Phân loại hệ thống quốc tế trong nghiên cứu lịch sử quan hệ quốc tế

Bài viết trình bày phân loại hệ thống quốc tế trong nghiên cứu lịch sử quan hệ quốc tế dựa trên đặc điểm không gian địa lý; dựa trên lĩnh vực tương tác; dựa vào trạng thái, tính chất; dựa vào sự phân bố quyền lực hay cơ cấu quyền lực; sự phân chia hệ thống quốc tế của Morton Kaplan...

PH^N LOfll H€ THONG OUOC T€ TRONG NGHICN ClhJ LiCH SUT QUflN HC QU6c TC f,'; vjn-; HOANG K H A C NAM* H e thd'ng qud'c t l la tdng hdp cac chu the quan he qud'c td' (QHQT) va sQ tQdng tac l i n giQa chung dQdc cd c i u theo nhiing luM 1? va mau hinh n h i t dinh He thd'ng qud'c te' la mot quan nidm ly lu^n dQdc xay dOng dQa tren ly thuyd't he thd'ng X u i t phat tQ Ly thuyd't he thd'ng chung {General Systems Theory) cua hoc gia ngQdi Ao Ludwig von BertManffi, each tilp can va phan tich he thd'ng dQdc ap dung Idioa hoc xa hdi tQ nhQng nam 1950-1960, dd cd Uch sQ QHQT Mot sd' hoc gia ndi tilng nhU Morton Kaplan, Rosecranee, Kenneth WMtz, Gilpin, Joseph Nye la nhQng vi du cua vide phat trien ly thuyd't he thd'ng linh vQc nghidn cQu Hidn nay, ly luEln he thd'ng qud'c te da dQdc i p dung Idia rdng rM nghien cQu QHQT ndi chung, lich sQ QHQT ndi ridng Trong nghien cQu QHQT, t h u a t ngQ "he thd'ng qud'c tl*' dQdc hieu theo hai nghia Idiae Nghia d i u tien la de chi mdt phQdng phap nghidn cQu hay rdng hdn la mdt c i p nghien cQu Nghia thQ hM la de md ta he thd'ng cie qud'c gia hay rdng hdn la he thd'ng cae chu the QHQT x u i t phat tQ each tid'p can he thd'ng Ca hM nghia deu khien he thd'ng qud'c t l cd the dQdc ap dung nghidn cQu lich sQ QHQT Vdi y nghia la phQdng phap, he thd'ng qud'c te dQdc sQ dung nhQ cdng cu de phat hidn va phan tich cac ye'u to' lidn quan dd'n sQ van ddng QHQT lich sQ Vdi y nghia phan anh thiic tien g i n kd't giQa cae qud'c gia, h? thd'ng qud'c t l chinh la sQ the hien qua trinh phat trien cua QHQT theo thdi gian Tuy nhidn, vide ap dung IM tQdng ddi Idiac n h a u dQa trdn nhQng each phan loai he thd'ng qud'c td' k h i c S Q phan loM Idiie n h a u x u i t phat tQ cich tid'p can khac vdi nhQng tidu chi k h i c S Q phan loai Idiac n h a u la dilu binh thQdng bdi thudc vao muc tieu nghien cQu Idiac Mdi cich phan loM d i u cd nhQng Qu diem ridng hQdng tdi lam rd sQ van ddng eua ydu td' nao dd he thd'ng qud'c td' Vi t h i , vide tim hieu cac cich phan loai khac n h a u se giup dem them sQ da dang va linh boat nghien cQu QHQT va lich sQ Xuit phat tQ ly dd, bM vid't n i y n h i m gidi thieu mot sd' each phan loai h? thdiig qude te chii ylu ma cd the vkn dung dQdc vao nghidn cQu Uch sQ QHQT Cie each phan loai diia trdn nhiing tieu chi khac nhQ dac diem khdng gian dia ly, linh vQc tQdng tac, trang thM va tinh chit, cd c i u phan bd'quyin liie cua he thd'ng qud'c td', DQa t r e n d a c d i e m k h o n g g i a n dja ly Theo each phan loM nay, h? thd'ng qucic te dQdc phan chia lam hM loai: He thd'ng qude te toan ciu (hay cdn goi la he thd'ng toan ciu, h? •PGS.TS Khoa Qude te hoc - TrUdng DHKHXH&NV - DHQG HN 54 thd'ng the' gidi) va he thd'ng qude te' Idiu vQc (hay cdn goi l i he thd'ng khu vQc) H^ thd'ng toan c i u la de chi he thd'ng qud'c t l cd quy md Ididng gian dia ly k h i p t h i gidi hoac g i n k h i p t h i gidi He thd'ng toan c i u chi x u i t hi?n QHQT da phat trien dat tdi quy md toan ciu, idii sQ phu thudc l i n n h a u giQa eic ehu the QHQT cung dien k h i p t h i gidi Trong lich sQ QHQT, chi cd hM h? thd'ng qud'c t l dQdc coi la h? thd'ng toan ciu Dd la he thd'ng qud'c t l thdi ky 1945-1991 va he thd'ng qud'c t l sau Chien tranh lanh hidn H? thong Idiu vQc de chi he thd'ng qud'c t l cd quy md Ididng gian mdt khu vQc dia ly nao dd cua t h i gidi Theo dinh nghia cua BrMUard Ph va DjMili M.R., he thd'ng khu vQc la "tdng hdp cac tQdng t i c dac trQng trdn cd sd sQ phu thudc vao dia ly" (1) N l u dQa trdn IdiM nidm he thd'ng qud'c td' nhQ da trinh bay d trdn thi he thd'ng khu vQc cd the dQdc hieu la "tdng hdp eic chu the QHQT g i n bd cung mdt Idiu vQc dia ly va nhQng tQdng t i c dac trQng ciia chung" Trong thiic tien Uch sQ, he thdng khu vQc x u i t hidn tnide he thong toan c i u QHQT mdi chi p h i t triln tren quy md khu vQc NhQng he thd'ng qud'c t l toan ciu hinh thanh, he thd'ng Idiu vQc v i n tid'p tuc tdn tai va trd nhiing tieu he thd'ng bdn h? thd'ng dd, tQc la mdt dang p h i n tQ ciia he thd'ng qude t l toan eiu Trdn ed sd dd ma ngQdi ta cd the chia t h i gidi cie h? thd'ng khu vQc nhQ chau Au, chau Phi, chau My, chau A Cae he thd'ng khu vQc ciing dQdc chia tid'p thMih cac tieu h? thd'ng khu vQc nhd hdn nhQ Tay Au va Ddng Au d chau Au; Bic My, My Latinh d chau My; Ddng Nam A, Ddng Bie A, Nam A, Trung CMi Ddng d chau A; Bic Phi, Trung Phi, Nam chau Phi d chau Phi Tham chi, eic tieu he thd'ng khu vQc cdn dQdc chia nhd tid'p nQa nhQ Ddng Nam A hai Rghign curu Lich sit s6 8.201Q dao va Ddng Nam A luc dia, nhQ Benelux ciia Tay Au va Balkan cua Ddng Au Tuy cung la mot p h i n tQ ciia h? thd'ng qud'c t l toan ciu, song h$ thd'ng khu vQc thQdng la mot he thd'ng k h i chat cd n h i l u mdl tQdng t i c lau ddi, sau s i c va phong phu hdn so vdi he thong qud'c t l toan c i u Ddi vdi cie he thd'ng Idiu vQc chat che, h? thd'ng toan c i u n h i l u lai ddng vM trd nhQ mdi trQdng bdn ngoM ciia he thd'ng khu vQc Trong h? thd'ng Idiu vQc nay, eic p h i n tii thQdng chiu tac ddng tQ h? thong khu vQc n h i l u hdn la he thdiig toan c i u bdi khu vQc la mdi tnidng trQc tilp Nhin chung hidn nay, he thdng khu vQc v i n tdn tai manh me he thohg toan e i u va thQdng mang theo minh nhQng dac trQng ridng ca ve chinh t h i l i n tQdng t i c giQa cac p h i n tQ cua he thdiig Cung diia trdn yeu to' dia ly, cd ngQdi phan chia k i t hdp vdi ydu to chinh trj Ddng va Tay nhQ Chiln tranh lanh (y thQc he, e h i chinh tri, chie'n iQdc an ninh ), kd't hdp vdi y l u to'kinh te Bic va Nam nhQ hidn (mQc giau nghdo, trinh p h i t trien kinh t^ ) (2) Mac du eic thuat ngQ dQdc sQ dung Idii phd bid'n nhQng Bic, Nam, Ddng, Tay khdng hoan toan la nhiing h? thd'ng Xdt theo quan diem cua chu nghia khu vQc, dd khdng phai la cie khu vQc ma chi l i tap hdp nhiing p h i n tii cd ctmg nhQng dac diem chung ve chinh tri hay kinh te va diing thuat ngQ dia ly de md ta Qdc Id ma thdi Uu dilm ciia each phan loai la giup t h i y dQdc qua trinh md rdng cua QHQT lich sQ va hien tai Nd cung giup tim hieu thdm eic xu hQdng toan c i u hda, khu vQc hda va mdl tQdng tac giQa chung NgoM ra, each phan loai ciing giup t h i y cac t i e ddng tQ ca toan c i u va khu vQc tdi sQ van ddng cua QHQT Phan loai hg Ihgng qugc ti NhQde dilm cua each phan chia Idiu vQc la d ba diem ThQ nhdt, Idiu vQc dia ly dQdc hinh t h a n h khdng ehi tQ sQ g i n k l v l dia ly ma cdn phu thudc vao ba ylu td' nQa la tQdng ddng ve van hda xa hdi, tQdng tac v l chinh tri va tQdng tac kinh t l (3) Vl the, vide phan loai chi diia t h u i n vao tidu chi Ididng gian dia ly khdng phan anh dQdc tinh chinh the va linh vQc tQdng tac da dang cua he thd'ng Idiu vQc ThQ hai, sQ phan chia diia theo ye'u to' dia ly nhQ trdn cung Ididng phan anh chinh xae mQc tQdng tac giQa cac p h i n tQ vd'n la ed sd hinh t h a n h ndn he thd'ng Vi du, chau A khdng b i n la mot he thd'ng bdi sQ tQdng tac giQa Ddng Nam A va Tay A la Idia ylu, Ddng Nam A la mot he thd'ng rd rang song thQc t l cac tQdng tac Idnh te vdi bdn ngoM lai manh hdn h? thd'ng ThQ ba, each phan chia bi chi phdi bdi sQ phan chia dia ly t r u y i n thd'ng ndn dang gap khd khan vide giM thich hi?n tQdng x u i t hien n h i l u h? thd'ng khu vQc khdng n i m Idiudn khd dia ly nhQ quan niem trQdc Ida Vi du, chau A-ThM Binh DQdng cd dQdc coi la he thd'ng khu vQc khdng cd nhilu y l u td' cua he thd'ng nhQng IM hdi Idid xae dinh khudn Idid dia ly cua nd Diia t r e n l i n h viic txidng t a c Trong nghien cQu QHQT, ddi he thd'ng qud'c t l dQdc phan loM theo Unh vQc boat ddng nao dd cua he thd'ng Dd cung la linh vQc tap trung sQ tQdng tac giQa cae p h i n tQ Dd cung la ndi dien r a boat ddng chQc nang chu ydu cua he thong qud'c t l , tQc la phan Qng eua hd thd'ng ddi vdi cie p h i n tQ eung dien chu y l u linh vQc Vi the, cac h? thong qud'c t l dQdc phan loai theo linh vQe tQdng tac cdn dQdc goi la hd thd'ng chQc nang Theo each phan loai nay, h? thd'ng qud'c t l thQdng dQdc chia t h a n h cae he thd'ng 55 chQc nang nhQ he thd'ng Idnh te va h? thd'ng chinh tri Tuy nhidn, tQng loai h? thd'ng chQc nang, sQ phan chia tilp ciing Idia Idiac diia trdn sQ k i t hdp them nhiing tidu chi Idiae bdn canh tidu chi chung la mQc tQdng tac Knh vQc chQc nang Vi du, diia trdn tieu ehi k i t hdp la c h i d? sd hOu Idnh te, cd cae he thd'ng Idnh te nhQ h? thd'ng Idnh te' tQ ban ehii nghia (TBCN) va h? thd'ng kinh te' xa hdi ehu nghia (XHCN) TQdng tQ nhQ v^y, diia trdn y thQc h?, h? thd'ng chinh tri gdm h? thd'ng chinh tri TBCN va he thd'ng chinh tri XHCN Vi du khac diia trdn tidu chi kd't hdp la chii nghia khu vQc kmh te, ed he thd'ng kmh te Tay Au (EU), Bie My (NAFTA) va Ddng A; k i t hdp vdi thQdng mai hay tM chinh, cd he thd'ng thQdng mai qude td'va he thd'ng tM chinh qudic tl Trong mdt chQng miic nhd hdn, ciing cd ngitdi dQa them he thd'ng van hda-xa hdi vao nghidn cQu QHQT H? thdiig cd the dQdc xae dinh theo nhiing tQdng ddng chung v l van hda, tdn giao, ngdn ngQ hay cung ngudn gd'c s i c tdc hoac dQdc phan loai theo tQng tidu chi ridng re Tuy nhidn, vide sQ dung he thd'ng Ididng phd bid'n l i m nghidn cQu QHQT bdi nhQng diem chung van hda-xa hdi chQa b i n da dem lai tinh chinh the cho he thd'ng ciing nhQ tQdng tac van hda-xa hdi chQa du manh de cd the tao h? thd'ng Cac he thd'ng chQc nang theo cich phan loM cung ed the dQdc coi la nhQng tieu he thd'ng bdn mdt he thong qud'c t l toan c i u hay khu vQc n i o dd Richard W Mansbach cho r i n g tieu h? thd'ng l i "nhQng tQdng t i c rdng rM giQa cie chu the mot he thd'ng ldn hdn v l nhQng v i n d l Cl? the" (4) Theo dinh nghia nay, cac h^ thd'ng Idnh t l , chinh tri, van hda la nhQng tieu he thd'ng ciia he thd'ng qud'c t l da di?n vd'n gdm n h i l u linh vQc tQdng t i c 56 Uu diem ciia each p h a n loai n i y l i giup t h i y dQdc cd sd v i linh vQc lidn kd't chu ye'u sriQf» cac p h i n tQ de tao t h i n h he thd'ng qud'c te Nd ciing giup t h i y dQdc chQc nang cua h? thd'ng de tQ dd d o i n dinh dQdc p h i n nao phan Qng cua h? thd'ng ddi vdi cie p h i n tQ va quan he giQa ehiing Cich phan loai cung giup tim hieu sQ van ddng cua QHQT tQng linh vQc cu the Tuy nhien, each phan loai cung cd it n h i t hM nhQdc diem ThQ nhdt, sQ q u i tap trung vao mot linh vQc boat ddng chQc nang cua he thd'ng de d i n dd'n cM nhin p h i l n dien khdng phan anh dQdc tinh da dien cua h? thd'ng ciing nhQ tQdng tac he thd'ng He thd'ng qud'c td' thQdng la da linh vQc va cac linh vQc deu quan nhQ ThQ hai, sQ phan loai cung khd giup t h i y d i y dii nguydn n h a n v i dilu Iden cua sQ van ddng he thd'ng qud'c te' thiic te' cho t h i y , giQa cac linh vQc thQdng cd sQ dan xen va tQdng tac l i n k h i manh me Tham chi, n h i l u sQ tQdng t i c linh vQc hoan toan cd the hi thay ddi bdi nhQng b i l n ddng nhQng linh vQc Idiac Diia v a o t r a n g t h a i , t i n h c h a t Day la cich phan loM x u i t p h i t tQ mue dieh cua ngQdi nghidn cQu Cach phan loai cd the van dung diia tren nhQng tidu chi khac Cd bd'n loai tieu chi dQdc sQ dung phd b i l n la mQc tQdng t i c giQa cae p h i n tQ h? thd'ng, trang thM quan he vdi bdn ngoM, trang thM dn dinh va tinh c h i t chu y l u cua tQdng t i c he thd'ng Cdch thQ nhdt diia trdn mQc tQdng t i c manh hay ye'u, long hay chat giQa cie p h i n tQ he thd'ng Theo each n i y , cd hai loai he thd'ng qud'c td' chat va ldng Trong he thd'ng qud'c t l chat, sQ tQdng tac giQa eae p h i n tQ la Idia sau sic vdi mQc phu thudc l i n tQdng ddi ldn Cd c i u Rghign curu Lich siSr sg 8.2010 cua he thd'ng cung chat che hdn va eic luat chdi cua he thd'ng ciing ed hieu iQc ldn hdn Ddng thdi, boat dpng chQc nang hay phan ling cua h$ thd'ng tdi eic p h i n tQ ciing thQdng manh hdn Cdn h? thd'ng qude te ldng, t i t ca cie y l u td' tren d i u yeu hdn nhilu He thd'ng XHCN v i TBCN Chiln tranh lanh la nhiing vi du dien hinh eua h? thd'ng chat Ddi vdi he thdiig ldng, h i u h i t cac he thd'ng qude td' toan c i u d i u la he thd'ng long Trdn cap khu vQc, ASEAN d Ddng Nam A cung la mdt hd thd'ng Idia long leo Chie'n tranh lanh nhQng hien mQc da giam bdt v i n cdn long Cdch thQ hai dQa trdn trang thM quan h? vdi ben ngoM n h i l u hay it Theo each nay, cd hM loai la h? thd'ng qud'c te md va he thd'ng qud'c te ddng He thd'ng qud'c t l md la he thd'ng cd quan he vdi ben ngoM nhilu, va tham chi la cd xu hQdng md rdng k i t nap thdm cie p h i n tQ mdi Cdn he thong qud'c t l ddng la h? thd'ng tQdng dm khdp kin, it quan h? vdi bdn ngoM va cd xu hQdng phan bi?t ddi xQ vdi eic p h i n tQ ngoai he thd'ng Bdi tQdng t i e vdi mdi trQdng bdn ngoai n h i l u hdn ndn he thdiig md eung de chiu t i c ddng tQ ngoM hdn h? thd'ng ddng Vi du, h i u h i t h$ thd'ng kinh t l cua eac nQdc de qud'c t h a n h lap cung vdi eic thudc dia hoac ddng minh cua minh tnide nam 1945 d i u la he thd'ng ddng he thd'ng Idnh t l the' gidi ciing nhQ cac h? thd'ng kinh te Idiu vQc hi?n deu la h? thd'ng md Hay NATO la mdt h? thdng quan sQ ehinh trj tQdng ddi ddng Chie'n t r a n h lanh nhQng da ed xu hQdng trd t h a n h he thd'ng md hdn sau Idii khd'i Hi?p Qdc quan sQ Warsaw khdng cdn nQa Cdch thQ ba diia trdn trang t h i i dn djnh ciia he thd'ng Theo each nay, cd the phan loai h? thd'ng qud'c t l t h a n h hai loai: H? thd'ng qud'c t l dn dinh hay Ididng dn dinh He thd'ng qud'c te dn dinh la h? thd'ng cd sQ Phan loai hg Ihgng qugc ti dn dinh tQdng ddi cd c i u phan bd' quyen liic eua he thd'ng, each thQc quan he giQa cie chu t h i QHQT va phQdng thQc t i c dong eua he thd'ng qud'c t l ddi vdi cie chu the Cdn he thd'ng qud'c td' khdng dn dinh thi khdng dQdc nhQ vay Vi du, he thd'ng qud'c t l thdi ky giQa hM cuoc T h i chiln (1919-1939) la khdng dn dinh vdi nhiing bid'n dong thQdng xuydn Trong dd, he thd'ng qud'c t l thdi ky Chidn tranh lanh lai la tQdng ddi dn dinh vdi nhiing xu hQdng van ddng k h i rd rang TQdng tQ nhQ vay, hidn nay, he thd'ng Idiu vQc Tay Au la he thd'ng dn dinh, cdn he thd'ng Idiu vQc Trung Ddng v i n tid'p tue Ididng dQdc dn dinh Cdch thQ tu dQa trdn tinh c h i t ehu ylu cua tQdng tac he thd'ng Theo each nay, he thd'ng qud'c te cd the la he thd'ng xung dot hay he thd'ng hdp t i c Tinh c h i t hdp tac hay xung dot dQdc phan i n h qua m i u hinh tQdng tac chu y l u giQa eic p h i n tQ va tao t h a n h xu the quan he chung he thd'ng qud'c td' Day la each phan loai hay dQdc i p dung de phan ky lich sQ QHQT Vi du, he thd'ng quan binh quyin iQc d chau Au thdi gian 1815-1914, h? thd'ng qud'c te thdi ky giQa hM cuoc T h i chiln (1919-1939) va he thd'ng qud'c t l thdi ky Chid'n tranh lanh d i u la he thd'ng xung dot Trong dd, he thd'ng qud'c t l sau Chie'n tranh lanh cd ve nhQ la mdt he thd'ng hdp tae n h i l u hdn hdp tac va hdi nhap dang la nhQng xu thd' ldn, ldi cud'n moi chu the t h a m gia Cich phan loai cd Qu diem d chd la ndu bat dQdc nhQng dac diem hay kha nang ndi bat nao dd cua he thd'ng qud'c td' va dilu la cd ich nghidn cQu Tuy nhidn, vide chi diia tren tinh c h i t hay trang thM nao dd eua he thd'ng thi khdng giup phan anh dQdc mQc va quy md cua tQdng tac cung nhQ Ididng cho t h i y diidc ed 57 c i u vd'n la nhQng dac tinh can ban cua he thd'ng NhQde diem nQa la nd chi phan i n h dQdc trang thM tinh ma Ididng lam rd dQdc trang thM ddng eua