Bài viết trình bày mậu dịch của Công ty Đông Ấn Anh ở Đàng ngoài trước năm 1693; mâu thuẫn nội bộ, thua lỗ và nợ nần chồng chất; phản ứng của triều đình Lê – Trịnh cấm người Đàng trong xuất dương... Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
TUrVU AP PHE THiniNG MAI CUA THOUNG DIEM ANH DiN CHiNH SACH C A M mfStsi D A N G TRONG XUAT DUDNG CUA TRIEU DINH LE-TRjNH NAM 1693 HOANG ANH TUAN* Mau dich cua Cong ty Dong An Anh d Dang Ngoai triidc nam 1693 TQ cudi thap nien 1660, Cdng ty Dong An Anh td chQc trien khai "chien iQdc Ddng A" nhim thiet lap mot he thd'ng cac thQdng diem ke't ndi mot sd' trung tam thQdng mai quan nhU Xiem, Cao Mien, Dang Ngoai, Dai Loan va Nhat Ban (1) Trong qua trinh thQc hien chie'n iQdc dd, mua he nam 1672, thQdng doan Anh giam dd'c William Gyfford d i n d i u de'n Dang Ngoai va dQdc phep dinh cit buon ban b Phd' Hien Tuy nhien, that bai ciia Cdng ty viec tai tham nhap Nhat Ban nam 1673 va cudc chie'n tranh Anh-Ha Lan lan thQ hai (1672-1674) da khie'n cho thQdng diem Anh d Dang Ngoai hi cd lap sud't thdi ky 1672-1676 Mac du vay Ban Giam dd'c Cdng ty d Luan Ddn v i n quye't dinh tri thQdng diem d Dang Ngoai n h i m cung ca'p hang hoa Dang Ngoai (lua ta'm, dd sdn ) cho thi trQdng chau Au, tieu thu san pham vai da Anh, ddng thdi hi vong sQ dung Dang Ngoai lam ban dap tham nhap thi trQdng luc dia Trung Qud'c (2) TQ nam 1676 den cudi thap nien 1680, cac thQdng diem Anh d Bantam va An Do xoay sd de tri viec phai thQdng thuyen sang Dang Ngoai n h i m trao dd'i cac san pham vai da Anh la'y cac thQdng pham Dang Ngoai Nd iQc hoat ddng khdng thu dQdc cdng nhQ mong ddi sQ tha't thQdng giao dich cung nhQ khung ldi nhuan tha'p, them vao dd la nhQng mau thuan ndi bo khdng chi giQa nhan vien thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd ma cdn giQa Ban Giam dd'c b Luan Ddn vdi cac giam dd'c thQdng diem b Phao dai St George (Madras, An Do) (3) Can nhie sQ quan ly ye'u kem cua thQdng diem Ke Chd cung nhQ nen mau dich cang sa sut vdi Dang Ngoai, Hdi ddng giam dd'c cua Phao dai St George chu trQdng phe trua't giam dd'c William Keeling Tuy nhien Ban Giam dd'c d Luan Ddn lai phan ddi kich liet ke hoach tren Trong chi thi giii Phao dai St George de 9-6-1686, Ban Giam dd'c nhan manh: "di nhien Id cdc thiicfng diem viing Nam Hdi dd vd se tiep tuc ndm diidi sii diiu hdnh eiia Phdo ddi St George, nhien chung toi tuyet doi edm Phdo ddi St George phe truat ong Keeling dDdng Ngodi bdi ong ' TS Khoa Lich sQ Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV- DHQGHN 14 ta dd song d gdn hai chuc ndm md chiing toi chiia bao gid nghi ngd long trung thdnh eiia ong ta ed" (4) Trong each nhin cua Ban Giam doc, sd' nhQng tram budn ban cdn lai d vung Ddng A, thQdng diem Dang Ngoai van cdn dang de tri, nhat la Cdng ty dang chiu sQ thua Id cang tram cua thQdng diem Dai Loan va tinh trang nd dong chdng cha't cua thQdng diem Ayutthaya (Xiem) (5) Tren tinh t h i n dd, chi thi gQi thQdng diem Dang Ngoai thang 11 nam 1687, Ban Giam dd'c d Luan Ddn v i n hoan toan ung ho vien giam doc thQdng diem Ke Chd William Keeling, tham chi cdn chap nhan de nghi cua Keeling ve viec chi tien xay dUng mot tda nha mdi khuon vien thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd: "Cong ty dong y cho thiicfng diem Ke Cho trien khai ke hogch xdy diing khu nhd mdi de thudn tien cho sinh hogt, chUa hdng vd hogt dgng kinh doanh tgi Ddng Ngodi [Ve chi phi xdy diXng] cdc gidm dde khong gidi hgn qud chdt che, chiing ndo thiidng diem tinh todn rdng diiu Id cdn thiet vd co lOi cho hogt dgng kinh doanh Idu ddi cda Cong ty d xii do" (6) Ro rang la, vao cuo'i thap nien 1680, Ban Giam dd'c d Luan Don van tri mot cai nhin tich cUc ve trien vong ciia nen thQdng mai vdi Dang Ngoai Tuy nhien, hi vong cua Ban Giam dd'c ve nen mau dich vdi Dang Ngoai nhanh chdng suy giam Chuye'n hang ngheo nan thQdng diem Ke Chd gQi ve Luan Don mua Ddng nam 1689/1690 lam tan bie'n nhQng ky vong ldn lao cua Ban Giam dd'c Nghien cQu ky luSng tinh trang dinh dd'n ciia nen mau dich vdi Dang Ngoai, thang nam 1690, Ban Giam do'c khuyen cao nhan vien thQdng diem Ke Chd r i n g ho nen "tie't kiem mgt cdch tuyet ddi chi tieu, nhdt Id thdi diem kho khdn hien [ ] rdng Rghien curu Lich si^ sg 9.2010 mgt nen mdu dieh nho thi khong the gdnh chiu nhiing chi phi qud cao" (7) Do tinh hinh khd khan hien d nQdc Anh cung nhQ sQ bao vay cua Phap d vung eo bien, Ban Giam doc da nhieu lan phai tri hoan viec phai tau sang phQdng Dong Luan Ddn cung thdng bao cho Phao dai St George r i n g Cdng ty se khong the giii tau sang Dang Ngoai hai nam 1690 va 1691, ddng thdi de nghi Phao dai St George chu y quan ly thQdng diem Ke Chd bing each cit cii mot tau hoat dong giQa sQdn ddng luc dia An Do va Dang Ngoai Cung tQ thdi diem ve sau Ban Giam dd'c d Luan Don trd nen lo ling ve tinh trang tham hut tai chinh cua thQdng diem Ke Chd, nha't la Cdng ty vQa chiu thua Id ldn d thQdng diem Ajoitthaya (Xiem) thap nien 1680 (8) Thang nam 1692, sau da nghien cQu can than so sach kinh doanh cua thQdng diem Ke Chd va tinh hinh khd khan hien tai cua nQdc Anh cuoc chie'n Anh-Phap, Ban Giam dd'c d Luan Ddn tra ldi bao cao cua nhan vien d Dang Ngoai bing mot giong kha gay git: "Cdc Gidm dde nghien eiiu sd sdch kinh doanh vd phdt hien rdng hien tgi Cong ty vdn