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MAY V A ^ DE VE CrOC D A r TRA]\H GIA]\H DOC LAP c i l A ]\HA]\ DAN LAO GL%.I DOA]\ • • • 1893-1945 DO THANH BINH* NGHlfiM THI H A I Y ^ N " N gay tu thUc dan phUdng Tay xam nhap va xam lUdc, nhan dan cae nUdc thupc dia va phu thudc da viing len da'u tranh manh me de bao vp dat nUde va giai phdng dan tpc Qua trinh d i u tranh eua mdi dan tdc dien d mUc dp khae nhau, vdi nhflng sic thai khae tao nen nhflng mang mau da dang ehe bUc tranh chd'ng ehu nghia thUc dan cuo'i the ky XIX d i u the ky XX Cach mang Lao la mpt vf du diln hinh Con difdng ciiu nUdc t r o n g d a u t r a n h giai p h o n g d a n toe c u a n h a n d a n Lao Nhin tren binh dipn qud'e te, nam 1945 la mpt th^ thach, la sU kiem nghiem ciia lich sii dd'i vdi cupc d i u tranh chd'ng thUc dan, de quo'c dl di tdi dfch dpc lap cua cac nude thudc dia va phu thupc ThUe te lich sii cho t h i y cd nhieu dUdng de di tdi dich dpc lap, t h i n g ldi ciia cich mang Lac la mpt minh ehflng ve sfl xac dinh chfnh xac dUdng da'u tranh giai phdng dan tpc cua nhan dan eae bd tdc Lao *GS TS Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi " Th.S TrUdng Dai hpc Su pham Thai Nguyen Ngay tu thUc dan xam lUdc va dat ach cai tri, nhan dan eae nUdc thudc dia da vung len dau tranh manh me de bao vp dit nude, gianh dpc lap dan tpc Qua trinh diu tranh trai qua hai thdi ky; Thdi ky diu tranh chd'ng xam lUdc va thdi ky d i u tranh gianh ddc lap cac nude chau A thdi ky thU nhit, tieu bieu la cac cude khdi nghia ciia nhan dan An Dp (cupc khdi nghia Xipay 1857-1859), phdng trao Thai Binh Thien Qud'e b Trung Qudc (1851-1864), cupc chien d i u cua nhan dan Viet Nam dUdi sU lanh dao cua TrUdng Dinh (1862) hay cupc ehien d i u ciia nhan dan Khdme dUdi sU lanh dao cua Hoang than Achasoa Trong bdi canh lich sii dd, phong trao d i u tranh chdng xam lUde b Lko cung dien manh me tren k h i p d i t nUde tu ThUdng Lao den Ha Lao Tieu bilu ed cupc khdi nghia eiia Ong Kpo va Cdmadam (1901-1937), khdi nghia ciia nhan dan Xavanakhet dUdi sU lanh dao eua Phd Ca Dupt (1901-1902) rdi cupc khdi nghia eua Chau Pha Patchay (1918-1922) Nhflng W&y van de vi cugc dau tranh cupc khdi nghia ciia cac dan tdc d Lao deu nhim mue tieu chd'ng ap bUe, bde lot, chd'ng sfl thdng tri ciia thUe dan Phap Cac cupc ndi day mang tinh q u i n ehung tU Bic den Nam, quy md d i u tranh dien kha rpng ldn va mpt thdi gian dai PhUdng phap va hinh thfle da'u tranh ehu yeu la vu trang khdi nghia, dung ldi danh du kich, cd dUng tap kich ca cfl diem quan sU eua dich Ben canh vipe ehien dau, lanh tu mpt sd cupc khdi nghia quan tam den xay dung can eU dia, cham lo san xuit, nang eao hieu biet cua dan thdng qua viec md ldp hpe day chfl cho dan Dieu dd cho thiy t i m nhin xa va sU chuin bi cho tran ehien lau dai eiia cac lanh tu khdi nghia Tuy nhien, mpt dieu de nhan t h i y cac cupc khdi nghia d Lao ket cue deu that bai, mac du r i t quyet lipt nhUng deu d mUe dp tU phat, thieu td chUe chat che Su nghipp gianh dpc lap dan tpc khdng t h i thUe hipn dupe bdi "cdc tdng ldp tu trUdng, tgc trUdng lanh dgo cdc cuoc khdi nghia dd vdi bdn chat giai cdp cua hg vd nhiing diiu kien lich svt hgn che luc bdy gid, nen khdng the di dUdng ldi, phUcfng thUc ddu tranh ddng ddn" (1) Dd cung la ban ehe ehung eiia phong trao d i u tranh chd'ng xam lUde eua nhan dan cac nUde thupc dia thdi ky Su xam nhap ciia chii nghia tU ban phUdng Tay vao cic nUde thude dia da d i n den sU bien ddi ldn lao ve kinh te - xa hdi d khu vUe chau A, xa hdi bi