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TRAO OOI Y KIEN VE QUE Q U A N , T H A N THE C U A TIEN S Y N G U Y E N C A U QUA G I A P H A DONG HO V A D l TICH - D O I D I E U C A N T R A O D t f l NGUYEN DINH HUNG* T r a cQu tQ lieu tren mang Internet vao muc cua Vien Nghien ciiu Han nom d phan Van khac Han Nom, co trang viet ve Bia Van Mieu - Ha Noi co bai: Van bia de danh Tien sy khoa Quy Miii nien hieu Quang Thuan nam thd (1463) dang toan van noi dung bai van bia va anh chup ciia khoa thi Tien sy nam Quy Mui (1463) Ciing tai phan chii thich bai cl trang 5, so' thii t i l sd' 40 co ghi ve Tien sy Nguyen Cau (? - ?) ngQdi xa Khuong Le, huyen Tan Phuc (nay thuoc huyen Sdc Sdn, Ha Noi) Van de mudn trao ddi bai bai la que quan, than the va sii nghiep cua Tien sy Nguyen Cau qua viec siiu tam tu" lieu va di tich vdi quy ban doc de cung nghien ciiu va tham khao Theo mot so' cuo'n sach da cdng bo' nhu": Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam, Bdc Ninh dit dia chi, Tuyen tap Van bia Hd Npi (1) chi ghi torn tat, sd liidc ve que quan, than the va sii nghiep cua Tien sy Nguyen Cau Sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam ch6p: "Nguyen Cau, ngiidi xa Khuong Le, huyen Tan Phuc (nay thuoc huyen Sdc Sdn, Ha Noi) Dd ddng Tien sy xua't than khoa Quy Mui nien hieu Quang Thu&n (1463)" (trang 115) Sach Bdc Ninh du dia chi va Tuyen tap vdn bia Hd Ndi ciing khong ghi * Sd Van hoa, The thao va Du lich Thai Nguyen diidc nhQng thdng tin nao hdn sach Cdc nha khoa bdng Viet Nam Chung tdi da tra cQu mdt sd' sach ve cac nha khoa bang dat tQ thdi Ly cho den thdi Nguyen cua midc ta, so' 2.898 vi dai khoa Tien sy va tQdng diidng 845 nam khoa cQ thdi phong kien, tQ khoa thi d i u tien nam 1075 thdi vua Ly Nhan Tong den khoa thi cudi cung nam 1819 thdi vua Gia Long chi co ngiidi ten la "Cau": Do la Tien sy Nguyen Cau da noi tren va Tien sy Le Ca'u, que xa Lac Thuc, huyen Thanh Lam (nay la huyen Thanh Ha, tinh H i i Diidng Tien sy khoa Tan SQu nien hieu Hdng DQc thQ 12 (1481) ddi Le Thanh Tong ong nam 29 tuoi Ngoai ra, tra cQu cac sach khong cd ngQdi nao ten la "Ca'u" Tien sy nQa Nhii v&y, qua nhQng thdng tin d sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam va mdt so' sach khac da neu cho biet: - Sd iQdc ve que quan cua Tien sy Nguyen C i u - Nam dng thi Tien sy: khoa Quy Mui nien hieu Quang Thu&n thQ (1463) - Do bdi canh lich sQ nen ghi chep ve than the, sii nghiep cua dng khdng dQdc diy du Rghien curu Lich stf so' 2.2011 64 Van de dat ra, sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam lai chu thich que quan cua Tien sy Nguyen Cau la: thuoc huyen Sdc Sdn, Ha Noi Theo van bia Tien sy diing nam 1484, hien dang diidc diing tai Van Mieu - Ha Noi, co ghi ve Tien sy Nguyen Cau, bia da chep: "Nguyen Ca'u Bac Giang phu Tan Phuc huyen [ ] (U W At tt M f r t§ W) = Nguyen Cau, huyen Tan Phuc, phu Bac Giang Theo chii thich phan dau cham liing ngoac vudng ciia sach Tuyen tap Van bia Ha Noi - Quyen I - Nxb KHXH, 1978, trang 164 la co mot so chii da bi liidc bo" (2) Bai dich tu: chii Han nom bai Van bia de ten Tien sy khoa Quy Mui nien hieu Quang Thuan thii (1463) d Van Mieu - Quoc Tii Giam Ha Noi sang tieng Viet cua Trung tam Van Mieu Quoc Tvi Giam - Thanh pho' Ha Noi djch nghia