Quan hệ thương mại của Đàng Trong với người Hoa thế kỷ XVI-XVIII

Quan hệ thương mại của Đàng Trong với người Hoa thế kỷ XVI-XVIII cũng như các dấu ấn đậm nét đối với sự phát triển của vùng đất Đàng trong suốt các thế kỷ sau này. Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.

OUAN HE THl/ClNC MAI CUA DANG TRONG V6l NGl/dl HOA THE KY XVI-XVIII NGUYilN TRONG VAN' MAI PHITONG NGOC" N am 1558, hg Nguyen de'n Mp nghiep tren vung Thuan Hoa, mdt vung da't "O chau ac dia", tren mdt dien tieh nhd hdn ra't nhieu so vdi hg Trinh, vdi nhQng cQ dan cd truyen thd'ng van hoa mang nhieu diem khac biet so vdi ngQdi Vidt The nhUng, chinh bdi canh a'y, hg Nguyin khdng ehi ton tai dUde tren vung da't mdi, day lui dUde nhQng cugc ta'n edng cua hg Trinh suo't g i n nQa the Id, ma cdn md rdng lanh thd' xudng phia Nam, phat trien kinh te, xa hdi Cd dUdc dien mao dd, chua Nguyen da liia chgn mdt eon dudng ma chinh eac chua Nguyin eung ehua ed nhieu kinh nghiem: dat cUdc the che' eua minh vao sil vong cua kinh te ngoai thudng (1) Trong sd'cae thUdng nhan de'n budn ban d Dang Trong cae the ki XVI - XVIII, ngudi Hoa va ngUdi Nhat ddng vai trd chinh ye'u Song sU giao thUdng vdi ngUdi Nhat ehi dien manh me cho de'n g i n giQa the ki XVII, Nhat Ban thUc thi ehinh sach ddng cQa da't nUdc, cdn ddi vdi ngudi Hoa, viee budn ban cua hg khdng ehi keo dai ma edn de lai da'u a'n dam net • PGS.TS Dai hge Vinh " Dai hoc Vinh dd'i vdi sU p h a t trien eua vung da't Dang Trong sud't cac the ki sau Sach Phu bien tg.p luc cua Le Quy Ddn ed ghi lai ldi ke ciia rngt Hoa thUdng hg Tran cho biet: "Pham hoa vat san xua't d cac phu Thang Hoa, Dien Ban, Quang Ngai, Qui Nhdn, Binh Khang va dinh Nha Trang, dudng thuy dudng bg, di thuyen di ngUa, deu hdi tap d phd' Hgi An, vi the ngUdi khaeh phQdng B i c deu de'n tu tap d da'y de mua ve nudc" (2) Dieu dd cho tha'y luong budn b a n ta'p nap giQa Dang Trong vdi cac thuyen buon ngQdi Hoa ma tam diem budn ban tai Hgi An Thd'ng ke sd thuyen ngudi Hoa tQ cac nudc Ddng Nam A de'n N h a t vao cae nam tQ 1647 de'n 1720 cho tha'y cd 203 thuyen, chiem khoang 30%, la thuyen de'n tQ Quang Nam (3) NhU vay, Dang Trong da trd t h a n h ndi trung chuyen viee giao thUdng giQa Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban Trong cac t h a p nien 1740 1750, so' thuyen T r u n g Hoa budn ban vdi Dang Trong da t a n g len 80 thuyen moi nam, khdng ke cae t a u tQ Macao, Batavia va Phap De'n ndi, Sapman phai thd't len Quan hg thtfcmg mai ciia Bang Trong rang: "Nhu vay, tQ lau nam nay, Trung Qudc da thu hiit ta't ca cac tien hac tren ddi, ngudi Au Tay eung nhu A Dong Sd thuyen hang nam di de'n Dang Trong chQng td ra't nhieu la san vat eua sd ra't dQdc Ua chudng d Trung Qud'c" (4) Ve cac thQ hang mua d Quang