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Tuy vay, Iflc lUdng each mang Lao lai ed nhflng nhan td thuan ldi: Cd Dang Cong San Ddng DUdng lanh dao - mdt Dang tre trung nhUng cd ea 15 nam chuan bi cho cude d i u tranh gianh e[r]
(1)MAY V A ^ DE VE CrOC D A r TRA]\H GIA]\H DOC LAP c i l A ]\HA]\ DAN LAO GL%.I DOA]\
• • • 1893-1945
DO THANH BINH* NGHlfiM THI H A I Y ^ N "
Ngay tu thUc dan phUdng Tay xam nhap va xam lUdc, nhan dan cae nUdc thupc dia va phu thudc da viing len da'u tranh manh me de bao vp dat nUde va giai phdng dan tpc Qua trinh d i u tranh eua mdi dan tdc dien d mUc dp khae nhau, vdi nhflng sic thai khae tao nen nhflng mang mau da dang ehe bUc tranh chd'ng ehu nghia thUc dan cuo'i the ky XIX d i u the ky XX Cach mang Lao la mpt vf du diln hinh
1 Con difdng ciiu nUdc t r o n g d a u t r a n h giai p h o n g d a n toe c u a n h a n d a n L a o
Nhin tren binh dipn qud'e te, nam 1945 la mpt th^ thach, la sU kiem nghiem ciia lich sii dd'i vdi cupc d i u tranh chd'ng thUc dan, de quo'c d l di tdi dfch dpc lap cua cac nude thudc dia va phu thupc ThUe te lich sii cho t h i y cd nhieu dUdng de di tdi dich dpc lap, t h i n g ldi ciia cich mang Lac la mpt minh ehflng ve sfl xac dinh chfnh xac dUdng da'u tranh giai phdng dan tpc cua nhan dan eae bd tdc Lao
Ngay tu thUc dan xam lUdc va dat ach cai tri, n h a n dan eae nUdc thudc dia da vung len dau tranh manh me de bao vp d i t nude, gianh dpc lap dan tpc Qua trinh diu tranh trai qua hai thdi ky; Thdi ky diu tranh chd'ng xam lUdc va thdi ky d i u tranh gianh ddc lap
0 cac nude chau A thdi ky thU n h i t , tieu bieu la cac cude khdi nghia ciia nhan dan An Dp (cupc khdi nghia Xipay 1857-1859), phdng trao Thai Binh Thien Qud'e b Trung Qudc (1851-1864), cupc chien d i u cua nhan dan Viet Nam dUdi sU lanh dao cua TrUdng Dinh (1862) hay cupc ehien d i u ciia nhan dan Khdme dUdi sU lanh dao cua Hoang than Achasoa Trong bdi canh lich sii dd, phong trao d i u tranh chdng xam lUde b Lko cung dien manh me tren k h i p d i t nUde tu ThUdng Lao den Ha Lao Tieu bilu ed cupc khdi nghia eiia Ong Kpo va Cdmadam (1901-1937), khdi nghia ciia nhan dan Xavanakhet dUdi sU lanh dao eua Phd Ca Dupt (1901-1902) rdi cupc khdi nghia eua Chau Pha Patchay (1918-1922) Nhflng
(2)W&y van de vi cugc dau tranh 63
cupc khdi nghia ciia cac dan tdc d Lao deu nhim mue tieu chd'ng ap bUe, bde lot, chd'ng sfl thdng tri ciia thUe dan Phap Cac cupc ndi day mang tinh q u i n ehung tU Bic den Nam, quy md d i u tranh dien kha rpng ldn va mpt thdi gian dai PhUdng phap va hinh thfle da'u tranh ehu yeu la vu trang khdi nghia, dung ldi danh du kich, cd dUng tap kich ca cfl diem quan sU eua dich Ben canh vipe ehien dau, lanh tu mpt sd cupc khdi nghia quan tam den xay dung can eU dia, cham lo san xuit, nang eao hieu biet cua dan thdng qua viec md ldp hpe day chfl cho dan Dieu dd cho t h i y t i m nhin xa va sU c h u i n bi cho tran ehien lau dai eiia cac lanh tu khdi nghia Tuy nhien, mpt dieu de nhan t h i y cac cupc khdi nghia d Lao ket cue deu that bai, mac du r i t quyet lipt nhUng deu d mUe dp tU phat, thieu td chUe chat che Su nghipp gianh dpc lap dan tpc khdng t h i thUe hipn dupe bdi "cdc tdng ldp tu trUdng, tgc trUdng lanh dgo cdc cuoc khdi nghia dd vdi bdn chat giai cdp cua hg vd nhiing diiu kien lich svt hgn che luc bdy gid, nen khdng the di dUdng ldi, phUcfng thUc ddu tranh ddng ddn" (1) Dd cung la ban ehe ehung eiia phong trao d i u tranh chd'ng xam lUde eua nhan dan cac nUde thupc dia thdi ky