phan boa, nhflng giai t i n g mdi x u i t hipn va tham gia vao ddi sd'ng ehinh tri ma tieu bieu n h i t la ting ldp tu san dan tpc T i n g ldp tU san vUa cd mdi lien he vdi kinh te de qud'e, vUa tiep thu tU tudng tU phUdng Tay cung vdi ndi day dflt eiia ngUdi dan m i t nude Tfl cudi the ky XIX, dae bipt nhflng nam d i u the ky XX, phong trao tU san lin 63 lUit ddi d chau A n h i m mue tieu ddc lap, df n chu Cude d i u tranh giai cap tU san be ac cic si phu cip tien lanh dao da tao nen mdt ludng gid mdi, md mpt dUdng hi dng mdi cho phong trao giai phdng dan tdu di den cdng Dudi anh hUdng cua Cach mang thang M (di Nga, phdng trao dau tranh giai phdng da a tpc tren the gidi cd sU thay ddi ldn lao npi dung each mang va phUdng hUdng diu trt.nb Do vay, d khu vUe chau A nhflng nam dau t h e k y XX, ben canh phong trr tu san dang dien sdi ndi, d nhieu nude xuat hien phong trao vd san vdi sU dd; eiia mdt loat cae Dang Cong San (Dang Cong San Inddnexia nam 1920, Dang Cong San Trung Quo'c nam 1921, diu nhflng na -n 30 d Viet Nam va nhieu nUdc khae) Nhu vay, eudc dau tranh gianh dpc lap, mdi dan tdc cd sU lUa chpn nhflng dudng di den dpc lap khae nhau, phu hdp vdi hoan canh cua dan tpc minh Trung Qudc,Viet Nam, lich sfl dUde chUng kien eudc vung day eua cae giai ting xa hpi vao nhflng nam eud'i the ky XIX d i u the ky XX NhUng mdi lin vung day la mpt lin that bai Tfl phong trao Thai Binh Thien Quo'c eho den Cach mang Tan Hdi d Trung Qud'e hay dUdng cflu nUde ciia eu Phan Bdi Chau, cu Phan Chu Trinh rdi cude khdi nghia Yen Bai d Vipt Nam deu ehUng minh r i n g giai cip ncng dan, giai cap tu san d nhflng nUde khdng cd kha nang dUa each mang dan tpc dan ehu di den t h i n g ldi cudi cung Con dUdng giai phdng dan tpc thUe sU chi ed the la dUdng vd san dUdi sU lanh dao eua Dang Cong San VUa la nUdc ldng gieng lai cung bdi canh soi dpng ehung cua khu vfle chau A, sU chuyen bien ve dUdng cflu nUde 64 eiia Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c diln manh me, rat rd net, nhUng d Lao lai khdng cd sU chuyen bien theo quy dao nhU vay (d day chi dd'i sanh vdi Viet Nam) Su khae biet dd cd can nguyen tU dieu kien phat trien kinh te - xa hpi eua Lao Va ehinh nd tao nen net khae bipt eiia each mang Lao ThUe dan Phap hoan qua trinh xam lUdc Lao vao nam 1893 va nam 1899 Lao chfnh thUc trd mpt xU "Lien bang Ddng DUdng" thupc Phap Tren 80 nam eai tri Ddng Dudng thUe dan Phap da hai l i n tien hdnh khai thac thupc dia vdi quy md ldn (Khai thac thupe dia l i n thfl nhat 1897-1914; khai thac thupc dia lan thU hai 1918-1939) Chfnh cupc khai thae thupc dia da du nhap phUdng thfle san xua't tu ban vao Ddng DUdng va lam bien ddi ldn ve cd eau kinh te cung nhU cd ciu xa hpi eiia cac nUdc "Lien bang" Tuy nhien, vdi ban chit thuc dung, sU d i u tU vd'n eua Phap tap trung chu yeu vao Viet Nam, rieng dd'i vdi Lao va Campuchia chi dupe coi nhu "vung d i t bai" ciia Viet Nam m i t ciia ngUdi Phap Khi tim hieu ve tinh hinh kinh te Lao dudi thdi thupe Phap, cac nha nghien cflu dung cum tU "khu vUe san rieng" hay "khu vUe kinh te du trU" de chi thUe trang kinh te eiia Ldo ThUe te cung cho thay; "Ldo la thugc dia cua Phdp, nhiing sii thd'ng tri cua thiic ddn Phdp dd khdng ldm thay ddi bao nhieu tinh chat kinh te tU nhien cua Ldo, md chi dem lgi cho nen kinh te dd nhiing thdnh phdn kinh te'tU bdn rieng biet" (2), Neu nhu d Viet Nam, tUdng Ung vdi sU bien ddi kinh te qua trinh khai thac eua tu ban Phap, ve mat xa hpi, nhflng giai cap eua xa hpi phong kien nhu giai cap dia chii, giai cap