h? thd'ng thiic t i h e thd'ng ludn van ddng va biln ddi Diia v a o sii p h a n b o q u y e n liic h a y cd c a u q u y e n liic Day la cich phan loai dQdc sQ dung k h i phd bie'n nghidn cQu cung nhQ tren cie phQdng tien thdng tin dai chung Cich phan loai chiu anh hQdng ldn eua he quy chid'u quyin liic va each tid'p can he thd'ng cua Chu nghia Hidn thiie Mdi Theo dd, he thd'ng qud'c td' dQdc phan loai diia theo cd eau phan bd' quyin liie he thd'ng Cd c i u p h a n bd' quyin liic dQdc the hidn b i n g "cQc" Ciic {Polarity, Polar) vd'n la mot t h u a t ngQ vat ly va dQdc sQ dung QHQT de chi nhQng trung tam quyin liic doe lap he thd'ng qud'c t l Cac trung tam quyin iQc cd the la qud'c gia hoac lien minh giQa cac qud'c gia (5) Theo cich phan loM nay, cd nhQng dang he thd'ng qud'c te sau: H? thd'ng ddn ciie, hM ciic, ba cQc va da ciie + He thd'ng ddn cQc (Unipolar system) Ik he thd'ng qude td' cd mdt trung tam quyin iQc ma cac p h i n tQ Idiac phai xoay quanh nd (6), tQc la phM chiu anh hQdng chi phdi cua nd He thd'ng ddn cQc dQdc bieu hidn dQdi n h i l u dang thQc k h i c nhQ ba chu, he thd'ng d l qud'c hay hidn tQdng mot sidu CQdng Trong dd, ba chu (Hegemony) cd Qu t h i quyin liic vQdt troi so cie p h i n tQ Idiac he thd'ng qud'c t l dd'n mQc cd the mot minh chi phdi cac luM 1? cung nhQ s i p xd'p QHQT Vi du, vai trd ba chu cua My va Lidn Xd tQng phe TBCN va XHCN thdi ky Chid'n t r a n h lanh He thd'ng d l qud'c cd q u y i n liic g i n nhQ tuyet doi eiia mot nude d l qud'c dQdc the hi?n qua sQ cM trj hoac Idem soat eac p h i n tQ khac 58 he thd'ng ca ve ddi ngoai l i n ddi ndi H? thd'ng de qud'c tdn tai n h i l u lich sQ vdi cac d l qude va he thd'ng thudc dja eua nd Vi du, he thd'ng de qude La Ma thdi cd dai, he thd'ng de qud'c Trung Hoa thdi trung dai, he thd'ng de qud'c Anh va Phap thdi cMi dai (7) Sieu cQdng cung la mdt cQdng qude nhQng cd quyin liie vQdt trdi va ca kha nang chi phdi cac cQdng qude khic Dang thQc gid'ng hdt b i chu nhQng dQdc sQ dung nhiing dilu kidn mdi cua he thd'ng qud'c t l thdi hidn dai va trdn quy md toan ciu VM trd sidu cQdng cua My va Lidn Xd thdi ky Chid'n tranh lanh la mot vi du + He thd'ng hM cQc {Bipolar system) Ik he thd'ng qud'c t l cd hai qud'c gia hoac hai Ididi lidn minh ldn cd vai trd nhQ nhQng trung tam quyin liic chi phdi cac p h i n tQ khae va ea h? thd'ng qud'c t l Vi du ldn n h i t ljch sQ v l he thd'ng hM ciic chinh la vM trd eua Lidn Xd va My thdi ky Chie'n tranh lanh HM qud'c gia da tap hdp va dQng d i u hM lidn minh ddi djch la phe XHCN va phe TBCN HM cQc va hai phe da tao nen cd c i u ehinh trj the gidi dd va chi phdi h i u h i t QHQT TrQdc dd, d i u thd' ky XX eung tdn tM he thd'ng hai cQc d chau Au la Ididi Antanta (Anh, Phap, Nga) va phe Lidn minh (DQc, Ao-Hung, Bungari, Thd Nhi Ky) He thd'ng hM ciic cung dQdc phan i n h nhilu trdn quy md khu vQc Trong dd, thQdng tdn tai hM qud'c gia ed anli hQdng hdn Idiu vQc va ed sQ tranh gianh anh hQdng khu vQc n h i t djnh giQa chung Vi du, India va Paldstan d Nam A, Brazil va Argentina d Nam My, Nhat va Trung Qud'c d Ddng A + He thd'ng ba cQc {Tripolar system) Ik h? thd'ng qud'c te' cd ba trung tam quyin iQc ldn hdn b i n cie p h i n tQ Idiac Cd ngQdi goi day la he thd'ng chan vac Day la mot dang he thd'ng qud'c td' hay cd c i u quyin iQc da Rghign curu Lich siSr sg 8.2010 tQng hidn dien ljch sii Song so vdi cie hinh thM Idiac, tinh dn djnh cua nd Ididng cao bdi thQdng cd xu hQdng hM nQdc lidn minh de chd'ng lai nQdc va de ehuyen he thd'ng hM cQc Vi du dien hinh la tam giac chiln iQde Xd-My-Trung d chau A - ThM Binh DQdng thdi ky Chien tranh lanh D i u tidn, nhQng nam 1950, dd la hM cQc vdi Xd-Trung mdt ben My mdt bdn Sau dd, Trung Qude t i c h Ididi Lidn Xd va he thd'ng ba cQc hinh d chau A - ThM Binh DQdng nhiing nam 1960-1970 Dd'n cudi thap ky 1970, My va Trung Qude Uen minh vdi chong lai Lien Xd He