Nam dem di Quang Ddng, Le Quy Ddn chep: 'ThQ bao ndi cho biet ten cac hang va gia binh thudng v i n mua thi h i n ndi: "Tue d Quang Nam ggi 100 can la ta, cau thi quan ta, ho tieu thi 12 quan ta, dau kha'u quan, td mdc (go vang) quan, h a t sa nhan 12 quan, thao qua 10 quan, d mdc (gd mun) quan, hong mdc quan, hoa le mdc (gd trac) quan tien, te giac 500 quan, yen 50 quan, gan hudu 15 quan, vay ea 40 quan, tdm khd quan, rau bien quan, de hUdng 12 quan,d6i mdi 180 quan, nga voi 40 quan, ba la ma 12 quan, dudng phen quan, dudng t r i n g quan, edn cac thQ boat thach, sat, phan kem, hai sam va ma'y tram vi thudc nam khdng the ke xiet De'n nhu ki nam hUdng thi 120 quan lang, vang thi 180 quan bd't, td lua thi quan tien ta'm Cdn nhuc que, t r i m hUdng, tran chau ra't tdt, gia cao nhieu khdng nhat dinh Go tQ dan cung ed, nhUng khdng td't bang cua Xiem La" (5) Cac lai buon Trung Qud'c da tim tha'y d Dang Trong ngudn hang dap iing cho nhu c i u cua sU giao thUdng, dd la dieu da kich thich hg tham gia trao ddi, budn ban: "tQ Quang Nam ve thi eac hang khdng mdn gi khdng ed, cac nUde phien khdng kip dUdc du tram chie'c tau to chd cung mdt luc cung khdng het dUdc" (6) San vat cua Dang Trong phong phu thuan tien cho viec trao dd'i va phat trien thudng nghiep Poavdrd chuyen di de'n Dang Trong vao giQa the' ki XVIII da ra't hQng thu vdi td lua d day Theo dng thi so vdi Trung Qud'c, td lua Dang Trong hdn b i n ve 41 p h i m cha't va tinh te, ngudi Trung Qud'c thu mua ra't nhieu va cd the thu lai dUdc tQ 10 de'n 15% Nghe lam dudng eung ra't phat trie'n d Dang Trong Dudng trd mdt hang hoa ban dUdc ra't nhieu va ngUdi Trung Qud'c ed the thu dUdc lai tQ 30 de'n 40% ban mat hang (7) Ve cac mat hang Trung Qud'c dem de'n Dang Treng, Phu bien tgp luc ghi 'Lai hdi: "Cae thQ hang tQ Trung Qud'c mang de'n the nao? De'n day gian hoac cd e hang khdng?" H i n ndi: "Ban di chay lam, hang ban nhieu ldi, khdng cd e dgng Hang mang de'n thi sa, doan, ga'm, vdc, vai, cae vi thud'c, gia'y vang bae, hUdng vdng, cac thQ giay, kim tuyen, ngan tuyen, cae thQ pham, y phue, giiy tdt, nhung, dd ra, kinh, pha le, quat gia'y, but, miic, kim, cue ao, cac thQ ban ghe, cae thQ den long, cae thQ ddng, eac thQ dd sQ dd sanh; dd an udng thi cae loai nhu la che, cam, chanh, le, tao, hong, banh, mien, hot mi, tram mud'i, d i u thai, trQng mudi, tUdng gQng, tQdng nggt, dau phu, rau kim cham, mdc nhi, nam hUdng, ke cd ngUdi khdng, cung dd'i chae, khdng la khdng thoa dUdc sd thich" (8) Le Qui Ddn eung ghi lai, Dang Trong khdng ed md ddng nen phai mua ddng eua Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban: "Hai xQ Quang Nam va Thuan Hoa khdng ed md dong, nudc Nhat Ban xua't ddng dd, moi nam thuyen hg de'n thi khien thu mua, moi 100 can gia tien 45 quan Cdn nhu cac tau ThUdng Hai, Phuc Kien, Quang Ddng ed chd ddng dd sang thi eung phai khai bao de theo gia ma mua, sau nha nUde mua mdi cho eac tau mua ban" (9) Dieu kien trUdc tien eiia sU budn ban ehinh la hang hda NgUdi Hoa khdng chi tha'y d Dang Trong mgt ndi cung ca'p ngudn hang giau cd ma edn tim dQdc d dd mdt thi trUdng tieu thu ldn ngUdi Dang Trong 42 cung Uu thich nhQng san pham Hoa thUdng dem lai Nhd dam bao yeu c i u d i u tien dd nen sU trao ddi budn ban hang hoa da dien nhdn nhip giQa Hoa thudng va Dang Trong cae the'ki XVI - XVIII Thudng nhan ngudi Hoa la nhQng ngudi gidi budn ban, de'n M.De la Bissachire phai thQa nhan: "Hg khdn kheo va tieh cQc de'n ndi hg lam giau nhanh chdng hdn ban thUdng nhan ban xQ" (10) Khdng ehi t h a m gia vao viee triic tie'p trao ddi hang hoa, Hoa thUdng cdn ddng vai trd "md'i lai" eac cudc buon ban vdi thudng nhan ngUdi Viet va ngUdi nUde khac Vi the, sau chinh quyen Edo thiie hien ehinh sach ddng cQa da't nUde nam 1639, thuyen budn eiia Nhat Ban khdng the xua't dUdng tie'n h a n h giao thUdng thi viec budn ban d Dang Trong hau nhu n i m tay ngUdi Hoa Sd lUdng Hoa thUdng d Dang Trong kha ddng dao Ngay tQ cud'i the ki XVI, d i u the ki XVII, d vQng Thuan Quang da hinh t h a n h nhieu khu phd ciia ngudi Hoa s i m ua't, nhdn nhip: Thanh Ha d Phu Xuan, phd Khaeh d Hdi An Thi'ch Dai s a n , mdt nha sU Trung Qud'c da viet ve khu phd cua ngudi Hoa vao cud'i the ki XVII: "Hdi An la mgt ma d i u (ben tau) ldn, ndi tap hgp eua khaeh hang cac nUdc chu phd' thay deu ngUdi Phue Kien, v i n an mac thee Id'i tien trieu (nha Minh)" (11) Cd mgt diem eung phai ehu y rang, nhQng bie'n ddng cua tinh hinh ehinh tri d Trung Quo'c, dac biet vao giQa the ki XVII, nha Man Thanh lat dd' trieu Minh, thd'ng tri Trung Qud'c, ra't nhieu ngQdi Hoa Nam da bd chay sang nQdc ta d ca Dang Trong l i n Dang Ngoai Liic lUdng di dan sau luu tru da tham gia chu ye'u lam nghe budn ban Hg la nhQng ngUdi da cd ddng gdp viec kien tao dien mao cho Rghien cijru Lich si3r sg 9.2009 nhieu phd' xa Cd the ke de'n Ndng nai dai phd' ma T r i n ThUdng Xuyen va thudc eua dng xay diing nen - dd la mdt thi tran " t h u i n tinh cha't thUdng nghiep" - 'Thd' ldn Ndng Nai O dau phia Tay bai Dai Phd' Khi mdi khai thac Tran ThUdng Xuyen tudng quan chieu tap lai budn ngUdi Trung Qud'c lap phd' xa, nha ngdi tudng vdi liu cao vdt ma'y t i n g , nic rd ben sdng dudi anh mat trdi, lien tue nam dam, md vach ba dudng phd' Phd' ldn lat dudng da trang, phd ngang lat dudng da ong, phd nhd lat dudng da xanh, dQdng bang nhu da mai, khaeh budn hgp ddng thuyen bien thuyen sdng, tranh gid bo neo, ldn nhd sat la mdt ndi dai dd hgi Nha budn to giau ehi d day la nhieu" (12) Nghien cQu eua Tran Kinh Hoa eung ehi r i n g "Xa Minh hQdng la thdn xdm dac biet ngQdi Minh thdi cudi Minh d i u Thanh di ve phia Nam tdi Hdi An (Faifd) Trung Ki lap nen Hg lap vao trUdc sau nam 1650 Mat khac ten xa Thanh Ha hien nhien la la'y theo Thanh Ha phd d bd sdng Hudng giang phia b i e Thuan Hoa Phd' eung lap nen cho nhQng thudng n h a n ngUdi Minh di xudng phia Nam vao khoang trUdc sau nam 1640, la cang k h i u va khu thUdng nghiep eua Thuan Hoa the ki 17, 18 Cd ra't nhieu da'u tich khien ngudi ta suy r i n g nhQng khu mdi md nhu Dong Nai, Sai Gdn da thu hut ciia Minh hUdng xa d Hgi An va Thanh Ha xa Thusln Hoa r i t nhieu thUdng nhan ngUdi Hoa va ehau ngudi Hoa xudng phia nam budn ban hoac khai thac, cho de'n ehua Nguyin lap phu Gia Dinh, ben la'y nhQng ten eua que quan minh ma dat cho nhQng thdn xa mdi lap" (13) Dieu dd cho tha'y thUdng nhan ngUdi Hoa di dan de'n vung d i t Dang Trong vdi mdt lUc iQdng kha ddng dao, hg ddng gdp to ldn viec phat trien thUdng nghiep, khai thac vung dat mdi Quan h& Ihircmg mai ciia Bang Trong XQ Dang Trong cd nhieu dieu kien thuan ldi cho sU giao thudng day, thd' san ddi dao, "edn ve hai cang thi that la la lung, chi khoang hdn mdt tram dam mgt chut ma ngudi ta dem dUdc hdn sau mUdi cang, ta't ca deu ra't thuan tien de cap ben va len da't lien La vi d ven bd cd ra't nhieu nhanh bien ldn Hai cang dep nha't, ndi ta't ca ngudi ngoai qud'c deu tdi va cung la ndi ed hdi chd danh tie'ng chinh la hai cang thudc tinh Quang Nam" (14) Ngudi dan xQ Dang Trong vdi truyen thd'ng van hoa mang nhieu net khac biet so vdi Dang Ngoai: "hg de dang cho ngUdi ngoai qud'c vao hai cang cua hg va hg thich thu tha'y ngudi ta budn ban lanh thd' ciia hg" (15) Vdi Hoa thudng, hg edn nhan tha'y vi tri tien ldi ciia Dang Trong viec budn ban: "tQ phu Quang Chau dudng bie'n de'n tra'n Thuan Hoa, dUdc gid thuan thi ehi ba ba dem, vao eiia Eo, de'n phd' Thanh Ha d Phu Xuan, vao cQa Dai Chiem, de'n phd Hdi An d Quang Nam eung the TQ Quang Chau de'n tra'n Sdn Nam cdn g i n hdn, chi dem" (16) Vdi vi tri a'y nen tQ vua Muc Tdng nha Minh sau hdn 200 nam ddng cQa, cho thUdng nhan dUdc xuat dUdng budn ban vao nam 1567, nhung lai chi gidi ban pham vi vdi cae nudc Ddng Nam A ma thdi, da bie'n Dang Trong trd mdt vi tri li tudng cho vai trd trung chuyen md'i quan he giQa ngudi Hoa va Nhat Ban Song, mdt nhQng nguyen nhan quan trgng dUa tdi sii phdn thinh quan he budn ban giQa Dang Trong va ngQdi Hoa ehinh la nhQng ehinh sach eua chua Nguyen dd'i vdi viec giao thUdng ndi ehung va vdi thUdng nhan ngUdi Hoa ndi rieng Cristophoro Borri de'n Dang Trong vao the' ki XVII da nhan xet rang: "Chua 43 Dang Trong khdng ddng cQa trUdc mdt qud'c gia nao, ngai de' eho tU va md cQa cho ta't ea ngudi ngoai qud'c PhUdng cham cua ngudi Dang Trong la khdng bao gid td sd mdt nude nao tren the gidi That la hoan toan trai ngUdc vdi vua Trung Hoa, dng sd ta't ca, ddng cQa khdng cho ngUdi ngoai qud'c vao va khdng cho phep budn ban nudc dng" (17) Chinh sach cdi md dd cua ehua Nguyin da tao dieu kien rdng rai cho sii giao thudng Dd'i vdi thUdng nhan ngudi Hoa, ehua Nguyen cdn cd nhieu ehinh sach khuye'n khieh va bao trd budn ban Ve le thue', so vdi tau phudng Tay va Nhat Ban thi tau Trung Hoa dUde giam nhe hdn ra't nhieu Phu bien tgp luc chep: "Xet le thue' lenh sQ tau cu la Vo Chan Dai ke khai thi tau Thudng Hai le thue de'n la 3000 quan, thue ve la 300 quan, tau Quang Ddng le thue de'n la 3000 quan, thue' ve la 300 quan, tau Phue Kien le thue de'n la 2000 quan, thue' ve la 200 quan, tau Hai Nam le thue' de'n la 500 quan, thue ve la 50 quan, tau Tay Dudng le thue de'n la 8000 quan, thue ve la 800 quan, tau Ma Cao le thue' de'n la 4000 quan, thue ve la 400 quan, tau Nhat Ban le thue de'n la 4000 quan, thue ve la 400 quan" (18) Ngoai ra, ne'u "Thuyen gap gid bao bi pha hdng, thi xet xem sd khaeh, eai ba giao eho hdi quan trdng giQ, ca'p phat tien nha nUdc, lUdng thang moi ngUdi tien, ddi thuan gid thi cho phu theo cac thuyen ma ve nUdo Dudng" (19) SQ cu cdn ghi lai sii kien thang nam 1682, mgt thudng thuyen Quang Ddng rdi Cao Mien ve nude, qua mat be phu can Quang Nam da bi cUdp ma't ea hang lan thuyen, thudng khaeh phai chay ve luu tru tai Hdi An Chua Nguyen da tim each la'y lai chie'c thuyen va thUdng khaeh ed the trd ve Quang Ddng 44 thang sau nam sau Nam 1683, mdt ehiee thuyen cua Hoa kieu gap nan tai q u i n dao Nam Sa, thuyen bi ehim, ehi edn 76 thudng khaeh va thuy thu thoat dUdc ve tdi Quang Nam Chua Nguyin cung da ehe ho bae, giup hg mua thuyen va trieu tap thUdng khaeh de thiic hien tie'p h a n h trinh (20) Chua Nguyen cdn sQ dung ngUdi Hoa vec quan li giao thudng Vi ngudi Hoa ed kinh nghiem budn ban nen chua Nguyin giao cho hg nhieu chQc quan Tau vu ty nhu kiem soat ngoai thUdng, thu thue' thUdng thuyen, cQu giup thuyen ngoai qudc hi gid bao trdi dat hay nghiem xet can ludng, dinh gia, lam thdng ngdn eho cac tau Trung Qud'c va ngoai qud'c Chua Nguyen da miin cho hg cac thQ sQu dich, sQu sai, quet chd va t u i n dd Ben canh dd, nhQng khu phd dQdc danh eho ngUdi Hda de hg thuan tien treng budn ban cung la mdt nhQng minh chQng cho ehinh sach Uu dai cua cae ehua Nguyin Chinh sii giao thQdng dd da dem lai nguon ldi ldn chd cae chua Nguyin va d i t Dang Trong: "Chua thu dQdc ldi n h u a n ldn viec budn ban b i n g thue hang hoa va thue' hai khau ngai dat va ca nQdc deu kie'm dQdc ra't nhieu md'i ldi khdng the ta xiet" (21) Ghi chep cua sQ eu cho tha'y: "Nam Tan Mao, tau budn cac xQ de'n Hdi An 16 chie'c, tien thue la 30 800 quan; nam N h a m Thin 12 chie'c, tien