materials as a very important stage 2.2.2.2 In term of identifying the demands for raw materials 13 In general, all activities associated with identifying the raw materials requirements of companies are only at an average level and still uneven among the companies Each companies has their own awareness and selection for making decisions When being asked to give assessments of the importance of determining the demands for raw materials, 14.5%, 24.7%, 39.2%, 19.9% and 7.8% of participants rated it very important, important, normal, unimportant and very unimportant respectively The mean value is 3.24 2.2.2.3 In terme of selecting supplier Evaluation results of the supplier selection process of companies show that Vinatex's garment companies have quite well done the steps in the process of selecting suppliers Most of the surveyed companies have scientifically developed potential supplier evaluation criteria and used a set of criteria for supplier evaluation and analysis before next decisions And then, these garment companies have used evaluation results to select suppliers All three activities are evaluated by garment companies to have been done as quite good with high mean values of 3.52; 3.62 and 3.59 on a 5-point scale These mean values are significantly higher than those of other activities 2.2.2.4 In term of ordering and signing a contract Table 2.12: Interest levels of Vinatex's garment companies for contents related to signing contracts and ordering materials No Criteria Mean Std Error Std Deviation 3.48 087 1.127 3.43 089 1.141 Discount conditions by quantity and size of order Terms of delivery Terms of payment 3.47 087 1.121 Penalties 3.43 090 1.162 Terms of guarantee 3.33 092 1.182 Terms of international trade 3.29 091 1.176 (Source: The author's survey data and calculation results) Survey results show when Vinatex's garment companies order and sign contracts, discount conditions by quantity and size of order are the contents which they are most concerned about with the highest mean value of 3.48 Of which, 30.7% of survey companies said that the discount conditions by quantity and size of order are the contents are important and 21.1% said that these contents are very important Nextly, many Vinatex's garment companies are pay more attention to the terms of payment Besides, Vinatex's garment companies are also quite interested in terms of delivery and penalties in the process of ordering and signing contracts Two less concerned contents are terms of guarantee and terms of international trade 14 2.2.2.5 In term of delivering and receiving raw materials Table 2.13: Use pressure on raw materials suppliers No Methods Mean Std Deviation Periodically contact suppliers 3.32 1.126 Contact before delivery time 2.96 1.151 Proactively check large orders/suppliers at key 3.58 1.091 stages (Source: The author's survey data and calculation results) The majority of Vinatex's garment companies actively check large orders or suppliers at key stages with the highest mean value of 3.58 Of which, 40% of survey companies regularly and check large orders or suppliers actively at important stages and 19.9% it very regularly Regularly checking orders at important stages shows that companies has taken the initiative in ensuring timely raw material shipments for production 2.2.2.6 In term of evaluating and adjusting the purchasing of raw materials management Table 2.14: Assessment of the evaluating and adjusting work of the purchasing of raw materials management No Criteria Mean Std Deviation 3.33 1.182 Release statement and impose punishment with suppliers Companies record purchasing experience 3.29 1.176 Evaluate the effectiveness of the content of operations 2.8 1.243 related to suppliers Companies re-evaluate the relevance of suppliers 3.01 1.152 periodically (at least once a year) The re-evaluation is placed under new conditions through 3.19 1.044 new criteria Criteria for evaluating suppliers take strategy, cultural suitability, organizational structure and technology between 3.31 1.149 the two parties into consideration Companies re-classify the purchasing strategies of suppliers (eliminate inappropriate suppliers, build new relationships, 2.95 1.063 raise relationships with potential suppliers, etc.) Re-adjusting relationship is done on the basis of previously 3.47 1.071 done re-evaluations Suppliers understands and accepts to the re-adjustment of 3.52 1.105 companies for purchase activities (Source: The author's survey data and calculation results) 15 After purchase activites, Vinatex's garment companies re-evaluate their purchasing work as well the whole supply chain management process Garment companies have recorded their purchasing experience for next times This activity is well done and appreciated by many companies However, there are certain limitations in the supplier evaluation work For examples, garment companies have not effectively classified the raw materials strategies of suppliers to eliminate inappropriate suppliers, build new relationships, and raise the relationships with potential suppliers 2.2.3 The situation of factors affecting the purchasing of raw materials management of Vinatex's garment companies 2.2.3.1 Testing reliability of variables in the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) model After the test for checking the reliability of these factors before the EFA analysis is done, it shows that the Cronbach's Alpha value of all items is much more than 0.5, which depicts that the factors are highly reliable In addition, when the Cronbach alpha value is calculated, it is found that the Corrected Item-Total Correlation is greater than 0.5, which proves that the observed item has an impact on the general composition in the correlation between variables (Cronbach, 1951, Nunnally and Burnstein, 1994, Nunally, 1978) Therefore, after the correlation of the variables and the reliability test are considered, the observed variables are retained with high reliability Table 2.15: Cronbach alpha tests and Exploratory Factor Analysis Chi-square Average Cronbach Corrected Item-Total Factors KMO Bartlett's Variance alpha Correlation Test Extracted 0.874; 0.824; 0.810; TCPL 0.892 0.853 0.000 65.286% 0.802; 0.773; 0.760 0.934; 0.902; 0.865; MTCN 0.888 0.810 0.000 69.255% 0.750; 0.684 0.930; 0.886; 0.865; MTN 0.914 0.779 0.000 74.395% 0.831; 0.794 0.922; 0.90; 0.869; 0.677; NLVCL 0.867 0.828 0.000 66.629% 0.676 0.941; 0.884; 0.841; QLVAPT 0.893 0.755 0.000 75.749% 0.810 0.880; 0.849; 0.833; QTMNVL 0.857 0.726 0.000 64.780% 0.817; 0.618 2.2.3.3 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) EFA results of the selected dependent variable group show that the KMO value is 0.726, satisfying the condition of 0.5
Ngày đăng: 16/01/2020, 07:41
Xem thêm: