Liên bang Xô - Viết và chiến tranh Triều Tiên (1950-1953)

Bài viết trình bày bán đảo Triều Tiên và lợi ích chiến lược của Liên Xô; Liên Xô và những thời điểm quan trọng của cuộc chiến tranh; Liên Xô với chiến tranh Triều Tiên và hệ lụy.

LIEN BANG XO-VIET v A CHIEN TRANH TRIEU TIEN (1950-1953) NGUYfiN THI MAI HOA' ^ f \ nfim da troi qua, nhUng cho d i n O vJhfim nay, Chifi'n tranh Trilu Tifin (1950-1953) vfin dang lfi sU kien ljch sQ chQa dyng rfi't nhilu dilu bf ^n,- chUa dUpe giai ma Mot thdi gian dfii, nhQng tU liflu da dupe cflng bo ve sQ kien lich sQ nfiy hofie cdn sd lupc, hofie cdn mfiu thufin, thfim chf lfi trfii ngUde Dfi lfi mfit nhQng nguyen nhan khiln cho viflc nghien cQu v l cupe ehien tranh trd nen khd khan, it tien triin Thdi gian qua, Cpng hda Lien bang (CHLB) Nga vfi cae nUde lien quan da giai mfit mpt si lupng ldn cfic tfii liflu v l cupe chien tranh nfiy (trong dfl cd 215 bp ho sd gifi tri Bd Tfing tham mUu quan dpi CHLB Nga cung cfi'p), nhd thfi, gidi nghien cQu cd them cd sd vfi dieu kifln nhin nhfin, danh gia, lufin giai nhQng chieu cgnh khac eua cuflc ehie'n tranh mpt each thfi'u dao hdn, bao gom vai trd vfi qua trinh can du cua Lifln Xd vfio cupe chien B a n d a o T r i e u T i e n va Itfi ich c h i e n iQtfc c u a Lien X6 Tai Hpi nghi lanta (2-1945), Tfl'ng thfl'ng My F.D Roosevelt da d l nghi I.V Stalin dat Trilu Tien dudi sQ dong bao trp eua My vfi Lien Xfl bfing each thie't Ifip ehe dp Uy tri Qufic t l (An International Trusteeship) Theo F.D Roosevelt, "trong nhQng nfim 1^ thupc dia cua Nhfit Ban, nhQng nhfi lanh dgo Trifi'u Tien da qufln mfi't cfich thQc dieu hfinh dfi't nQde Do vfiy, sau dupc giai phdng, cfin mot thdi gian nhfi't dinh dl co the dfio tgo nhQng nhfi ehinh tri du kha nfing diflV hfinh dfi't nUdc mot cfich vfin minh" (1) Dupc t h u y i t phue la Hoa Kf khflng cfi y dinh bo tri qufin My trfln ban dao Trilu Tien, I.V Stalin da Ifip tUc dong y vdi de nghi mfi khflng he yeu cfiu F.D Roosevelt giai thich thfim vl quan diem cua phia My v l vfi'n de tren Dieu d6 phan nao cho thfi'y d i n trUde nfim 1945, chifi'n lUpc doi ngoai cua minh, Lifin Xfl chUa ed no lyc nfio nhfim gay anh hudng vfi thiet Ifip sQ kiem sofit tren bfin dao Trilu Tien Thuc ra, cho den thdi dilm hCy gid, sy quan tam cQa gidi lanh dao Xfl-viet chu yiu hudng tdi viflc can b i n g lUc lUdng eung nhu ngfin chfin sy tranh gifinh quyen hofin toan kiem soat ban dao nfiy cua cac CUdng quoc khfic The nhUng tQ sau Chifl'n tranh t h i gi3i thQ Hai, quan he quoc te' dien nhflng thay dfi'i nhanh chdng mang tinh bUdc * TS Trung tam Dfio tgo, Boi dufing giang vien Iy lufin chinh tri, DHQG HN Li6n bang Xdviet , ngofit Quan h§ ding minh - "mflt cufic hdn phoi khflng cd tu^n trang mfit" (2) giQa Lien Xd vfi My nhanh chdng chuyin sang trang thfii dfli dfiu quyet liet The gidi bj bao phu bdi hfiu khfing u