noi dung ve que quan cua Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u ciing tiidng t i i nhu tren Sach Ddt va NgUdi Thdi Nguyen cua Nguyen Huii Khanh, Hoi Van hoc Nghe thuat tinh Thai Nguyen xua't ban nam 1997 co viet: "Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u (Nguyln Dinh Ca'u) que cl lang Thanh Thu, tdng Tieu Le, huyen Thien Phuc, phii Bac Ha, xii Kinh Bac, la thon Thanh Van, xa Ddng Tien, huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen" Theo Ho sd di tich Khu lUu niem Tien sy Nguyen Cdu, xa Tan Hiidng va xa Ddng Tien, huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen (da diidc Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Thai Nguyen xep hang cap tinh nam 2006) dang liiu tai Sd Van hoa The thao va Du lich Thai Nguyen ciing ghi que quan tiidng t i i nhu' sach Ddt vd NgUdi Thdi Nguyen ciia dng Nguyen Huu Khanh Vay, sach Cdc nha khoa bdng Viet Nam Ngo Diic Tho chu bien, Nxb Van hoc, Ha Noi, 1993 da chep: NguySn Ciu, ngiidi xa Khuong Le, huyen Tan Phuc (nay thuoc huyen Sdc Sdn, Ha Noi) co sii khac biet vdi nhiing tu" lieu ma chiing tdi siiu tam diidc ve que quan va than the, sii nghiep cua Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u Trong qua trinh tra ciiu ve tieu su cua cac vi khoa bang chiing ta thay cd nhieu sach viet khac Nhiing vdi triidng hdp ve que quan ciia Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u cd the diidc giai thich nhu sau: Tuy van bia b Van Mieu Ha Ndi khdng ghi ten lang, xa cua Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u nhiing lai cd cac tai lieu khac bd sung, dd la sach nhu : Lich trieu dang khoa (quyen I I I , td 35b), Lich dqi dang khoa, td 62a, Lich huyen dang khoa (quyen V, td 23b), Lich trieu tap ky (quyen I , trang 128), Lich trieu dang khoa Trong triidng hdp sach Cdc nha khoa bdng da ghi lai que quan cua Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u, ngiidi xa Khuong Le, huyen Tan Phuc, phii Bac Giang Cd the chQ Khuong L l (IB ijif) chep nham la Tieu L l ('h ijif) chang? chii "khuong" (E) gan gid'ng vdi chii "cii" (!=[), chut tieu (/J ) gan gid'ng vdi chii "thuy" (?K) V i du, mdt triidng hdp chep nham chQ d sac phong ciia di tich den Gia, xa Tieu Le, tdng Tieu Le, huyen Phd Yen (Thai Nguyen) Sac phong phong cho Manh Dien qudc viidng va Phu Ddng Thien viidng phong nam Khai Dinh thii (1924) chep nham chii "Tieu" chQ "Thuy" sac phong viet nham dd nguyen van la: "Sac Thdi Nguyen tinh, Phd'An phu, Thuy Li xd tong tien phung sU " 1 N Ve dja danh huyen Tan Phuc, phu Bac Giang, theo cac sach nhii: Du dia chi ciia Nguyln Trai, Dqi- Nam nhdt thd'ng chi (tinh Bac Ninh) deu chep huyen Tan Phuc cd t i i thdi Tran, thdi Hd, thudc chau Bac Ve que quan than the" Giang, phu Bac Giang Sang dau thdi Minh, Le sd van theo nhii the Den thdi Le Hoang Dinh (1600-1619), vi ky ten huy vua Le Kinh Tong la Tan, nen ddi la huyen Tien Phuc Hien d dia phUdng bia da "Bdi Cao ttf bi" (chua Doi Cao, xa Tan Hiidng, tdng Tieu Le) diing nam Chinh Hoa thu- 18 (1697) van ghi dia danh la "Tien Phuc huyen" Nam Minh Menh thii 11 (1830) ddi ten huyen Tien Phuc huyen Thien Phuc, tran Bac Ninh (bia den Ddng Thu, xa Thuan Thanh, huyen Phd Yen) Nam Tii Diic thU 19 (1866) ddi ten huyen Thien Phuc huyen Da Phuc, phu Da Phiic, tinh