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laOC KHflO VE THCr VIEN CONG VIET NAM THO^I PHONG KIEN NGUYfiN TO LAN' T hu tich ki tai t h a n h tuu phat trien cua mdi dan tgc va la mdt nhflng ngudn tU lieu quy gia ben canh bang chflng ve dan tdc hge, khao cd' bgc de phuc dung dien mao dan tdc dd Cung nhu vay, thu tich Han Ndm - sach vd dUde bien soan bing chQ Han va chQ Ndm cua ngUdi Viet Nam la bd phan quan trgng van hie'n eua dan tdc Viet Nam He thd'ng thu tich chuyen chd van hda Viet Nam thdi phong kien vdi hdn 10 the ki ed so lUdng dd so va ndi dung phong phu TQ da't nUdc bude vao Id nguyen ddc lap sau 1000 nam Bae thudc cho den nay, dan tgc Viet Nam da ddi qua ddi khae ndi tie'p tie'n hanh cac boat ddng sQu t i m , thu thap, iQu trQ, nhan ban, phan loai thu tieh Han Ndm hdng bao ve va luu truyen kho di san cua dan tgc Cae thu vien da dUdc xay dung cung vdi mue dieh nhu vay, du giai doan d i u eua thdi phong kien Viet Nam nhieu mdi ehi dQng d quy md nhd nhu nhQng kho sach, kho van khie in sach Cd mdt hien thiic la, dQ viee iQu trQ thQ tich cung nhu xay dilng cac thu vien dUdc noi tie'p mgt each kha lien tue qua cae trieu dai nhung mdt p h i n ban che cua hoan canh lich sQ ma di tich ed sd luu trQ eung Th.S Vien Nghien cflu Han Nom nhu nhQng ghi chep ve nhQng cd sd la kha it di, nha't la nhQng kho sach ciia ca nhan hoac d quy md nhd nhu cua tinh, huyen 'Vi vay, bai viet chung tdi chi mong mud'n cung cap mgt so' thdng tin nham phac thao len mdt dien mao cd ban ve kho luu trQ thu tich dUdi che dd phong kien cua Viet Nam - mdt nUdc "thiic vi van hie'n ehi bang" (1) Theo quan diem dUdc nhieu hge gia Trung Qud'c tan ddng thi "Thu vien dudc sinh d i u tien vao ddi Dudng td chQc giao due van hda eua eac si nhan Trung Qud'c, nd bat ngudn tQ dan gian va quan phu, nd la ket qua tat nhien cua viee sau da cd mdt sd lUdng ldn sdch vd dude luu thdng xa hdi, so' ludng ngUdi dgc sach khdng ngQng tang trudng ve sd lUdng, cac hoat dgng trien khai xung quanh thu tich bao gdm tang thU, hieu thU, tu thu, trudc thu, k h i e thU, dec thu, giao thu cua viec tie'n hanh tieh luy van hoa, nghien cQu, sang tao va truyen ba" (2) Nhu vay, d Trung Qud'c, thu vien dUde coi nhu la mgt td' ehflc boat ddng gido due van hda bao gdm mgt td hdp cac boat ddng lien quan de'n thu tich Trong dd, bgc gii phUdng Tay lai quan niem thu vien la ndi tang trQ 60 thu tich: "Danh tQ t h u vien xuat p h a t tQ chQ Hy Lap Biblio - la sach, theka - b i d quan Vay t h u a t ngQ "thU vien" hai chQ: thu la sach, vien la ndi bid quan sach Thu vien theo nghTa den la ndi tang trQ saeh bao" (3) Tuy chiu anh hudng nhieu tQ •Trung Qud'c nhUng tinh he thd'ng hda, khu biet hda ve mat chQc nang cua thU vien d Viet Nam khdng rd ndt Ngoai chQe nang chinh la iQu trQ tai lieu, t h u vien edn la ndi phue vu cho eac doi tUdng ed nhu eau khai thac nhQng tU lieu Tuy theo tinh cha't tQng thu vien va mQc phat trien td chQe boat ddng t h u vien ma cae thQ vien Viet Nam cd chQc nang "phuc vii" hay khdng Tren ed sd hge tap each phan Idai theo thu vien hge Trung Qud'c (4) va tham chie'u hoan canh thiic te eua thU vien Viet Nam, chung tdi chia t h u vien Viet Nam loai ehinh: Thu vien nha nUdc va thQ vien tQ nhan Trong dd, thQ vien nha nudc la thu vien nha nUdc t h a n h lap, xay diing va quan ly (bao gdm t h u vien chuyen biet eua nha nUdc; thu vien cua cdc cd quan nha nUdc n h u Bi t h u eac, Ddng cae thu vien dUde nha nude t h a n h lap d cac chua giai doan P h a t giao la qud'c giao; thu vien cac trUdng qudc hge nhu Qud'c tQ giam, hge dudng d eac tinh, huyen); Thu vien tU n h a n la t h u vien dUdc tu nhan t h a n h lap, xay diing va quan li, khdng nam he thdng thQ vign cua nha nQdc Thu vien tU n h a n Viet Nam chia loai ehinh la t h u vien e i a eac cd sd tdn giao (ehua chien, Dao quan ) va eua eac ea nhan (thudng la thu vien cua nhQng ngudi dd dat cao, cd nhieu sdng tac hoac ham me sUu t a m tU lieu, cua nhQng ddng hg ed truyen thd'ng hge h a n h va tang thQ, nhQng gia dinh lUu trQ thu tich lien quan de'n nghe nghiep nhu thu tich phong thuy, dia ly, y dUdc ) (5) Rghien cuu Lich sii, sg 9.2009 Can cQ vao tQ lieu t h u t h a p dUde cung n h u de ddc gia tien theo doi chung tdi lay mdc t h a n h lap trieu N g u y i n (1802) de chia lich sQ t h u vien edng Viet Nam t h a n h hai giai doan: trUdc trieu N g u y i n (tQ ddi Ly de'n he't thdi Le, bao gdm