fim cua chiin tranh Lgnh Trfit ty the gidi hai cQc vdi cue difin dfii d i u Dfing - Tfiy dupe t h i i t Ifip vfi trd thfinh nguyfin nhfin sfiu xa lfim bQng phfit hfing logt xung dfit cue bfi d khfip cfic chfiu lyc Trong bfii canh dd, ban dao Trifi^u Tifln vdi vj tri dia chien lUpc eua nd dUpc ea hai chu the chu chot cua trfit ty t h i gidi mdi lfi Lien Xfi vfi My dfit vfio tfim ngfim Dya tren v} tri khdng ngQng dUpe nfing eao tren trUdng quic t l vfi vai tro cudng quic d chfiu Au tQ sau Chien tranh t h i gidi thQ Hai, Lifln Xfi trien khai chfnh sfich doi ngoai dfit trpng tfim vfio viflc bao dam mfii trQdng quoc te thufin Ipi de xay dyng dfi't nUdc tQ d l nfit cua Chifl'n tranh Vfl quoc, rdt ngfin khoang each vdi cac nUdc phfit trien, giQ the cfin bfing chien lUpc vdi My, duoi kip My Knh vQc kinh t l vfi khoa hpc - cflng nghfl, md rpng vung anh hQdng; dong thdi, "phat trien tinh dofin k i t anh em vdi cac nQde dan chu nhan dan, cung co* tofin difln hfi thong xa hpi chu nghia t h i gidi, ung hd phong trfio giai phflng dan tpc hpp tfic hQu nghi vdi cfic quo'c gia dflc Ifip tre tufl'i, bao ve hofi binh" (3) Nhfim dgt dUdc nhQng muc tifiu tren dfiy, Lifin Xfi thyc hi^n mfit ehinh sach doi ngogi khon ngoan, tranh dinh liu trUc tilp vao cfic cupc tranh chfi'p, doi dfiu, xung dot Tuy nhien, dl bao dam bao tfli da Ipi ich qufl'c gia, dfin tpc, Lifin Xfl lufin can nhfic ky mpi hfinh dflng trfin bfin cd chinh tri quoc tl NgUdi ta thfi'y ding sau khfing it eupe xung dot quan sy mang tinh khu vQe d nhieu ndi tren the gidi sau nfim 1945 de'u ed bong dang eUdng quoc diu dan cua phe XHCN Tuy vQng anh hudng trpng yiu dUdc dfit vfio vdng cung Dfing Au, song dw vdi Lien Xfi, bfin dao Trilu Tifin lgi cfi gifi tri nhu mpt vfl tinh quan trpng chiin lUpe md rfing quy dgo, cung co vfinh dai an ninh vdng ngofii Dfic bifit, t h i doi dfiu Xfi Mf vfi trUdc cfic budc triin khai chiin lUpc tofin cfiu cua MJ, thi vific dfit Trifiu Tien tfim kiim sofit cua minh dupe Lien Xfi coi trpng Trong tfnh tofin cua cfic nhfi lanh dao Xfl-vilt, bfin dao Trilu Tien vQa phai trd thfinh tfi'm lfi chfin ching lgi sU "nhdm ngfl" tQ phia My, vQa phai trd thfinh vQng dem giQp Lien Xfi kiem sofit, kiim c h l Nhfit Ban - dong minh quan trpng eua My Vi trf lfi chfin cua Trilu Tifln cfing trd nen quan trpng vdi bfii hpe lich sQ nfim 1930, Nhfit Ban dQng Trilu Tien lfim ban dgp de danh chiem Trung Quic, ddng thdi tifl'n sfiu vfio lanh tho Lien Xfi Bfin canh dfi, Bfic Trilu Tien cdn quan trpng vdi" Lien X6 bdi day lfi manh dfi't rfi't gifiu khofing san vfi cfic kim logi quy, dd cd qufing Monazite - mfit logi qufing cfl chQa phdng xa, dung d l c h l tao bom nguyen tQ Theo nha sQ hpc A.C Orlov, thi "ngay tQ nhQng ngfiy d^u nfim 1945, dfit chan den ban dao Trilu Tifln sQ mflnh cua nhQng ngUdi giai phong, cfic quan chQc Lien X6 da phat hien qufing Monazite