ndng dan da hi phan hoi sau sic bd sung vao nhflng giai tang mdi xuat hipn xa hpi nhU giai cap cdng nhan Rghi&i cijru Lich siSr sg 9+10.2008 giai cip tu san (tU san mai ban va tU san dan tpc), t i n g ldp t i l u thUdng thi b Lko, ve cd ban v i n tdn tai hai giai cip chfnh ciia xa hpi phong kien la ndng dan va quy tpc phong kien Chinh sach khai thac cua Phap ddi vdi Lao mang tinh cha't nho hep, nhien, cung da lam sinh them nhflng p h i n xa hpi mdi nhU: cdng nhan, tU san, tieu tU san thi (chu yeu la ngUdi Viet), NhUng so" lUdng qua nho h6 va yeu dt, nen hp khdng t h i dam dUdng dUpc sU menh lich sii va tao nen nhflng trao lUu tu tUdng ldn nhu d Viet Nam va mot sd nUde k h i c khu vUc Quy tpc phong kien Lao trd eong cu die lUc eua Phap thdng qua vipe thUc hien chfnh sach "hdp tac vdi ngUdi ban xii" ma Phap ap dung tren toan coi Ddng Dudng So' lUdng p h i n giai cip khong nhieu so vdi dan sd Lao O day cin ban den giai cip vd san d Lao Do dae diem dia hinh ciia Lao nen ndng dan Lao sdng b nhflng khu vUc xa thi Bipn phap khai thae kinh te ciia Phap ap dung b Lko it tac dpng den ndng dan Lao vi th^ hp khdng bi phan h o i manh me (nhU b Vipt Nam) de bd sung vao dpi ngu vd san Cdng nhan d Lao chu yeu la cdng nhan mo Mot dac diem cin chu y la giai cip vd san b Lko cd gd'e gae tU ngUdi Lao r i t ft, chu yeu la ngudi Viet (chiem ty le 1/3 den 3/4) Trong kha nang lao dpng n i t tU ndng thdn bd sung cho cae ddn dien, h i m md khdng dang ke, thUc dan Phap bupe phai dieu dpng lao ddng thUa tU Viet Nam sang la dicu ta't yeu Do vay, c i u giai cip vo san d Lao khdng the mang dac trUng giai cip cua rieng dan toe Lao ma nd phai mang dac diem la mot bp phan ciia giai cip vo san Ddng Duong Day chfnh la san phim ma thue dan Phap da tao nen b Lko nhflng nam thang "khai hoa" a viing da't IH^Y v ^ d^ vi cugc dau franh TU dac diem tren eho thiy, giai cip vd san d Lad la mpt bo phan giai cip vd san b Ddng DUdng, mpt bp phan giai cip vd san qudc te nen nd cd diy dii tfnh chat dai dipn cho mdt lUc lUdng san x u i t tien tien Nam 1939, Chien tranh the gidi thU hai bung nd Phat xit DUc mau chdng md rpng chien tranh toan chau au O Ddng Nam A, sU kipn quan Nhat t i n cdng vao Lang Sdn (Viet Nam) vao t h i n g nam 1940 chinh thfle danh d i u sU can thifp cua Nhat vao Ddng DUdng Ke thu ciia nhan dan Lao ndi rieng va nhan dan Ddng DUdng ndi ehung liic la quan phipt Nhat va thUe dan Phap Chfnh tinh the cung dien bien tinh hinh qudc te da tao nen nhflng tinh hudng dac biet d Lao Su kipn Nhat tien hanh dao chinh Phap d§m 9/3/1945 va vipe quan phipt Nhat tuy§n bo' d i u hang quan Ddng Minh vd dieu ki^n 15/8/1945 da tao nen thdi ed ehung, thdi cd ngan nam ed mpt doi vdi cac nUdc Ddng DUdng Qua qua trinh chuin bi lau dai, nhan dan Vipt Nam dudi sU lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng San Ddng DUdng da chdp thdi cd ti§'n hanh tdng khdi nghia tren toan quo'c, t^o nen "ludng dipn" thang T i m tU Bic vao Nam Ngay 2/9/1945, Viet Nam tuyen bd dpc lap Nude Viet Nam Dan ehii Cong hoa ddi, nhan dan Vipt Nam vdi tU thcf la chii nhan ciia d i t nUdc ddn quan dpi Ddng Minh vao giai giap quan dpi Nhat Lao tien trinh each mang gianh va tuyen bd dpc lap hoan canh khae bipt 80 vdi Vipt Nam: Thii nhdt, nhan dan Lao khdi nghia gianh chfnh quyen d cae dd thi, nhUng d vving ndng thdn rdng ldn v i n edn tdn tai phin ldn tan quan cua Phap Day la dieu ba't lpi cho each mang Lao 65 T/iii" hai, khoang thdi gian tU thang den t h i n g 10 tren d i t Lao, lUc lUdng each mang phai dd'i mat vdi nhieu ke