Bac Ninh Thdi Khai Dinh thfl (1920) tdng Tieu Le thuoc phu Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen Theo sach Ten lang xd Viet Nam ddu the ky XIX (3) cd chep xa Tieu L l , tdng Tieu Le, huyen Thien Phuc, phu Bac Ha, xii Kinh Bac Ddi chieu vdi cac van bia ghi chep dia danh xa Tieu L l d huyen Thien Phuc d dau the ky XIX ma thuoc huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen la chinh xac vdi thdi diem bay gid Phan tich cac tai lieu hien cd tai Sd Van hda The thao va Du lich Thai Nguyen nhii: sach Dong Khanh dtf dia chi, kem theo ban dd cho biet xa Tieu Le, tdng Tieu Le, phu Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen la mdt nhiing xa nam d phia Ddng Nam cua huyen Phd Yen Ddi chieii vdi ban huyen Phd Yen sach Bong Khanh du dia chi vdi ban huyen Phd Yen thi dia danh xa Tieu LS xiia, thudc mot phan xa Ddng Tien, xa Tan Hiidng, huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen Tai lang Thanh Thu xiia, cdn goi la lang Sui, triidc thudc xa Tieu L l , tdng Tieu L l , huyen Thien Phuc, phii Bac Ha, xii Kinh Bic, la thdn Thanh Xuan, xa Ddng Tien, huyen Phd Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen cdn nhieu chi ho, chau hau due 65 thudc ddng ho Tien sy Nguyln Cau, ndi day cdn bao tdn diidc md va den thd ciia Tien sy Nguyln C i u thi dd la mot cd sd de khang dinh day la que quan cua Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u Nhii v i y , ve que quan cua Tien sy Nguyln C i u van bia Van Mieu - Ha Ndi la cd tin chy cao, gia t r i lich su chan xac, nien dai diing n h i t Van de dien each cua dia danh huyen Tan Phuc - Tien Phuc Thien Phuc lich sii nhii phan tich tren theo chiing tdi la thoa dang va dinh chinh lai cho sach Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam, chep que quan cua Tien sy Nguyln C i u thudc huyen Sdc Sdn, Ha Ndi la chiia chinh xac ma c i n p h i i di'nh chinh lai la Tien sy Nguyen Cdu que d xa Tieu Li, huyen Tdn Phuc, phu Bac Giang (nay la thon Thanh Vdn, xd Bong Tien, huyen Pho Yen, tinh Thdi Nguyen) Ngoai ra, theo gia pha va ldi truyen tung cua cac cu cao tudi thudc ddng ho Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u cho biet them - Nguyln Ca'u cdn cd ten goi khac la Nguyln Dinh Ca'u, dd De tam giap ddng Tien sy xuat than, khoa Quy M u i (1463) nien hieu Quang Thuan thii 4, ddi vua Le Thanh Tdng, lam quan tdi chiic Thi ve xu\ Cung theo gia pha cua ddng ho cua Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u cho biet dng sinh nam 1442, dd Tien sy nam 1463, dd dng 21 tudi Nam 1463, dng di thi, ca midc cd tdi 4.400 ngiidi dii thi, chi l i y cd 44 ngiidi do, vdi ty le: 1/100, nhii the chung td sii khd luyen va tai nang cua dng de dat danh hieu Tien sy Sau thi dd dng diidc bd nhiem lam qua>n Thdi dd, mot sd' quan van cd tai nang diidc trieu dinh cii chuyen sang hang quan vo, Nguyln C i u la mdt nhiing ngiidi nhii vay Cung theo gia pha ddng ho Nguyln Cau cho biet dng dUdc trieu dinh giao trach girl chiic Thi ve xU Dieu ee Rghien ciru Lich stir, so' 2.2011 trung kh6p vdi ghi ch6p sach Dqi Viet sit ky toan thii, tap I I I , trang 97 ghi: Nam Nham Ngo (1522), ldi dung tinh hinh Mac Dang Dung diing len tru" khu! cac the liic doi khang, vua Le Chieu Tong hoang sd da bo kinh chay trdh viing Minh Nghia, huyen