ca trieu Tay Sdn) va trieu Nguyen I T R U C J C T R I E U N G U Y E N Ddi Ly (1010 -1225) Trong giai doan d i u ciia che phong kien Viet Nam, n h a Dinh (968 - 980) va n h a Tien Le (980 - 1009) ngoai viec cung co qudc phdng, p h a t trien kinh te da chu trgng giao hda va sQc truyen bd dao Phat, phat trien Dao giao Cd cd sd tQ trdng thdi ky B i c thudc vdi t r u n g t a m P h a t giao Luy Lau, tang Idp tang IQ Viet N a m luc b i y gid phat trien m a n h vdi so lUdng ddng dao Day cung chinh la dgi ngu tri thQc tham gia vao edng viec dieu h a n h dat nUdc (6), hdn nQa eung la t i n g Idp cd tie'ng ndi quan trgng cac quye't dinh eiia trieu dinh Chua chien dUde xay dilng khap ndi Nam Viet VQdng Dinh Lien da cho xay 100 tda bao chang (7) tai Hoa Lu NhQng dieu khie'n ta cd the tin r a n g giai doan eung cd the ed cd sd cho sU tdn tai eua nhQng ed sd tang trQ t h u tich it n h a t la t h u tieh Phat giad cac tu vien (8) Tiec la hien khdng cdn dau tich cung n h u tai ligu nao ghi chep ve nhQng ndi nhQ the Sau ddi dd tQ Hoa L Q ve Thang Long, nha Ly da tap trung xay diing chinh quyen phong kien, day chinh la thdi ky ma dau vet cua nhQng t h u vien d i u tien dUde ghi chdp lai Kho kinh Trdn Phuc: Theo Viet si lUdc nam Tan Hdi (1011) dUdi trieu vua Ly Thai To': " d t h a n h xay cung Thai Thanh, ehua Van Tue, n h a chQa kinh T r a n Phue " (9) Cung theo Dgi Viet si ky todn thU nam 1011: " d t h a n h ben ta diing cung Luoc hh^o ve thu vien cgng Dai Thanh, ben hQu dilng chua Van Tue, lam kho T r i n Phiic" (10) Ne'u theo mach lac cua eau van thi kho thuge ve chua Van Tue, cd kha nang dUdc dung lam ndi chQa kinh sach Phat giao nhu Viet si liidc da chdp Chua ro nha chQa kinh chQa kinh gi va trQ iQdng bao nhieu Kho Dgi Hdng: SQ chep, vao nam 1018 ddi vua Ly Thai Td: "Mua ha, thang 6, sai Vien ngoai lang la Nguyin Dao Thanh va Pham Hac sang nude Td'ng xin Kinh Tam tang" (11) Sau dd hai nam de'n "Mua thu, thang 9, Nguyen Dao Thanh di sQ ve, xin dude Kinh Tam tang; xudng chieu cho Tang thdng la Phi Tri sang Quang Chau ddn" (12) De'n nam 1023, "Mua thu, thang 9, xudng chie'u chep Kinh Tam tang de d kho Dai Hung" (13) Hien v i n chUa ro dia die'm kho d dau, ehi bie't nd lUu trQ ban chep lai bd Kinh Tam tang xin dUde tQ nha Tdng Nhd Bdt giac: Nam Tan Dau (1021) vua Ly Thai Td' sai "lam nha Bat giac chQa kinh" (14) Viec xay sau da dem dUdc bd Kinh Tam tang ve tQ Trung Qud'c Chung tdi cho rang day chinh la ndi luu trQ bd kinh Sau nay, bd Kinh Tam tang dUde chdp lai, ban chdp lai dUdc giQ kho Dai Hung Kho Triing HUng; Nam 1034 dudi trieu vua Ly Thai Td', "Mua thu, thang 8, vua ngii de'n chua Trung Quang nui Tien Du, sai dung kho Trung Hung [de chQa kinh]" (15) Nui Tien Du d huyen Tien Du, thudc huyen Tien Du, Bie Ninh cdn cd ten ggi khac la Phat Tich hoac Lan Kha day, nha Ly da c i t Kinh Dgi tang Pho kinh ed dUde la dd eung nam nay, vua Ly Thai Td' da "sai Vien ngoai lang la Ha Thu, Do Khoan dem bieu nha Td'ijg hai voi thuan Nha Tdng liy Kinh Dgi tang de ta" 61 (16) De'n nam 1036, "thang 2, xud'ng chie'u chep Kinh Dgi tang ca't d kho Trung Hung" (17) NhQ vay, kho Trung HQng la mgt bd phan cua chua Trung Quang, chuyen de chQa Kinh Dgi tang trieu dinh sai ngQdi chep tQ bd kinh dUdc nha Td'ng tang Kho sdch cua Qud'c ti gidm; Nam 1070, vua Ly Thanh Tdng sai dung Van Mie'u d Thang Long (18), de'n nam 1076, vua Ly Nhan Tdng "chgn quan vien van chQc, ngQdi nao bie't chQ eho vao Qud'c tQ giam" (19) Nhu vay, it nha't la den 1076 Qud'c tQ giam da di vao hoat ddng vdi tU each la trudng hge nha nUdc lap Cung vdi viee bat d i u thi Minh kinh Bae bgc va thi Tam trudng vao nam 1075, viee thi cil theo ldi Nho hge dan d i n dUde phd bie'n Chung ta ed ed sd de tin rang tai Qud'c tQ giam it nha't eung luu trQ mdt sd' bg kinh dien Nho hge de phuc vu true tie'p eho viee hge hanh va thi cQ (20) Bi thu cdc vd Hdn lam vien; SQ chdp, nam 1086 "Mua thu, thang 8, thi ngQdi cd van bgc nude, sung lam quan d Han lam vien, Mae Hien Tich trung tuyen, bd lam Han lam hoc s f (21) Nam sau 1087, "Mua xuan, thang 3, diing BI thu cac" (22) Day la hai cd quan ma cae trieu dai phong kien thQdng tap trung gia'y td saeh vd cua trieu dinh Nha't la Bi thQ cae vdn la ndi luu giQ cac ban khae va in saeh da dugc vua ngu lam, chd phdp luu hanh Do vay, ra't ed kha nang dudi thdi Ly, hai ndi cung da lUu trQ thQ tieh Ddi Trdn (1225 - 1400) Qudc ti vien, Qudc