eon mgt so'vdn khd ldn, khong diidi 30.000 sterling, dang ton dgng d Bdng Ngodi [ ] Cong ty chdng eon dgng liCe ndo de tiep tuc phdi tdu sang Bdng Ngodi niia eho den dd nhdn du nhiing vd'n ddu tit hien vdn ii dgng d Ke Cha [ ] Viee Cong ty khong phdi tdu trite tiep tii Anh sang Bdng Ngodi Id chi phi van chuyen ddt do, cao han 50% so vdi triidc ddy, kem theo rui ro boi ednh chie'n tranh hien nay, cdng nhii tinh trgng sut gidm gid bdn cua cdc sdn phdm ta, lua, xg hiiOng diia tii Bdng Ngodi ve so vdi thdi gian triidc chien tranh vdi ngitdiPhdp" (9) 15 TiJr vu 6p phe thuong mat N h i m tra tinh hinh kinh doanh cua thUdng diem Ke Chd, Ban Giam doc ddng thdi quye't dinh cit c^ mot nhan vien giau kinh nghiem tQ Hoi ddng cua Phao dai St George sang tra va lam giam dd'c thQdng diem Ke Chd Ban chi thi cua Luan Ddn yeu cau nhan vien thQdng diem Ke Chd phai tuyet ddi tuan thu sQ dieu hanh va cung cap toan bo tai lieu kinh doanh cua thQdng diem cho vien tra - ngQdi dQdc liy nhiem thay mSt cho Ban Giam dd'c toan quyen hanh ddng Ban Giam dd'c cdn ban them cho vien tra quyen dQdc bd nhiem hoac bai nhiem cac vi tri Hdi ddng dieu hanh cua thQdng diem Ke Chd neu ong ta tha'y dieu dd la thiet thQc va cd ldi cho Cdng ty (10) Tren cd sd ban chi thi cua Luan Ddn, mua he nam 1693, Hdi ddng Phao dai St George da phai Richard Watts sang tra thQdng diem Ke Chd - ndi dng phat hien hang loat sai pham viec dieu hanh kinh doanh cua cac nhan vien, nhat la vu ap phe thQdng mai he't sQc nghiem cua giam do'c thQdng diem William Keeling va ddng sQ SQ be bdi cua thQdng diem Ke Chd khdng chi dan de'n quye't dinh bai bd thUdng diem nhat cua Anh d mien Bic Dai Viet, ma cdn dQa den lenh "cam bien", hay cu the hdn la sic lenh ca'm ngQdi Dang Ngoai xua't dQdng, cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh vao mua Ddng nam 1693 Vu dp phe thuang mqi cua diem Anh tqi Ke Cha ndm 1693 thuang NhQ da de cap, mua he nam 1693, Hdi ddng Phao dai St George d Madras (An Do) quyet dinh cQ Richard Watts di tren tau Pearl sang Dang Ngoai de tra, ddng thdi tie'p quan vi tri giam dd'c thQdng diem Ke Chd - vd'n da ra't "hdn don" tQ nhieu nam qua Khi tau Pearl dQng b Achin vao cudi thang 5, Richard Watts lap tQc phat hien chie'c thuyen manh giam doc thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd la William Keeling phai di budn ban TrQdc de'n Achin, chie'c thuyen tren da den ban hang d Xiem va mot sd hai eang Ddng Nam A khac Hoang sd vi cudc eham tran ba't ngd vdi tau Pearl, William Sams - mot vien cua thQdng diem Dang Ngoai va la ngQdi elm dau chuye'n di cua chiec thuyen manh - tim each chay trd'n Sau da tQ chd'i giao nop sd' hang hda tri gia khoang 1.000 rial of eight (11) budn ban bing tien cdng cua thQdng diem, Sams cho thuyen lang le rdi Achin di Malacca bdng dem (12) NhQng ldi cung khai cua Lamuel Blackmore, phd giam dd'c thQdng diem Ke Chd va la mot nhQng vien chi huy chuye'n budn cua chie'c thuyen manh, cung ca'p cho vien tra Richard Watts nhQng thdng tin quan ve ndi tinh cua vu ap phe Theo dd, chie'c thuyen manh ndi tren la tai san chung cua giam dd'c William Keeling, phd giam dde Lamuel Blackmore va thQdng nhan William Sams Trong chuye'n di nam trQdc de'n cac thQdng cang Ddng Nam A giam dd'c Keeling sd hQu 1/2 cd phin, Sams va Blackmore moi ngQdi sd hQu 1/4 TrQdc thQc hien chuye'n di nam (1693), giam dd'c Keeling thdng bao cho Blackmore r i n g dng ta da ban toan bd cd p h i n cho Sams Tuy nhien, Blackmore tin r i n g dd chi la am mQu cua Keeling n h i m tang quyen dieu hanh chuye'n di cho Sams Trai vdi ldi cung khai cua Blackmore, Sams phu nhan viec chung vd'n, qua quye't r i n g chiec thuyen manh va vo'n kinh doanh la cua mot vi quan ldn cung vdi vai quy ba ngQdi Dang Ngoai Ve thuy thu doan, ngoai hai ngQdi Anh la Sams va Blackmore, cdn cd tdng cdng 20 ngQdi Dang Ngoai va Trung Qudc Blackmore cung khai r i n g tdng so' vd'n d i u 16 tQ cho chuye'n budn l l n tri gia khoang 5.259 lang bac, cd phan cua dng vao khoang 1.000 rial of eight Tuy nhien, ong lai khong bie't cu the danh muc hang hda tren thuyen bdi giam dd'c Keeling va Sams khong bao gid tie't Id cho dng (13) Nhim dudi kip chiec thuyen manh cua Sams tai Malacca, tra Watts va Hoi ddng CO va'n tau Pearl dQ dinh cho ong Blackmore - ngQdi bi Sams bd rdi b Achin dung mot chie'c thuyen nhd de de'n Malacca trQdc Tai Malacca, Blackmore se no iQc thuye't phuc vi quan cang de giQ chiec thuyen manh cua Sams chd tau Pearl de'n Tuy nhien, ke hoach lap tQc hi buy bd vi mot sd^ can nhlc sau day ThU nhd't, neu b i t giQ chiec thuyen manh cua Sams, thuy thu tren tau Pearl cung kho cd the dieu khien nd ve Dang Ngoai bdi ho khdng quen vdi loai thuyen dd ThU hai, cd ra't nhieu thuy thu tren chie'c thuyen manh la ngQdi Dang Ngoai, ba't ky hanh dong mang tinh vu iQc nao vdi ho cung trd cai cd de trieu dinh Le-Trinh trQng phat thQdng diem cua Cong ty d Ke Chd Thii! ba, sd^ iQdng vang va hang hda cua Blackmore gdp vao chie'c thuyen manh khong ldn den mQc phai nhd den vi quan d cang Malacca can thiep (14) GiQa thang 7, tau Pearl va chiec thuyen manh cua Sams lai gap d Malacca Sau khong the ep Sams song hanh ve Dang Ngoai, tau Pearl rdi Malacca di Dang Ngoai vao cuoi thing Ngay lap tQc, thuyen cua Sams cung khdi hanh va chi vai sau - nhd kich thUdc nho gon-da vQdt len trQdc tau Pearl Den 16 thang 8, phat hien mot cha'm den b vung chan trdi va cho ring tau chuan bi di vao vung bien Dang Trong, ham doi tau Pearl chuan hi vu sin sang tQ ve Khdng lau sau ho phat hien cha'm den chinh la chiec thuyen Rghien curu Lich sit s6 9.2010 manh cua Sams TQ chie'c thuyen hi rd ri nang nen thuy thu doan phai buong neo d ngoai khdi bd bien Dang Trong Quan ngai r i n g chie'c thuyen bi hQ hai nang se hi dim mua bao lai dang de'n d vung bien Dang Trong, tra Richard Watts va Hoi ddng ham doi quye't nghi yeu ciu Sams chuyen toan bd tai san len tau Pearl Sang 20 thang 8, hai ben dang tranh luan Ilia thi chiec thuyen manh cua Sams va Blackmore bat ngd bi mot ludng hai iQu manh cud'n ve phia nam Vi vay, tau Pearl danh tie'p tuc hanh trinh ve Dang Ngoai, khong hay bie't gi ve sd phan chie'c thuyen manh cua Sams va Blackmore (15) - , Den Dang Ngoai vao dau thang 9, tra Richard Watts va cong sQ lap tQc hi ca quan lai dia phQdng va giam doc thQdng diem William Keeling thQ thach Nghe tin tau Pearl de'n, giam dd'c Keeling cho chuyen toan bd tien bac va tai san den ca't gia'u b nha nhan tinh ngQdi Viet Keeling cong khai phan ddi vi giam dd'c mdi Watts, nghi ngd tinh phap ly cua cdng van bd nhiem giam do'c mdi ma Luan Ddn chuyen sang Phao dai St George Trong qua trinh tra boat ddng kinh doanh cua thQdng diem Ke Chd, Watts phat hien rat nhieu sai pham quan ly va chi tieu ciia ban giam dd'c thQdng diem Tai san cua thQdng diem gin nhQ trorig rdng, chi cdn mot vai thung s i t va van go So sach kinh doanh ghi chep lon xdn, dly loi; cac muc mua va ban chi mdi dQdc cap nhat cho de'n nam 1688, nam trd lai day chQa dQdc tinh toan Keeling tQ chdi chu ca'p tien an va iQdng cho thuy thu tau Pearl, ndi r i n g thQdng diem da he't tien Ngoai ra, de trdn tranh nguy cd hi trieu hdi ve Anh xet x^ Keeling cung vdi nhan tinh ngudi Vi§t lo hd'i Id cac quan de dUdc phep dinh cQ d Tir VU ap phe thurcmg mai Dang Ngoai Dieu dat vi tan giam dd'c Watts vao tinh the tie'n thoai iQdng nan: ne'u cQdng quyet b i t Keeling theo tau Pearl ve Phao dai St George, thQdng diem Ke Chd se khdng bao gid thu hdi lai dQdc nhQng tai san ma dng ta da tau tan Ngoai Keeling cung doa ring ne'u dng ta da di khdi Dang Ngoai, chie'c thuyen manh cung vdi Sams va Blackmore se ching bao gid quay lai (16) Trong nhQng khd khan va mau thuin noi bd thQdng diem chQa dQdc giai quye't thi 12-12-1693, Sams, Blackmore va mot sd' thuy thu ngQdi Dang Ngoai ve de'n Ke Chd, sau hi chinh quyen Dang Trong cam tu va tra ta'n sudt gan thang trdi Theo ldi cung khai cua Sams va Blackmore, nhan tha'y khong cdn cd hoi de cQu van chie'c thuyen manh da bi rd ri ra't nang, vao trung t u i n thang 9, bon ho (ta't ca gdm 10 ngQdi) quye't dinh bd lai chiec thuyen manh de bo len bd bien xQ Dang Trong Ngay sau dat chan len bd, ca nhdm hi quan lai dia phQdng b i t giQ va giai ve Hue de giam giQ va lly cung; tien va hang mang len bd deu hi tich thu Sau gan thang hi giam elm va tra khao, cudi cung ho dUdc chinh quyen Dang Trong phdng thi'ch de trd lai Ke Chd (17) Sams va Blackmore qua quye't ring chie'c thuyen manh chic chin da chim sau ho len bd Tuy nhien, mot nam sau (thing 11-1694) mot vien thQdng nhan ngQdi Phuc Kie'n sang Dang Ngoai budn ban lai cung cap mot ke't cue hoan toan khic ve sd' phan cua chie'c thuyen manh Theo ldi cua vien Hoa thQdng, sau Sams, Blackmore va mot sd ngQdi Dang Ngoai rdi bd chie'c thuyen, dim thuy thii cdn lai gdm 16 ngUdi (ca ngQdi Hoa va ngQdi Dang Ngoai) xoay sd di ve phia Bic va cud^i cung cung de'n dQdc dao Hai Nam 17 Khi vi quan cai tri dao Hai Nam yeu elu khai bio va nop qua bieu, nhQng ke sdng sdt da khan khai bao hoan canh bi dat cua minh, ddng thdi xin vi quan cho phep ban sd h i n g sdt lai de siia chQa chie'c thuyen (18) Nhat ky thQdng diem Ke Chd khdng the dQa dQdc ke't luan cud'i cung ve sd phan ciia chie'c thuyen manh ndi tren TrQdc cd ldi cung khai cua vien Hoa thQdng ngQdi Phuc Kie'n, Sams va Blackmore da lam cho ngQdi ta tin r i n g chie'c thuyen manh da bi dim ngoai khdi bd bien xQ Dang Trong bdi tinh trang rd ri tham hai gid ndm da he't nen khdng the di ve hQdng Bic (Dang Ngoai hoac Trung Qudc) Nay cd tinh tie't mdi tQ vien thQdng nhan Phuc Kie'n, nhan vien thQdng diem Ke Chd mdi lat lai cic ldi khai cua Sams va Blackmore ThQc ra, tQ t h i n g 12-1693, mot so'thuy thu Dang Ngoai sd'ng sdt trd ve tQng ndi r i n g chiec thuyen manh khdng bi rd ri de'n mQc phai tQ bd, r i n g viec bd tau la mQu dd cua Sams va Blackmore Do khdng the li'y them ldi khai tQ Keeling va Sams, giim dd'c Watts va Hdi ddng thQdng diem Ke Chd danh de viec dieu tra cho Cdng ty (19) NhQng tai lieu cua Cong ty cdn de'n hien cung khdng phan anh dUdc gi them ve ke't cue thUc sQ cua chie'c thuyen manh Tuy vay, cd it nhat mot sQ thQc: phan Qng manh tQ trieu dinh Le-Trinh dan de'n l$nh cam ngQdi Viet xua't dQdng, lenh kiem soat git gao thuyen budn ngoai qud'c va nghiem hdn la hdi ket cho mot thdi ky ngoai thQdng cdi md cua vQdng qud'c Dang Ngoai Phdn iing cua triiu dinh Le-Trinh: cam nguai Bdng Ngodi xudt duang Phan Qng gian dQ cua Phii Chua va trieu dinh Le-Trinh ndi chung ve vu i p phe thQdng mai cua thQdng diem Anh la hoan toan tQ nhien, nhi't la x6t de'n viec thuy IS thu Dang Ngoai bi chinh quyen Dang Trong tra tan