vfi nhQng mfiu khoang san diiu tien da dUde chuye'n v l Lien Xfi de phan tieh" (4) Vfio thang 3-1949, Dai sQ Lifln Xfi tai Binh NbQQng T.F.Shtyukov dfi hfii thuc I.V.Stalin "nhanh chflng dUa nhQng bien phfip de tfing toi da so lupng khai thfic eac khoang san quy d Trifiu Tien, nhfi't lfi Tantalum, Niobium vfi dfic biet la Monazite" (5) Ngay Ifip tQc, tuyen dudng sfit tQ thfinh phfi' Primorye den ga Honio, Bac Trie'u Tien, dUdi sU giup dfi cua Lien Xo Rghian cQu Ljch afl- stf 1.2013 (thyc ehfi't lfi Lifln Xfi d i u tU) da nhanh ehdng dupc khdi cdng vfi hofin thfinh mfit thdi gian ngfin, tgo dilu kifin thuftn Ipi cho nhQng chuyin tfiu hfing tQ CHDCND Trilu Tifln v l tdi Lifin Xfi Mfit dfi't nUdc X8vilt dang khfii phyc kinh tl' sau chiin tranh, dfit myc tifiu duli kip vfi vQpt My trfln hfing logt cfic chi s i kinh t l , vific cd mflt nguin tfii nguyen vdi nhQng dilu kifin khai thfic cd Ipi lfi mfit Ipi t h i so sfinh khfing the bd qua Khflng chi cd vfiy, cupc chgy dua chilm Uu t h i v l vu khf hat nhfin, Bfic Trilu Tien vdi qufing Monazite lfi mpt cd hfii mfi Lien Xfl nhfi't djnh phai nfim Ifi'y Dudi tfic dpng cua My, thfing 8-1948, Nam Trilu Tien tuyfln bo thfinh Ifip Dgi Hdn Ddn qud'c Dudi anh hudng cua Lien Xd, thfing 9-1948, B4C Trilu Tifin tuyen b l thfinh Ifip Cgng hda ddn chu nhdn ddn Triiu Tien (CHDCND Trilu Tifln), chinh thQc hinh thfinh cue difin chia cfit bfin dao Trieu Tifln Trilu Tien trd thfinh dilm hfii tu nhQng mfiu thufin ldn eua thdi dgi, ndi chQa dyng vfi bdc 15 nhQng toan tinh cua cfic cudng quoc dfit khflng gian chung lfi cupe Chiin tranh Lanh Ngay ea vific hai miin Nam, Bfic Trilu Tien deu rfio riit ehu^n hi cho cfing cupc thfing nhfi't dfit nUde b i n g vu iQc cung khdng nfim ngofii nhQng dpng cd, nhQng dy lipu, cQng nhQ nhQng k l hogch ngdm dinh cua cfic nQde ldn Lifin Xo va nhCCng t h d i d i l m q u a n trpng cua cupc chien t r a n h Thdi diem thit nhdt: Chiin tranh bQng nl Ngay sau Ifip CHDCND Trilu Tifln, Kim Nhfit Thfinh da nung nfi'u f dinh thdng nhfi't Trilu Tifln bfing bifin phfip qufin sU K l hoach tfi^n cflng quan sQ cua nude nfiy dQpc xfiy dUng tQng bQdc, b l sung, hofin ehinh vfi dieh thfin Kim Nhfit Thfinh n h i l u l i n t h a m vfi'n, nhSm tranh thu sy ddng tinh, ung hfi cua LV StaUn nhUng khdng cd k i t qua Cufli thfing 51950, vdi sy giup dd cua Trung tUdng Vaailiev • TrUdng dofin cd'vtfn qufin sQ Lifin Xfl, CHDCND Trilu Tifln da hofin chinh k l hogch tfi'n edng Nam Trilu Tifin, theo d6 CHDCND Trilu Tifin sfl btft ngd "thyc hifin ddn tfi'n cflng b i n g hai cfinh qufin bd binh bao gdm sQ dofin, trfin hai hudng Seoul vfi Hunchhon, k i t hpp vdi cfic cufic t i n cflng cua lyc lupng du kfch vfi cfic cufic nii dfiy cua q u i n chQng nhfin dfin, dy djnh sau ba ngfiy sfi tifin vfio vfi chilm giQ Seoul" (6) Ngfiy 30-5-1950, Dai sQ Lifln Xo T.F.Shtyucov tai CHDCND Trilu Tifin gQi Bdo cdo tdi LV Stalin, k h i n g dinh "kl hogch cua CHDCND Trilu Tien cd t h i tiin hfinh dQng nhU dU kiln" (7); chuyin yflu ciu vipn trp d i u md, thufic men cua CHDCND Trilu Tifln tdi LV Stalm vfi de nghi Moscow nhanh chong dUa quyit dinh LV Stalin Ifip tQc h i i dfip, bQa ring, dilu kifln nhanh nhlCt cd t h i , se vifln trp du nhQng gi mfi CHDCND Trilu Tien d l nghj Hdi dfip dd cua phfa Lifln Xfl "dong nghia vdi vific Moscow bfit dfin xanh cho Kim Nhfit Thfinh tien hfinh chiin tranh" (8) Ciing cfin luu f them r i n g , thdi dilm mfi Moscow lya chpn ung hd quyit dinh phfit dfing chiin tranh cua CHDCND Trilu Tien dUpc tfnh toan h i t sQc "khdn ngoan", ft nhfi't bdi hai 1^ do: 1) T h i cfin bfing vu khf nguyfin tQ da dUde t h i i t Ifip (Lifin Xo thd thfinh cfing bom nguyfln tQ ngfiy 29-81949); 2) Hifip udc hpp tfic hQu nghi X6Trung da dUpc kf k i t (14-2-1950) md kha nfing ung hfi true t i l p cua Lien Xfi vdi Trung Quoc vfi gian ti^p vdi Trilu Tifln c i n t h i i t (9) Ngay sau Hi0p Udc dUdc kf k i t , Bfi trudng Quoc phdng CHDCND Trilu Tifln da Ifip tQc tuyen bo: "Hifip Udc Xfl - Trung ky k i t da cho chQng toi hy vpng L!6ntiangX6 vleK 69 vQng chic vfio t h i n g Ipi cufic dfi'u an LHQ, Y.A Malik t i y chay eupe hpp vdi tranh dfinh d l chfnh quyin Lf ThQa Van" 1^ Hfii dong Bao an khflng cflng nhfin (10) NhQng dieu dfi cho thfi'y: Thit nhdt, CHND Trung Hoa lfi thfinh vifln chinh Chiin tranh Trieu Tifln no vfio ngfiy 25- dfing, hpp phfip cua t l chQc nfiy Vific Y.A 6-1950 cd sy dong f ngim cua LV Stalin; Malik rQt khdi hfii nghi d i n g nghia vdi vific ThU hai, khdi dfiu cufic chiin, Lien Xfl tU ddnh mdt quyin phu quyit, ty CHDCND Trilu Tifln da vQng tin vfio sU dfinh mfi't Cd hfii dQng bao vfi CHDCND giup dd, ung hfl cua Lifin Xfi vfi nilm tin fi'y Trilu Tien trUdc sy trQng phgt cua Lifln lfi mfit nhQng nhfin tfl* quan trpng qufin LHQ Qua nhifln, cufic hpp ngfiy thuc d^y CHDCND Trifi'u Tien phfit dfing 27-8-1950, 53 nUdc da bd philu tfin thfinh chiin tranh, cung co quyit tfim chiin dfi'u, quyit dinh sQ dyng lUc lUpng qufin sy cua LHQ "bao vfi" Nam Trilu Tifin; qufin dfii hy vpng d chiin thing Thdi diim thit hai: Hfii dong Bio an cua 15 nUde da tQc khie dUpc tfip hpp CQng ngfiy, dQpc l^nh eua Tong thong My Lifin hifip quic (LHQ) hpp bfin v l vfi'n de H.S.Truman vfi dudi sQ chi huy cua Dgi Trilu Tifin Ngay Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln bQng tudng D MacArthur, iQc iQpng khfing quan nfl', ngfiy 25-6 va ngfiy 27-6-1950, diln My dong tai Nhfit Ban da dfii nhQng tran hai eupe hpp eua Hpi dong Bao an LHQ vl mUa bom vfio nhQng khu vyc dUdc cho lfi vfi'n de Trieu Tien Dfiy lfi thdi diem quan ndi don tru cua qufin dpi CHDCND Trilu trpng dfli vdi ca Bac vfi Nam Trilu Tifin, bdi Tifin O day, dudng nhU sy viflc da dien quyit dinh cua Hfii ding Bao an se anh khong