hoc vien, Qudc si vien, Bi thU cdc; Thang 10 mua ddng nam 1236, vua T r i n Thai Tdng "eho Pham U'ng T h i n lam Thudng thu tri Qud'c tQ vign, dUa eon em van than va ti,ing t h i n vao hge" (23), de'n thang lai "vdi nho sT nQdc 62 de'n Qud'c tQ vien giang Tfl thu, Luc kinh" (24) Ben canh Qud'c tQ vien la Quo'c hge vien dUde t h a n h lap vao thang nam 1253 (25) Hai ndi dugc t h a n h lap de ehe em qui tdc trieu T r i n hge tap Hai ed quan ddng thdi eung la ndi cd tang trQ thQ tich, p h i n ldn la danh cho viec bgc tap va giang day (26) Ben canh hai vien nay, trieu T r i n cdn thie't lap Qudc sii vien de thue day viec bien soan saeh sQ nhQ eac bg sQ ky, thiic luc (27) eua trieu dinh va nhQng t h u tich lien quan SQ quan Le Van Huu, ngUdi cha'p but Dgi Viet si ky todn thU cung chinh la mgt thudc quan cua cd quan (28) Vi vay, ben canh ehflc nang bien soan, Qud'c sQ vien at cung la ndi luu trQ eac tQ lieu de viet sQ Bi thu eac dudi ddi T r i n tie'p tuc la ndi luu trQ cac gia'y td ciia trieu dinh ThQ tich dUdc bien sean dudi trieu T r i n cung da phong phu hdn, cd cdc trUde tac d nhieu ITnh viic nhu y hge, quan sii, triet hge, sQ hge Bi thu cac ddng thdi cung la ndi nha nudc cho xua't ban hoac tai ban nhQng thQ tieh dUdc phep luu hanh ca nude Kho kinh d phi Thien TrUdng; SQ chep, vao nam At Mui, nam thQ ddi vua T r i n Anh Tdng, "Mua xuan, thang 2, mdng 1, sQ Nguyen Tieu Thai Dang sang Vua sai Ngi vien ngoai lang T r i n Khie Dung eung di theo, nhan dQgc bd Kinh Dgi tang dem ve de d phu Thien Trudng, in ban phd de' luu hanh" (29) Nhu vay, vao ddi T r i n lai xuat hien mdt ed sd luu trQ Kinh Dgi tang xin ve tQ Trung Qud'c, hdn nQa lai in them ban khae de iQu hanh Cd the tha'y heat ddng in an d trieu T r i n da ed bude tie'n ro ret Khac vdi ddi Ly dem Kinh Dgi tang ve, chi cho sai ehep them mgt ban ed't vao kho Dudi trieu Tran, ed nhieu bd sach ve Rghien eijru Lich sii sg 9.2009 tdn giao da dUde in an va p h a t h a n h ca nudc nhQ Phat gido phdp sit, Dao trdng tdn vdn, Cdng van cdch thic (30) NhU the, cd le khdng chi d Thien TrUdng - da't thang mdc eua trieu T r a n ma cdn ed nhQng ndi luu trQ va in an kinh sach khae ea nUde Thu vien Hodng gia d nui Lan Kha; Theo Khdm dinh Viet si thong gidm cUc/ng muc, p h i n ldi chua eua sQ quan trieu Nguyin ed ehep: "Cung Bao Hda: d nui Lan IQia (nay dd'i la P h a t Tich), huyen Tien Du Theo saeh An Nam chi ciia Cao Hung TrQng ddi Minh, n h a T r i n ed diing Lan Kha thQ vien, dung danh nho Tran Tdn lam vien trudng, day eac sinh dd Nha vua thudng de'n chdi Vay cung Bid Hda la d dd" (31) Theo Dgi Viet si ky todn thU thi cung ehinh tai day vao m u a xuan t h a n g nam 1384, thQdng hdang cho thi Thai hge sinh cl ehua Van Phuc nui Tien Du, eung ehinh la ndi dung Cung Bao Hda De'n mua ha, thang lai chgn sd Thai hge sinh cdn lai eho lam thu sQ d Cung Bao Hda (32) Ta cd ed sd de tin r i n g Cung Bao Hda b i y gid la mgt cung eua Thai thugng hoang trieu T r i n , eung vQa la ndi thai thUdng hoang sinh boat vQa la mot trung tam van hda, ndi to chQc thi cQ lai cd cae be phan bien chep va luu trQ sach vd Nha't la sau sil bie'n n a m 1371, Chiem T h a n h dem quan vao cudp, tie'n t h i n g vao t h a n h "Chung ddt trui eung dien, n h a cQa Thu tieh, sd' sach vay ma sach khdng" (33) Khdng ro Cung Bao Hda dUdc xay dUng tQ nao, nhQng cd the' ndi tai thdi die'm dd, day la ndi cdn luu trQ dQdc t h u tieh cua dan tdc Chinh d day, vao t h a n g 12 n a m Quy Hdi (1383) thai thUdng hoang n h a T r i n da cl day, sai Thiem tri Ndi mat vien sQ Nguyin Mau Tien, Lang t r u n g Bd L l la Phan NghTa va gia t h i n Vu Hie'n h i u d Tien Du Luoc khio ve thu vien edng thay phien c h i u chile Ban eho an va hdi cac viee cu, ghi ehep tQng ngay, bien soan quyen, d i u de la Bdo Hba dU but (sach cdn dUde bie't de'n vdi ten Bdo Hba dien dU bit) gdm quyen, sach Dao Su Tieh de tiia d d i u sdch Sach dUde lam de day bao Quan gia (tQc dQdng kim hoang thQdng) Ddi Le (1428 - 1778) Quoc ti gidm Si qudn, Bi thU sdnh Bong cdc: Qud'c tQ gidm vd'n van la ndi tap trung saeh vd danh cho viec giang tap, ddng thdi cung la ndi luu giQ van in sach de ca'p phat eho cac trUdng hge d ca'p phu, ca'p huyen Nhu nam 1467: "Ban cap ban in sach NgU kinh ciia nha nUdc eho Qud'c tfl giam, theo ldi tau cua Bi thu giam hge sT Vu VTnh Trinh" (34) Cung vdi sii quan tam tdi hge tap va thi cQ dQdi thdi Le ma quy