thu; quan Trung Hoa dan qud'e va quan Anh mang danh nghia quan dpi Ddng minh da cd mat tai Lao Thiil ba, bdi canh dd, npi bd cac lUc lUdng dan tdc Lao cd sU phan hda sau sic theo nhflng xu hudng khae nhau: - Xu hudng doan ket dan tpc, kien quyet p h i t dpng quin ehung dUng len khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen, tuyen bd ddc lap eiia lUc lUdng each mang - Xu hudng mud'n ed dpc lap dan tpc, nhUng bing dudng thUdng thuyet, tranh thii sU ung hp ciia Ddng minh (Anh, My) Thai dp dd'i vdi thUe dan Phap khdng dflt khoat rd rang - Mud'n Phap quay trd lai va cdng nhan Lao dpc lap Khdi lien bipp Phap Tuy vay, Iflc lUdng each mang Lao lai ed nhflng nhan td thuan ldi: Cd Dang Cong San Ddng DUdng lanh dao - mdt Dang tre trung nhUng cd ea 15 nam chuan bi cho cude d i u tranh gianh ehinh quyen; Nude Lao lai n i m sat Viet Nam - mpt nUde cd phong trdo each mang sdi ndi, da nhanh chdng lam cupc Cach mang thang Tam cdng lap nen nUde Vipt Nam Dan ehu Cong hoa Tinh hinh iy da tac dpng tfch cUe vao each mang Lao Luc lUdng each mang Lac da tranh thu thdi cd, phat dpng quin ehung vung len khdi nghia, gianh dupe chinh quyen b cac tinh li (Vieng Chan, Xavanakhpt, Kham Mudi, MUdng Phudn, Hiia Phan, Pae San ) Dudi ap lUc eua quin ehung va sU van dpng eua lUc lUdng Lao yeu nUde, Chinh phu Lam thdi Lao Itxala da dUde lap Ngay 12/10/1945 66 (xipxoong tula) - Lao tuyen bd' ddc lap da di vao lich sii nhU mdt bUde ngoat can ban phong trao d i u tranh gianh dpc lap d i n tpc, dan chu ciia nhan dan Lao Trai qua q u i trinh van dpng eiia lich sii, dudng eUu nUde, gianh dpc lap cua nhan dan cac bp tpc Lao lUa chpn, dd la dUdng each mang vd san Cach mang Tula Lao cdng khdng phai la mot sU "an may" hay "an theo" bdi thdi cd chi tao kha nang t h i n g ldi, neu khdng cd sUc manh thUe lUe thi khdng t h i ed qua each mang (Cung dUng trUde cd hpi gianh dpc lap, nhUng each mang Campuchia khdng cdng) Tuy nhien, cung cin nhan tha'y r i n g t h i n g ldi cua cich mang Lao nam 1945 la ket qua ciia tinh doan ket dan tpc Lao va dan tpc Viet D o n g g o p ciia Viet k i e u t r o n g cuoc d a u t r a n h g i a n h doc lap c u a nhan dan Lao NgUdi nUdc ngoai (ngUdi Viet) gdp phan gianh ddc lap d Lao la mpt hipn tUdng dae bipt lich sii phat trien ciia eae nUdc tren tren the gidi De t h i y dUde sU ddng gdp eiia ngUdi Viet dd'i vdi each mang Lao, trUde het cin lam ro ve sU ed mat eua ngUdi Viet tren vung d i t Qua trinh di eU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao dien sud't chieu dai lich sii Su cd mat eua ngUdi Viet sinh sd'ng tai Lao trUde nam 1893 xuat phat tU nhu ciu ca nhan lam an buon ban hocie la lanh nan tinh hinh chfnh tri nUdc bat dn So' lUdng r i t nhd va khdng ed so lieu ehinh xac Hien tUdng di cU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao tang len theo thdi gian tU vung d i t thude ve thUc dan Phap De cap tdi vin de cac nha nghien cUu ddng thuan quan diem nhan xdt r i n g ; NgUdi Viet R g h i ^ curu Lich sit s6 9+10.2008 den Lad 'lUe day" chU khdng phai "lUc hut" Tai ed hipn tUdng trai quy luat nhu vay? Dd chfnh la chinh sach cai tri va khai thac eua Phap dd'i vdi xU sd phuc vu cho mue dich thUc dan cua hp NgUdi Viet den Lao dUdi thdi Phap thupc dupe phan hai loai: Di eU tU phat dieu kipn lam an thuan ldi hdn Mae dii thien nhien Lac k h i c nghiet, dia hinh hiem trd, nhUng viec Phap sap nhap Lao vao khd'i Ddng DUdng da hinh mpt dia ban thd'ng n h i t va tao dieu kien cho ngUdi dan ehuyin ddi dia ban sinh sdng de dang; Hinh thfle thU hai la