theo mdt logic binh thudng: Tgi hQdng trye tilp tdi viee My co dQng v l phia LV Stalin khflng sd dyng quyin phu quyet Nam Trilu Tien can thifip vao cufic chiin tgi LHQ? Phai chfing LV Stalin khflng tranh hay khfing? Gifio sQ sQ hpc Dai hpe muon Kim Nhfit Thfinh thong nh^t Trieu Tong hpp Columbus (My) A.V Pansov cho Tifin? Hay ngogi giao Lifln Xfi da sai lim? rfing, "khfing cd sQ ung hp eua lyc iQpng Cho d i n nay, day v i n lfi nhQng eau hdi edn quan sQ Lifln hiep quoc, Hoa K;^ khfing bao bd ngd, gfiy nhilu tranh lufin, d i n din gid Ufl'u linh nhay vao eupe phieu lieu quan nhQng don doan, suy lufin, gia thuyit khfic sy trfln dfiit Trifi'u Tifln" (11) Theo logic nhau, thfim ehi lfi trfii ngUpe Tuy thflng thudng, k i t qua cua cupc hpp dudng nhifln, y kiln v l kha nfing n h i m Ifin cua nhu da dupe biet trUdc, vi vdi tU each lfi ngogi giao Xd-viet lfi hofin tofin khong ed cd mfit nfim nUdc vien cua Hpi sd, thiiu chQng cQ bifin minh Mflt n i n dong Bao an, Lifin Xfi nfim giQ quyin phu ngogi giao k^ cQu vdi thu linh I.V Stalin quyit - trudng hpp nfiy, dd lfi quyin gifi dfin trfln dfi'u trUdng quic t l thi vific ngfin chfin sy can thifip quan sQ cua My ludng dinh, "dong dim" nhQng hfiu qua eua vfio ban dao Trilu Tifln Hay ndi cfich khac, vi^c tQ bd quyin phu quyit qua thfit khong lfi philu phu quyet tay Lifin Xfi nhU the phgm sai lfim, sd sufi't L;^ giai thfi'u dfio mfit diem tya vQng chai cua CHDCND nguIn cdn cin dya tren nhQng mue tieu Trieu Tifin trUdc nhQng sdng gid mfi My cd sfiu xa hdn eua Lifln Xfi vfi dfit nd t h i gay Tuy nhien, dien tien sy viec lai quan hfi "sinh tQ" vdi My vfi Trung Quoc lfim ca the gidi kinh ngac: LV Stalin nhQng ldi ich vUdt tren nhQng tinh tofin Ifinh cho Dgi difln Lifin Xo tai Hpi dong Bao thong thQdng cd dQpc tQ vific thflng nhfi't Rghian cQu Lich si5r s61.2013 bfin dao Trilu Tien Ndi cfich khac, viflc Lion Xfi "vfl tinh" tUdc bd quyin phu quyit cua minh trUdng hpp nfiy ft nhfi't lfi nhfim: 1) D^ty My tham gia vfi sa Uy chiin tranh, bupe Mf phai bfic lfi tinh ehfi't bilu chiin cua minh trUdc t h i gidi; 2) Trung Quic "khang My, vifin Trilu" dli d i u vdi My vfi phu thupc vfio Lifin Xfl trUde lfi v l vu khf, khf tfii, sau lfi v l chfnh tri Die~u dang ndi lfi n l u nhU d thdi dilm thQ nhfi't, CHDCND TriflV Tien cd sy tin tQdng chic chfin vfio Lien Xfl, thi d thdi diem thQ hai, hfinh dfing cua Lien Xfl khien Bie Trie'u Tien bi hfing hyt, nhQng khflng t h i c6 phan Qng Thdi diem thii ba: Quan dfli Hfin Qufic va Lien qufin LHQ Ifit ngUpc t h i cd TQ thang den cuoi thfing 9-1950, cue difin chien trudng nhin ehung cd ldi cho CHDCND Trifi'u Tien Seoul thfi't thu chi ba sau chifl'n tranh bQng no (28-61950) Trfin da chien thang, qufin mien Bie tiep tuc tien xufi'ng phfa Nam, bupc lyc lupng My vfi Han Qufi'c lui vfio t h i co thu Dfin cuoi thang 8-1950, cae ddn vi quan dpi