mo cua Qud'c tQ giam cang dUdc md rgng, cae dinh le ve boat ddng cang diy du va chat ehe hdn Cung theo dd, sd' lUdng sach va van in cang nhieu len Ne'u nhu vao d i u trieu Le, nha Thai hge vin theo quy md eu va cdn thieu thd'n nhieu thi vao nam Quy Mao (1483) vua Le Thanh Tdng cho sfla rdng them va "dat them kho Bi thu de chQa van gd da khac saeh" (35) Hien chQa ro sdsach dQdc lUu trQ tai day SQ quan la ed quan dae biet phat trien dudi thdi Le SQ quan tap hdp dgi ngu nhQng bae dai khoa, nha bae hge eua trieu dinh de thiie hien cdng viec trUdc tac qudc sii Ndi day vQa la ndi ghi chep nhQng diin bie'n cua trieu dai dQdng quyen, ndi bieu soan sach sQ, vQa la ndi iQu trQ cac tai lieu lien quan dung de lam can cQ bien soan su Khdng ngoai trQ, ben canh Qudc til giam, SQ quan eung la mdt ed sd in a'n sach cua trieu dinh Cae bd sQ dUdc lien tuc 63 bien soan, ed the ke de'n: nam 1479, vua "Sai SQ quan Tu soan Ngd ST Lien soan bd Dgi Viet si ky todn thU 15 quyen" (36) va bg sQ lam xong nd da dUdc luu trQ d ndi day nam 1483 vua sic dii eho Than Nhan Trung, Quach Dinh Bao, Dd Nhuan, Hieu thu Dao CQ, Dam Van Le bien soan eac saeh Thien Nam dU hg tap va Thdn chinh ky sit (37); nam 1511, Vu Quynh dang bd Dgi Viet thdng gidm thong khao chep tudng tan theo ldi ky nien cac trieu dai gdm 26 quye'n (38); nam 1519, vua sai Dang Minh Khiem bien soan Dgi Viet lich dgi si ky (39) TQ dd, ed the hinh dung dQdc rang sd' lUdng sach dUde iQu trQ d day la khdng nhd Bi thu sanh ndi tie'p Bi thu cac nhQng ddi trudc Chfle nang d i u tien cila Bi thu sanh trieu Le la ndi luu trQ thu tieh cua trieu dinh va trieu dinh sQu t i m dUdc Trong nien hieu Quang Thuan (1460 1489) vua Le Thanh Tdng da nhieu l i n nhQng lenh sQu t i m sach vd nhQ lenh nam 1467 "Ra lenh tim kie'm nhflng di cao thd van eua ed Han lam ThQa chi Hge sT Nguyin Trai" (40); chie'u tim kie'm da sQ va cae truyen ky xUa cdc nha tU nhan ca't giQ (41) Khoang nhQng nam nien hieu Hdng DQc (1470 - 1497) vua lai chie'u ciu nhQng sach edn sdt lai dem chQa ca't d Bi cae Trong dip cd ngudi dem dang nhQng saeh la, saeh bi truyen, deu dQdc khen thQdng nhieu De dd, cae saeh cua ddi trudc cung dan d i n dUdc dUa (42) SQ cung da chep ve viec cdc vua ddi Le thudng vao day de xem saeh, nhu vua Nhan Tdng, vao Bi thu cac xem saeh vd, tha'y eac ban saeh eua Ue Trai edn sdt lai (43) ChQc nang thQ eua Bi thu cdc la ndi luu trQ sach sQ trieu dinh bien soan: Trong khoang nam 1533 - 1662, bg Bdn ky tuc bien Pham Cdng TrQ cung cac te 64 Rghien ciJru Lich sii sg 9.2009 t h i n tham khao sii eu de bien soan da dUde cho k h i e in, cdn saeh thi cat giQ d ndi day (44) hdae la ndi n h a n ban thU tieh n h u Vu Quynh dang Viet gidm thdng khao len, vua Le Tudng Diic da khen la khdng viec gi la khdng chdp bet va "lai sai bgn Bi t h u gidm la bgn Heang Khu chep mgt ban nQa, de truyen lai lau dai" (45) ed the tin rang dudi trieu Le cd khdng it cac trung t a m luu trQ hoac thU vien ldn ciia n h a nUdc, ngoai c d n c d eac cd sd in an, n h a n ban Ddi Mac cung cd nhieu cd gang viec t h u t h a p sach vd (52) nhUng tiec la sau nhieu sii bien va loan lac ma sd' saeh edn lai khdng dQdc bao nhieu Ddng eac eung la ndi chQa t h u tich eua trieu dinh Ddn cQ nhu nhQng saeh sUu tam dUde dan gian vao khoang nien hieu Hdng DQc da dQdc dQa vad Ddng eac ca't giQ (theo ldi sQ gia Ngd ST Lien (46)) Ddng thdi, cac Nho t h i n d Ddng cac cung tham gia tieh cQe vao viec bien soan cae bd saeh ldn cua trieu dinh, ed ngUdi edn dQdc vua ban chd sach, nhQ nam 1496, Dao CQ dQdc sung lam Han lam vien Thi giang Ddng cae Hge sT dUde vua ban cho mgt bg Thien nam dU hg tap (47) Theo sach La Scfn phu ti (53), t h u vien Sung Chinh dude t h a n h lap nam Quang Trung thQ (1791) tai lang Nam Hoa (nay la Nam Kim, T h a n h Chudng, Nghe An) Nguyen Thie'p lam Vien trUdng Day vQa la ndi de sach, vQa la ndi dich ehu cae sach kinh dien chQ Han cac n h a Nho dudi sQ ehi dao cua Nguyen Thie'p dam nhiem Trong mdt thdi gian n g i n , ndi day da dich chu dQdc mgt sd' tac p h a m kinh dien ciia Nho gia- sang chQ Ndm Hien chQa ro sd iQgng saeh tang trQ Thu vien Bong Lai; Theo ThUdng kinh phong vat ehi (48) thi tai Thanh Thang Long, ddi Le ed thu vien ggi la Thu vien Bong Lai Hien chua ro each thQc td' chQe va chiing loai thu tich dugc iQu trQ d day Dudi trieu Le, sd iQdng thu tieh ciia dan tdc tang len ve sd lUdng, cdc bd sdch ldn duge