va giam cam, mot sd' khic cd the dang iQu lac d mien nam Trung Qud'c Sau ve de'n Ke Chd 12-12-1693, Sams va Blackmore lap tQc bi trieu hdi de'n cong dQdng de cung khai Ben canh nghia vu khai bao ve chuyen di dinh menh, hai ngQdi cdn bi tra hdi ve tinh hinh hien tai cua xQ Dang Trong Ngoai ra, ho cung phai than chinh di den trinh dien va cung khai trQdc quan tra'n thu Phd' Hien Quan tran thu cdn dd hdi giim dd'c Watts lieu thQdng diem cd toin khoan tien iQdng cho nhQng thuy thu Dang Ngoai da lam thue tren chiec thuyen manh hay khdng Watts t h i n g thQng tQ chdi trich nhiem bdi hoan toan la hoat ddng tQ nhin va trai luat cua Cong ty Hdn mQdi sau nhQng ke sd'ng sdt ve den Ke Chd, Phu Chua lenh chi nghiem ca'm ngQdi Dang Ngoai xua't dQdng, chi thi cho cac tau budn ngoai quoc tQ ve sau khong dQdc van chuyen ngQdi dia phQdng khoi vQdng qud^c Nhat ky cua thQdng diem Anh tai Ke Chd 24-121693 ghi rat rd sQ kien tren: "Sdng nay, nha mon dem ehieu chi eua Chua [Trinh Cdn] den eho cd ngiidi Hd Lan vd ngiidi Anh ehung ta Muc dich cda td chie'u la ban bo'lenh tii ve sau chung ta khdng duac phep chuyen chd thUdng ddn Bdng Ngodi khoi vUOng qud'c, dong thdi td't cd tdu buon se bi luc sodt ky lUdng trUdc nho neo rdi Bdng Ngodi Bieu ndy chdc chdn se gdy cho chung ta v6 vdn kho khdn vd ton kem" (20) Dung nhQ vien thQ ky thQdng diem Anh da dQ doin, lenh chi cua trieu dinh Dang Ngoai da thQc sQ thQ thich ca ngQdi Anh va ngQdi Ha Lan d Ke Chd Trong nhQng thing nd'i tie'p lenh ci'm cua trieu dinh LeTrinh, thQdng thuyen ngoai qud'c khong the Rghien curu Lich siir 56' 9.2010 nhd neo rdi Dang Ngoii cho de'n vien quan dQdc giao trich giim sat da d p cho mot chie'c the mdn bai (ehaup) chQng thQc tau da dQdc luc soit ma khong p h i t hien hang hda cam hay ngQdi dia phQdng tren boong Khi ngQdi Anh chuan hi cho tau Pearl nho neo di An Do vao mua ddng n i m 1694, ho gap vd van khd khan tQ vien quan giam s i t tau va tau Pearl chi cd the nhd neo sau da hi luc tung tQ tren boong xud'ng dQdi ham tau, dong thdi thuy thu doan phai nop mot khoan qua bieu hau hinh NgQdi Ha Lan cung chiu chung so' phan lam thu tuc cho tau Westbroek rdi Dang Ngoai di Batavia Trong vai n i m tie'p theo, nhQng khd khan tQ lenh "ca'm bien" cua trieu dinh Dang Ngoai tie'p tuc thil thach ldng kien tri vd'n da cang vdi can cua ngQdi Anh va ngQdi Ha Lan (21) Dien tie'n cua cic sQ kien lien quan de'n vu ap phe thQdng mai cua thQdng diem Anh gdi hai nghi vi'n ThU nhdt, ngQdi Anh cd lien ddi de'n dau sic lenh ca'm ngQdi Dang Ngoai xuat dQdng qua tau budn ngoai qudc cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh Tha hai, ngQdi Ha Lan d Ke Chd cd vd tinh trd nan nhan eua chinh sich "cam bien" gay bdi ngQdi Anh? Ne'u ddn thuan dQa vao dien bie'n cua vu ap phe thUdng mai, ngQdi ta de dang thQa nhan hai van de tren Tuy nhien, dien bie'n cua md'i quan h^ Ha Lan-Dang Ngoai tQ nhQng n i m diu thap nien 1690 cho tha'y ngUdi Ha Lan khdng ddn t h u i n "bi va lay" Sau nen mau dich "td lua Dang Ngoai ddi bac Nhat Ban" b i t dau chQng lai sau nam 1654 va suy thoii manh sud't giai doan 16601680, quan he giQa thUdng diem Ha Lan vdi trieu dinh cang sa sut, mic du Toan quyen Ha Lan d Batavia khong ngQng nd iQc phuc hdi vi tri thUdng mai cua Cong ty d Dang Ngoai (22) TiJr vu ap phe thirong mai Khong chi nen mau dich ma ban than mdi bang giao giQa Cdng ty Dong An Ha Lan vdi trieu dinh Le-Trinh cung mot xau di Khdng hai ldng vdi nhQng mdn qua bieu cang It gii tri, Chua Trinh c a n ddn phQdng cha'm dQt le trao ddi thdng thQ hang nam vdi Toan quyen d Batavia mot hanh dong mang bieu tQdng ngoai giao than thien giQa Dang Ngoai vdi Cong ty Ha Lan hdn nQa theky trQdc dd Mua he nam 1693 - trUdc xay vu i p phe cua ngQdi Anh - mdi quan he cang cSng thing giQa Chua Trinh Cin va ngQdi Ha Lan d Ke Chd len de'n dinh diem Chua cho td'ng giam Jacob van Loo - giim dd'c thQdng diem Ha Lan - va vien thuyen trQdng tau Westbroek chi vi Batavia khdng the giii sang Ke Chd nhQng mdn hang trang sQc bing d i quy Chua yeu ciu n i m trQdc Hai tu nhan Ha Lan chi dQdc phdng thich sau thQdng diem da cam ke't tau de'n Dang Ngoai lan sau se mang theo nhQng mdn hang Chua yeu cau Su bi't man va nhQng cQ xQ khic cua Chua Trinh Can ddi vdi ngQdi Ha Lan nhQng nam' tie'p theo khie'n Toan quyen va Hoi ddng Dong An d Batavia tha't vong, dan den quye't dinh ddng ciia thQdng diem Ke Chd va cha'm dQt nen mau dich vdi Dang Ngoai vao nam 1700 (23) Mdi quan he cang cang thing giQa Phu Chua va thitdng diem Ha Lan trQdc xay vu i p phe thQdng mai cua thQdng diem Anh n i m 1693 cho thay ngQdi Ha Lan khdng cdn dQdc hQdng cic die quyen thQdng mai nhQ nhQng thap nien trQdc Vi vay, ngQdi Ha Lan khong hoan toan la "nan nhan" cua vu i p phe thQdng mai cua thQdng diem Anh Vi'n de trd nen Idgic hdn xet de'n thii cang lanh nhat cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh dd'i vdi ngoai thQdng va thQdng nhan ngoai qudc 19 ke sau nam 1672 Cuoc xung dot Ding Trong-Dang Ngoai di vio hQu chie'n, nhu elu vu ngoai khong cdn q u i cap bich ddi vdi ho Trinh nhQ nhQng t h i p nien trQdc dd Se khdng q u i ndi r i n g thii cang thieu thien cam cua trieu dinh Le-Trinh ddi vdi ngoai thQdng va thQdng nhan ngoai qud'c da gdp p h i n dly ngQdi Ha Lan va ngQdi Anh khdi Dang Ngoai vao nhQng n i m cud'i