Bie Trie^u Tien chi cdn each myc tieu kiem sofit tofin bfi ban dao Tnfl'u Tien mpt chfing dudng ngfin, nhUng no lUc tfi'n cfing de k i t thuc t h i n g Ipi cupc chien cua qufin dpi CHDCND Trieu Tien da vfi'p phai nhQng ngang trd Thfing 10-1950, dl Ifit ngUpe tinh the, vai trd Tong TU lenh iQc lupng LHQ tai Han Quo'c, Dgi tUdng D MacArthur da sd dung chiin thufit "vfiy Nguy, cQu Trifiu" vfi bp binh Hfin Qufic da phan cfing manh me, vQpt vi tuyfl'n 38, trfin len mie'n Bfic khien tinh hinh ehie'n sy ngfiy cfing cfing t h i n g vfi bfi't Ipi doi vdi CHDCND Trieu Tien Quan dfli CHDCND Trie'u Tien hi thiet hgi nfing ne, quan dpi Hfin Quoc vfi LHQ dang tie'n d i n ve phfa bifln gidi Trung Qufi'c Ngfiy 7-10-1950, Dgi sQ Lifin Xfl tgi T r i l u Tifin T.F.Shtyucov thfing bfio cho I.V Stalin v l tam trgng rfi't bfi't I n cua lanh ty Bie T r i l u Tifln, chuyin tdi LV Stalin thflng di^p eua Kim Nhfit Thfinh: "Chi^n t r a n h dang phat triin theo chilu hudng b^t Ipi, n^u CHDCND Trilu Tifln khflng ed sU giQp dd tQ ben ngofii, thi vific mfi't Trilu Tifin lfi hofin tofin cd thi" (12) Tuy nhien, "tham gia vfio cupc xung dot nfiy khflng nftm tinh toan cua LV Stalin" (13), quan dilm cua I.V Stalin lfi "ein phai hSi thQc Trung Quoc vfio trfin, cdn Lifln Xo chi can dU trUdng hpp thfit k h i n cfi'p, bfi't kha khfing" (14) Vl phia Mao Trgch Dflng, du da phan doi quyit liet k l hogch tfi'n cflng Hfin Quflc cho tdi t u i n trUdc no cuflc chiin, cuoi cQng cung ddng y "khfing My, vien Trifl'u" mpt p h i n "vi "chilu ldng" I.V Stalin • lanh tu "anh ca" cua phong trao Cflng san, cong nhfin quoc te; mflt p h i n lfi de bao dam sU ho trd cua Lien Xfi cho Trung Quoc vfi mot p h i n lfi d l khfing dinh vi the phong trfio each mgng tofin ciu, dfit dfi'u fi'n nUde ldn vdi the gidi" (15) Song lfi nhfi chinh trj lao luyfln, day dgn kinh nghifim, Mao Trgch Ddng da khfing vpi vfing quyit dinh, mfi cfin n h i c de tham gia cuflc chien tranh vdi nhQng d i l u ki$n cd ldi nhfi't, dfic biflt lfi vfi'n de tranh thu vien trp tQ Lifln Xfl Ngfiy 2-10-1950, thflng bfio cho I.V Stalin lfi Trung Qufic se dUa qufin giup dfl CHDCND Trifi'u Tien vfi dy dinh se cd mfit d Trieu Tien vao trung t u i n thang 1-1950, Mao Trach Dong d l nghi: "LQc dau, khoang 5-7 sQ dofin quan tinh nguyen se dUpc dUa tdi Trilu Tifin, song nhQng sQ dofin nfiy chi cd the tham gia chiin dfi'u sau nhfin dQdc trang bi vu tQ Lien Xfl" (16) Mao Trach Dong dong thdi yeu cau Lien Xd vifln Lien bang X6 viet trp cho Trung Quoc, bao vfi bifln gidi, cac khu cfing nghifip va qufin dfii Trung Quic tQ trfln khflng Ngfiy 8-10-1950, Mao Trgch Dflng d i n d i u dofin dgi bilu Trung Quic tdi thfinh phfi' Sflchi (Lifln Xfl) gfip I.V Stalin (IQc nfiy dang nghi mfit tai dd) d l thUdng thao VI vifln trp vu khi, I.V Stalin Ifip tQc ding f vdi Dofin dgi biflu Trung Quoc: "Lifin Xfi s i n sfing