Su xam nhap ciia chii nghia tU ban phUdng Tay vao cic nUde thude dia da d i n den sU bien ddi ldn lao ve kinh te - xa hdi d khu vUe chau A, xa hdi bi phan boa, nhflng giai t i n g mdi x u i t hipn va tham gia vao ddi sd'ng ehinh tri ma tieu bieu n h i t la ting ldp tu san dan tpc T i n g ldp tU san vUa cd mdi lien he vdi kinh te de qud'e, vUa tiep thu tU tudng tU phUdng Tay cung vdi ndi day dflt eiia ngUdi dan m i t nude Tfl cudi the ky XIX, dae bipt nhflng nam d i u the ky XX, phong trao tU san lin
lUit ddi d chau A n h i m mue tieu ddc lap, df n chu Cude d i u tranh giai cap tU san be ac cic si phu cip tien lanh dao da tao nen mdt ludng gid mdi, md mpt dUdng hi dng mdi cho phong trao giai phdng dan tdu di den cdng
Dudi anh hUdng cua Cach mang thang M (di Nga, phdng trao dau tranh giai phdng da a tpc tren the gidi cd sU thay ddi ldn lao npi dung each mang va phUdng hUdng diu trt.nb Do vay, d khu vUe chau A nhflng nam dau t h e k y XX, ben canh phong trr tu san dang dien sdi ndi, d nhieu nude xuat hien phong trao vd san vdi sU dd; eiia mdt loat cae Dang Cong San (Dang Cong San Inddnexia nam 1920, Dang Cong San Trung Quo'c nam 1921, diu nhflng na -n 30 d Viet Nam va nhieu nUdc khae)
Nhu vay, eudc dau tranh gianh dpc lap, mdi dan tdc cd sU lUa chpn nhflng dudng di den dpc lap khae nhau, phu hdp vdi hoan canh cua dan tpc minh
6 Trung Qudc,Viet Nam, lich sfl dUde chUng kien eudc vung day eua cae giai t i n g xa hpi vao nhflng nam eud'i the ky XIX d i u the ky XX NhUng mdi l i n vung day la mpt l i n that bai Tfl phong trao Thai Binh Thien Quo'c eho den Cach mang Tan Hdi d Trung Qud'e hay dUdng cflu nUde ciia eu Phan Bdi Chau, cu Phan Chu Trinh rdi cude khdi nghia Yen Bai d Vipt Nam deu ehUng minh r i n g giai cip ncng dan, giai cap tu san d nhflng nUde khdng cd kha nang dUa each mang dan tpc dan ehu di den t h i n g ldi cudi cung Con dUdng giai phdng dan tpc thUe sU chi ed the la dUdng vd san dUdi sU lanh dao eua Dang Cong San
(3)64 Rghi&i cijru Lich siSr sg 9+10.2008
eiia Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c diln manh me, rat rd net, nhUng d Lao lai khdng cd sU chuyen bien theo quy dao nhU vay (d day chi dd'i sanh vdi Viet Nam) Su khae biet dd cd can nguyen tU dieu kien phat trien kinh te - xa hpi eua Lao Va ehinh nd tao nen net khae bipt eiia each mang Lao
ThUe dan Phap hoan t h a n h qua trinh xam lUdc Lao vao nam 1893 va nam 1899 Lao chfnh thUc trd t h a n h mpt xU "Lien bang Ddng DUdng" thupc Phap Tren 80 nam eai tri Ddng Dudng thUe dan Phap da hai l i n tien hdnh khai thac thupc dia vdi quy md ldn (Khai thac thupe dia l i n thfl nhat 1897-1914; khai thac thupc dia lan thU hai 1918-1939) Chfnh cupc khai thae thupc dia da du nhap phUdng thfle san xua't tu ban vao Ddng DUdng va lam bien ddi ldn ve cd eau kinh te cung nhU cd ciu xa hpi eiia cac nUdc "Lien bang" Tuy nhien, vdi ban c h i t thuc dung, sU d i u tU vd'n eua Phap tap trung chu yeu vao Viet Nam, rieng dd'i vdi Lao va Campuchia chi dupe coi nhu "vung d i t bai" ciia Viet Nam m i t ciia ngUdi Phap
Khi tim hieu ve tinh hinh kinh te Lao dudi thdi thupe Phap, cac nha nghien cflu dung cum tU "khu vUe san rieng" hay "khu vUe kinh te du trU" de chi thUe trang kinh te eiia Ldo ThUe te cung cho thay; "Ldo la thugc dia cua Phdp, nhiing sii thd'ng tri cua thiic ddn Phdp dd khdng ldm thay ddi bao nhieu tinh chat kinh te tU nhien cua Ldo, md chi dem lgi cho nen kinh te dd nhiing thdnh phdn kinh te'tU bdn rieng biet" (2),
Neu nhu d Viet Nam, tUdng Ung vdi sU bien ddi kinh te qua trinh khai thac eua tu ban Phap, ve mat xa hpi, nhflng giai cap eua xa hpi phong kien nhu giai cap dia chii, giai cap ndng dan da hi phan h o i sau sic bd sung vao nhflng giai tang mdi xuat hipn xa hpi nhU giai cap cdng nhan
giai c i p tu san (tU san mai ban va tU san dan tpc), t i n g ldp t i l u thUdng thi b Lko, ve cd ban v i n tdn tai hai giai cip chfnh ciia xa hpi phong kien la ndng dan va quy tpc phong kien Chinh sach khai thac cua Phap ddi vdi Lao mang tinh cha't nho hep, nhien, cung da lam sinh them nhflng p h i n xa hpi mdi nhU: cdng nhan, tU san, tieu tU san t h a n h thi (chu yeu la ngUdi Viet), NhUng so" lUdng qua nho h6 va yeu dt, nen hp khdng t h i dam dUdng dUpc sU menh lich sii va tao nen nhflng trao lUu tu tUdng ldn n h u d Viet Nam va mot sd nUde k h i c khu vUc
(4)IH^Y v ^ d^ vi cugc dau franh 65
TU dac diem tren eho thiy, giai cip vd san d Lad la mpt bo phan giai cip vd san b Ddng DUdng, mpt bp phan giai c i p vd san qudc te nen nd cd diy dii tfnh chat dai dipn cho mdt lUc lUdng san x u i t tien tien
Nam 1939, Chien tranh the gidi thU hai bung nd Phat xit DUc mau chdng md rpng chien tranh toan chau au O Ddng Nam A, sU kipn quan Nhat t i n cdng vao Lang Sdn (Viet Nam) vao t h i n g nam 1940 chinh thfle danh d i u sU can thifp cua Nhat vao Ddng DUdng Ke thu ciia nhan dan Lao ndi rieng va nhan dan Ddng DUdng ndi ehung liic la quan phipt Nhat va thUe dan Phap Chfnh tinh the cung dien bien tinh hinh qudc te da tao nen nhflng tinh hudng dac biet d Lao
Su kipn Nhat tien hanh dao chinh Phap d§m 9/3/1945 va vipe quan phipt Nhat tuy§n bo' d i u hang quan Ddng Minh vd dieu ki^n 15/8/1945 da tao nen thdi ed ehung, thdi cd ngan nam ed mpt doi vdi cac nUdc Ddng DUdng Qua qua trinh c h u i n bi lau dai, nhan dan Vipt Nam dudi sU lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng San Ddng DUdng da chdp thdi cd ti§'n hanh tdng khdi nghia tren toan quo'c, t^o nen "ludng dipn" thang T i m tU Bic vao Nam Ngay 2/9/1945, Viet Nam tuyen bd dpc lap Nude Viet Nam Dan ehii Cong hoa ddi, nhan dan Vipt Nam vdi tU thcf la chii nhan ciia d i t nUdc ddn quan dpi Ddng Minh vao giai giap quan dpi Nhat
6 Lao tien trinh each mang gianh va tuyen bd dpc lap hoan canh khae bipt 80 vdi Vipt Nam:
Thii nhdt, nhan dan Lao khdi nghia gianh chfnh quyen d cae dd thi, nhUng d vving ndng thdn rdng ldn v i n edn tdn tai phin ldn tan quan cua Phap Day la dieu ba't lpi cho each mang Lao
T/iii" hai, khoang thdi gian tU thang den t h i n g 10 tren d i t Lao, lUc lUdng each mang phai dd'i mat vdi nhieu ke thu; quan Trung Hoa dan qud'e va quan Anh mang danh nghia quan dpi Ddng minh da cd mat tai Lao
Thiil ba, bdi canh dd, npi bd cac lUc lUdng dan tdc Lao cd sU phan hda sau sic theo nhflng xu hudng khae nhau:
- Xu hudng doan ket dan tpc, kien quyet p h i t dpng q u i n ehung dUng len khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen, tuyen bd ddc lap eiia lUc lUdng each mang
- Xu hudng mud'n ed dpc lap dan tpc, nhUng b i n g dudng thUdng thuyet, tranh thii sU ung hp ciia Ddng minh (Anh, My) Thai dp dd'i vdi thUe dan Phap khdng dflt khoat rd rang
- Mud'n Phap quay trd lai va cdng nhan Lao dpc lap Khdi lien bipp Phap
(5)66 R g h i ^ curu Lich sit s6 9+10.2008 (xipxoong tula) - Lao tuyen bd' ddc lap
da di vao lich sii nhU mdt bUde ngoat can ban phong trao d i u t r a n h gianh dpc lap d i n tpc, dan chu ciia n h a n dan Lao
Trai qua q u i trinh van dpng eiia lich sii, dudng eUu nUde, gianh dpc lap cua nhan dan cac bp tpc Lao lUa chpn, dd la dUdng each mang vd san Cach mang Tula Lao cdng khdng phai la mot sU "an may" hay "an theo" bdi thdi cd chi tao kha nang t h i n g ldi, neu khdng cd sUc manh thUe lUe thi khdng t h i ed qua each mang (Cung dUng trUde cd hpi gianh dpc lap, nhUng each mang Campuchia khdng cdng) Tuy nhien, cung cin nhan tha'y r i n g t h i n g ldi cua cich mang Lao nam 1945 la ket qua ciia tinh doan ket dan tpc Lao va dan tpc Viet
2 D o n g g o p ciia V i e t k i e u t r o n g c u o c d a u t r a n h g i a n h d o c l a p c u a n h a n d a n L a o
NgUdi nUdc ngoai (ngUdi Viet) gdp phan gianh ddc lap d Lao la mpt hipn tUdng dae bipt lich sii phat trien ciia eae nUdc tren tren the gidi De t h i y dUde sU ddng gdp eiia ngUdi Viet dd'i vdi each mang Lao, trUde het cin lam ro ve sU ed mat eua ngUdi Viet tren vung d i t
Qua trinh di eU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao dien sud't chieu dai lich sii Su cd mat eua ngUdi Viet sinh sd'ng tai Lao trUde nam 1893 xuat phat tU nhu ciu ca nhan lam an buon ban hocie la lanh nan tinh hinh chfnh tri nUdc bat dn So' lUdng r i t nhd va khdng ed so lieu ehinh xac
Hien tUdng di cU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao tang len theo thdi gian tU vung d i t thude ve thUc dan Phap De cap tdi v i n de cac nha nghien cUu ddng thuan quan diem n h a n xdt r i n g ; NgUdi Viet
(6)nr^Y vin ili vi cuQc ddu h>anh 67
NgUdi Vi$t sdm dinh eU va sdng hoa ddng vdi ngUdi Lao K§' thUa truyen thdng cua mpt dan tpc anh hung, yeu dpc lap, tu do, ngUdi Vipt da sat canh ciing nhan dan cac bp tpc Lao chdng lai chinh sach thuoc dia cua thuc dan Phap