bien soan, khae in va lUu hanh Nhieu ban in cac sach dUdc thiie hien, ke ea sach cua Trung Qudc nhu nam 1435 hoan t h a n h van k h i e mdi sach Ti thU dgi todn (49) Hang nam, sd' lUdng saeh edng ban xud'ng cae phii khdng phai la it, nhu cae saeh "Ti thu, Ngi kinh Dang khoa luc, Hgi thi luc, Ngoc dudng van phgm, Vdn hien thdng khao, CUdng muc eung cae loai sach thudc" (50) Dd la ehua ke de'n viec trieu dinh lien tue ban h a n h cac sach trieu dinh bien soan ea nUdc, dac biet Id eac dieu luat, quy dinh mdi nhu nam 1511, trieu dinh ban sach Tri binh bdo phgm cho ea nude, gdm 50 dieu (51) Day la cd sd de ta Ddi Tay San (1778 -1802) ThQ vi^n Viet N a m dQdc hinh t h a n h tQ thdi nha Ly va p h a t trien qua cae trieu T r i n , Le, Tay Sdn dQdi nhieu dang thQc khac n h a u (cac kho kinh d ehua, t h u vien cae ed quan n h a nUdc, thU vien ddc lap ), d cac trinh va tinh chuyen biet ve chQe nang khae D i n h a n thay r i n g tQ chd cd kho chi luu giQ mdt bg kinh (kho Tran Phuc, nha Bat g i a c ) thi cang ve sau sd lUdng thQ tieh cac thQ vien d i n tang len, cd nhieu chung Icai da dang hdn NhQng thQ vien la tien de de de'n thdi Nguyin, cac thQ vien ldn ciia nha nUdc cd tinh chuyen biet hda cao hdn dUde xay dung, thQ tieh dQdc t h u t h a p tQ cac trieu dai trudc dd cung la cd sd de hinh t h a n h khd thQ tieh phong phu sau II Trieu N g u y e n Trieu Nguyin, mgt mat da ke thQa truyen thd'ng sUu tam, t h u t h a p va t a n g trii thu tieh eua eac trieu dai trUdc, m a t khac Luoc hhia v& thu vien c6ng 65 da no liie xay diing nhieu thu vien ldn nhim luu trQ thQ tieh va quan ly thQ tieh mdt ed tinh chuyen nghiep hdn TQ lap nQdc nam 1802 den luc cao ehung nam 1945 nha Nguyin da xay diing dQdc nhdm thu vien chinh la ThQ vien Qud'c sQ quan, l i u Tang thU, ThQ vien Ddng cac (bao gdm ThQ vien Tu Khue), Tan thQ vien (sau la ThQ vien Bao Dai), Cd hoc vien Thd vien Qud'c si qudn (1821 • 1945) Tien than cua Qud'c sQ quan trieu Nguyin la SQ cue Chua ro boat dgng cila SQ eye bat d i u tQ nam nao nhung tQ len ngdi vua Gia Long da ban hanh hai td chie'u keu ggi toan dan dang nop nhQng tai lieu da ghi chdp ve lich sQ da't nUde may chuc nam trUde dd cho trieu dinh tham khao de bien soan nhQng cdng trinh ve lich sQ Nam 1811, vua Gia Long da xudng chie'u eho cac trd'n tQ Quang Binh trd vao: "Dat chie'u eho cae sT dan tQ nam Quy Ty trd ve sau, nam Nham Tua't trd ve trudc, pham nhQng viec quan he de'n viec nudc, hay bien chep quyen dUa nop quan sd tai, cac eu gia hay nhd viec cu thi dUde quan sd tai mdi de'n hdi, ghi ch^p chuyen tam, ldi ndi nad ghi dQdc vao sQ se cd thQdng, t h i n g cd can pham buy cung khdng b i t tgi" (54) Vao thang nam 1811 dudi thdi Gia Long (1802 - 1819), trieu dinh da "ban soan Qudc trieu thUc luc" (55) Pham Thich, Nguyin Dudng, Tran Toan dUde dieu ve kinh, sung ehflc Bien tu d SQ cue Rdi vao thang nam 1812, mdt van t h i n trieu la V6 Trinh dang len cho vua xem mgt ban pham le ve viec soan sQ Vua lien cQ Nguyin Van Thanh sung chQe Td'ng tdi va Pham Nhu Dang lam Phd Td'ng tai viec bien soan Quo'c triiu thiic luc (56) Hdn nQa nam sau, Nguyin Van Thanh "xin ken them nho than de sung SQ cue Vua khen va nhan" Anh 1: M^l trudc Quoc sir qudn nam 1942 Ngudn: Paul BOUDET, Les Archives des Empereurs D 'Annum ei I 'Hisloire Annamite, BAVH (57) Nhung, sau vu an Nguyin Van Thanh kdo dai mdt nam rUdi dUa de'n viec dng tii sat vao thang nam 1817, chic ban edng tac soan sQ ndi tren ehUa dat dUde ket qua cu the nao, ne'u cd thi eung chi dang d giai doan chuan hi "ma chua kip bien chdp" nhu vua Minh Menh eho bie't sau dd Nam mdi len ngdi (1820), vua Minh Menh ban hanh mdt td chie'u va mdt td du ndi ve viec sUu t i m tU lieu va viec xay diing Qud'c sQ quan Trong td chieu gQi de'n toan Anh 2: Cdc lH dung sdch cua Quoc sir qudn nim 1942 Ngudn: Paul BOUDET, Les Archives des Empereurs D 'Annum et I 'Hisloire Annamite, BAVH 65 dan, nha vua ndi de'n sQ c i n thie't phai viet sQ thdi cac chua Nguyen: dai khai tUdng tQ ndi dung hai td chie'u ma vua Gia Long da ban h a n h nam 1811 Td du a'y ban h a n h vad thang nam 1820 va tru sd lam viee eua Qud'c sQ quan dUdc "xay dap hdn thang thi xong" (58), nghTa la hoan t h a n h vao thang nam 1820 Ve dia diem tga lac eua Qudc sQ quan, neu Minh Menh chinh ye'u ehi ndi la "ben ta Kinh thanh" thi Dgi Nam nha't tho'ng chi eho bie't ro hdn, la "d phudng Phu Van kinh thanh" (59) Nd