thdiig ba cQc lai bj l i n g xuong Tinh ba cQc cua nd n g i n dd'n ndi nhilu ngQdi Ididng quan tam d i n h? thd'ng ba cQc va coi nd n i m hd thd'ng hM cQc Tuy nhien, hien nay, he thd'ng ba cQc dang dQdc n h i l u ngQdi quan tam tQ gdc Idnh te cho r i n g he thd'ng kinh te the gidi thdi ky h a u C h i l n t r a n h lanh se bj chi phdi bdi ba trung tam Idnh te ldn la Bic My, EU va N h a t Ban/Ddng A + He thd'ng da cQc {Multipolar system) \k h? thd'ng qud'c t l cd n h i l u trung tam quyin iQc He thd'ng da cQc dQdc xay dQng diia trdn can b i n g quyin iQc tQdng ddi giQa cac CQc Trong he thd'ng nay, khdng cd mot trung tam nao q u i manh de cd the l i n i t dQdc cac qud'c gia Idiac va lam cho h? thd'ng qud'c te trd t h a n h ddn cQc Trong h? thd'ng da cQc, cac qud'c gia k i l m c h i l i n de ngan khdng eho M dd trd ndn manh len, pha v3 can b i n g quyin liic Cung cd the cd mdt qud'c gia ddng vM trd "ngQdi can bing" {Balancer) dQng trung lap, s i n sang nhay vao bdn y l u de lam cho can can quyin liic trd lai can b i n g Trong h? thd'ng dd, xu hQdng cae qud'c gia theo dudi quyin iQc qud'c te ndn thQdng cd nguy cd de doa pha vd can b i n g cu va vi thd' cae qud'c gia cd the thay ddi lidn minh de tao nhQng can Phan loai hg thgng qugc ti b i n g mdi NhQng cung vi diem ma sd' iQdng cae cQc d day dQdc n h i l u ngQdi (Morton Kaplan, Joshua Goldstein, ) cho r i n g phM cd tQ nam cQc trd len (8) N l u he thd'ng cd bd'n cQc thi de bj chuyen t h a n h hM cQc bdi sQ lien minh giQa cie ciic n h i m gianh Qu the vdi Cd e i u quyin liic h? thd'ng da cQc cd the dQdc phan anh theo chilu ngang b i n g he thd'ng eic cQdng qude NhQng nd cung cd the dQdc phan anh theo chilu doc qua thQ bae quyin liic giQa cac trung tam nhQ md hinh Kim tQ thap quyin liic {Pyramid of Power) Trong md hinh nay, qud'c gia manh n h i t n i m d dinh, ke t i l p la cac CQdng qud'c khac Qud'c gia cang manh thi cang n i m d g i n dinh Rdi dQdi nQa la nhiing qud'c gia ye'u hdn Do dd'c cua Kim tii thap phan anh mQc so sanh quyin liic ciing nhQ tinh c h i t tQdng tac giQa chung Kim tQ t h i p cang t h i p , sQ chenh lech quyin liie Ididng cao, eac qud'c gia cang binh dang Kim tii thap cang dd'c, Idioang each quyin liic cang each biet, quan he b i t binh d i n g cang tang He thd'ng da cQc Idia phd b i l n ljch sQ QHQT He thd'ng da cQc ndi tieng n h i t la he thd'ng quan binh quyin iQc chau Au khoang thdi gian tQ sau Hidp Qdc Vienna nam 1815 d i n tnide T h i chiln I He thd'ng cd da trung tam la Anh, Phap, Nga, Ao-Hung, DQc, ItMy vdi Anh la ngQdi ddng vM trd can b i n g Nhilu ngQdi ciing eho r i n g he thd'ng qud'c te sau Chid'n tranh lanh se la da cQc bdi sQ tdn tai cua ba trung tam kinli te Bic My-EU-Nhat Ban/Ddng A va nam trung tam chinh trj la My-EU-Nga-Trung Qud'c-Nhat Ban Theo quan diem cua eac nha Hidn thiic chu nghia, each phan loai diia trdn sQ phan bd' quyin liic ed Qu didm phan anh dQdc cd c i u eua he thd'ng qud'c t l vdi sii phan t i n g theo sQc manh cua cae qude gia vien 59 Cac "cQc" cung la ndi chu yeu tao cac luat Id tQdng tac giQa cac p h i n tQ, la ngudn chinh cua cac phan iing chQc nang tQ mdi tnidng ben Sii dn djnh cua h? thd'ng eiing phu thudc r i t n h i l u vao cie cQc va sQ tQdng tac giQa chiing Tuy nhien, cich phan loai ciing chQa diing nhiing nhQdc diem n i m nhQdc diem chung cua Chu nghia Hidn thiic nhQ sQ tap trung vao qude gia va chinh trj quyin liic ma khdng tinh d i n cie p h i n tQ Idiae va nhQng tQdng tac thudc Unh vQc kinh te', van hda, xa hdi Sii p h a n c h i a h e t h o n g q u o e t e ciia Morton Kaplan Md hinh cua Morton Kaplan k h i ndi tid'ng bdi nd la mot nhiing cdng trinh d i u tidn nghidn cQu tQdng ddi toan dien v l he thd'ng qud'c t l Trong chQng miic nao dd, day Cling la mdt cich p h a n loai he thd'ng qud'c t l Md hinh gdm kieu he thd'ng, dd md hinh d i u mang tinh gia t h i l t va md hinh sau mang