thue la van 300 quan; nam Quy Ty chie'c, tien thue la 13 200 quan" (22) Chinh nguon thu da ddng p h i n chinh yeu de lam eho Dang Trong ed the dugc nhu Le Quy Ddn nhan d^nh "dai khai thu vao du eung ehi ra" Cung nhd sii giad thQdng ma ddi sd'ng eua ngUdi dan Dang Trdng dudng nhu de chiu hdn r a t nhieu se vdi Dang Ngoai va manh da't Dang Trong trd t h a n h niem md Ude ciia nhQng cU dan dang xieu Rghien cijru Ljch sJr, s6 9.2009 t a n vi ddi ngheo Theo Le Quy Ddn ghi lai "Quan vien ldn nhd khdng la khdng nha ciia cham ggt, tudng vach gach da, the man trudng doan, dac ddng thau, ban ghe' gd dan, go t r i e , chen mam dd sQ, dd hoa yen cUdng vang bae, y phuc gam vdc, chieu dem may hoa, phii quy phong lUu, dua khoe dep NhQng sic mue d dan gian cung mac ao doan hoa bat ty va ao sa, lUdng, dia lam mac vao thudng, la'y ao vai ao mgc lam ho' then Binh si deu ngoi chieu may, diia qua tila hoa, dm Id hQdng cd', ham che hao hang, ud'ng chen sQ bit bae va nhd d'ng nhd' thau, dia bat an udng thi khdng eai gi la khdng phai h a n g Bae, mdt bQa edm ba bat ldn Dan ba gai thi deu mac ao the va h a n g hoa, then hoa d ed trdn Coi vang bae n h u cat, thdc gao nhu bun, xa xi ra't miie" (23) Lap nghiep tren vung da't mdi, chiia Nguyin da cd mdt iQa chgn chUa tiing ed lich sQ dan tgc Su lUa chgn dd da dua tdi sil phon t h i n h eua nen ngoai • thQdng mgt giai doan dac biet va "Dieu dang ehu y la, qua trinh xay dung ehinh the eua chua Nguyen cung tQdng hdp vdi thdi ki hoang kim quan he hai thUdng ehau A Trong lich sQ Viet Nam, ehUa bao gid nen kinh te hai thUdng lai cd quan he rgng md, da dang va phat trien cudng thinh nhU giai doan the ki XVI XVII Hau het eac cudng qud'c kinh te biy gid deu de'n va thie't lap quan he trao ddi, budn ban vdi Dang Trong" (24) Cung e i n phai t h i y rang, ehinh sach ngoai thudng cua cae ehua N g u y i n van edn nhieu diem ba't cap, t h u tuc le bao tin trd t h a n h mdt nghi thQc quan trgng, rudm khie'n cho nhieu t a u budn cam tha'y phien Roi chua Nguyen lenh mudn mua thQ gi thi ehi e i n phai cho quan cai tau cQ chieu theo ban ke khai dem nop cho kho Quanhl fhtrong mai eiia Bang Trong dem di trao dd'i Chi'nh sach trUng tap thg khdo ciia chua Nguyin cung ban che sQ phat trien eua cac nganh tieu thu cdng nghiep, anh hQdng tdi sQ giao thQdng Poavdrd da ra't b i t ngd tai td lua ciia Dang Trdng vd'n ed chit lUdng r i t td't, nhUng nhQng ta'm vai lai ed nhid'u ldi va tham ehi cd edn thd cQng Hdi mdi biet nhQng ngUdi thd "Dang Trong hoan toan cd the lam theo nhQng m i u ma dep, song hg da ed' tinh det nhQng ta'm lua cd loi de chua khdng the trUng tap hg lam viee phue vu cho rieng nha chua Dd'i vdi Hoa thudng, sil Uu dai eua ehua Nguyin edn bao gdm ea viee eho hg dUde quyIn thu thuS' va