cua the ky XVn, mac du ca hai Cdng ty Dong An Anh va Ha Lan v i n cd' ging tri thQdng diem d Dang Ngoai de budn b i n va tri hi vong mong manh ve kha ning sii dung Dang Ngoai lam ban dap t h i m n h i p thi trQdng mien nam Trung Qud^c Vi vay, vu i p phe thQdng mai cua thQdng diem Anh Ke Chd n i m 1693 khdng phai la "nguyen nhan s i u xa" cua viec trieu dinh Le-Trinh ban hanh chinh sach cam ngQdi Viet xuat dQdng Chinh xic hdn, dd dQdng nhQ la mot "nguyen cd hdp thdi diem" de Phu Chua quan ly chat che hdn boat dong ngoai thQdng cung nhQ van de ngQdi ngoai qud'c b Dang Ngoai - vdn da dQdc ndi long mot cich cd chu dich tQ nhQng thap nien d i u cua the ky XVH Mdu thudn ngi bg, thua lo va na nan chong chdt: nhiing ndm thdng khdn cdng cua nguai Anh dKe Cha, 1694-1697 Vu i p phe thQdng mai cua nhan vien thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd nam 1693 anh hQdng nghiem de'n nen mau dich cua Cdng ty Ddng An Anh vdi Dang Ngoai Ve ly thuye't, viec trieu dinh Dang Ngoai ban hanh lenh cam bien se gay khd khan va thiet hai nang cho boat ddng kinh doanh cua thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd Trong thQc te, p h i n ldn nhQng khd khan va ton that cua thQdng diem Anh lai de'n tQ nhQng v i n de noi tai cua thQdng diem: mau thuan ndi 20 Rghien curu Lich sii sg 9.2010 bo din de'n sQ thiet hai ldn ve tai san, vay nd vdi lai sua't cao va nghiem hdn la cudc so'ng day tui cQc cua nhan vien thQdng diem khoang ho'n nam cud'i d Dang Ngoai Sau ke nhiem chQc giam do'c thQdng diem Ke Chd tQ William Keeling vao mua thu nam 1693, tan giim dd'c Richard Watts lap tQc dd'i m i t vdi hang loat nhQng khd khan va thii thich Vi'n de nghiem nhat la tinh trang mau thuan gay git ndi bo thQdng diem ma dinh diem la sQ cing thing quan he giQa Keeling va Watts Nghi ngd tinh hdp phap ve vi tri cua Watts, Keeling va Sams khong phuc tung, tham chi tQ chdi hdp tic vdi vi tan giim dde Hai thQdng nhan ky cQu khic cua thQdng diem Anh la Lamuel Blackmore va Richard Warren - nhQng ngQdi cung da lam viec tai Dang Ngoai sudt nhieu nam cdn phao tin r i n g Watts da gia mao gia'y td de tiem quyen giim dd'c thQdng diem Ke Chd NhQng ldi ddn thoi ndi tren khie'n thQdng diem Ke Chd gap vo van khd khan giao dich d nhQng nam sau Ching han, mua thu nam 1695, Chua Trinh Cin tQ chdi cho thudng diem Anh vay trieu ddng tien chinh (tQdng dQdng 60.000 quan) de thQdng diem chi tieu cho de'n tau cQu trd cua Cong ty sang Dang Ngoai Ly cd ban - theo ldi cua vien thong ngdn ngQdi Dang Ngoai ten la Chubu - la Chua hi tic dong bdi "nhQng ldi bdng gid day tai hai" ma Sams va Blackmore tung ra: Watts khdng phai la giim dd'c hdp phip bdi dng khong phai Ban Giam dd'c d Luin Ddn bd nhiem ma ddn t h u i n Phio dai St George (An Do) chi dinh (24) Day chinh la nguyen nhan khie'n ldn cQu nhan vien thQdng diem tay tan giim dd'c Watts Khi bi yeu ciu tau Pearl ve Phao dai St George, cQu phin chay theo giim doc Keeling va n h i n tinh ngQdi Viet tim cich hdi lo cic quan de xin Chua d p ph6p iQu tru d Dang Ngoai tau Pearl khdi hanh ve Phio dai St George N h i n thay tinh cha't nghiem cua vu viec, quan lai Dang Ngoai khong dim giup dd Keeling TrQdc tau Pearl nhd neo rdi Dang Ngoai, Keeling tham chi da hi thQdng diem b i t giam sau am mQu chay trd'n cua dng bi bai lo Tuy nhien, ngQdi ddng mQu la Sams da kip thdi trd'n thoat trQdc tau Pearl khdi hanh va de'n bie't chac tau Pearl phai iQu tru d Dang Ngoai them mot nam vi Id ddt gid bac nam (1693/1694) Sams mdi ngang nhien xuat hien trQdc thQdng diem Hai nhan vien cdn tie'p tuc gay khd khSn cho thQdng diem Anh de'n Keeling bi budc phai theo tau Pearl ve Phao dai St George vao t h i n g n i m 1695 (25) Trong hai nam tie'p theo, giim dd'c Watts cdn gip rat nhieu th^ thach viec ngan chan Sams va Blackmore chuyen sang lam thue cho cac thuyen budn ngoai qud'c budn b i n giQa Dang Ngoai va cac cang Ddng Nam A, nhim buoc ho ve Cdng ty de cung khai nhQng viec lam sai trai va tham d cdng quy thdi gian iQu tru tai Ke Chd Giam do'c Watts ddng thdi hi chinh James Howell - thuyen trUdng tau Pearl thQ thach: ddi tien iQdng ca nam cho thuy thu doan bd'i canh ngan sich thQdng diem kiet que v i tham chi dinh cdng trQdc thdi diem tau Pearl dQ dinh nhd neo rdi Dang Ngoai Watts cho r i n g thuyen trQdng Hov/ell la ngQdi phai chiu trich nhiem chinh viec tau Pearl khong the rdi Dang Ngoai vao mua ddng 1693/1694, gay thiet hai ldn cho Cong ty va ban than thQdng diem Ke Chd Mot n i m sau, giim doc Watts lai ke't toi thuyen trUdng Howell da sQ dung nhQng am mQu "tham doc" va "hen ha" de ngan chan tau Pearl rdi Dang Tir vu ap phe thuong mai Ngoai mua ddng 1694/1695 May m i n cho thQdng diem Anh la thuyen trudng Howell- bd lai ding sau nhQng mau thuan vdi giam do'c Watts - vin cho tau Pearl di An Do t h i n g n i m 1695 (26) Tinh trang kiet que tai chinh keo dai cua thQdng diem Anh la hau qua trQc tiep tQ nhQng mau t h u i n noi bd ndi tren Hoi ddng Phao dai St George - tin tQdng vao sd' tinh toan ciia Ban Giam dd'c d Luan Don ve sd' vo'n tdn dong 30.000 bang Anh d thQdng diem Ke Chd - nen chi ca'p cho tan giim do'c Watts mot sd' vd'n rat nhd cung tau Pearl sang Dang Ngoai vao mua he nam 1693 Bdi vay, Keeling tQ chdi ban giao sd sach va vd'n kinh doanh cdn tdn dong cho Watts, vi tan giam do^c lap