di cU cd td ehUc Hinh thUe phuc vu eho mue dich khai thae thupc dia cua P h i p Do dae diem dan eU eiia Lao nen P h i p thUe sU khd khan v i n de tim kiem ngudn nhan lUe phuc vu eho cupc khai t h i c thupc dia l i n va lin d xfl Lao De khic phuc tinh trang dd, Phap da dUa ngUdi Vipt sang lao ddng tai Lao NgUdi Vipt sang Lao dam trach cae ehflc nang khae nhau: Mot bp phan lam cdng ehUc, phuc vu bp may hanh chfnh ciia Phap Sd' lupng kha ddng Tinh den thdi dilm nam 1937, ngUdi Vipt chiem 47% Sd vi tri cic cdng chUe cao cip ngUdi ban xfl bp may hanh chinh tai Lao (3) Mpt bp phan ngUdi Viet k h i c sang Lao lam eu li, phu lam dudng va phuc vu trcng cac ham md Ddi sd'ng cua hp khd cUc dUdi sfl giam sat chat che cua cac vien quan ly ngudi Phap Hp sinh sd'ng chii yeu d cae thi cua Lac Do khdng ban che vipe di cU va cin nhan lUe phuc vu cho khai thic xU Lao eua Phap nen nam 1942 lUdng ngUdi Viet Nam d Lao len tdi eon sd 40.000 ngUdi (4) Nhu vay, thdi ky thupe Phap, ngUdi Viet chiem ti le khdng nho dan so' Lao Day la mpt dae diem xa hpi Lao thupe P h i p ed quan hp tdi sU van dpng ciia each mang Lao nr^Y vin ili vi cuQc ddu h>anh NgUdi Vi$t sdm dinh eU va sdng hoa ddng vdi ngUdi Lao K§' thUa truyen thdng cua mpt dan tpc anh hung, yeu dpc lap, tu do, ngUdi Vipt da sat canh ciing nhan dan cac bp tpc Lao chdng lai chinh sach thuoc dia cua thuc dan Phap 67 "ngUdi Vi^t da gifl vai trd ndng cdt ban d i u va la xiic tac quan trpng Vipe tuyen truyen va td ehflc cung dUdc tien hanh trUde tien Viet kieu Phai nhan thiy r i n g ban d i u dd la phUdng thUe ddn gian va thuan ldi n h i t " (5) D i u nam 1930, Dang Cdng San Viet Nam ddi, den Nude Lao, n i m cl phfa Tay Bic ban thang 10/1930 ddi ten Dang Cong dao Ddng DUdng, g i n t r u n g tam luc dia San Dong DUdng tren tinh t h i n qud'e te vd Ddng Nam A, n i m an ngfl tren true dUdng san, gin ket each mang ba nUde Lao, Vipt tu phfa Tay sang phia Ddng, hai d i u cua Nam va Campuchia hUdng tdi mue tieu nhflng viing d i n cU ddng due, cd nen van ehung giai phdng dan tpc Viet kieu b Ldo hoa lau ddi la Xiem (Thai Lan) va Vipt ddng nin hg la cdu ndi quan trgng giUa Nam Ddng thdi, Lao cung ehung dUdng phong trdo cdch mgng Ldo vdi Dang Cong bien gidi vdi Trung Qudc, mpt nUde ldn b Sdn Ddng DUOng Nhflng td ehflc eua Hpi khu vUc chau A Quan sat tren ban dd khu each mang nien b hko chuyen vUc thi vung d i t Lao n i m b trung tam cac chi bp Dang Vipt kieu d Lao mang ludi cdng san dUdc hinh tU theo ddi sat tinh hinh chinh tri b nhflng nam 20 ciia t h i ky XX Thdng qua nUde, hudng Ung phong trao X6 viet Nghp dudng nay, lanh ty Nguyin Ai Qudc va - Tinh, cae phong trao bai cdng da dien cac ddng chf ciia NgUdi da dem chii nghia b cac khu mo, bai thi , bai khoa d eae Mac - Lenin d§'n vdi nhflng ngUdi yeu nUde, thj Ngay tU "eud'i thang 3/1931 cd quan ti§'n bp va xay dUng nen phong trao each an ninh Phap da xac dinh rd rang Dang mang Lao Cong san Ddng DUdng da md boat dpng Nam 1924, ddng chf Nguyen Ai Qudc ve sang Lao " (6) Nam 1932, ban chip Quang Chau (Trung Qudc) gay ditng cd sd, hanh Dang Cong san toan Xfl Ai Lao dUde sang lap hat nhan van dpng each mang lap (gpi la XU uy) NhUng sU kipn Ddng DUdng hudng theo chan ly ciia thdi bi mat tham Phap phat hipn va khiing dai To' chUc Hdi Vipt Nam each mang bd Nhieu cd sd Dang bj tan vd, p h i n ldn nien ddi, boat dpng rpng k h i p cac dang vien bi b i t va tu day Sau ddt khdng chl doi vdi nhan dan nUde ma khiing bd tring, dUde sU ho trd eua Qudc ca vdi nUdc ngoai Thanh vien ciia hoi da t l Cong