nam d phudng Trung Hau vao nQa d i u the ky XX thudc dia phan phudng Thuan Thanh (60) Thdi diem md cQa ehinh thQc de b i t d i u lam viee tai day la thang nam 1821 Hdm dd, trieu dinh da cQ hanh mdt cudc le khai trUdng het sQe trgng the tai Dien C i n Chanh va tai chinh ed quan trUde tac (61) Qud'c sQ quan boat ddng tQ thdi diem cho de'n nam 1945 16 nam sau (thang 10 nam 1857), dudi thdi Tii DQc (10), vi so' ludng edng trinh dUdc bien soan va k h i e in xong da kha nhieu, trieu dinh eho lam them nha chQa van in d cue in sach tai Sfl quan T i n g tren lat van, dem van in bd Thiic luc de d gian ehinh giQa, cae vdn in eac tap thd van vua lam va bg Khdm dinh tieu binh Nam Bae ky phiiOng lUdc de' d hai ben ta hflu, lai dem van in hai Thong gidm, Uyen gidm mdi (do Hai Dudng, Sdn Tay dang nop) de' d t i n g dudi de tien in ra" ggi la Tang Ban dUdng, d sau lung tda nha chinh Vao thang nam 1884, trieu dinh cdn cho dilng them mdt day nha ngoai gian chai d phia ddng tda nha chi'nh de' lam ndi bien soan Dgi Nam Thitc luc chinh bien de ti ky (62) Dudi thdi Thanh Thai (1889 - 1907), mdt s d t d a nha phu dUdc tu sQa; nam 1890, tu bd nha Ta quan cU va lam them cae tu go Rghien cuu Ljch sii sg 9.2009 sdn son de ca't giQ sQ sach va tQ lieu; nam 1902, tu bd' n h a chinh va mdt sd n h a phu khae De'n nam 1942, qua nhQng bfle anh Paul Boudet chup, tda n h a chinh va nhQng tu saeh d day v i n cdn h i u nhU nguyen ven (63) Ba'y gid mgt so' Nho t h i n dd cQ n h a n va tie'n sT nhQng khoa thi chQ Han cuol cung va mgt sd' thd khae chQ van edn lam viee tai Qud'c sQ quan Mai de'n t h a n g n a m 1945, cd quan mdi ngUng boat dgng eung luc vdi sii edo chung ciia trieu Nguyen Qud'c sQ quan dUdc hoat dgng vdi hai ehflc nang chinh Mdt la bien soan qud'c sii Mudn viet, cae sQ quan phai cd tU lieu tay Vua Minh Menh cung da ban h a n h mgt td du eho cdc quan sd tai cac dia phudng gdp n h a t sdch cu de dang len Vua Tii DQc cung danh gia r a t cao viec bien soan sQ Nam 1858, vua Tii DQc da ehi du ve va'n de nay; "Viec lam sii la viec ra't ldn, vi rang p h i i ke cQu viee ddi xQa ehep t h a n h sach sQ, vQa ngu y khuyen ran, cho nen ve phan ly va t h e lai phai tinh tudng ma xac dang, viec ghi ehep hay bd bdt di phai nghiem ehinh, cdng b i n g " (64) Do dd, trieu dinh da tap trung tai day mdt khdi lUdng sii lieu kha ldn sQu tam dUdc k h i p nUdc eac trieu dai trUdc de lai, va rat nhieu van kien h a n h chinh qudc gia, nha't la cac ehau ban va cae van ban ngoai giao tQ Ngi eac d TQ Ca'm Thanh chuyen Day chinh la c h i t lieu de cae sQ quan ndi day bien soan nen nhQng bd sQ ldn nhQ hien chung ta bie't Cae tu lieu ndy dude dat nhQng tu dUde lam theo qui each n h u sau: ' T u de sach cung nen theo dung kieu trude che tao 10 chie'c, chu vi deu cd eon song de thoang hdi, mdi p h i n chia lam ngan, ngan thQ chia lam cQa, ngan chia lam ciia, ngan chia cQa cung nen lam song, cQa nao eung cd d kbda " (65) Luoc Khio ve thu vi^n cgng Ben canh dd, Qud'c sQ quan edn td' ehflc in an, phan phdi, lUu chieu cac an pham (chu ye'u la nhQng bd sQ ldn cd quan bien soan) va lUu trQ nhflng tai lieu tham khao eung nhu eac ban in gd Do ed them chQe nang thQ hai ma nam Thieu Tri thQ (1841) ThQ vien Qud'c sQ quan dUdc lap va boat ddng dudi sil quan II cila mdt ehflc quan trieu dinh bo' nhiem la Thu trUdng B (tfle Quan thii thu vien) Cd the tha'y, chfle nang cua thu 67 vien SQ quan la phiic vu triic tie'p cho eac sQ gia chuyen nghiep ciia trieu dinh Mai de'n nam 1942, Paul Boudet (mgt nha lUu trQ hge - cd tii hge ngUdi Phap) v i n cdn dgc dUde tai Thu vien Sfl quan nhieu tU lieu gd'c viet tay rat quy hiem tQ thdi cac chua Nguyin (1558 - 1775) va thdi cac vua dau trieu Nguyen de lai De'n nam 1951 Vien Van hda Trung phan d Hue van giQ dUOc 31.690 mgc ban GiQa cac trang cd ddng da'u giap lai cua Sfl quan CHU THICH (1) Thuc vi vin hien chi bang: ThUc l i mdt nUdc vin hien Trich Binh Ngd dgi cdo, Nguyen Trai (2) Ding Hong Ba, Trung Quo'c thd vien sd, Trung Qudc Xua't ban tap doan - Ddng Phuong xuat ban trung tam, Thupng Hai, 2006, tr 1-2 Nguyen vin: l^Mil^fiA, tatSfT-tSFffiS -talS®^ tJ4i ft4? # * iij4i 1*45 a4i"#?5ia mnxitm w^ (3) Chuyen dan theo Phan Vin, Gido trinh thd nien hoc dgi cuang, Trudng Dai hpc Tdng hdp Ha Ngi xui't ban, Ha Ndi, 1983, tr 13 (4) Xin xem them Trung Qudc thu vien sd, sach da dan (sdd) (5) Dudng Bich Hong Lich sd sU nghiep thu