diic tien gia, khie'n Hoa thUdng ed the lung doan thi trudng Dang Trong 'Vi vay tau budn cac nUdc khae gap nhieu trd ngai budn ban va hg d i n trd nen thUa thdt qua lai Cung phai thQa nhan ring, mdt nhQng nhan td' kich thich cae ehua Nguyen tieh cUc thiic hien viee giao thUdng la nhu ciu eho cudc chie'n tranh vdi hg Trinh d Dang Ngoai Bdi the ma sau cugc chie'n tranh Trinh - Nguyin, chua Nguyen khdng cdn mSn ma vdi eac cdng ty tU ban nhu trudc, nen hai thUdng cQa Dang Trong cung khdng edn rdng md nhu hdi the ki XVI va nQa d i u the ki XVII Dieu dd cho thiy viec phat tridn ngoai thUdng khdng phai ehi xuit phat tQ nhu ciu mang tinh chit ndi tai eiia nen kinh te va cung nhQ vay, ed le khdng b i n r i n g vi ehua Nguyin nao eung ed dUdc " chu trUdng md rdng va day manh quan h§ hai thUdng dd chd tha'y t i m nhin chie'n lUdo cua cac chua Nguyen trdng vige nim b i t xu the phat trien eua thdi dai" (25) Da danh la nhU vay, nhQng cung that khd de ddi hdi cac chiia Nguyin cd the lam dQdc nhieu hdn the Cac ehua Nguyin da la 45 nhQng ngUdi di d i u md nen ngoai thudng phat trien, mdt hien tUdng nha't cho de'n trUdc nUdc ta bi thilc dan phUdng Tay xam luge Tao gia Hu}>nh Cdng Ba da chi r i n g "cung khdng phai n g i u nhien ma cac chua Nguyin lai cd tU tudng phdng khoang nhU the' Chinh la ca mdt trao luu hdi nhap van hoa Viet Cham tQ phia nhan dan tac ddng tdi" (26) Manh da't Dang Trong, ndi Khd'ng giao khdng cdn giQ dUdc vi the ddc tdn eua nd, da bQa hen r i t nhieu ddi vdi sU phat trien ciia nhQng iQe iQdng mdi, xu the mdi Sdng, eung khdng phai d l dang de cac ehua Nguyen, tQ ngUdi khdi nghiep la ehua Nguyin Hoang, vQdt qua dUde sQ "giam ham eua nen van boa Thang Long, bdi eai khudn "md pham" ehinh thd'ng cua nd" (27) de vQdn len thilc thi mgt chinh sach rdng md vdi sQ giao thQdng Phai hieu bad sQ khdi dau gian nan mdi them tran trgng cdng sQc eua nhQng cen ngQdi da tad nen ki tieh a'y Nhieu hge gia da chi r i n g tinh nang ddng va mem deo ciia cac chua Nguyin that thich hgp vdi viec phat trien xa hgi Dang Trong hg cdi md hdn trUdc cac cd hgi tQ ben ngoai va ed tinh hUdng ngoai hdn so vdi dd'i thu eua hg la hg Trinh d phUdng Bie Bdi the, "Dang Trong, ddi ndi chie'n, bie'n m i t ngi chien, nhUng Dang Trong da dinh hinh lai Viet Nam mgi quy md ed the" (28) Va nhU vay, viee nghien cQu ve nhQng mdi quan he giao thQdng ciia eac chua Nguyin edn de lai ehe ehung ta nhieu suy ngim ve nhQng bai hge edng cudc xay diing da't nQdc hdm (Xem tiep trang 79) Vien Vien Sdng Bae ed Phap 79 CHU THICH (1) Philippe Papm Vien Viin B6ng Bde Co (4) D i n theo Nguyin Van TrUdng Ky niem Phdp vdi viec nghien cdu Viet Nam Tap chi Xda 100 ndm ngdy thdnh lap Trddng Vien Bdng Bde cd vdNay, so 45, thang 11-1997, tr Tap chi Xda vd Nay, so 