Nude Lao, n i m cl phfa Tay B i c ban dao Ddng DUdng, g i n t r u n g tam luc dia Ddng Nam A, n i m an ngfl tren true dUdng tu phfa Tay sang phia Ddng, hai d i u cua nhflng viing d i n cU ddng due, cd nen van hoa lau ddi la Xiem (Thai Lan) va Vipt Nam Ddng thdi, Lao cung ehung dUdng bien gidi vdi Trung Qudc, mpt nUde ldn b khu vUc chau A Quan sat tren ban dd khu vUc thi vung d i t Lao n i m b trung tam mang ludi cdng san dUdc hinh tU nhflng nam 20 ciia t h i ky XX Thdng qua dudng nay, lanh ty Nguyin Ai Qudc va cac ddng chf ciia NgUdi da dem chii nghia Mac - Lenin d§'n vdi nhflng ngUdi yeu nUde, ti§'n bp va xay dUng nen phong trao each mang Lao
Nam 1924, ddng chf Nguyen Ai Qudc ve Quang Chau (Trung Qudc) gay ditng cd sd, sang lap hat nhan van dpng each mang Ddng DUdng hudng theo chan ly ciia thdi dai To' chUc Hdi Vipt Nam each mang nien ddi, boat dpng rpng k h i p khdng chl doi vdi nhan dan nUde ma ca vdi nUdc ngoai Thanh vien ciia hoi da din Xiem va hoat dpng manh me eong ddng ngUdi Vipt sdng cl vung Ddng Bic Xiem, ndi giap bien vdi Lao TU dd, ngUdi Viit yiu nUdc d Ldo dd bdt mdi lien lac vdi td chiic cdch mgng bin Xiem
Do chfnh sach cai tri niia vdi cua thUe dan Phap nen dac dilm eua xa hpi Lao la 81^ p h i n hda giai c i p chUa hoan ehinh Giai cip cdng n h a n Lao chUa du manh, dd chUa thuc sU dam dUdng dU(?c sfl mpnh lich 8ii thdi dai cua minh Chinh vi the
(7)68 Rghi&n cuu Lich sir s6 9+10.2008
Nhin lai phong trao each mang b Lko nhflng nam 30 cua t h e k y XX ta nhan tha'y Viet kieu da gdp p h i n dUa chii nghia Mic- Lenin den d i t Lao Nhflng cd sd Dang d i u tien da dUdc gay dung Mac du lien tiep bi thUc dan Phap khung bd', song phong trao khdng ngUng dUdc phuc hdi va p h i t trien Qua dd, q u i n ehung dUde tap dUdt lam quen vdi d i u tranh each mang
Cung vdi sU van dpng ciia each mang Ddng DUdng, tfnh den thdi diem trUde t h i n g 8/1945 b Lao lUc lUdng chfnh tri va vu trang da cd bUdc phat t r i l n manh Ve phfa Viet kieu, Td'ng hdi Viet kieu da lap ddn vi vu trang d i u tien liy ten la Viet Nam dgc lap qudn (11/5/1945) Thang
6/1945, lUc lupng da dUdc dieu dpng ve cac can cU d Vieng Chan, Tha Khet, Xavanakhet c h u i n hi lUc lUdng Ve phia Lad, nhdm ngUdi Lao yeu nUde luu vong d Thai Lan dUde sU iing he cua Seri Thai cung da xay dUng lUc lUdng cua minh, phan cdng ngUdi ve nUde xay dUng ed sd V i n de dat c i n thd'ng n h i t hanh dpng gifla hai lUc lUdng thdi ed each mang den Tren tinh t h i n Lao- Viet doan ket, Viet kieu d Lao tdn trpng quyen quyet dinh ciia quan chUe Lao Khi nhan dUde sU iing hp ciia hoang than Phet Xarat va sU tan eua dng Pha nha Kham Mao (tinh trUdng tinh Vieng Chan) vao cudi thang 8/1945, Viet E e u td ehflc mit tinh ldn tai Chd Mdi (trung tam ciia Vieng Chan) Tai cupc mft tinh nay, dng Pha nha Kham Mao thay mat ehinh quyen Lao tuyen bd Lao - Viet doan ket chd'ng ke thu ehung TU dd, boat dpng ciia Viet kieu tren d i t Lao la hdp phap Vipt kieu d Lao da sat canh cung nhan dan Lao gianh dpc lap 12/10/1945
Do dac diem ciia xa hpi Lao nen lUdng Viet kieu chiem ti lp kha ddng dan cU Hp da ddng gdp cdng sflc cua minh
trong nhflng nam thang chien tranh each mang, gdp p h i n dUa each mang Lao gianh t h i n g ldi, ddng thdi cung md dUdng cho sU phat trien lien minh chien d i u Viet- Lao Lien minh vUa mang tfnh dan tpc, vUa mang tfnh giai c i p vo san t h i hipn tinh t h i n quo'c te sing, m l u mvfc, thuy ehung , 3 Vai tro cua D a n g Cong san Dong Diidng doi vdi qua trinh dau tranh e a c h m a n g ciia n h a n d a n cac bo toe Lao