san, ban lanh dao Dang d nUde din Xiem va hoat dpng manh me ngoai chinh thUe dUde lap tai eong ddng ngUdi Vipt sdng cl vung Ddng Bic Macac (Trung Qudc) Theo tinh t h i n eua Xiem, ndi giap bien vdi Lao TU dd, ngUdi hpi nghi ban lanh dao Dang ngoai nUde Viit yiu nUdc d Ldo dd bdt mdi lien lac vdi hpp tu 14 den 26/6/1934 va 7/9/1934 td chiic cdch mgng bin Xiem XU uy Ailao l i n dUde lap dam Do chfnh sach cai tri niia vdi cua thUe trach vai trd lanh dao each mang Lao TU dan Phap nen dac dilm eua xa hpi Lao la cudi nam 1938 d i u nam 1939, thUe dan 81^ phin hda giai cip chUa hoan ehinh Giai Phap va tay sai da md nhilu ddt dan ap cip cdng nhan Lao chUa du manh, dd va khiing bd d i m mau Mpt lin nfla Xfl uy chUa thuc sU dam dUdng dU(?c sfl mpnh Ai Lao tan vd, each mang Lao di vao giai lich 8ii thdi dai cua minh Chinh vi the doan thoai trao 68 Nhin lai phong trao each mang b Lko nhflng nam 30 cua t h e k y XX ta nhan tha'y Viet kieu da gdp p h i n dUa chii nghia Mic- Lenin den d i t Lao Nhflng cd sd Dang d i u tien da dUdc gay dung Mac du lien tiep bi thUc dan Phap khung bd', song phong trao khdng ngUng dUdc phuc hdi va p h i t trien Qua dd, q u i n ehung dUde tap dUdt lam quen vdi d i u tranh each mang Cung vdi sU van dpng ciia each mang Ddng DUdng, tfnh den thdi diem trUde t h i n g 8/1945 b Lao lUc lUdng chfnh tri va vu trang da cd bUdc phat triln manh Ve phfa Viet kieu, Td'ng hdi Viet kieu da lap ddn vi vu trang d i u tien liy ten la Viet Nam dgc lap qudn (11/5/1945) Thang 6/1945, lUc lupng da dUdc dieu dpng ve cac can cU d Vieng Chan, Tha Khet, Xavanakhet chuin hi lUc lUdng Ve phia Lad, nhdm ngUdi Lao yeu nUde luu vong d Thai Lan dUde sU iing he cua Seri Thai cung da xay dUng lUc lUdng cua minh, phan cdng ngUdi ve nUde xay dUng ed sd Vin de dat cin thd'ng n h i t hanh dpng gifla hai lUc lUdng thdi ed each mang den Tren tinh t h i n Lao- Viet doan ket, Viet kieu d Lao tdn trpng quyen quyet dinh ciia quan chUe Lao Khi nhan dUde sU iing hp ciia hoang than Phet Xarat va sU tan eua dng Pha nha Kham Mao (tinh trUdng tinh Vieng Chan) vao cudi thang 8/1945, Viet E e u td ehflc mit tinh ldn tai Chd Mdi (trung tam ciia Vieng Chan) Tai cupc mft tinh nay, dng Pha nha Kham Mao thay mat ehinh quyen Lao tuyen bd Lao - Viet doan ket chd'ng ke thu ehung TU dd, boat dpng ciia Viet kieu tren d i t Lao la hdp phap Vipt kieu d Lao da sat canh cung nhan dan Lao gianh dpc lap 12/10/1945 Do dac diem ciia xa hpi Lao nen lUdng Viet kieu chiem ti lp kha ddng dan cU Hp da ddng gdp cdng sflc cua minh Rghi&n cuu Lich sir s6 9+10.2008 nhflng nam thang chien tranh each mang, gdp p h i n dUa each mang Lao gianh t h i n g ldi, ddng thdi cung md dUdng cho sU phat trien lien minh chien d i u Viet- Lao Lien minh vUa mang tfnh dan tpc, vUa mang tfnh giai cip vo san t h i hipn tinh t h i n quo'c te sing, m l u mvfc, thuy ehung , Vai tro cua D a n g Cong san Dong Diidng doi vdi qua trinh dau tranh each m a n g ciia n h a n dan cac bo toe Lao T h i n g ldi cua each mang nhieu nhan td tao thanh, nhUng trUde het la c6 dudng ldi dung din Cich mang Lao la mpt bd phan khang kbit eiia cich mang Ddng Dudng va each mang the' gidi, vi the thing ldi ciia each mang Lao nam 1945 g i n chat vdi sU dao Dang Cong San Ddng DUdng Do hoan canh lich sii (nhU da de cap b tren) nen q u i trinh v^n dpng each mang dl tap hdp q u i n ehung Dang bp cdng san d Lao nhan rd q u i n ehung d dd thi bao gdm dan tdc Lao va dan tpc Viet, khae ve dan tpc nhUng cung ehung tren dia ban hoat dpng, cung da'u tranh chdng ke thu ehung