vien Viet Nam tien trinh vdn hoa ddn tqc Vu Thu vien - Bd VSn hda Thdng tin xui't ban, Hi Noi, 1999, t r 46 - 68, chia thu vien Viet Nam thinh loai: thii vien nha nudc, thii vien cac chiia chien, tu sach va thu vien tit nhan Chiing tdi bai viet cho ring thu vien cac chiia chign (trii nhQng thu vien nha nUdc lap 14y chiia chien lim dia diem luu trii) ciing li mpt dang ciia thu vien tii nhan, nghia l i khdng nha nudc true tie'p xay diing, thinh lip va quan li (6) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd Ban in Ndi cac quan ban Mpc ban khie n i m Chinh Hda thii 18 (1697), Ban dich cua Ngd Diic Thp v i Hoing Vin Lau, Phan Huy Le hieu dinh, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, H i Ndi, 1998, tap, t i p 1, tr 212: 'Tan Miii, [Thai Binh] n i m thij [971J Bit dau quy dinh cap bic v i n v6, ting dao Ting thc^ng Ngd Chan Liiu dupe ban hieu l i Khudng Viet dai su, Triiong Ma Ni lim Tang luc, Dao sT Ding Huyen Quang diidc trao chiic Sung chan uy nghi" (7) Theo Phdt dinh ton thdng gia cu linh nghiem Dd la ni, Phan Vin Cac, Claudine Salmon (elm bien), Vdn khdc Hdn Nom Viet Nam, t i p 1: Td Bde thuoc de'n thdi Ly, Ecole francaise d'Extreme - Orient v i Vien Nghien ciiu Han Ndm xua't ban, Paris - Ha Noi, 1998, tr 54 - 56 (8) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thu, sdd, t i p 1, tr 235: "Miia xuan Minh Xudng d To'ng ve, xin dupe kinh Bgi tang" (9) Khuyet danh, Viet sd luge, Tran Quo'c Vupng (phien dich v i chii giai) Dinh Khie Thuan (doi chie'u, chinh ly), Nxb Thuin Hda vi Trung tam Van hoa Ngdn ngii Dong Tay, Ha Ndi, 2005, tr 75 (10) Bai Viet sd ky todn thu, sdd, t i p 1, tr 242 (11) Bgi Viet sd ky todn thu, sdd, t i p 1, tr 246 Rghien curu Ljch siir sg 9.2009 62 (12) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 246 (13) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd , t i p 1, tr 247 (28) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thu, sdd, t i p 2, tr 38: " H i n lam vien Hpc si kiem Qud'c sil vien giam tu Le V i n Hiiu vang s i c chi soan xong bd Dgi Viet sd ky til Trieu Vu de de'n Ly Chieu Hoing, gom 30 (14) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 247 quyen dang len " (15) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, t r 256 (29) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 73 (16) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 257 (30) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 78 (17) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 258 (18) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, t r 275: "Mila thu, t h i n g 8, l i m V i n Mie'u Hoing Thai (31) Quoc sil quan trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Viet sd thdng gidm cdang muc, Ban dich cila Vien SQ hpc, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi H i Noi, 1998, t i p , t i p 1, tr 669 tii den hpc d day" (19) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 280 (32) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 169 - 170 (20) T i e gia Phan Van Gido trinh thd vien hoc dgi cddng, Triidng Dai hpc Tong hdp H i (33) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 154 Ndi x u i t ban H i Ndi, 1983, tr 20 cd viet: "Nim (34) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 419 1076, n h i vua md Qud'c tii giam de cham lo giang t h u i t Nho giao, cac sach giao khoa dupe phd' bie'n rdng r i i v i n h i p vio thu vien eing nhieu Do dd, ngoii nhiing kho sach t i n g kinh da cd, mpt thu vien dung vdi ndi dung cua nd da dUde xay dilng ben canh Qud'c til giam (1078)" Chiing tdi chiia tim diidc t i i lieu gd'c cua thdng tin n i y nen dUa (35) Qud'c sil quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam thdc tuc Ban dich cila Vien Sil hpc, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi, 36 t i p , t i p 1, tr 1161 (36) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, t r 473 (37) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 516 (38) Bgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 3, tr 58 vio day de tien tham khao (21) Dgj Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 281 (39) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 3, tr 93 (22) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 282 (40) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 416 (23) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 15 (41) Dgi Viet svl ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 100 (24) S a i Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 25 (25) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 25 (26) Tie gia Phan V i n Gido trinh thd vien hoc dgi cddng, sdd, tr 20: "Nim 1253, Qud'c hpc vien dUdc t h i n h lip, de cho cac Nho sinh hpc tip, cd kho chCla sich, phong doc sich, cd th^y giang diy, cd ndi de hpc sinh luu tni" (27) Cd the ke den cac bp nhu Trung hdng thdc luc, Hodng triiu Dgi dien, Hinh thu, Dgi Viet sd ky Hien deu da mi't (42) Le Quy Ddn, Dgi Viet thdng sd Ban dich ciia Vien SQ hpc, Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha Npi, 1978, Bdi tda Nghe vdn chi, tr 101 (43) Theo Dd dia chi thong ludn, b i i cua L^ Til Ti'n ch^p d phin dSu s i c h Du dia chi, dc Trai tap Chuyen d i n theo TrSn Van Giap, Tim hieu kho sdch Hdn Ndm - ngudn td lieu vdn hge, sd hoc Viet Nam, t i p 1: Thil vi§n Quoc gia xui't ban H i Ndi, 1970, tr 48 (44) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 93: " d i t ten l i Bdn ky tuc bien, giao cho k h i e in Luoc h h i o v e thu vien cgng miidi phin mdi chiing dupe nam, sau NhUng cdng viec chua xong, sach giii d Bi cac" 59 (58) Bgi Nam thdc tuc sdd, t i p 5, t r 207 (59) Quo'c sil quan trieu Nguyin, Bgi Nam (45) Theo Viet gidm thong khdo tdng luan ciia nha't tho'ng chi Ban dich ciia Pham Trpng Diem, Le Tung, chuyen d i n theo ban dich cua T r i n Vin hieu dinh Dio Duy Anh, Vien Khoa hpc xa hdi Viet Giap, Tim hieu kho sdch Hdn Ndm, sdd, t i p 1, tr Nam, Vien Sil hpc - Nxb.Thuin Hda 64 (60) Dia diem Qud'c sil quan xUa nim (46) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 1, tr 100 (47) Bgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 516 (48) Chuyen d i n theo T r i n Van Giip, Tim hieu kho sdch Hdn Nom, sdd, t i p 1, tr 14 (49) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 335 (50) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 2, tr 490 khuon vien trudng Trung hpc Nguyen Hue ngiy Tai day, cdn lai cii gieng xUa, di tich cudi ciing cua Qud'c sii quan Con dUdng chay ngang trudc mat nd dudc dat ten l i dudng Sil quan tCi nhiing n i m diu t h i p nien 1940, ddi ten thinh dUdng Ngd Si Lien (61) Npi cac trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Bgi Nam Hgi dien sd le (chinh bien) Ban dich cua (51) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thd, sdd, t i p 3, t r 58 Vien Sil hpc, Nxb Thuin Hda, Hue, 1993, 15 tip,, (52) Theo Le Quy Don b i i tua sach Nghe t i p 8, t r 107 - 109 van chi, Dgi Viet thong sd, sdd, tr 101: "De'n ddi (62) Bgi Nam thdc tuc, sdd, t i p 36, tr 81 Nguy Mac, d i n d i n nhiing sach vd i'y cQng dildc thu thip bien chdp lai." ("Sich vd i'y d day la (63) Paul Boudet, Les Archives des Empereurs nhiing thu tich tai lieu bi rdi vai loan T r i n d'Annam et I'histoire annamite Bulletin des Amis Cao nam 1516) du Vieux Hue, XXIX Ann^e, N°3, 1942, tr 229 259, tranh t r XLll - XLIII (53), Chuyen d i n theo T r i n Nghia, Di sdn Hdn Ndm Viet Nam thd muc de ye'u, T r i n Nghia, & (64) Bgi Nam thdc luc, sdd, t i p 4, t r 121 Francois (chu bien), Nxb Khoa hpc xa hoi, H i Noi, (65) Hgi dien tuc bien, Khdo cd tap san, Sii 1993, tip 1, bii Ddn ludn, t r 19: La San phu td, gdn, so n i m 1966, tr H I , 113 Chuyen d i n theo Nxb Minh Tin, 1952, t r 148 Phan Thuin An, Quo'c sd qudn trieu Nguyen vd gid tri cda nd nen hoc thuat Viet Nam, (Tap chi (54) Dgi Nam thuc luc, sdd, t i p 4, t r 921 (55) Bgi Nam thdc luc, sdd, t i p 4, tr 120 (56) Dgi Nam thdc luc, sdd, t i p 4, tr 138 (57) Dgi Nam thdc luc, sdd, t i p 4, t r 157 Nghien cdu vd phdt trien) Tuyen tap nhdng bdi nghien cdu vi triiu Nguyen, Sd Khoa hpc, Cdng nghe vi Moi trudng Thiia Thien Hue & Trung tam Bao tdn di tich Co' dd Hue xui't ban, 2002, 739 tr., t r 219 ... nen hoc thuat Viet Nam, (Tap chi (54) Dgi Nam thuc luc, sdd, t i p 4, t r 921 (55) Bgi Nam thdc luc, sdd, t i p 4, tr 120 (56) Dgi Nam thdc luc, sdd, t i p 4, tr 138 (57) Dgi Nam thdc luc, sdd,... d'Annam et I'histoire annamite Bulletin des Amis Cao nam 1516) du Vieux Hue, XXIX Ann^e, N°3, 1942, tr 229 259, tranh t r XLll - XLIII (53), Chuyen d i n theo T r i n Nghia, Di sdn Hdn Ndm Viet Nam. .. soan nhQng cdng trinh ve lich sQ Nam 1811, vua Gia Long da xudng chie'u eho cac trd'n tQ Quang Binh trd vao: "Dat chie'u eho cae sT dan tQ nam Quy Ty trd ve sau, nam Nham Tua't trd ve trudc, pham