T h i n g ldi cua each mang nhieu nhan td tao thanh, nhUng trUde het la c6 dudng ldi dung d i n Cich mang Lao la mpt bd phan khang kbit eiia cich mang Ddng Dudng va each mang the' gidi, vi the t h i n g ldi ciia each mang Lao nam 1945 g i n chat vdi sU dao Dang Cong San Ddng DUdng
Do hoan canh lich sii (nhU da de cap b tren) nen q u i trinh v^n dpng each mang d l tap hdp q u i n ehung Dang bp cdng san d Lao nhan rd q u i n ehung d dd thi bao gdm dan tdc Lao va dan tpc Viet, khae ve dan tpc nhUng cung ehung tren dia ban hoat dpng, cung da'u tranh chdng ke thu ehung la de qudc Phap va phong kiln Khi tinh the each mang x u i t hipn, liin minh chien ddu ddn tgc Ldo - Viet da dUdc hinh tao nen mui giap cdng manh me lat che dp ap bflc gianh dpc lap
(8)Way van di vi cuOc da'u franh 59
san Ddng DUdng" (7) hau t h u i n eho each mang Lao Khdu hieu chien lUdc "Vd sdn tdt cd cdc nUdc vd cdc ddn tgc bi dp biic dodn kit lgi!" dd dUOc Ddng Cdng sdn Ddng Duong van dung phu hdp vdi thiic ted nUdc Ldo vd khu vUc
Trong tien trinh cdch mgng, Ddng dd loi dung mdu thudn hdng ngu dich phdt trien liic lUOng cdch mgng; chdp thdi ccf, kien quyi't phdt dgng qudn chdng ndi day khdi nghia xoa bo bd mdy chinh quyen de qudc vd phong kien nhdm gidnh chinh quyen vi tay nhdn ddn
Dieu the hipn r i t rd thdi ky khdi phuc phong trao each mang nam 1942-1944 Dang nhan t h i y va ldi dung mau t h u i n gifla thUe dan P h i p va quan phipt Thai Lan d l tao dieu kien dUa phong trao quin ehung Viet kieu b Thai Lan boat dpng cdng khai khdng chi la hoat ddng hflu tUdng trd ma cdn td ehUe xay dUng lUc lUdng vu trang d ehien khu Na-khon, Xa-con (Thai Lan) va p h i t trien cae td ehflc cflu qudc d Lao Cupc dao ehinh dem 9/3/1945 da chim dUt nhflng thang "ddng sang di mdng" gifla quan phipt Nhat va thfle dan Phap Su kipn Nhat h i t cing Phap tao nen tinh the each mang tren toan Ddng DUdng la mpt thu^n ldi ldn cho each mang d Lao Khi tinh the each mang trUe tiep x u i t hipn, lUc lUdng chfnh tri da qua r^n luypn d i u tranh ket hdp vdi lUe lUdng vu trang khdi nghia gianh chfnh quyen b nhflng dia ban xung yeu (8) Cac dia phUdng mau chdng gianh chfnh quyen tU tay quan phipt Nhat (Vieng Chan, Xavanakhpt ) va anh dung ehien d i u chd'ng thuc dan Phap ehung quay trd lai chilm dd tbi
Cupc tdng khdi nghia thang Tam Lao da nd trUdc bet d thu dd rdi nhanh chdng lan rpng k h i p ndi "TU 23/8 den cuoi thang
9, nhan dan Lao gianh dUde chfnh quyen d Kham Mudn, Xavanakhpt, Xieng Khoang, S i m NUa, Phong Xaly va cudi cung la Luong Prabang" (9) Rieng Ludng Prabang, chfnh quyen thUe sU thupe ve lUc lUdng each mang vua Xixavangvdng tuyen bd thoai vi 15/11/1945 (Sau Lao tuyen bddpe lap 12/10) NhU vay, qua trinh khdi nghia thang Tam Lao la qua trinh gidnh quyin ldm chu tii trung Ucfng rdi lgi tiep tuc gidnh chinh quyin d nhiing dia phUcfng khde Day la dac diem each mang