tinh tidn nghiem + H? thd'ng phu quyd't: Moi qud'c gia d i u cd kha nang tQ bao ve minh va ngan ehan sQ de doa ben ngoM sQ dung sQc manh ddi vdi minh Trong he thd'ng nay, moi qud'c gia d i u cd the sQ dung eic k h a nang de ngan chan sQ de doa va d i u tich ciic chong lai sQ de doa dd Trong he thd'ng nay, vM trd ciia cac td chQc qud'c t l toan e i u thQdng la b a n che H? thd'ng se trd t h a n h nguy hiem nd'u vu Idii h a t n h a n dQdc phd bid'n rdng rai Vi du, dd la he thd'ng qud'c gia dpc lap eiia chau Au sau 1648 + Hd thd'ng can b i n g q u y i n iQc: Day l i dang he thd'ng da ciic Theo Kaplan, h? thd'ng c i n it n h i t cQdng qud'c vi neu it hdn, he thd'ng de trd t h a n h hM cQc Theo Kaplan, he thd'ng cd nguyen t i c tao ndn nhiing boat ddng dae t n i n g cua h$ thd'ng qud'c te Mdt la tang cQdng kha nang dam phan ma khdng phai d i u tranh Hai 60 Rghign cthi Lich sJr sg 8.2010 la d i u t r a n h chQ khdng phai la t h i t bai vi?c tang cQdng kha nang Ba la dQng d i u tranh ma khdng phai loai trQ qud'c gia chu chd't nao dd Bd'n Id chd'ng lai b i t cQ lidn minh hay qud'c gia nao dd cd xu hQdng ddng vM trd Qu t h i he thd'ng Ndm Id k i l m chd' nhQng chu the tan cac nguyen t i e eua td chQc sidu qud'c gia Vd sdu la eho phdp cie qud'c gia chu chd't bj danh bai hoac bj kilm c h i tilp tue tham gia vao h? thd'ng qude te' vdi mot vM trd tQdng ddi hoac dQa mot sd' qude gia Ididng phM la chii chd't trd chu the quan hdn Vi du, dd la He thd'ng quan binh quyin liic d chau Au tnide The'chiln I che den mQc khdng cd cae quoe gia trung lap hay dQng ngoM nhQ he thd'ng hai cQc linh boat, cac chu the cd tinh toan c i u d day cung chi ddng vM trd b a n c h i va it cd anh hQdng ldn Ididi hay khdi Binh luMi v l hd thd'ng nay, nhilu hoc gia cho r i n g day la he thd'ng r i t de gay tinh trang b i t dn djnh bdi mau t h u i n sau sic, sQ biln ddng Uen tuc liic iQdng hM bdn lam cho can b i n g de thay ddi va sQ d i u tranh thQdng xuyen giQa hM ciic Vi du, dd la he thd'ng hM cQc thdi ky Chid'n tranh lanh Trong nhiing nam 1950, h? thd'ng dQdc coi la chat che nhQng da dQdc coi la long sau sQ tich rdi cua Trung Qudic va Phap + He thd'ng hM ciie Unh boat (hay mIm deo): Trong he thd'ng cd qud'c gia, cae chu the mdi nhQ hen minh va cae chu the mang tinh toan c i u nhQ td chQc qude td' Tinh Unh boat d day the hidn d chd cd nhilu phQdng i n cua he thd'ng hM ciic Cd sd cua nd phu thudc vao td chQc bdn tQng khdi Khdi cd the d i n g cip hda manh me va cd tinh doc doan Idii ngQdi dQng d i u rang bude dQdc cie ddng minh Khi dd, he thd'ng se bid'n ddi sang he thd'ng hM cQe chat che hoac h? thd'ng thQ bae Khdi ciing ed the khdng d i n g cip h o i hoac dQdc d i n g c i p h o i cd mQc nd'u dQdc hinh qua dddng tham khao l i n giQa cac qude gia tii ehu Khi dd, he thd'ng lai trd he thd'ng da ciic Hoac gia neu cd chien tranh tdng thd thi se d i n d i n tinh trang vd chinh phii hoac he thd'ng thQ bac Tinh c h i t d i n g cip tQng Ididi khac se d i n dd'n cie phQdng an Idiac eua he thd'ng hM ciic Vi du, dd la he thd'ng qude t l giQa hM cude The chid'n vdi qua trinh tdn tai hM phe ddng minh va phat xit -t- H? thd'ng toan ciu: H? thd'ng cd the cd dQdc cie td chQc toan c i u thiic hi?n dQdc cie chQc nang cua minh mdt each hieu qua Trong he thd'ng nay, cac chu the toan c i u ed vM trd ndi trdi va cd nhilu quyin cua qud'c gia nhQ xae djnh quy c h i qud'c gia va p h a n chia ngudn ldi cho chung Chung eung di r a nhQng quy djnh cho QHQT va cd trach nhiem theo ddi vide thiic thi He thd'ng dQdc xay diing tren sQ nha't nguydn mdi trQdng chinh trj qud'c t l va trdn cd sd cd sQ doan k i t giQa cie ehu the qud'c gia va toan c i u Cac xung dot qud'c te se dQdc giM quyet theo cac nguydn t i e chinh trj cua he thd'ng + Hd thd'ng hai ciie chat che (hay cQng r i n ) : Khac vdi he thd'ng trdn, he thd'ng dQdc hinh t h a n h b i n g trat tii d i n g c i