la de qudc Phap va phong kiln Khi tinh the each mang x u i t hipn, liin minh chien ddu ddn tgc Ldo - Viet da dUdc hinh tao nen mui giap cdng manh me lat che dp ap bflc gianh dpc lap Trong qua trinh each mang Dang Cong san Ddng DUdng da khdo ldo ket hdp chat che ldi ich dan tpc vdi ldi ich giai cip khdng chi gifla ngudi Lao, ngUdi Vipt ma cdn vdi nhan dan T h i i Lan yeu nUdc Hoat dpng eua Dang Cong san Xiem va sU iing hd ciia nhflng ngUdi yeu nUde Thdi thudc phong trao Seri Thai da gdp p h i n thuc diy "sU phat trien eiia chu nghia cdng san d Ddng Bic Xiem nhU mdt hau cU cua Dang Cong Way van di vi cuOc da'u franh san Ddng DUdng" (7) hau t h u i n eho each mang Lao Khdu hieu chien lUdc "Vd sdn tdt cd cdc nUdc vd cdc ddn tgc bi dp biic dodn kit lgi!" dd dUOc Ddng Cdng sdn Ddng Duong van dung phu hdp vdi thiic ted nUdc Ldo vd khu vUc Trong tien trinh cdch mgng, Ddng dd loi dung mdu thudn hdng ngu dich phdt trien liic lUOng cdch mgng; chdp thdi ccf, kien quyi't phdt dgng qudn chdng ndi day khdi nghia xoa bo bd mdy chinh quyen de qudc vd phong kien nhdm gidnh chinh quyen vi tay nhdn ddn Dieu the hipn r i t rd thdi ky khdi phuc phong trao each mang nam 1942-1944 Dang nhan t h i y va ldi dung mau t h u i n gifla thUe dan P h i p va quan phipt Thai Lan dl tao dieu kien dUa phong trao quin ehung Viet kieu b Thai Lan boat dpng cdng khai khdng chi la hoat ddng hflu tUdng trd ma cdn td ehUe xay dUng lUc lUdng vu trang d ehien khu Na-khon, Xacon (Thai Lan) va p h i t trien cae td ehflc cflu qudc d Lao Cupc dao ehinh dem 9/3/1945 da chim dUt nhflng thang "ddng sang di mdng" gifla quan phipt Nhat va thfle dan Phap Su kipn Nhat h i t cing Phap tao nen tinh the each mang tren toan Ddng DUdng la mpt thu^n ldi ldn cho each mang d Lao Khi tinh the each mang trUe tiep xuit hipn, lUc lUdng chfnh tri da qua r^n luypn d i u tranh ket hdp vdi lUe lUdng vu trang khdi nghia gianh chfnh quyen b nhflng dia ban xung yeu (8) Cac dia phUdng mau chdng gianh chfnh quyen tU tay quan phipt Nhat (Vieng Chan, Xavanakhpt ) va anh dung ehien d i u chd'ng thuc dan Phap ehung quay trd lai chilm dd tbi Cupc tdng khdi nghia thang Tam Lao da nd trUdc bet d thu dd rdi nhanh chdng lan rpng k h i p ndi "TU 23/8 den cuoi thang 59 9, nhan dan Lao gianh dUde chfnh quyen d Kham Mudn, Xavanakhpt, Xieng Khoang, Sim NUa, Phong Xaly va cudi cung la Luong Prabang" (9) Rieng Ludng Prabang, chfnh quyen thUe sU thupe ve lUc lUdng each mang vua Xixavangvdng tuyen bd thoai vi 15/11/1945 (Sau Lao tuyen bddpe lap 12/10) NhU vay, qua trinh khdi nghia thang Tam Lao la qua trinh gidnh quyin ldm chu tii trung Ucfng rdi lgi tiep tuc gidnh chinh quyin d nhiing dia phUcfng khde Day la dac diem each mang Lao khae vdi each mang thang Tam cua Vipt Nam vi each mang thang Tam d Viet Nam di tU khdi nghia tUng phin, giai phdng tUng vung lap can cU dia each mang va chinh quyen each mang d dia phUdng mdt thdi gian trUde tinh the trUe tiep each mang xuit hipn tien len tong khdi nghia giai phdng ea nUdc bing bao lUc each mang ket hdp ea lUc lUdng chfnh tri va lUe lupng vu trang, ket hdp ca dd thi va ndng thdn Su khae bipt la sU sang tao cua each mang Lao dl di tdi dieh ddc lap Song ehinh nd cung phan anh sU hgn che md Ddng chUa khde phuc dUOc qud trinh xdy diing liic lUcfng cdch mgng Id xdy diing lien minh cdng- ndng d Ldo Vipt Nam, Dang da xay dUng khdi lien minh cdng ndng vflng manh, thdi ed each mang trUe tiep x u i t hipn ca nUde n h i t t l ndi day lat dd chinh quyen dieh Vay tai lai cd ban che d Lao? ThUe tien khach quan chUng