Lao khae vdi each mang thang Tam cua Vipt Nam vi each mang thang Tam d Viet Nam di tU khdi nghia tUng phin, giai phdng tUng vung lap can cU dia each mang va chinh quyen each mang d dia phUdng mdt thdi gian trUde tinh the trUe tiep each mang x u i t hipn tien len tong khdi nghia giai phdng ea nUdc bing bao lUc each mang ket hdp ea lUc lUdng chfnh tri va lUe lupng vu trang, ket hdp ca dd thi va ndng thdn
Su khae bipt la sU sang tao cua each mang Lao d l di tdi dieh ddc lap Song ehinh nd cung phan anh sU hgn che md Ddng chUa khde phuc dUOc qud trinh xdy diing liic lUcfng cdch mgng Id xdy diing lien minh cdng- ndng d Ldo
(9)70 Rghito eiru Lich sir s6 9+10.2008 ldn l i ngUdi Vipt va ho sdng chu yeu b khu
vUc thi cua Lao
Do ehua lien minh dUdc vdi giai ca'p ndng dan nen tien trinh each mang d l nhan t h i y nhflng b i t ldi ma each mang Lao phai ddi mat:
Thd! nhdt, can cii each mang phai xay dUng b nUde ngoai (b Thai Lan) dd vung ndng thdn va rUng niii rdng ldn la nhflng ndi xay dUng can cfl tdt cho each mang khdng dUdc phat huy
ThU hai, each mang chi phat trien b cac dd thi, khdng cd sU lien he gifla thi vdi ndng thdn Khi Nhat dao ehinh Phap, ndng thdn - ndi khdng ed ed sd each mang trd ndi tru i n ly tudng ciia thUc dan Phap Khi cd cd hpi, nong thdn lai la ndi ma ke thu dung d l bao vay lUe lUdng each mang b dd thi
Rut kinh nghipm tfl han ch^ nay, sau nam 1945, thdi ky khang chiln chd'ng Phap, Dang da chii trUdng vfin dpng quin chiing ndng dan va xay dUng cftn cfl ndng thdn tao nen hau phUdng viing chic cho each mang Lao
Nam 1945, la mot moc lich sii dac bi$t quan trpng doi vdi khu vUc Dong Nam A, bdi day la khu vUc d i u tien tren the gidi tiln hanh khdi nghia, t i & cdng manh me vao h$ thdng thupc dia cua chii nghia de quoc sau Chien tranh thS' gidi thfl Hai k i t thiic Thanh qua each mang Lao dUiJc coi la hi$n tUdng dac bipt lich sii phong trao each mang the gidi va khu vUc Tai each mang lai cong mpt nUdc x6t vl lUc lupng chfnh trj va tinh hinh kinh t^ xa hpi khdng c6 nhiJng y l u to c i n vk dii nhU mpt sd nUdc khae khu v^Jc? Chiing tdi cho r i n g nhflng vfi'n de da trinh bay cl tren da gdp p h i n giai dap cau hoi nky
CHU THtCH
(1) Cayxon Phdmvihan (1979), M^t vdi kinh nghiim chinh vd mdt sd vdn di vi phUcfng hUdng mdi cua cdch mgng Ldo Nxb Si^ Th$it, Hi Ndi, tr
140
(2) Xedop, Su phdt triin kinh tdcua Ldo td sau chien tranh the gidi thd hai den nam 1958, Nxb Sil Thit Hi Npi 1961 ( Ban tig'ng Nga)
(3), (4) Vu Thi VSn Anh (2007), Nguyen nh&n vd cdc dot di d&n cda ngUcfi Viet den Ldo, T^p chi Nghign ciiu Dong Nam A, so 2, tr 39, 41
(5) LUdng Ninh, Ddt nUdc Ldo lich sd vd van hoa, Nxb Chfnh trj Qudc gia Hi Npi, 1996, tr 197
(6), (7) Geoffrey C Gunn (1988), Political struggles in Laos (1930-1954) Edition Duang Kamol Siam Square, Bangkok, Thailan ( Ban tiifng Anh), tr 42, 62
(8) Dia bin xung ylfu chfnh li cic dd thj Dd thj li cic trung tfim chinh trj cila ca nU6c, li ndi chfnh quyln djch m^nh nhUng cung li ndi li^c lupng cich m^ng phit thin nhi't NhQng dja bin xung yiu li Vi§ng Chin, Thi Kh?t, Savanakh6t [Bao cio tdng keft thcii k^ 1930-1946, Tu h$u vi6n nghien cflu ljch sii Qufin Si;( Vi$t Nam, tr 79]