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Đánh giá thành phần hóa học và tác dụng ức chế nảy mầm và phát triển của hạt cỏ lồng vực (Echinochloa crus-gali L.) từ cao chiết cây bồ công anh (Hypochaeris radicata L.)

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rữớ ổ P ỗ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦r② ❡❢❢❡❝ts ♦❢ ❍②♣♦❝❤❛❡r✐s r❛❞✐❝❛t❛ ▲✳ ❡①tr❛❝ts ♦♥ s❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s✲❣❛❧❧✐ ▲✳ ▼❡♥ ❚✳ ❚r❛♥∗ ✱ ❚✉❛♥ ❚✳ ◆❣✉②❡♥✱ ▲② ❍✳ ❙❛♠✱ ❑❤❛♥❣ ❚✳ ❉♦✱ ✫ ❨❡♥ ❉✳ ❍✳ ◆❣✉②❡♥ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ♦❢ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ❈❛♥ ❚❤♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❈❛♥ ❚❤♦✱ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠ ❆❘❚■❈▲❊ ■◆❋❖ ❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ P❛♣❡r ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ✐s ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♣❧❛♥t✲r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✐♥ ♥❛t✉r❡✱ t❤✐s ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡s t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❧❛♥t t❤❛t ♠❛② ❛❢❢❡❝t t❤❡ ❘❡❝❡✐✈❡❞✿ ▼❛② ✷✷✱ ✷✵✶✾ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♦t❤❡r ♥❡❛r❜② ♣❧❛♥t s♣❡❝✐❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ t❤❡ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❘❡✈✐s❡❞✿ ❆✉❣✉st ✸✵✱ ✷✵✶✾ ❆❝❝❡♣t❡❞✿ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✱ ✷✵✶✾ ❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❡t❤❛♥♦❧ ❡①tr❛❝ts ❢r♦♠ ❍②♣♦❝❤❛❡r✐s r❛❞✐❝❛t❛ ▲✳ ♦♥ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s✲❣❛❧❧✐ ▲✳ ✇❛s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①tr❛❝ts ❢r♦♠ st❡♠s ♦❢ ❍②♣♦❝❤❛❡r✐s r❛❞✐❝❛t❛ ▲✳ ❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✺ ♠❣✴♠▲ ❑❡②✇♦r❞s s❤♦✇❡❞ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✐♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ✭✼✸✳✸✸✪✮ ♦♥ s❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❛r♥②❛r❞✲❣r❛ss ✭❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s✲❣❛❧❧✐ ▲✳✮✳ ■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ t♦t❛❧ ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞s ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ✐♥ ❍②♣♦❝❤❛❡r✐s r❛❞✐❝❛t❛ ▲✳ ✇❡r❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② s♣❡❝tr♦♣❤♦t♦♠❡tr②✳ ❇❛r♥②❛r❞✲❣r❛ss P♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞s ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ♣❛rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍②♣♦❝❤❛❡r✐s r❛❞✐❝❛t❛ ●❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ▲✳ ✇❡r❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ ❧❡❛✈❡s ✇❛s ✾✳✻✼ ▲✳ ♠❣✴❣ ❡①tr❛❝t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ r♦♦ts ✇❛s ✷✾✳✺✻ ♠❣✴❣ ❡①tr❛❝t✳ P❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞s P❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞s ✐♥ ❡①tr❛❝ts ❢r♦♠ ❧❡❛✈❡s✱ ❢❧♦✇❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ r♦♦ts ✇❡r❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢✐❡❞ ❜② ❍P▲❈✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✼ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ∗ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❛✉t❤♦r ❝❤❧♦r♦❣❡♥✐❝✱ s②r✐♥❣✐❝✱ ✈❛♥✐❧❧✐❝✱ s②♥❛♣✐❝✱ ♣✲❝♦✉♠❛r✐❝✱ ❜❡♥③♦✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❡❧❧❛❣✐❝ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①tr❛❝ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❢✐♥❞✐♥❣s ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t❡❞ t❤❛t ❍②♣♦❝❤❛❡r✐s r❛❞✐❝❛t❛ ▲✳ ✐s ❛ ✇✐❧❞ ♣❧❛♥t s♣❡❝✐❡s ✇✐t❤ ❣r❡❛t ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r ❛❧❧❡❧♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s✳ ❚r❛♥ ❚❤❛♥❤ ▼❡♥ ❍②♣♦❝❤❛❡r✐s r❛❞✐❝❛t❛ ❊♠❛✐❧✿ tt♠❡♥❅❝t✉✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ❈✐t❡❞ ❛s✿ ❚r❛♥✱ ▼✳ ❚✳✱ ◆❣✉②❡♥✱ ❚✳ ❚✳✱ ❙❛♠✱ ▲✳ ❍✳✱ ❉♦✱ ❑✳ ❚✳✱ ✫ ◆❣✉②❡♥✱ ❨✳ ❉✳ ❍✳ ✭✷✵✶✾✮✳ ❊✈❛❧✲ ✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦r② ❡❢❢❡❝ts ♦❢ ❍②♣♦❝❤❛❡r✐s r❛❞✐❝❛t❛ ▲✳ ❡①tr❛❝ts ♦♥ s❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ ❊❝❤✐♥♦❝❤❧♦❛ ❝r✉s✲❣❛❧❧✐ ▲✳ ❚❤❡ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✶✽✭✺✮✱ ✶✽✲✷✸✳ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ✶✾ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ◆ỉ♥❣ P ỗ t õ ❤å❝ ✈➔ t→❝ ❞ö♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ sü ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ✈➔ t tr t ọ ỗ ỹ rs tứ t ỗ ổ rs rt r rồ ỵ ✣é ❚➜♥ ❑❤❛♥❣ ✫ ◆❣✉②➵♥ ✣➻♥❤ ❍↔✐ ❨➳♥ ❑❤♦❛ ❑❤♦❛ ❍å❝ ❚ü ◆❤✐➯♥✱ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❍å❝ ❈➛♥ ❚❤ì✱ ❈➛♥ ❚❤ì ❚❍➷◆● ❚■◆ ❇⑨■ ❇⑩❖ ❚➶▼ ❚➁❚ ❇➔✐ ❜→♦ ❦❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ❙ü ù❝ ❝❤➳ ❝↔♠ ♥❤✐➵♠ ✭❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✮ ❧➔ ♠ët ❝ì ❝❤➳ ✤è✐ ❦❤→♥❣ t❤ü❝ ✈➟t ♣❤ê ❜✐➳♥ tr♦♥❣ tü ♥❤✐➯♥✱ ❝ì ❝❤➳ ♥➔② t❤➸ ❤✐➺♥ ❦❤✐ sü ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝õ❛ ❧♦➔✐ t❤ü❝ ◆❣➔② ♥❤➟♥✿ ✷✷✴✵✺✴✷✵✶✾ ✈➟t ♥➔② ❝â t❤➸ ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ✤➳♥ sü s✐♥❤ tr÷ð♥❣ ✈➔ ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝→❝ ❧♦➔✐ t❤ü❝ ◆❣➔② ❝❤➾♥❤ sû❛✿ ✸✵✴✵✽✴✷✵✶✾ ✈➟t ❧➙♥ ❝➟♥ t❤æ♥❣ q✉❛ ✈✐➺❝ s↔♥ s✐♥❤ ❝→❝ ❤ñ♣ ❝❤➜t t❤ù ❝➜♣✳ ❚r♦♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ◆❣➔② ự ọ ỗ ỹ t t tứ ỗ ổ ❛♥❤ ✭❇❈❆✮ ✤÷đ❝ ❦❤↔♦ s→t tr♦♥❣ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ♣❤á♥❣ t❤➼ t q st t t ỗ ✺ ♠❣✴♠▲ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t ❝õ❛ t❤➙♥ ❚ø ❦❤â❛ ❇❈❆ ❝â t→❝ ❞ö♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ❤↕t ❈▲❱ ❝❛♦ ♥❤➜t ❧➔ ✼✸✱✸✪✳ ❇➯♥ ❝↕♥❤ ✤â✱ ❤➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ✈➔ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ tờ số tr ữủ ỗ ổ ✤à♥❤ ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ✤♦ q✉❛♥❣ ♣❤ê✳ ❈→❝ ❤đ♣ ❝❤➜t ọ ỗ ỹ õ tr tt ❝→❝ ❜ë ♣❤➟♥ ❝õ❛ ❝➙② ✤÷đ❝ ❦❤↔♦ s→t✳ ❍➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❑❤→♥❣ ❝ä ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ❝❛♦ ♥❤➜t tr♦♥❣ ❧→ ❧➔ ✾✱✻✼ ♠❣✴♠▲ ❝❛♦✱ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ ❝â ❤➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❙ü ù❝ ❝❤➳ ❝↔♠ ♥❤✐➵♠ ♥❤✐➲✉ ♥❤➜t tr♦♥❣ r➵ ❧➔ ✷✾✱✺✻ ♠❣✴♠▲ ❝❛♦✳ ▼➝✉ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t tø ❝→❝ ❜ë ♣❤➟♥ Ù❝ ❝❤➳ ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ❝ơ♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ sû ❞ư♥❣ ✤➸ ✤à♥❤ t➼♥❤ ❝→❝ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❍P▲❈✳ ❈â ❜↔② ❧♦↕✐ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❤✐➺♥ ❞✐➺♥ tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ ♠➝✉ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t ∗ ❚→❝ ❣✐↔ ❧✐➯♥ ❤➺ ❇❈❆✱ ✤â ❧➔ ❝❤❧♦r♦❣❡♥✐❝✱ s②r✐♥❣✐❝✱ ✈❛♥✐❧❧✐❝✱ s②♥❛♣✐❝✱ ♣✲❝♦✉♠❛r✐❝✱ ❜❡♥③♦✐❝ ✈➔ ❡❧❧❛❣✐❝✳ ❚ø ❝→❝ sè ❧✐➺✉ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❇❈❆ ❧➔ ♠ët ❧♦➔✐ t❤ü❝ ✈➟t ❤♦❛♥❣ ❞↕✐ r➜t ❝â t✐➲♠ ♥➠♥❣ tr♦♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✈➲ ❝→❝ ❤ñ♣ ❝❤➜t tü ♥❤✐➯♥ ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝ä✳ ❚r➛♥ ❚❤❛♥❤ ▼➳♥ ❊♠❛✐❧✿ tt♠❡♥❅❝t✉✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ✶✳ ✣➦t ❱➜♥ ✣➲ ❈ä ❞↕✐ ✤÷đ❝ ①❡♠ ❧➔ ♠ët tr♦♥❣ ❜è♥ ♥❤â♠ ❞à❝❤ ❤↕✐ ♥❣✉② ❤✐➸♠ ♥❤➜t tr➯♥ r✉ë♥❣ ❧ó❛✱ ❝ò♥❣ ✈ỵ✐ s➙✉ ❤↕✐✱ ❜➺♥❤ ❤↕✐ ✈➔ ❝❤✉ët✳ ❈→❝ sè ❧✐➺✉ t❤è♥❣ ❦➯ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❝ä ❞↕✐ ❣➙② t❤✐➺t ❤↕✐ ✈➲ ♥➠♥❣ s✉➜t ❧ó❛ ❝❛♦ ❤ì♥ ♥❤✐➲✉ s♦ ✈ỵ✐ ❝ỉ♥ trò♥❣ ✈➔ s➙✉ ❜➺♥❤ ✭❑❤❛♥❣ ✫ ❝t✈✳✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳ ✣➣ ❝â ♥❤✐➲✉ ❜✐➺♥ ♣❤→♣ ♣❤á♥❣ trø ❝ä ❞↕✐ ✤➣ ✤÷đ❝ →♣ ❞ư♥❣✱ tr♦♥❣ ✤â ♣❤ê ❜✐➳♥ ♥❤➜t ❧➔ ❞ò♥❣ t❤✉è❝ ❞✐➺t ❝ä ❤â❛ ❤å❝✳ ❇➯♥ ❝↕♥❤ ❤✐➺✉ q✉↔ t➼❝❤ ❝ü❝ ❞♦ t❤✉ë❝ ❞✐➺t ❝ä ❤â❛ ❤å❝ ♠❛♥❣ ❧↕✐ t❤➻ ✈✐➺❝ sû ❞ö♥❣ q✉→ ♠ù❝ ❝→❝ ❧♦↕✐ t❤✉è❝ ♥➔② ✤➣ ❞➝♥ ✤➳♥ ♥❤ú♥❣ t→❝ ✤ë♥❣ t✐➯✉ ❝ü❝ ❝❤♦ ❝♦♥ ♥❣÷í✐ ✈➔ ❝→❝ ❤➺ s✐♥❤ t❤→✐ ✭❈❤✉♥❣ ✫ ❝t✈✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ Ù❝ ❝❤➳ ❝↔♠ ♥❤✐➵♠ ✭❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✮ ❧➔ ❤✐➺♥ t÷đ♥❣ ♣❤ê ❜✐➳♥ tr♦♥❣ tü ♥❤✐➯♥✱ ❤✐➺♥ t÷đ♥❣ ♥➔② ✤÷đ❝ ❤✐➸✉ ❧➔ sü ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ♠ët ❧♦➔✐ t❤ü❝ ✈➟t ♥➔② ✤ỉ✐ ❦❤✐ ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ✤➳♥ sü ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝õ❛ ♥❤ú♥❣ ❧♦➔✐ t❤ü❝ ✈➟t ❦❤→❝ sè♥❣ ❧➙♥ ❝➟♥✱ t❤ỉ♥❣ q✉❛ ✈✐➺❝ s↔♥ ①✉➜t r❛ ❝→❝ ❤đ♣ ❝❤➜t t❤ù ❝➜♣ ✤÷đ❝ ❣å✐ ❧➔ ❝→❝ ❝❤➜t ✤è✐ ❦❤→♥❣ s✐♥❤ ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ❤å❝ ✭❛❧❧❡❧♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧✮✳ ❈→❝ ❝❤➜t ✤è✐ ❦❤→♥❣ ♥➔② ❝â t❤➸ ❧➔♠ ❤↕♥ ❝❤➳ sü s✐♥❤ tr÷ð♥❣ ✈➔ ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❤❛② t❤➟♠ ❝❤➼ t✐➯✉ ❞✐➺t ♠ët sè ❧♦➔✐ ❦❤→❝ tr♦♥❣ ❝ò♥❣ ❦❤✉ ✈ü❝ ✭❚❤✐ ✫ ❝t✈✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❈→❝ ♥❤➔ ❦❤♦❛ tr t ợ ỹ tữủ ✤➸ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✈➔ t➻♠ r❛ ❝→❝ ❤ñ♣ ❝❤➜t ❦❤→♥❣ ọ õ ỗ ố tỹ ứ õ q ọ ứ t t ợ ổ trữớ ❝ù✉ ❝❤♦ r➡♥❣ ❤ñ♣ ❝❤➜t ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝ä t❤÷í♥❣ ❝â tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ ❧♦➔✐ t❤ü❝ ✈➟t ❤♦❛♥❣ ❞↕✐✱ ①➙♠ ❧➜♥ ✭■❧♦r✐ ✫ ❝t✈✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❑❤❛♥❣ ✫ ❝t✈✳✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❈➙② ỗ ổ õ t rs rt ▲✳✱ ✤➙② ❧➔ ♠ët ❧♦➔✐ t❤ü❝ ✈➟t ❤♦❛♥❣ ❞↕✐ t❤✉ë❝ ú ọ õ ỗ ố tứ s õ t t ữợ ♥❤÷ Ĩ❝✱ ◆❡✇ ❩❡❛❧❛♥❞✱ ❍➔♥ ◗✉è❝✱ ◆❤➟t ❇↔♥ ✈➔ ❱✐➺t ◆❛♠✳ ❑✐♠ ✫ ❝t✈✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ✤➣ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ r➵ ✈➔ ❧→ ❝õ❛ ❇❈❆ ❝â ❝→❝ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝✱ ❝→❝ ❤ñ♣ ❝❤➜t ♥➔② ❝ơ♥❣ ✤➣ ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ❧➔ ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝ä✳ ❉ò ✈➟②✱ ❝→❝ sè ❧✐➺✉ ✈➲ t→❝ ❞ư♥❣ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝ä ❝õ❛ ❇❈❆ ❝❤÷❛ ✤÷đ❝ ❝ỉ♥❣ ❜è rã ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ ✷✵ r➔♥❣ ✈➔ ❝ö t❤➸✳ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥➔② ♥❤➡♠ ♠ö❝ t✐➯✉ ✤→♥❤ ❣✐→ t ọ ỗ ỹ ❝❤✐➳t ✈➔ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❝→❝ ❤ñ♣ ❝❤➜t ❤♦→ ❤å❝ ❝â tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ ♠➝✉ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t ❇❈❆ ♠å❝ t↕✐ ❱✐➺t ◆❛♠✳ ✷✳ ❱➟t ▲✐➺✉ ✈➔ P❤÷ì♥❣ P❤→♣ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❈ù✉ ✷✳✶✳ ❍â❛ ❝❤➜t ✈➔ ✈➟t ❧✐➺✉ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❈→❝ ❤â❛ ❝❤➜t ✤÷đ❝ sû ❞ö♥❣ tr♦♥❣ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠✿ ▼❡t❤❛♥♦❧✱ ❡t❤❛♥♦❧✱ ◆❛✷❙❖✹✱ ◗✉❡r❝❡t✐♥✱ ❆❧❈❧3 ✱ ❛❝✐❞ ❣❛❧❧✐❝✱ ◆❛2 ❈❖3 ✱ ◆❛◆❖2 ✱ ◆❛❖❍ ✭❚r✉♥❣ ◗✉è❝✮✱ q✉❡r❝❡t✐♥✱ ❋♦❧✐♥✲❈✐♦❝❛❧t❡✉ ✭▼❡r❝❦✮✱ ❛❝✐❞ ❛❝❡t✐❝ ✭❱✐➺t ◆❛♠✮✱ ❝→❝ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❝❤✉➞♥✿ ❝❤❧♦r♦❣❡♥✐❝✱ s②r✐♥❣✐❝✱ ✈❛♥✐❧❧✐❝✱ s②♥❛♣✐❝✱ ♣✲❝♦✉♠❛r✐❝✱ ❜❡♥③♦✐❝ ✈➔ ❡❧❧❛❣✐❝ ✭❚r✉♥❣ ◗✉è❝✮✳ ▼➝✉ ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ð ❣✐❛✐ ✤♦↕♥ ✤❛♥❣ ❝â ❤♦❛ ✤÷đ❝ t❤✉ t↕✐ ✣➔ ▲↕t ✈➔♦ t❤→♥❣ ✼✴✷✵✶✼✳ ❱✐➺❝ ✤à♥❤ ❞❛♥❤ ♠➝✉ ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ✤÷đ❝ t❤ü❝ ❤✐➺♥ ❜ð✐ t✐➳♥ s➽ ◆❣✉②➵♥ ❚❤à ❑✐♠ ❍✉➯ ✭❇ë ♠æ♥ ❙✐♥❤ ❤å❝✱ ❑❤♦❛ ❑❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ❚ü ♥❤✐➯♥✱ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❈➛♥ ❚❤ì✮ ❞ü❛ ✈➔♦ ✤➦❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❤➻♥❤ t❤→✐ ✈➔ ♠➝✉ ✤÷đ❝ ❧÷✉ ❣✐ú t↕✐ P❤á♥❣ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❚❤ü❝ ✈➟t ✷✱ ❇ë ♠æ♥ ❙✐♥❤ ❤å❝✱ ❑❤♦❛ ❑❤♦❛ ❤å❝ ❚ü ♥❤✐➯♥✱ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❈➛♥ ❚❤ì✳ ❙❛✉ ❦❤✐ ♠❛♥❣ ✈➲ ♣❤á♥❣ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠✱ ♠➝✉ ❝➙② ữủ rỷ s r ữợ tr ❈→❝ ❜ë ♣❤➟♥ ❧→✱ ❤♦❛✱ t❤➙♥ ✈➔ r➵ ✤÷đ❝ s➜② ❦❤æ ð ♥❤✐➺t ✤ë ✺✵0 ❈✱ t→♥ t❤➔♥❤ ❜ët t❤æ ✈➔ ♥❣➙♠ ✈ỵ✐ ✶ ▲ ❞✉♥❣ ♠ỉ✐ ❡t❤❛♥♦❧ tr♦♥❣ ✼ ộ ỗ ổ ♥❣➙♠ ✤÷đ❝ ❧å❝ ✤➸ ❧➜② ❞à❝❤ ❝❤✐➳t ✈➔ ❝ỉ q✉❛② ✤➸ t❤✉ ✤÷đ❝ ❝→❝ ♠➝✉ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t ❡t❤❛♥♦❧✳ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ổ P ỗ tỹ t ✤ë ✷✺0 ❈✮✳ ❚❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✤è✐ ❝❤ù♥❣ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ sû ❞ư♥❣ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t✳ ▼é✐ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ t❤ù❝ ✤÷đ❝ ❧➦♣ ❧↕✐ ✸ ❧➛♥✳ ❚❤í✐ ❣✐❛♥ t❤❡♦ ❞ã✐ ✈➔ ❝→❝ ❝❤➾ t✐➯✉ q✉❛♥ s→t✿ ❈→❝ ❝❤➾ t✐➯✉ ♥❤÷✿ sè ❤↕t ♥↔② ♠➛♠✱ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❞➔✐ r➵✱ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❞➔✐ t❤➙♥ ✈➔ trå♥❣ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❦❤ỉ ✤÷đ❝ ❣❤✐ ♥❤➟♥ s❛✉ ✼ ♥❣➔② t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠✳ ✷✳✸✳ ❳→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❤➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ✈➔ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ tê♥❣ sè tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ ❝❛♦ P❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❤➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ♣♦❧②♣❤❡✲ ♥♦❧ tê♥❣ sè ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ✤♦ q✉❛♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ t❤ü❝ ❤✐➺♥ t❤❡♦ ♠ỉ t↔ ❝õ❛ ❉❡✇❛♥t♦ ✫ ❝t✈✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ q✉② tr➻♥❤ ✤÷đ❝ t❤ü❝ ❤✐➺♥ ữ s t õ ỗ tr t tỵ s õ t tố tỷ t ữủ trữợ õ tr út ❚❤➯♠ t✐➳♣ ✷✺✵ µ▲ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ◆❛2 ❈❖3 ✶✵✪✱ ❧➢❝ ✤➲✉ ✈➔ õ tr♦♥❣ ✸✵ ♣❤ót ð ♥❤✐➺t ✤ë ✹✵0 ❈✳ ❙❛✉ ✤â ❝→❝ ♠➝✉ ✤÷đ❝ t✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ✤♦ ð ữợ sõ q ❣✐➳♥❣ ❦➳t ♥è✐ ♣❤➛♥ ♠➲♠ ▼✉❧t✐s❦❛♥ ●♦ ✭❚❤❡r♠♦ ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❢✐❝✱ P❤➛♥ ▲❛♥✮✳ ❍➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ✤÷đ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❞ü❛ ✈➔♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❝õ❛ ❛❝✐❞ ❣❛❧❧✐❝ ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❜à tø ỗ tứ ữủ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ tê♥❣ sè ✤÷đ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ✤♦ q✉❛♥❣ ✤÷đ❝ ❩❤✐s❤❡♥ ✫ ❝t✈✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮ ❤✐➺✉ ❝❤➾♥❤ ♥❤÷ s❛✉✿ t õ ỗ tr t tỵ t tử t ✈➔♦ ✶ ♠▲ ✷✳✷✳ ❑❤↔♦ s→t ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ ữợ t ◆❛◆❖2 ✺✪✱ trë♥ ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t tr♦♥❣ ✤✐➲✉ ✤➲✉ ✈➔ ✤➸ ②➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ✺ ♣❤ót✳ ❚❤➯♠ t✐➳♣ ✈➔♦ ❤é♥ ❦✐➺♥ ♣❤á♥❣ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❤ñ♣ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ ✷✵✵ µ▲ ❆❧❈❧3 ✶✵✪✱ ✤➸ ②➯♥ tr♦♥❣ ✻ ♣❤ót✳ ❙❛✉ ✤â ✷ ♠▲ ◆❛❖❍ ✶ ▼ ✤÷đ❝ t❤➯♠ ✈➔♦ ❚❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❦❤↔♦ s→t ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤✱ ữợ t ữủ t t ❝❤✐➳t tr♦♥❣ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ♣❤á♥❣ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✤➸ t❤➸ t➼❝❤ ố tr tỵ õ ữủ ữủ t❤ü❝ ❤✐➺♥ t❤❡♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❝õ❛ ❚❤✐ ✫ ❝t✈✳ ♠➝✉ ữủ t ữợ sõ ữợ ữủ t ữ s ữủ ✤÷đ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❞ü❛ ✈➔♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ❈❤✉➞♥ ❜à ❞✉♥❣ ❞à❝❤ t❤û✿ ❈→❝ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t r➵✱ ❧→✱ tr➻♥❤ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❝õ❛ q✉❡r❝❡t✐♥ ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❜à t❤➙♥ ✈➔ ❤♦❛ ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❜à ữủt ỗ tứ ỗ tø ✵ ✲ ✶✵✵ µ❣✴♠▲✳ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉ ❜➡♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ♣❤❛ ợ t t ữủ t ♣❡tr✐ ✤➣ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❜à ✷✳✹✳ ✣à♥❤ t➼♥❤ ❝→❝ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ữỡ trữợ ữủt t tø ❝→❝ ♣❤➛♥ ♣❤→♣ ❍P▲❈ r➵✱ t❤➙♥✱ ❧→ ✈➔ ❤♦❛ ợ ỗ ✤➽❛ ♣❡tr✐ ✭✺✵ ♠♠✮✳ ✣➦t ✤➽❛ tr♦♥❣ tõ ❈→❝ ♠➝✉ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t ❧→✱ ❤♦❛ ✈➔ r➵ ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ✤÷đ❝ ❤ót tr♦♥❣ ✹ ❣✐í ✤➸ ♠❡t❤❛♥♦❧ ❜❛② ❤ì✐ ❤♦➔♥ t♦➔♥ sû ❞ö♥❣ ✤➸ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ sü ❤✐➺♥ ❞✐➺♥ ❝→❝ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡✲ ❝❤➾ ❝á♥ ❧↕✐ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t tr➯♥ ❣✐➜② ❧å❝✳ ♥♦❧✐❝ ❜➡♥❣ P s ỵ ọ Pr t❤û✿ ❍↕t ❈▲❱ ✤➣ ♥ùt ♥❛♥❤ ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤♦ ❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ▲✐q✉✐❞ ❈❤r♦♠❛t♦❣r❛♣❤②✮ ❙❤✐♠❛③✉ ✭▲❈✲ ✈➔♦ ✤➽❛ ❝â ❣✐➜② ❧å❝ ✤➸ s➤♥ ữ t ữợ t ❤å❝ ❚ü ♥❤✐➯♥✱ ❚r÷í♥❣ tr➯♥✳ ❈→❝ ✤➽❛ ♣❡tr✐ ✤÷đ❝ ✤➦t tr♦♥❣ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ✤➛② ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ❈➛♥ ❚❤ì t❤❡♦ ♠ỉ t↔ ❝õ❛ ❑❤❛♥❣ ✫ ❝t✈✳ ✤õ →♥❤ s→♥❣✱ ✭✶✷ ❣✐í s→♥❣✴✶✷ ❣✐í tè✐❀ →♥❤ s→♥❣ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ▼ët sỉ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ✤÷đ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❞ü❛ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆ỉ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ✷✶ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ◆ỉ♥❣ ▲➙♠ ❚P✳ ỗ ự sỹ ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ✈➔ s✐♥❤ tr÷ð♥❣ ❝õ❛ ❤↕t ❈▲❱ tø ❝→❝ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t ❇❈❆1 ◆❣❤✐➺♠ t❤ù❝ ✣è✐ ❝❤ù♥❣ ❘➵✲✶ ❘➵✲✷✱✺ ❘➵✲✺ ❍♦❛✲✶ ❍♦❛✲✷✱✺ ❍♦❛✲✺ ❚❤➙♥✲✶ ❚❤➙♥✲✷✱✺ ❚❤➙♥✲✺ ▲→✲✶ ▲→✲✷✱✺ ▲→✲✺ ❚➾ ❧➺ ù❝ ❝❤➳ ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ✭✪✮ ✵ ✷✻✱✼ ✹✵✱✵ ✺✻✱✼ ✷✵✱✵ ✷✵✱✵ ✻✵✱✵ ✷✸✱✸ ✹✸✱✸ ✼✸✱✸ ✸✵✱✵ ✹✻✱✼ ✻✵✱✵ ọ ỗ ỹ ỗ ổ r➵ ✭♠♠✮ ✹✱✽ ➧ ✵✱✺✷ ✹✱✹ ➧ ✵✱✹✶ ✸✱✹✵✱✽✽ ✷✱✵ ➧ ✵✱✻✻ ✹✱✵ ➧ ✵✱✻✶ ✷✱✻ ➧ ✵✱✸✷ ✶✱✶ ➧ ✵✱✸✷ ✹✱✵ ➧ ✵✱✼✾ ✶✱✾ ➧ ✵✱✾✸ ✵✱✹ ➧ ✵✱✵✹ ✹✱✷ ➧ ✵✱✽✷ ✷✱✼ ➧ ✵✱✽✵ ✶✱✺ ➧ ✵✱✹✹ ❈❤✐➲✉ ❞➔✐ t❤➙♥ ✭♠♠✮ ✹✱✹ ➧ ✵✱✹✹ ✹✱✹ ➧ ✵✱✶✷ ✸✱✼ ➧ ✵✱✽✾ ✸✱✵ ➧ ✵✱✶✶ ✹✱✶ ➧ ✵✱✹✵ ✸✱✽ ➧ ✵✱✼✻ ✷✱✹ ➧ ✵✱✾✻ ✹✱✵ ➧ ✵✱✹✽ ✸✱✾ ➧ ✵✱✷✷ ✶✱✷ ➧ ✷✱✾✽ ✹✱✾ ➧ ✵✱✺✼ ✸✱✾ ➧ ✵✱✾✾ ✷✱✼ ➧ ✵✱✾✾ ❚rå♥❣ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❦❤ỉ ✭♠❣✮ ✶✼✱✶ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✷ ✶✹✱✸ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✸ ✶✵✱✺ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✵ ✻✱✶ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✼ ✶✻✱✷ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✷ ✶✹✱✻ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✹ ✺✱✸ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✶ ✶✷✱✷ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✸ ✾✱✸ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✸ ✸✱✺ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✸ ✶✸✱✹ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✸ ✶✵✱✼ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✸ ✻✱✼ ➧ ✵✱✵✵✷ ✈➔♦ ❝→❝ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❝❤✉➞♥ s❛✉✿ ❝❤❧♦r♦❣❡♥✐❝✱ s②✲ ✤ë t❤➜♣ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ ♥↔② ♠➛♠ r✐♥❣✐❝✱ ✈❛♥✐❧❧✐❝✱ s②♥❛♣✐❝✱ ♣✲❝♦✉♠❛r✐❝✱ ❜❡♥③♦✐❝ ✈➔ ữ ổ ữ ỗ ❝↕♥❤ ✤â✱ ❝→❝ ❝❤➾ t✐➯✉ ♥❤÷ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❞➔✐ r➵✱ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❞➔✐ ❡❧❧❛❣✐❝✳ t❤➙♥ ✈➔ trå♥❣ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❦❤ỉ ❝õ❛ ❈▲❱ ✤÷đ❝ ❣❤✐ ♥❤➟♥ tr♦♥❣ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ♥➔② ❝ơ♥❣ ❜à ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ỷ t ỵ ❝→❝ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t✳ ✣➙② ❧➔ ❝→❝ ❝❤➾ t✐➯✉ t❤➸ ✸✳✶✳ ❚→❝ ❞ö♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ sü ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ✈➔ ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❤✐➺♥ sü s✐♥❤ tr÷ð♥❣ ✈➔ ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝õ❛ ❈▲❱✳ ❚✉② ❤↕t ❈▲❱ ❝õ❛ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t ❇❈❆ ♥❤✐➯♥✱ sü ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ t õ ỵ ữủ ỷ ỵ t ỗ é ỗ ❞ö♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ❤↕t ❈▲❱ ❝õ❛ ❝→❝ ❝❛♦ ✤ë ✺ ♠❣✴♠▲✱ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t tø ❝→❝ ❜ë ♣❤➟♥ ❝õ❛ ❝➙② ❝❤✐➳t ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ✤÷đ❝ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② ð ❇↔♥❣ ✶✳ ❚ø ❦➳t ❇❈❆ ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ sü ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝õ❛ r➵ ✈➔ q✉↔ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t tø r➵✱ ❤♦❛✱ t❤➙♥ t➼❝❤ ❧ô② s✐♥❤ ❦❤è✐ ❝õ❛ ❈▲❱ ❤ì♥ ✺✵✪ s♦ ✈ỵ✐ ✤è✐ ✈➔ ❧→ ❝õ❛ ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ❝â ↔♥❤ ❤÷ð♥❣ ✤➳♥ ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ❝❤ù♥❣ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ sû ❞ö♥❣ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t✳ ❈➙② ❇❈❆ ❧➔ ❧♦➔✐ ✈➔ ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝õ❛ ❈▲❱ tr♦♥❣ ✤✐➲✉ ❦✐➺♥ ♣❤á♥❣ t❤➼ t❤ü❝ ✈➟t t❤✉ë❝ ❤å ❈ó❝✱ ♠ët sè ❝➙② ❦❤→❝ t❤✉ë❝ ❤å ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ♣❤ư tở ỗ ỗ ú ữ qý ữợ ữỡ ọ ổ ữủ ♥➠♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ✈➔ sü ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝õ❛ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ❧➔ ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝ä ❞↕✐ ✭■❧♦r✐ ✫ ❈▲❱ ❝➔♥❣ ♠↕♥❤✱ ❦❤✐ s♦ s→♥❤ ✈ỵ✐ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✤è✐ ❝t✈✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❚ø ❝→❝ sè ❧✐➺✉ tr➯♥ ❝â t❤➸ ❝❤♦ r➡♥❣ ❝❤ù♥❣ ❦❤ỉ♥❣ sû ❞ư♥❣ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t✳ tr♦♥❣ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t tø ❧→✱ ❤♦❛ ✈➔ r➵ ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ❝â ❝❤ù❛ ự ự t t ợ ỗ ✤ë ❝→❝ ❝❤➜t ❤♦➦❝ ❤ñ♣ ❝❤➜t ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ❦❤→♥❣ ọ t é ỗ t t❤➙♥ ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ❝❛♦ ♥❤➜t ✭✼✸✱✸✪✮✱ ❝❛♦ ✸✳✷✳ ❍➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ✈➔ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ tê♥❣ sè ❝❤✐➳t r➵✱ ❧→ ✈➔ ❤♦❛ ù❝ ❝❤➳ ❤↕t ❈▲❱ ♥↔② ♠➛♠ tø ✺✻✱✼ ✲ ✻✵✪✳ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ❝õ❛ ❇❛❧✐✞❝❡✈✐✁❝ ✫ ❘❛✈❧✐✁❝ ❑➳t q✉↔ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✤÷đ❝ tr➻♥❤ ❜➔② ð ❇↔♥❣ ✷ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ù❝ ❝❤➳ t❤ü❝ ✈➟t ❝õ❛ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t t❤➙♥ ❝➙② ❝ó❝ ❧❛ ♠➣ ✭❚r✐♣❧❡✉r♦s♣❡r♠✉♠ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❤➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ tê♥❣ sè ❝â tr♦♥❣ ✐♥♦❞♦r✉♠ ✮ ♠↕♥❤ ❤ì♥ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t ❧→✳ ◆❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✶ ❣ ❝❛♦ t r tữỡ ữỡ ợ ❆❜✉✲❘♦♠♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✶✻✮ t❤û ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ❞à❝❤ ♠❣ ❛❝✐❞ ❣❛❧❧✐❝✱ ð ❤♦❛ ❧➔ ✸✱✵✸ ♠❣✱ ð ❧→ ❧➔ ✾✱✻✼ tr➼❝❤ ❝õ❛ ❝➙② ❆❝❤✐❧❧❡❛ ❜✐❡❜❡rst❡✐♥✐✐ ✭♠ët ❧♦➔✐ t❤ü❝ ♠❣ ✈➔ ð t❤➙♥ ❧➔ ✸✱✺ ♠❣✳ ❍➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ ✈➟t t❤✉ë❝ ❝❤✐ ❝ä ❚❤✐✱ ❤å ❈ó❝✮ tr➯♥ ❧ó❛ ♠↕❝❤ ❤♦❛♥❣ tê♥❣ sè ❝â tr♦♥❣ ✶ ❣ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t r➵✱ ❤♦❛✱ t❤➙♥ ✈➔ ❞↕✐ ❝ô♥❣ ❝❤♦ t❤➜②✱ ❞à❝❤ tr➼❝❤ t❤➙♥ ❝õ❛ ❆❝❤✐❧❧❡❛ ❧→ ❧➛♥ ❧÷đt ❧➔ ✷✾✱✺✻ ♠❣✱ ✷✼✱✵✵ ♠❣✱ ✷✶✱✸✺ ♠❣ ✈➔ ❜✐❡❜❡rst❡✐♥✐✐ ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ù❝ ❝❤➳ sü ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✷✷✱✻✹ ♠❣✳ P♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ✈➔ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ ❧➔ ❤❛✐ ♥❤â♠ ❝õ❛ r➵ ❧ó❛ ♠↕❝❤ ❤♦❛♥❣ ❞↕✐ ❝❛♦ ❤ì♥ ❞à❝❤ tr➼❝❤ r➵✳ ❤đ♣ ❝❤➜t ✤➣ ✤÷đ❝ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ✈➔ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ❧➔ ❚r♦♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥➔②✱ tự ỗ õ t t ự t❤ü❝ ✈➟t ✭▲✐ ✫ ❝t✈✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ ✷✷ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ◆ỉ♥❣ P ỗ ữủ tờ số õ tr t ỗ ❝ỉ♥❣ ❛♥❤ ❈❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t ❘➵ ❍♦❛ ❚❤➙♥ ▲→ ❍➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ tê♥❣ ✭♠❣✴❣ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t✮1 ✽✱✻✼ ➧ ✵✱✹✷✾❛ ✸✱✵✸ ➧ ✵✱✵✾✸❜ ✸✱✺✵ ➧ ✵✱✹✹✻❜ ✾✱✻✼ ➧ ✵✱✷✹✹❛ ❍➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ tê♥❣ ✭♠❣✴❣ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t✮2 ✷✾✱✺✻ ➧ ✷✱✺✻✺❛ ✷✼✱✵✵ ➧ ✵✱✷✸✼❛❜ ✷✶✱✸✺ ➧ ✵✱✸✶✶❝ ✷✷✱✻✹ ➧ ✵✱✺✼✸❜❝ ❈→❝ ❣✐→ trà tr♦♥❣ ❝ët ♥➔② ✤÷đ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❞ü❛ ✈➔♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❝õ❛ ❛❝✐❞ ❣❛❧❧✐❝ ✭② ❂ ✵✱✵✽✹① ✰ ✵✱✵✹✶✶✱ r2 ❂ ✵✱✾✾✽✼✮✳ ❈→❝ ❣✐→ trà tr♦♥❣ ❝ët ♥➔② ✤÷đ❝ ①→❝ ✤à♥❤ ❞ü❛ ✈➔♦ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ tr➻♥❤ ✤÷í♥❣ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❝õ❛ q✉❡r❝❡t✐♥ ✭② ❂ ✵✱✵✺✻✽① ✕ ✵✱✵✶✹✾✱ r2 ❂ ✵✱✾✾✻✾✮✳ ❙è ❧✐➺✉ ❧➔ ❣✐→ trà tr✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝õ❛ ❜❛ ❧➛♥ ❧➦♣ ❧↕✐✳ ❛✲❝ ❈→❝ sè ❝â ❝❤ú ❝→✐ t❤❡♦ s❛✉ tr♦♥❣ ❝ò♥❣ ởt ởt ố t t ổ ỵ ✺✪ ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤➨♣ t❤û ❚✉❦❡②✳ ❲❡st♦♥ ✫ ▼❛t❤❡s✐✉s✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❚r♦♥❣ ♠ët ❦❤↔♦ s→t ❝õ❛ P❡❥♠❛♥ ✫ ❝t✈✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ❝❤♦ t t t tứ ữợ ữỡ ts ♥✉✉s ▲✳ ✭t❤✉ë❝ ❤å ❈ó❝✮ ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ✤è✐ ❦❤→♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ sü ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ✈➔ ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝→❝ ❧♦↕✐ ❤↕t ♥❤÷ ❆♠❛r❛♥t❤✉s r❡tr♦❢❧❡①✉s✱ P♦rt✉❧❛❝❛ ♦❧❡r❛❝❡❛✱ ▲♦❧✐✉♠ r✐❣✐❞✉♠✱ ❍♦r❞❡✉♠ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡✉♠✱ ❚r✐t✐❝✉♠ ❛❡st✐✈✉♠ ✈➔ ❈❛rt❤❛♠✉s t✐♥❝t♦r✐✉s✳ ❇➯♥ ❝↕♥❤ ✤â ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥➔② ❝ô♥❣ ❝❤♦ r➡♥❣ t→❝ ♥❤➙♥ ❣➙② ❤✐➺♥ tü❝ ù❝ ❝❤➳ sü ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ✈➔ ♣❤→t tr✐➸♥ ❝õ❛ ❤↕t ❝❤➼♥❤ ❧➔ ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ✈➔ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ ✭P❡❥♠❛♥ ✫ ❝t✈✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❚ù ✤â ❝❤♦ t❤➜②✱ ❝→❝ ❝❤✐➳t ①✉➜t ❡t❤❛♥♦❧ tø ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ❝â t❤➸ ❝â ❝❤ù❛ ❝→❝ ♥❤â♠ ❝❤➜t ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ❦❤→♥❣ t❤ü❝ ✈➟t✳ ❍♦↕t t➼♥❤ ♥➔② ❝â ✤÷đ❝ ❝â t❤➸ ❧➔ ❞♦ ❝â sü ❤✐➺♥ ❞✐➺♥ ❝õ❛ ♥❤â♠ ❝❤➜t ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ✈➔ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞✳ ✸✳✸✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ✤à♥❤ t➼♥❤ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❜➡♥❣ ❍P▲❈ tr♦♥❣ ❝❛♦ ❑➳t q✉↔ t❤➼ ♥❣❤✐➺♠ ✤à♥❤ t➼♥❤ ❝❤♦ t❤➜②✱ ❝â ❜↔② ❧♦↕✐ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ✤÷đ❝ ♣❤→t ❤✐➺♥ tr♦♥❣ ❝→❝ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t tø ❝➙② ❇❈❆✱ ✤â ❧➔ ❝❤❧♦r♦❣❡♥✐❝✱ s②r✐♥❣✐❝✱ ✈❛♥✐❧❧✐❝✱ s②♥❛♣✐❝✱ ♣✲❝♦✉♠❛r✐❝✱ ❜❡♥③♦✐❝ ✈➔ ❡❧❧❛❣✐❝✳ ❚r♦♥❣ ✤â✱ ❡❧❧❛❣✐❝ ✈➔ ❝❤❧♦r♦❣❡♥✐❝ ❧➔ ❤❛✐ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡✲ ♥♦❧✐❝ ❝â ❤✐➺♥ ❞✐➺♥ ð ❝↔ ❧→✱ ❤♦❛ ✈➔ r➵ ❇❈❆✳ ❲❛♥❣ ✫ ❝t✈✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮ ❝❤♦ r➡♥❣ ❝→❝ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ♥❤÷ ❝❤❧♦r♦✲ ❣❡♥✐❝✱ ❜❡♥③♦✐❝ ✈➔ ♣✲❝♦✉♠❛r✐❝ ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝ä ✤✉æ✐ tr➙✉ ✭❋❡st✉❝❛ ❛r✉♥❞✐♥❛❝❡ ✮ ✈➔ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝➙② ❝❛♦ ❧÷ì♥❣ ✭❙♦r❣❤✉♠ s✉❞❛♥❡♥s❡ ✮✳ ▼ët ❦❤↔♦ s→t ❦❤→❝ ❝õ❛ ❏❛❜r❛♥ ✭✷✵✶✼✮ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ s②r✐♥❣✐❝ ✈➔ ✈❛♥✐❧❧✐❝ ❧➔ ❤❛✐ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝ä✳ ❆❝✐❞ s②♥❛♣✐❝ ❝ơ♥❣ ✤➣ ✤÷đ❝ ❳✉❛♥ ✫ ❝t✈✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ①➳♣ ✈➔♦ ♥❤â♠ ❝❤➜t ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝ä ❞↕✐✳ ✣→♥❣ ❧÷✉ þ tr♦♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥➔② ❧➔ ❛❝✐❞ ❡❧❧❛❣✐❝✱ ✤➙② ❧➔ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❝â ❤✐➺♥ ❞✐➺♥ ♥❤✐➲✉ ð ❝↔ ❧→✱ ❤♦❛ ✈➔ r➵ ❝õ❛ ❝➙② ❇❈❆✱ ✤➣ ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ sü ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ❤↕t s➔ ❧→❝❤ ✭▲❛t✉❝❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ▲✳✮ ✭❈❛♠❡r♦♥ ✫ ❏✉❧✐❛♥✱ ✶✾✽✵✮✳ ◆❤÷ ✈➟②✱ ❝â ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮ t❤➸ t❤➜② r➡♥❣ ❜↔② ❧♦↕✐ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ✤÷đ❝ ♣❤→t ❤✐➺♥ ❝â tr♦♥❣ ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ❝õ❛ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥➔② ✤➲✉ ✤÷đ❝ ❝❤ù♥❣ ♠✐♥❤ ❧➔ ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ❦❤→♥❣ ❧↕✐ ♠ët sè ❧♦➔✐ t❤ü❝ t tứ ổ tr ự trữợ ❉♦ ✤â ❦➳t q✉↔ ❝õ❛ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝ù✉ ♥➔② ❝❤♦ t❤➜② r➡♥❣ ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ♠å❝ ð ❱✐➺t ◆❛♠ ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ tê♥❣ ❤ñ♣ ❝→❝ ❤ñ♣ ❝❤➜t t❤ù ❝➜♣ ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝ä✳ ✹✳ ❑➳t ▲✉➟♥ ❈❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t ❇❈❆ ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ ù❝ ❝❤➳ t÷ì♥❣ ✤è✐ ♠↕♥❤ sü ♥↔② ♠➛♠ ✈➔ t tr t ỗ ✈ỵ✐ ♣❤➛♥ tr➠♠ ù❝ ❝❤➳ tè✐ ✤❛ ❧➔ ✼✸✱✸✪✳ ❑➳t q✉↔ ✤à♥❤ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❤➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ♣♦❧②♣❤❡♥♦❧ ❝â tr♦♥❣ ❧→✱ ❤♦❛✱ t❤➙♥ ✈➔ r➵ ❝õ❛ ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ❧➛♥ ❧÷đt ❧➔ ✾✱✻✼ ➧ ✵✱✷✹✹❀ ✸✱✵✸ ➧ ✵✱✵✾✸❀ ✸✱✺✵ ➧ ✵✱✹✹✻ ✈➔ ✽✱✻✼ ➧ ✵✱✹✷✾ ♠❣✴❣ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t✳ ❍➔♠ ❧÷đ♥❣ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ ❝â tr♦♥❣ ❧→✱ ❤♦❛✱ t❤➙♥ ✈➔ r➵ ❝õ❛ ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ❧➛♥ ❧÷đt ❧➔ ✷✷✱✻✹ ➧ ✵✱✺✼✸✱ ✷✼✱✵✵ ➧ ✵✱✷✸✼❀ ✷✶✱✸✺ ➧ ✵✱✸✶✶ ✈➔ ✷✾✱✺✻ ➧ ✷✱✺✻✺ ♠❣✴❣ ❝❛♦ ❝❤✐➳t✳ ❈â ❜↔② ❧♦↕✐ ❛❝✐❞ ♣❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝ä ❞↕✐ ✤÷đ❝ ♣❤→t ❤✐➺♥ ❝â tr♦♥❣ ❝➙② ❇❈❆ t❤✉ ❤→✐ t↕✐ ✣➔ ▲↕t ❜➡♥❣ ♣❤÷ì♥❣ ♣❤→♣ ❍P▲❈✱ ✤â ❧➔ ❝❤❧♦r♦❣❡♥✐❝✱ s②r✐♥❣✐❝✱ ✈❛♥✐❧❧✐❝✱ s②♥❛♣✐❝✱ ♣✲❝♦✉♠❛r✐❝✱ ❜❡♥③♦✐❝ ✈➔ ❡❧❧❛❣✐❝✳ ❚ø ♥❤ú♥❣ ❦➳t q✉↔ tr➯♥ ❝❤♦ t❤➜② ❝➙② ❇❈❆ ♠å❝ t↕✐ ✣➔ ▲↕t ❧➔ ♠ët ❧♦➔✐ t❤ü❝ ✈➟t ❤♦❛♥❣ ❞↕✐ ❝â ❦❤↔ ♥➠♥❣ tê♥❣ ❤ñ♣ ❝→❝ ❝→❝ ❝❤➜t ❝â ❤♦↕t t➼♥❤ ❦❤→♥❣ ❝ä✳ ✣➙② ❧➔ ♠ët ❧♦➔✐ t❤ü❝ ✈➟t ❝â ♥❤✐➲✉ t✐➲♠ ♥➠♥❣ ✤➸ ự ủ t ọ õ ỗ ❣è❝ tü ♥❤✐➯♥✳ ❚➔✐ ▲✐➺✉ ❚❤❛♠ ❑❤↔♦ ✭❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✮ ❆❜✉✲❘♦♠♠❛♥✱ ❙✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❉✐❢❢❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❡①♣r❡s✲ s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐❢❢❡r❡♥t ♣❧❛♥t ♣❛rts ♦❢ ❆❝❤✐❧❧❡❛ ❜✐❡❜❡rst❡✐♥✐✐✳ ❆❝t❛ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛ ❍✉♥❣❛r✐❝❛ ✻✼✭✷✮✱ ✶✺✾✲✶✻✽✳ ❇❛❧✐✞❝❡✈✐✁❝✱ ❘✳✱ ✫ ❘❛✈❧✐✁❝✱ ▼✳ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❡❢❢❡❝t ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ❚r÷í♥❣ ✣↕✐ ❤å❝ ◆ỉ♥❣ P ỗ stss trts ❝❛rr♦t✳ ❍❡r❜♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✶✺✭✶✮✱ ✶✶✲✶✽✳ ❈❛♠❡r♦♥✱ ❍✳ ❏✳✱ ✫ ❏✉❧✐❛♥✱ ●✳ ❘✳ ✭✶✾✽✵✮✳ ■♥❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦✲ t❡✐♥ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ✐♥ ❧❡tt✉❝❡ ✭▲❛t✉❝❛ s❛t✐✈❛ ▲✳✮ ❜② ❛❧❧❡❧♦✲ ♣❛t❤✐❝ ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❊❝♦❧♦❣② ✻✭✻✮✱ ✾✽✾✕✾✾✺✳ ✷✸ ▲✐✱ ❩✳ ❍✳✱ ◗✐❛♥❣ ❲✳✱ ❳✐❛♦ ❘✳✱ ❈✉♥✲❉❡ P✳✱ ✫ ❉❡✲❆♥ ❏✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳ P❤❡♥♦❧✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥t ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✳ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❡s ✶✺✱ ✽✾✸✸✲✽✾✺✷✳ P❡❥♠❛♥✱ ◆✳✱ ❍❛ss❛♥✱ ❑✳✱ ▼♦rt❡③❛✱ ▼✳✱ ✫ ◆❛②❡r❡❤✱ ❆✳ ❙✳ ❍✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ s✉♥❢❧♦✇❡r ♦♥ ✇❡❡❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ s❛❢❢❧♦✇❡r ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡❛t✳ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛♥ ❏♦✉r✲ ♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈r♦♣ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✺✭✶✶✮✱ ✶✹✸✹✲✶✹✹✵✳ ❈❤✉♥❣✱ ■✳ ▼✳✱ ❑✐♠✱ ❏✳ ❚✳✱ ✫ ❑✐♠✱ ❙✳ ❍✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✐❢✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠♦♠✐✲ ❧❛❝t♦♥❡ ❆✱ ❇ ❢r♦♠ r✐❝❡ ❤✉❧❧ ❡①tr❛❝ts ❛♥❞ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✐♥❤✐❜✐t♦r② ❜✐♦❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦♥ ♣❛❞❞② ❢✐❡❧❞ ✇❡❡❞s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❋♦♦❞ ❈❤❡♠✐str② ✺✹✭✼✮✱ ✷✺✷✼✲✷✺✸✻✳ ❚❤✐✱ ❍✳ ▲✳✱ ▲✐♥✱ ❈✳ ❍✳✱ ❙♠❡❞❛✱ ❘✳ ❏✳✱ ▲❡✐❣❤✱ ◆✳ ❉✳✱ ❲②❝♦❢❢✱ ❲✳ ●✳✱ ✫ ❋r✐ts❝❤✐✱ ❋✳ ❇✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ ■s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥✲ t✐❢✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ♣❤❡♥②❧❡t❤②❧❛♠✐♥❡ ✐♥ r✐❝❡✳ P❤②t♦❝❤❡♠✐str② ✶✵✽✱ ✶✵✾✕✶✷✶✳ ❉❡✇❛♥t♦✱ ❱✳✱ ❳✐❛♥③❤♦♥❣✱ ❲✳✱ ❆❞♦♠✱ ❑✳ ❑✳✱ ✫ ▲✐✉✱ ❘✳ ❍✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❚❤❡r♠❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡s t❤❡ ♥✉tr✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ t♦♠❛t♦❡s ❜② ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t♦t❛❧ ❛♥t✐♦①✐❞❛♥t ❛❝✲ t✐✈✐t②✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❋♦♦❞ ❈❤❡♠✐str② ✺✵✭✶✵✮✱ ✸✵✶✵✲✸✵✶✹✳ ❲❛♥❣✱ ❘✳ ▲✳✱ ▲✐✉✱ ❙✳ ❲✳✱ ❳✐♥✱ ❳✳ ❲✳✱ ❈❤❡♥✱ ❙✳✱ P❡♥❣✱ ●✳ ❳✳✱ ❙✉✱ ❨✳ ❏✳✱ ✫ ❙♦♥❣✱ ❩✳ ❑✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳ P❤❡♥♦❧✐❝ ❛❝✐❞s ❝♦♥✲ t❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ ✶✵✲❝✉❧t✐✈❛rs ♦❢ ❆❧✲ ❢❛❧❢❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❜✐♦❛❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤② ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ✹✵✭✶✮✱ ✻✸✲✼✵✳ ■❧♦r✐✱ ❖✳ ❏✳✱ ❖t✉s❛♥②❛✱ ❖✳ ❖✳✱ ❆❞❡❧✉s✐✱ ❆✳ ❆✳✱ ✫ ❙❛♥♥✐✱ ❘✳ ❖✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ✇❡❡❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆st❡r❛❝❡❛❡ ❢❛♠✐❧②✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❇♦t❛♥② ✻✭✷✮✱ ✶✻✶✲✶✻✸✳ ❲❡st♦♥✱ ▲✳ ❆✳✱ ✫ ▼❛t❤❡s✐✉s✱ ❯✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❋❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞s✿ t❤❡✐r str✉❝t✉r❡✱ ❜✐♦s②♥t❤❡s✐s ❛♥❞ r♦❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❤✐③♦s♣❤❡r❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤②✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❊❝♦❧♦❣② ✸✾✭✷✮✱ ✷✽✸✲✷✾✼✳ ❏❛❜r❛♥✱ ❑✳ ✭✷✵✶✼✮✳ ▼❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❝r♦♣s ❢♦r ✇❡❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r ❜r✐❡❢s ✐♥ ♣❧❛♥t s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❙✇✐t③❡r✲ ❧❛♥❞✳ ❇❡r❧✐♥✱ ●❡r♠❛♥②✿ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✳ ❳✉❛♥✱ ❚✳ ❉✳✱ ❚s✉③✉❦✐✱ ❊✳✱ ❚❡r❛♦✱ ❍✳✱ ▼❛ts✉♦✱ ▼✳✱ ❑❤❛♥❤✱ ❚✳ ❉✳✱ ▼✉r❛②❛♠❛✱ ❙✳✱ ✫ ❍♦♥❣✱ ◆✳ ❍✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆❧❢❛❧❢❛✱ r✐❝❡ ❜②✲♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ✇❡❡❞ ❝♦♥✲ tr♦❧ ✐♥ r✐❝❡✳ ❲❡❡❞ ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✸✭✷✮✱ ✶✸✼✲ ✶✹✹✳ ❑❤❛♥❣✱ ❉✳ ❚✳✱ ❆♥❤✱ ▲✳ ❍✳✱ ❍❛✱ P✳ ❚✳ ❚✳✱ ❚✉②❡♥✱ P✳ ❚✳✱ ◗✉❛♥ ◆✳ ❱✳✱ ▼✐♥❤✱ ▲✳ ❚✳✱ ◗✉❛♥ ◆✳❚✳✱ ▼✐♥❤✱ ❚✳ ◆✳✱ ❳✉❛♥✱ ❚✳❉✳✱ ❑❤❛♥❤✱ ❚✳ ❉✳✱ ✫ ❚r✉♥❣✱ ❑✳ ❍✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ ❆❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ❞❡❤✉❧❧❡❞ r✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❛❧❧❡❧♦✲ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧s ♦♥ ✇❡❡❞ ❣❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲❡tt❡rs ♦❢ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s ✺✽✭✷✮✱ ✶✲✶✵✳ ❩❤✐s❤❡♥✱ ❏✳✱ ▼❡♥❣❝❤❡♥❣✱ ❚✳✱ ✫ ❏✐❛♥♠✐♥❣✱ ❲✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❧❛✈♦♥♦✐❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ✐♥ ♠✉❧❜❡rr② ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r s❝❛✈❡♥❣✐♥❣ ❡❢❢❡❝ts ♦♥ s✉♣❡r♦①✐❞❡ r❛❞✐❝❛❧s✳ ❋♦♦❞ ❈❤❡♠✐str② ✻✹✭✹✮✱ ✺✺✺✲✺✺✾✳ ❑✐♠✱ ❖✳ ❨✳✱ P❛r❦✱ ❙✳ ■✳✱ ❏✉♥❣✱ ■✳ ▼✳✱ ✫ ❍❛✱ ❙✳ ❨✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❧❧❡❧♦♣❛t❤✐❝ ❡❢❢❡❝ts ♦❢ ❛q✉❡♦✉s ❡①tr❛❝ts ♦❢ ❍②♣♦❝❤❛❡r✐s r❛❞✐❝❛t❛ ▲✳ ♦♥ ❢♦r❛❣❡ ❝r♦♣s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▲✐❢❡ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✶✺✭✻✮✱ ✽✼✶✲✽✼✽✳ ✇✇✇✳❥❛❞✳❤❝♠✉❛❢✳❡❞✉✳✈♥ ❚↕♣ ❝❤➼ ◆æ♥❣ ♥❣❤✐➺♣ ✈➔ P❤→t tr✐➸♥ ✶✽✭✺✮

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