tQc ddi mat vdi tinh trang khong cdn ngan quy Van de tai chinh trd nen dac biet nghiem tau Pearl budc phai iQu tru d Dang Ngoai mot nam vi nhd gid ba'c, ddng nghia vdi viec thQdng diem Ke Chd phai cung d p tien iQdng va iQdng thQc, thQc pham cho thuy thu doan, chQa ke den nhQng chi phi bat thQdng khac ludn xay den vai chuc ngQdi iQu tru sudt mot nim dai d vung cQa sdng (27) Theo nhat ky thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd, tQ cudi nam 1694, thQdng diem b i t dau thie'u tien; cac hang hda cd the ban dQdc (chu ye'u la vai dQa tQ Luan Ddn sang) cung da can De tdn tai va cung Qng cho thuy thu doan cua tau Pearl, ngQdi Anh b i t diu vay nang lai TrQdc vay lai tQ thQdng dan Dang Ngoai, thQdng diem thinh elu Chua Trinh Can cho vay 60.000 quan tien (sau rut xuo'ng cdn 30.000 quan) de chi tieu cho de'n tau cua Cong ty sang Dang Ngoai Ke hoach khong cong du thQdng diem da hoi 16 mot Duckba (DQc Ba) de nhd chuyen ddn den tan tay Chua Chua nghi ngai bdi hai nguyen 21 chinh: mua he nam dd khong cd tau Anh nao de'n Dang Ngoai va tinh trang mau t h u i n ndi bd tram giQa dim ngQdi Anh d Ke Chd That bai tren buoc giam dd'c Watts quay sang vay nd lai (28) Ti.ih den thing 12 n i m 1696, thQdng diem Anh b Ke Chd da vay lai td'ng cong 1.400 lang bac, ca tQ ngQdi Dang Ngoai va tQ thQdng nhan tQ ngQdi Ha Lan, d mQc lai suat trung binh 2,5%/thang (29) Thang nam 1697, thQdng diem Anh tham chi phai vay ndng 200 lang bac d mQc lai sua't 4%/thang tQ vien quan Ungia Thaw (30) Luan Ddn, ban than Ban Giim dd'c cang nhan that bai day cay ding viec tri thQdng diem Ke Chd Vao thdi diem Phio dai St George phai Richard Watts sang tra va dieu hanh boat ddng kinh doanh d Dang Ngoai (mua he 1693), cic giim dd'c da hoan toan nhan mot thQc te budn: nhan vien thQdng diem Ke Chd da qua m i t ho nhieu nam qua va boat ddng kinb doanh d Dang Ngoai - tQdng tQ nhQ tinh trang b Xiem thap nien trQdc dd - ddn thuan phuc vu ldi ich cua mot nhdm nhan vien Vi vay, trQdc nhan dQdc bio cio va kien nghi chinh thQc tQ doan tra cua Watts ve tinh hinh hien tai cung nhQ trien vong cua nen mau dich vdi Dang Ngoai, Ban Giam dd'c d Luan Don da tQc tdc quye't dinh triet bd thQdng diem Ke Chd Trong cdng v i n gQi Phio dai St George vao t h i n g n i m 1694, Ban Giim do'c thuc giuc ngQdi Anh d Madras "sii dung mgi khd ndng hien eo de thu hoi vi cho Cong ty todn bg tdi sdn vd vdn lieng litu citu d thitang diem Ddng Ngodi" (31) Mot n i m sau - du v i n chQa nhan dQdc kie'n nghi tQ phQdng Ddng - Ban Giim dd'c da hoan toan mat bet kien nhan vdi thQdng diem Ke Chd Trong cdng v i n g^i thuoc d p cua minb Phio dai St George de thing nam 1695, cac giim do'c qua quyet: 22 "Cong ty nhdn thd'y nin mdu dich trUc tiep tii Anh sang Trung Qudc vd ngUac lgi CO ldi nhiiu han viec buon bdn vdi Ddng Ngodi, nhdt Id xet den chi phi diidng ddi vd hgn ehe khd ndng lien lgc ngodi viec cdt cit tdu thuyin qua lgi The nhUng ede chuyen hdng [Ddng Ngodi] diia ve hiem sit dung qud j2 tdi trgng trii eo' nhoi nhet len tdu nhiing san mdi re tien, cong kenh tiin ldi ehdng bit duac 1/2 chi phi van chuyen Vi vdy, Ban Gidm doc de nghi Phdo ddi St George tim cdch dong ciia thuang diem Ke Cha lap tUc nhdm eham dOt cdng sdm cdng tdt sit phung phi tien bgc cua Cong ty d Bdng Ngodi Neu co the thi nen eo' gdng bdn nhiing tda nhd thUOng diem cho ngUdi Bdng Ngodi, nhuac bdng khong thi thd viit bo chung di eon han co' gdng deo bdm dxH them mgt ngdy ndo niia" (32) Ro rang la, vao thdi diem cong vin cua Ban Giam dd'c sang den An Do, Phio dai St George da n i m ro dQdc tinh trang bi dat cua thQdng diem Ke Chd qua thdng tin tau Pearl dem ve Sau rdi Dang Ngoai vao thing n i m 1695, tau Pearl trai qua mot chuye'n di bao t i p ve Madras: than tau hi rd ri va nhQng ddt gid ngQdc tren bien khie'n tau Pearl bi hQ hdng ning va dat vao Johor - ndi hang hda va thuy thu doan dQdc giai cQu len bd Khi chie'c thuyen manh buon b i n tQ Johor sang Madras mang theo tin tQc ve tau Pearl vao mua he n i m 1695, Phio dai St George da phai tau sang Johor de giai cQu thuy thu doan va hang hda Den thdi diem nay, ca Phio dai St George va Luan Don deu da thd'ng nha't chu trQdng ddng cQa thQdng diem nhi't d Dang Ngoai Tuy nhien, khong trQng dung dQdc tau de sang Dang Ngoai thu hdi thQdng die'm vao mua be nam 1696, Phio dai St George danh phai sii dung kenh lien Rghien curu Lich s i , sg 9.2010 lac gian tiep vdi thQdng die'm Ke Chd: g^i chi thi dong cQa thQdng diem Ke Chd qua tau Elizabeth de'n budn b i n Quang Chau (Trung Qudc) de nhan vien d Ke Chd chuan hi sin sang trUdc tau de'n Dang Ngoai vao mua he n i m 1697 (33) Thing nam 1697, mot vi giio si Phip mdi de'n Dang Ngoai da thong bio cho giim dd'c Watts thong tin ong ta nghe dQdc ve ke hoach ddng cQa thQdng die'm Ke Chd cua Cong ty Ddng An Anh Mot t h i n g sau, chi thi ddng c^a thQdng die'm Ke Chd cua Phao dai St George dUdc mot ngUdi Hoa dem tQ Quang Chau (Trung Qud'c) sang Ke Chd theo dudng bd T h i n g 7, tau Marry Bouyer de'n Dang Ngoai de thu hdi t i i san va nhan vien ve Madras ThQ cua Chu tich Phio dai St George gQi Chua va The tii than phien ring cudc chie'n tranh khd'c liet vdi ngQdi P h i p d chau Au da khie'n Cdng ty thie'u hut tau thuyen va thuy thu nghiem nen phai "tam thdi ddng ciia thQdng die'm Ke Chd mot thdi