p manh me Trong he thd'ng nay, mQc chat + H? thd'ng cd thQ bac: H? thd'ng ed the dQdc hieu la mdt he thd'ng chinh trj chung cho toan thd' gidi Trong dd, vM trd ciia cac td chQc qud'c td' chung la ldn hdn qud'c gia, qud'c gia-dan tdc m i t di y nghia cua nd va cd the trd nhQng ddn vj lanh thd ddn t h u i n He thd'ng cd tinh lien kd't cao dd'n mQc cd kha nang ngan chan khuynh hQdng n i t lui r a Ididi h? thd'ng va sQ quay trd lai cua qud'c gia-dan toe He thd'ng thQ bac cd the la dan chii cac nQdc d i u mong mud'n cung ed' va phat trien he thd'ng qud'c te' H? thd'ng thQ bac Phan loai hg ftgng qugc ti eung cd the la doe tM cQdng qud'c hoac mdt Ididi qud'c gia nao dd ap dat he thd'ng dd ldn cac qud'c gia khac (9) Cach phan loai hd thd'ng qude te cua Kaplan ciing p h i n nao diia trdn cd c i u phan bd' quyin iQc Trong chQng miic nao dd, Kaplan da cd' ging diia trdn ljch sQ de IdiM q u i t cac md hinh cd tinh gia thie't ciing nhQ d l r a nhiing phQdng an dii b i o cho tQdng IM Kaplan ciing phan tich v l kha nang tQdng tac giQa cac chu the ben tiing md hinh Tuy nhidn, cich phan loai ciing ed nhiing nhQdc diem la thien v l quyin liie, eae cQdng qud'c va sQ xung dot nhQ nhiing dac t n i n g eua he thd'ng qude t l NhQ vay, he thd'ng qud'c te' vdi tQ each la mot cdng cu ly lu^n da ed n h i l u each phan loai Idiac Mdi cich d i u cd nhQng Qu Idiuye't diem n h i t djnh va cho den v i n chQa cd each phan loM nao cd tinh tdng hdp Tuy nhien, t i t ca cie each phan loai gidi thieu d trdn d i u cd kha nang van dung 61 vao nghien cQu ljch sQ QHQT Vi?c ap dung chiing vao nghien cQu ljch sQ QHQT cd the giup ich p h i n nao vide tim hieu sQ van ddng eua QHQT ljch sQ bdi h? thd'ng qud'c te vQa la sQ phan anh, vQa la ke't qua cua qua trinh phat trien QHQT Sii van ddng cd the la sQ md rdng Ididng gian t i c dong va anh hQdng cua he thong qud'c t l , ed the la sQ phat trien linh viic va mQc tQdng t i c cung nhQ mdl quan he giQa chung ben he thd'ng, ed the la sQ bid'n ddi trang thai va tinh c h i t cua chinh he thd'ng, cd the la sQ thay ddi cd c i u phan bd' quyin liic va t i c ddng cua nd tdi QHQT Chiing cung cd the dQdc ap dung de phan ky ljch sQ QHQT giup t h i y dQdc nhiing dae diem ridng eua tvtog thdi ky Khdng nhiing thd', vdi tQ cich la mdt phQdng phap, he thd'ng qud'c t l cdn la mdt cdng cu ly luan giup tim hieu them nhQng yd'u td' tac ddng tdi QHQT eung nhQ ed the dii b i o sQ van ddng CHU THICH (1), (2) Andr6 I.A TsUgankov (1996), (5), (6), (8) Joshua S Goldstein (1999), Mezdunarodnue Otnoshenhja, Nauka, Moekba, tr International Relations, Longman, New York, pp 135 (ban tieng Nga) 84-85, 85, 85 (3) Xin tham khao them Hoang Khic Nam, SU (7) Ciing CO y kien cho ring hg thdng de qude phdn dinh khu vUc nghien cdu qud'c te, Tgp khong phai la hg thdng qudi: te bcii eac nUde thugc chi Khoa hoc, ehuyen san Khoa hge Xa hgi va dia mit dgc lap nen khong phai la chu the QHQT Nhan van, tap 23, sd2, 2007, tr 77-86 (9) Morton Kaplan, "Some Problems of (4) Richard W Mansbach (1997), Global Puzzle: International System Research" John A issues and Actors in World Politics, Houghton MifflinVasquez, Classics of International Relations, Company, Boston and New York, p 142 Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1996, p 297-302  ... dQa trdn trang thM quan h? vdi ben ngoM n h i l u hay it Theo each nay, cd hM loai la h? thd'ng qud'c te md va he thd'ng qud'c te ddng He thd'ng qud'c t l md la he thd'ng cd quan he vdi ben ngoM... thd'ng md Hay NATO la mdt h? thdng quan sQ ehinh trj tQdng ddi ddng Chie'n t r a n h lanh nhQng da ed xu hQdng trd t h a n h he thd'ng md hdn sau Idii khd'i Hi?p Qdc quan sQ Warsaw khdng cdn nQa Cdch... eic p h i n tQ va tao t h a n h xu the quan he chung he thd'ng qud'c td' Day la each phan loai hay dQdc i p dung de phan ky lich sQ QHQT Vi du, he thd'ng quan binh quyin iQc d chau Au thdi gian