Tung Thien (Sdn Tay) lanh nan Ngay 27-7 nam do, Mac Dang Dung tQ Bo De (Gia Lam), cho quan viidt song Hong, dot nhip vao kinh thanh, giet hai nhiing ngiidi trung v6i nha Le, co chi huy xii Thi ve Nguyen Cau, Do liic sy Minh Sdn ba Nguyen Tho va Dam Cii (4) Trong sud't ddi vua Le: Thanh Tong (1460-1497), Hien Tong (1497-1504), Tuc Tong (1504), Uy Muc (1505-1509), Tiidng Diic (1510-1516), Chieu Tong (1516-1522), Nguyen Cau lam quan da co nhieu cong trang cho nen diidc thang tien chu yeu giQ trach bao ve cung cam va khu viic kinh ciia nha vua Tiidng truyen, Nguyen Dinh Cau ciing bo bi chem 27-7 nam Nham Ngo (1522), ong tho 81 tudi, mot sd' thu da lay diidc thu cap ciia ong bi mat giau kin dem ve que nha Khi ve den que thi trdi da tdi, lai dd cdn miia, hd ben de thu cap d gdc cay ngoai go ven lang, ho chay ve bao tin dii cho gia dinh, lang xdm Moi ngiidi chuan bi dd mai tang cho ong Nhiing sang hdm sau tai ndi de thu cap dng mdi da xong len ddng rat to Ho hang cho rang la linh thieng ben de nguyen nhu cii Sau tinh hinh yen on, chau da xay mo va ngdi mo tdn tai tii cho den bay gid Ngoi md Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u hien dang nam tren mdt doi dat thuoc khu canh ddng Nghe, xom Phong Nien, xa Tan Hiidng, huyen Phd Yen Hien nay, ngdi md hinh vudng co canh dai 1,5m, cao 1,5m, mo xay kin, lien ke vdi gian giQa cua ngdi deh Tren md cd xay them mdt ngdi mieu nho lam hau cui.g Ngdi mieu cd kich thiidc rong 2,6m, dai 3,4m mai diidc cud'n vdm Dac biet, dang sau md cd mot cay dudi cd moc nhanh, sat chan tiidng hau, chu vi gd'c 3,5m Cay dudi da trum gan kin ngdi md xoe nhii chiec long khdng Id che mat cho md dng, tao them ve linh thieng Md diidc xay bang da ong hinh vudng NhQng hdn da ong de xay md cd hinh chQ nhat Tai khu viic cd ngdi mieu cd (nhan dan thiidng goi la Nghe Van), vao nam 1997, chau ddng ho Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u da gdp tien, cua, tdn tao ngdi mieu triidc mo mot ngdi den nhd Chinh dien ngdi den quay ve hiidng nam, tren cao mat chinh dien cd ten chQ dap ndi chQ Han ndm la "Thanh Vdn tu" Ngdi den cd kien true hinh chQ nhat cd ba gian nhd, cd chieu dai 6,6m, rdng 4,7m Ndi that nha ket ca'u khung go ket hdp xay gach theo ldi tiidng dau hdi, bit ddc, mai Idp ngdi mui Tren ndc cd dap ndi "lQdng long chau nguyet" va bd dai Triidc cQa den xay dQng cot tru cao vut cd ddi cau dd'i dap chQ ndi nhu" sau: Van vu 'song todn, hien cdng tqo vinh quang To quoc Diic tdi cao thiidng, luu danh truyen thd'ng cd'hUdng diing Trong den, hai ben cua vdm hhu cung cung cd cau dd'i ndi dung nhu sau: Le trieu Tien sy danh van dai Dqi Viet tUdng qudn tac thien thu Tai ban thd Khu liiu niem Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u d thdn Phong Nien, xa Tan Hiidng, huyen Phd Yen - di tich da diidc Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Thai Nguyen xep hang la di tich lich sQ van hoa (2006) cd bai vi thd ghi: "Nguyen Dinh Cdu, sinh Dinh Mao nien nhdt td tii Kinh Bdc huyen, Thien Phuc tdng, Tieu Li xa, Thanh Thii thdn, vi nien nhdt td luc tam Khdm sai dai thdn chi V3" que quan than the" huy xu dac long qudn uy hdu ddc bdt qudn cong Le Thdnh Tdng nhi ngu dtfng thdp tai " Hang nam cu" vao 27-7 Am lich, chau hau due cua dong ho Nguyen Ca'u lai