gian" Vi Chu tich cung tha vao thQ vai ldi hQa r i n g Cdng ty se can nhie kha n i n g quay lai Dang Ngoai budn b i n ne'u tinh hinh trd nen sing sua hdn nhQng n i m tdi (34) Trong sd'vdn tri gia 7.849 pagoda (35) Phao dai St George giii sang Dang Ngoai n i m dd, thQdng die'm Ke Chd da phai danh mot khoan tri gii 2.000 lang bac de toin sd' nd da vay, sd' tien cdn lai dung de thu mua mgt sd' san p h i m ma Phao dai St George yeu elu Sau nhan tha'y khdng the van hdi nhQng mdn nd ma quan lai va thQdng nhan Dang Ngoai cdn chUa toan, toan bd nhan vien thQdng die'm Anh rdi Ke Chd vao 24 thing 11 n i m 1697 Nam sau, tau Marry Bouyer nhd neo rdi Dang Ngoai, chi'm dQt 25 nam quan he thQdng mai va bang giao chinh thQc giQa Cdng ty Ddng An Anh va trieu dinh Le-Trinh (36) 23 Tu vu ap phe thuong mai Ket luan Den cudi t h i p nien 1680, mic cho nhQng tha't bai lien tiep cua Cong ty d Dong A (thQdng diem Bantam sup dd nam 1682; thQdng dem Dai Loan ket thuc nam 1685, chie'n tranh vdi Xiem nd nam 1687 ) thQdng die'm Ke Chd vin nhan dQdc sQ Qu ii die biet va sU hau t h u i n cao tQ Ban Giim do'c Cong ty d Luan Don Trong tam nhin chien iQdc cua Cong ty Dang Ngoai cd the trd ban dap de tham nhap thi trQdng Trung Quo'c luc dia Vi vay, mic cho Phio dai St George nhieu lan de nghi triet tieu thQdng die'm nhi't d Ke Chd, Luan Don vin kien tri ung ho sU tdn tai cua nen mau dich vdi Dang Ngoai Tuy nhien, vien giim do'c thQdng die'm Ke Chd William Keeling va mot sd' nhan vien da ldi dung sU ung ho cua Luan Don de buon b i n rieng, gay tinh trang thua 16, tham cong quy va mau t h u i n noi bo Vu ap phe thQdng mai ciia ngQdi Anh d Ke Chd n i m 1693 khdng chi gay nhQng ton tha't cho Cdng ty ma cdn din de'n nhQng hau qua tQdng ddi nghiem vdi nen ngoai thQdng cua vQdng quo'c Dang Ngoai Mac du nhQng phan tich da cho tha'y vu i p phe thQdng mai ciia ngQdi Anh dQdng nhQ chi la nguyen cd cbQ khdng phai la nguyen n h i n sau xa d i n de'n chinh sich "ci'm bien" cua trieu dinh, Chua Trinh Cin da sQ dung vu ap phe thQdng mai cua ngQdi Anh nhQ mot nguyen cd hdp thdi de t h i t chat hdn sQ quan ly ciia trieu dinh ddi vdi nen ngoai thQdng cua Dang Ngoai vdn da va dang tren da sa sut nghiem Ba't luan sQ that nao ding sau chinh sich " d m bien" ciia trieu dinh Le-Trinh n i m 1693, cd mot sQ that la t h i i h i khic cua trieu dinh ddi vdi thQdng nhan ngoai quo'c, thQdng nhan Ha Lan va Anh ndi rieng, da gdp p h i n thdi thuc ho rdi bd Dang Ngoai sau nhieu thap nien gin bd budn bin Tren phQdng dien hai thQdng qudc te b khu vQc Dong A tQ cudi the ky XVH-dau the ky XVHI, Trung Quo'c trd t h i n h thi trUdng ly tQdng cua thQdng nhan phQdng Tay, nha't l i sau nha Thanh bai bd lenh ddng cQa di't nQdc va cho phep Hoa thQdng di budn ban ke tQ sau n i m 1684 Cac thQdng pham nd'i tieng ciia Trung Qud'c nhQ gd'm sQ, td lua va nha't la che tran ngap thi trQdng khien cho cic san pham td lua va gd'm sQ Dang Ngoai khdng cdn chd dQng tren thi trQdng qud'c te nQa Trong bdi canh dd, trieu dinh Le-Trinh lai cd xu hQdng t h i t chat ngoai thQdng khie'n cho cd hoi dQ nhap sau va toan dien vdi nen kinh te khu vQc va qud^c te (hay sQ dQ nhap vao qui trinh Toan ciu hda giai doan can dai sd ky) - vd'n da dien phan ldn the ky XVII - hi bd Id mot cich dang tiec CHU THICH * Ghi chu vi tU lieu phan Chd thich: Nhiing tU li?u svt dung bai vie't bat dau b^ng Ngoai hifn dang duijc cd't giii tai Luu trii Quo'c gia Ha Lan (La Haye) E-3 va G/12/17 la tu lieu lUu trii cua Cong ty Dong (1) Cong ty Ddng An Anh (English East India An Anh lien quan de'n Dang Ngoai, hien dang dUdc Company, vie't tat la EIC), diidc t h a n h lap nam lUu trii tai ThU vien Qudc gia Anh (Luan Ddn); 1600 tai Luan Don Cdng ty diidc Nii hoang Anh nhiing tU lieu bat dau b l n g VOC la tU lieu lUu trfl Elizabeth ban cho doc quyen budn ban d PhUdng ciia Cdng ty Dong An Ha Lan lien quan de'n Dang Ddng (chau A va Thai Binh Dudng) Tai tru sd Luan Rghien curu Lich si3r sg 9.2010 24 Don, Cong ty dUdc dieu h a n h bdi Ban Giam do'c gom 24 vi phUdng Dong, Cdng ty tri mpt h$ tho'ng cac thUdng die'm buon ban trai dai tii An Do sang vung Vien Dong Ve td chiic va hoat dong ciia (6) E-3-91, London to Tonkin, November 1687, fo 225v (7) E-3-91, London to Tonkin, 24 May 1690, fo 50r Cong ty Dong An Anh, xin xem them tii: K N the (8) Ve boat ddng cua Cdng ty Ddng An Anh tai 1660-1760 Xiem t h a p nien 1680, xin xem: Dhiravat na (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Pombejra, "The English East India Company in Chaudhuri, The Trading English East India World of Asia and Company, D K Basett, "The Trade of the Enghsh East India Seventeenth Company in the Far East, 1623-1684", Journal Networks the Royal Asiatic Society, of 1-4,1960, pp 32-47 & Farrington Century and and Local Ayutthaya: Contexts", Dhiravat na in Trading Anthony Pombejra, The English Factory in Siam, 1612-1685 (London: The 145-157 British Library, 2007), pp 1-21 Xem them tis (2) Ngudi Anh bi bupc phai ddng thUdng die'm D.G.E Hall, A History of Southeast Asia (London: d Phd Hien tix nam 1672 de'n n i m 1683, sau dd Macmillan, 1970), pp 357-374; Basett, 'The Trade mdi diidc phep chuyen len Ke Chd Tuy nhien, tii of the English East India Company" diidc liiu trii va kinh doanh chinh thiic tren kinh do, nen mau dich cua