minh r i n g ndng dan va cac dan tdc thilu so' d Lao da kien cUdng, b i t k h u i t chdng phong kien ngoai xam, chdng Phap bing nhflng cupc khdi nghia vu trang vdi quy md ldn trUdc cd Dang Sfl ban che ed t h i giai thieh d khia canh dac dilm eiia xa hdi Lao thude Phap nen sU eiu giai cip vd san d Lao phin Rghito eiru Lich sir s6 9+10.2008 70 ldn l i ngUdi Vipt va ho sdng chu yeu b khu vUc thi cua Lao Do ehua lien minh dUdc vdi giai ca'p ndng dan nen tien trinh each mang dl nhan t h i y nhflng b i t ldi ma each mang Lao phai ddi mat: Thd! nhdt, can cii each mang phai xay dUng b nUde ngoai (b Thai Lan) dd vung ndng thdn va rUng niii rdng ldn la nhflng ndi xay dUng can cfl tdt cho each mang khdng dUdc phat huy ThU hai, each mang chi phat trien b cac dd thi, khdng cd sU lien he gifla thi vdi ndng thdn Khi Nhat dao ehinh Phap, ndng thdn - ndi khdng ed ed sd each mang trd ndi tru i n ly tudng ciia thUc dan Phap Khi cd cd hpi, nong thdn lai la ndi ma ke thu dung d l bao vay lUe lUdng each mang b dd thi CHU Rut kinh nghipm tfl han ch^ nay, sau nam 1945, thdi ky khang chiln chd'ng Phap, Dang da chii trUdng vfin dpng quin chiing ndng dan va xay dUng cftn cfl ndng thdn tao nen hau phUdng viing chic cho each mang Lao Nam 1945, la mot moc lich sii dac bi$t quan trpng doi vdi khu vUc Dong Nam A, bdi day la khu vUc d i u tien tren the gidi tiln hanh khdi nghia, t i & cdng manh me vao h$ thdng thupc dia cua chii nghia de quoc sau Chien tranh thS' gidi thfl Hai k i t thiic Thanh qua each mang Lao dUiJc coi la hi$n tUdng dac bipt lich sii phong trao each mang the gidi va khu vUc Tai each mang lai cong mpt nUdc x6t vl lUc lupng chfnh trj va tinh hinh kinh t^ xa hpi khdng c6 nhiJng ylu to cin vk dii nhU mpt sd nUdc khae khu v^Jc? Chiing tdi cho r i n g nhflng vfi'n de da trinh bay cl tren da gdp p h i n giai dap cau hoi nky THtCH (6), (7) Geoffrey C Gunn (1988), Political (1) Cayxon Phdmvihan (1979), M^t vdi kinh struggles in Laos (1930-1954) Edition Duang nghiim chinh vd mdt sd vdn di vi phUcfng hUdng mdi cua cdch mgng Ldo Nxb Si^ Th$it, Hi Ndi, tr Kamol Siam Square, Bangkok, Thailan ( Ban tiifng Anh), tr 42, 62 140 (8) Dia bin xung ylfu chfnh li cic dd thj Dd (2) Xedop, Su phdt triin kinh tdcua Ldo td sau chien tranh the gidi thd hai den nam 1958, Nxb Sil thj li cic trung tfim chinh trj cila ca nU6c, li ndi chfnh quyln djch m^nh nhUng cung li ndi li^c Thit Hi Npi 1961 ( Ban tig'ng Nga) (3), (4) Vu Thi VSn Anh (2007), Nguyen nh&n lupng cich m^ng phit thin nhi't NhQng dja bin vd cdc dot di d&n cda ngUcfi Viet den Ldo, T^p chi xung yiu li Vi§ng Chin, Thi Kh?t, Savanakh6t [Bao cio tdng keft thcii k^ 1930-1946, Tu h$u vi6n Nghign ciiu Dong Nam A, so 2, tr 39, 41 nghien cflu ljch sii Qufin Si;( Vi$t Nam, tr 79] (5) LUdng Ninh, Ddt nUdc Ldo lich sd vd van (9) Vi$n nghien cliu D6ng Nam A, Lich svt hoa, Nxb Chfnh trj Qudc gia Hi Npi, 1996, tr Ldo, Nxb Khoa hpc Xi h$i, Hi N§i, 1997, tr 238 197 ... ve mat xa hpi, nhflng giai cap eua xa hpi phong kien nhu giai cap dia chii, giai cap ndng dan da hi phan hoi sau sic bd sung vao nhflng giai tang mdi xuat hipn xa hpi nhU giai cap cdng nhan Rghi&i... tieu ddc lap, df n chu Cude d i u tranh giai cap tU san be ac cic si phu cip tien lanh dao da tao nen mdt ludng gid mdi, md mpt dUdng hi dng mdi cho phong trao giai phdng dan tdu di den cdng Dudi... Nam deu ehUng minh r i n g giai cip ncng dan, giai cap tu san d nhflng nUde khdng cd kha nang dUa each mang dan tpc dan ehu di den t h i n g ldi cudi cung Con dUdng giai phdng dan tpc thUe sU