den den Thanh Van lam le ciing gio ong Ciing theo ldi truyen ngdn ciia dong ho Nguyen Ca'u, sau ong mat, vi thdi loan lac, giac gia lien mien, quan quan nha Mac lien tuc truy cQu, cat cii 6" vung Thai Nguyen, nen ten tudi, than the sii nghiep cua Nguyen Ca'u ciing v i dd ma khdng diidc trieu dinh nhac den Chi cd the sau binh xong nha Mac vao nam 1667, d i t midc tam yen ang, vua Le mdi truy phong cac ciiu than da xa than trung vdi nha Le mdi cd sac phong truy ting Theo cac cu cdn nhd, Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u cd sic phong cd nhiing chQ: "Le trieu khdm sai dqi thdn, chi huy xd, Thi ve long qudn cdm hdu, Chanh ddc, ddc bdc qudn cdng, thtfdng ddng phuc thdn" Ban than ddng ho da ghi cdng Tien sy Nguyen Ca'u bang viec giQ gin md cd, bao ve cay cdi va Ha Ndi de sQu tam tii lieu lich sQ Tai lang Thanh Thu cd 67 ngdi dinh cd' nha't cdn nguyen mau kien true nghe thuat d huyen Phd' Yen, trQng tu nam Canh HUng thQ 40 (1780) co bai vi thd Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u l i m Thanh hoang lang Dinh Phong Nien, xa Tan HQdng each lang Thanh Thu 2km cung thd Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u lam phuc t h i n Qua nhQng tQ lieu ddng ho cua Tien sy Nguyen C i u d huyen Phd' Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen cung cip va cdng vdi viec sQu t i m cua nhQng nha nghien cQu lich sQ, van hoa d dja phQdng, biidc d i u da tap hdp dQdc mdt so' tQ lieu va thdng tin gdp p h i n lam sang ro que hQdng, than the cua Tien sy Nguyln Ca'u - mot vo quan dQdi trieu nha Le Ong, ngQdi xa Tieu L l , tdng Tieu Le, huyen Yen Phuc, phu Bic Ha, xQ Kinh Bic, la thdn Thanh Xuan, xa Ddng Tien, huyen Phd' Yen, tinh Thai Nguyen R i t mong cac nha nghien cQu lich sQ va van hoa cd them y kien de cd sQ ddng thu^n giQa tai lieu khoa hoc va tQ lieu dQdc lQu giQ, bao tdn d dia phQdng nham tdn vinh ve mdt nhQng ngQdi cd nhieu ddng gdp cho trieu dinh nha Le CHU THICH (1) Ngo Due Tho (chu bien) Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoc, Ha Npi, 1993; Bac Ninh dii dia chi - Do Trong Vf (the ky XIX) - Do Tuan Anh dich, Nxb Van hoa Thdng tin, Ha Noi, 1997; Tuyen tap Van bia Hd Noi - Quyln I - Uy ban Khoa hoc xa hdi Viet Nam - Ban Han Nom sUu tSm, dich nghia va gidi thieu, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Ndi, 1978, tr 135, 164 (2) Tuyen tap Van bia Hd Noi - Quyen I, sdd (3) Vi$n Nghien cuu Han Nom Ten lang xa Viet Nam ddu theky XLX (Cdc tong, trdn, xa danh bi lam), Dudng Thi The, Pham Thi Thoa dich, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1981 (4) Bai Viet s& ky todn thd, tap III, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1998, tr 97 ... Sau thi dd dng diidc bd nhiem lam qua> n Thdi dd, mot sd' quan van cd tai nang diidc trieu dinh cii chuyen sang hang quan vo, Nguyln C i u la mdt nhiing ngiidi nhii vay Cung theo gia pha ddng ho... - Ha Ndi la cd tin chy cao, gia t r i lich su chan xac, nien dai diing n h i t Van de dien each cua dia danh huyen Tan Phuc - Tien Phuc Thien Phuc lich sii nhii phan tich tren theo chiing tdi... phu Bac Giang Sang dau thdi Minh, Le sd van theo nhii the Den thdi Le Hoang Dinh (160 0-1 619), vi ky ten huy vua Le Kinh Tong la Tan, nen ddi la huyen Tien Phuc Hien d dia phUdng bia da "Bdi Cao