ngiidi Anh vdi Dang (9) E-3-91, London to Tonkin, 29 February Ngoai khdng cdn dUdc Cdng ty quan tam giam sat 1692, fos 102v-103r Chie'n t r a n h Anh-Phap n i m nfla Nam 1697, ngUdi Anh rdi bd Dang Ngoai Ve cuoc chie'n t r a n h nam (1688-1697) gifla hoat ddng cua Cdng ty Dong An Anh d Dang Ngoai Phap va lien minh Anh cam dau cuoi thap nien 1660-dau thap nien 1670, xin xem tii: A Farrington, "English East India Company (10) E-3-91, London to Tonkin, 29 February 1692, fos 102v-103r Documents Relating Pho Hien and Tonkin", in: Pho Hien - The Centre of International in the 17th-18th Centuries Commerce (Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers, 1994), pp 148-161 Hoang Anh Tua'n, "Ke hoach Ddng A va tha't bai cua Cong ty Ddng An Anh d Dang Ngoai thap nien 70 the ky XVH", Tap chf Nghien cdu Lich sit Ha Ndi, 9-2005, tr 28-39 (11) Rial of eight (hoac reaal van achten tieng Ha Lan): dong tien bac Tay Ban Nha, due tai Peru, Mexico, va Sevilla, tri gia 48 stuivers (tnidc nam 1662) va 60 stuivers (sau nam 1662) (12) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, MayJ u n e 1693, fos 318r-321r (13) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, May- (3) Hoang Anh Tuan, "From J a p a n to Manila J u n e 1693, fos 318r-321r and Back to Europe: The English Abortive Trade with Tonkin in International Journal Expansion and the 1670s", Itinerario: on the History of Global European Interaction, the Netherlands, vol XXIX, no 3/2005, pp 73-92 (4) E-3-91, London to Fort St George, J u n e 1686, fo 70r (5) E-3-91, London to Fort St George, J u n e 1686, fo 70r (14) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, MayJ u n e 1693, fos 321v-322v (15) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, MayJ u n e 1693, fos 323v-324r (16) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 24 June-17 July 1693, fos 321v-322v (17) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, MayDecember 1693, fos 318r-341r 25 Tir VU ap phe thuong mai (18) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 25 he't sflc chi tie't va sinh dpng Nhat ky Thfldng die'm Anh tai Ke Chd, thang 12-1695 November 1693, fos 395v-396r (19) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 25 (27) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, December - J a n u a r y 1695, fos 335r-425v November 1693, fos 395v-396r (20) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 24 (28) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, December 1694-December 1695, fos 427v-438v December 1693, fo 340r (21) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 24 December 1694, fo 417r Mot sii trung lap ngau nhien la miia ddng nam 1693 tau Westbroek cua Cong ty Ddng An Ha Lan d Dang Ngoai cung (29) G/12/17-9, Tonkin to Madras, 24 November 1696, fo 459v (30) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 16 May 1697, fo 473v khdng the nhd neo de ve Batavia bi t r i gid miia ddng bic Sii kien ciing vdi viec triidc dd giam dd'c thiidng die'm Ha Lan tai Ke Chp la Jacob van Loo va thuyen trudng tau Westbroek bi Phu Chiia bat giam khie'n ngiidi Ha Lan bi thipt hai nang (31) E-3-91, London to Fort St George, J a n u a r y 1694, fo 154v (32) E-3-92, London to Fort St George, March 1695, fo 193v khong chi ve tai chinh ma ca ve danh dii Ve nhflng r i c rdi ciia ngiidi Ha Lan d Ke Chd nam (33) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 1693/1694, xin xem them tfl: VOC 8365, Missive February 1697, fos 466v-469r (General of Fort St from Jacob van Loo and the Council to Batavia, 23 George to Tonkin, 30 May 1696) Nov 1693, fos 1-3 (34) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 10 (22) Hoang Anh Tuan, Silk for Silver: Vietnamese Relations, 10 1637-1700 Dutch- (Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2007), pp 103-123 (23) Hoang Anh Tuan, Silk for Silver, pp 121123 February 1697 (Letters of Fort St George to the King and Prince of Tonkin, 30 May 1696), fos 469r-470v (35) Pagoda (hoac Pagode): ddn vi tien lflu h a n h kha rpng rai d An Dp, dSc biet la vflng Coromandel, vdi nhflng hp gia tri ra't khac (24) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 10 November 1695, fo 434v (25) G/12/17-9, Tonkin's General letter to Fort St George, 21 December 1695, fos 440r-442r (26) Mau t h u i n sau s i c va kdo dai gifla thuyen trudng Howell va giam dd'c Watts dfldc ghi chdp Ban t h a n Cdng ty Ddng An Anh cflng cho due loai tien Pagoda d Madras, gia tri cao nha't (loai tien star pagoda) tfldng dfldng vdi shilling (tfldng dfldng 96 pence hoac 0,96 bang Anh) (36) G/12/17-9, Tonkin Factory Record, 27 July-30 November 1697, fos 480-501 ... thdng khdn cdng cua nguai Anh dKe Cha, 1694-1697 Vu i p phe thQdng mai cua nhan vien thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd nam 1693 anh hQdng nghiem de''n nen mau dich cua Cdng ty Ddng An Anh vdi Dang Ngoai Ve... Ngoai ban hanh lenh cam bien se gay khd khan va thiet hai nang cho boat ddng kinh doanh cua thQdng diem Anh d Ke Chd Trong thQc te, p h i n ldn nhQng khd khan va ton that cua thQdng diem Anh lai... quyen d Batavia mot hanh dong mang bieu tQdng ngoai giao than thien giQa Dang Ngoai vdi Cong ty Ha Lan hdn nQa theky trQdc dd Mua he nam 1693 - trUdc xay vu i p phe cua ngQdi Anh - mdi quan he cang