78B (8-2000), tr 35 (2) Trin Duy EFEO - Trddng Viin Bong Bde CdPhdp, H4 Noi, 2003, tr 4-5 (3) Din theo Nguyen Van TrUclng Ky niem 100 ndm ngdy thdnh tap Trddng Vien Bong Bde cd Tap chi Xda vd Nay, so 78B (8-2000), tr 35 (5) Vien Vien Dong Bae Co Phap 90 ndm nghien cdu vi vdn hod vd lich sd Viet Nam, Nxb, Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi, 1995, tr 119 (6) T r i n Duy EFEO - Trddng Viin Dong Bde CdPhdp, sdd, tr OUAN HE THl/dNG MAI cOA D A N C TRONG (Tiep theo trang 45) CHU THtCH (1), (23), (24), (25) Nguyen Van Kim, Xd Ddng Trong cdc mdi quan he vd tddng tdc quyin lite khu vdc, cuon Khoa hge xd hgi Nam Bo, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, H^ Noi, 2007, tr 173, 180, 181, 176, 175 (2), (5), (6), (8), (9), (16), (18), (19), (22) Le Quy Don, Phu bien tgp tuc, Vi^n sQ hoc dich, Nxb VSn hoa thong tin, H4 Npi, 2007, t r 295, 294, 296, 278, 291, 292 (12) Trinh Hoai DUc, Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi Do Mong KhUdng, Nguyen Ngoc Tinh dich, Nxb Giao due Ha Noi, 1998, tr 194 (13) T r i n Kinh Hoa, T4n quan Trinh Thinh Cong thdi Thanh sd di dan vao Nam ki, quyen ha, nit Tdn A hge bdo ky quyin 8, tai li$u luu tai thu vign Khoa hoc xa hoi, Hk Noi, 1968, tr 44 (3), (28) Li Tana, Xd Ddng Trong lich sd kinh te xd hgi Viet Nam the ki 17 vd 18, ban dich cila Nguyen Nghi, Nxb Tre, 1999, t r 100, 219 (4), (7) Thinh ThS' Vy, Ngogi thddng Viet Nam hii theky XVII-XVIII hoc xa hoi, Hk Noi, 2000, tr 245, 233, 234 (14), (15), (17), (21) Cristophoro Borri, Xd Ddng Trong ndm 1621, Hong Nhud, Nguyen Khic Xuyen vk Nguyen Nghi dich, Nxb Thanh Ho Chi Minh, 1998, t r 90, 91, 88, 92, 93 vd ddu theky XIX, Nxb Sil hoc, Hk Noi, 1961, tr 243, 238 (26), (27) Huynh Cong Ba, Hieu them vi khdi niem "Nam tien" td cdng cugc khai (10) Do Bang, Phdcdng vitng Thuan Qudng theki XVII-XVIII, Nxb Thu4n Hoa, Hue, 1996, tr 125 (11), (20) Huynh Lfla, Gdp phdn tim hieu viing da't Nam bg cdc theki XVII, XVIII, XIX, Nxb Khoa khdn Thuan Hod hdi trung the ki, Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, so (323), Trich t4p Tap chi Nghien cdu lich sd, nam 2002, luu tai Thu vien Vien SOl hoc, tr 85  ... thi 12 quan ta, dau kha'u quan, td mdc (go vang) quan, h a t sa nhan 12 quan, thao qua 10 quan, d mdc (gd mun) quan, hong mdc quan, hoa le mdc (gd trac) quan tien, te giac 500 quan, yen 50 quan, ... quan, gan hudu 15 quan, vay ea 40 quan, tdm khd quan, rau bien quan, de hUdng 12 quan, d6i mdi 180 quan, nga voi 40 quan, ba la ma 12 quan, dudng phen quan, dudng t r i n g quan, edn cac thQ boat... 3000 quan, thue ve la 300 quan, tau Quang Ddng le thue de'n la 3000 quan, thue' ve la 300 quan, tau Phue Kien le thue de'n la 2000 quan, thue' ve la 200 quan, tau Hai Nam le thue' de'n la 500 quan,