trang hi vu khf cho khoang 20 sQ dofin QuSn chf nguyfin Trung Qufi'c" (17) V l yflu ciu bao vfi mfit so' dia dilm cua Trung Qufic, I.V Stalin tra ldi: "Lifln Xfi khflng t h i cd lyc lUpng khdng qufin du d l bao vfi nhQng ndi mfi Trung Quoc yeu eiu Lien Xfl cd t h i bao vfl mdt s i cum cong nghiflp cua Trung Quic vfi bao vfi vQng bien gidi Trung Quoc gifip CHDCND Trilu Tien, nhUng ein ed thdi gian chuin bi" (18) Khdng thfit hai long vl cau tra ldi eua I.V Stalin, Mao Trgch Dfing tilp tuc tri hoan dQa quan vfio Trilu Tifin cufic chien diln biln ngfiy cfing bfit ldi cho quan dpi CHDCND Trifi'u Tien, qufin dpi Hfin Quoc vfi Lifln qufin LHQ cfing tien g i n tdi bien gidi Trung Quflc Khdng the chfim chl hdn, Mao Trach Dflng Ifinh cho Chu An Lai (IQc nfiy dang d Lifin Xfl) chuyin tdi LV StaUn thfing bfio: "Chl nguyfin quan Trung Quoc se tiin vfio Trieu Tien, n l u Lien Xfl trang bi cho 15 su dofin quan tinh nguyfin Trung Quoc" (19) Trong tinh t h i luc dd, I.V StaHn khfing cdn cfich nao hdn Ifi ddng f Ngay 1910-1950, Chf nguyen quan Trung Qufic vUpt bifln gidi, trUe tiep tham chiin tren chien trudng Trilu Tien VI phia Lien Xfi, thQa Ifinh I.V Stalin, tQ ngfiy 20 -ID d i n ngfiy 10-11-1950, Bfl Tfing tham mQu qufin dfii Lien Xfl gfip rQt thfinh Ifip hai sU dofin khfing qufin (moi sU dofin CO 30 may bay MIG- 15) vfi hai sQ dofin 61 khflng quan nfiy " nhanh chdng dQpc gQi bing t i u hda din thfinh phfl* Phyng Thifln (Trung Qufi'c) dQdi danh nghia thyc tfip bay mQa hfl" (20), song trfln thQc t l , cfic sU dofin nfiy dupc Ifip tQc tung vfio cudc chiin Cuoi thfing 11-1950, trfln dia phfin Trung Quic, Qufin dofin phdng khfing Lien Xd s i 64 dupc thfinh Ifip, cd nhifim vy bao vfi efie ed ad kinh t l , chinh trj quan trpng, cfic vj tri chien lUpc qufin sy trpng yiu cua vQng Dong Bfic Trung Qufic vfi hfiu phUdng cua qufin dpi CHDCND Trilu Tien (21) Nhu vfiy, cho dQ da co trfinh dfnh Ifu trQc tilp vfio cufic xung dot, song diln biln thyc t l cua cufic chiin vfi dl lfim an long ngUdi bgn ldn Trung Hoa, Lifin Xfi da buflc phai hfinh dpng, nhUng khfi thfin trpng, gidi hgn vQa du de khfing h\ coi lfi bd mfic nhQng ngUdi anh em dong minh, vQa du d l CHDCND Trilu Tifln try vQng dQdi sy giup dd cua Chi nguyfin qufin Trung Qufic vdi vu vfi vi$n trp quan sQ Lifin Xfi, mfi vin "khfing bi diy vfio cufic chiin tranh nfiy dl chiu sU len fin eua dU lufin the gidi" (22) Thdi diim thU tit NhiJng cupc dfim phfin kfio dai trfln t h i giing co cua cuflc chiin TQ thfing 7-1951 din thfing 1-1953, chiin sQ tren bfin dao Trilu Tien diln khic liet Sau Chi nguyfln qufin Trung Quo'c vfi iQc iQpng phdng khflng - khfing quan Lien Xfl nhfip cupc, cfin cfin quan sQ tren chiin trudng trd nen cfin bfing, cuflc chiin diln t h i giing co, rdi vfio tinh trgng b l tic; vfi vfiy, viflc k i t thuc chien tranh bfing giai phfip chinh tri trd nfln cfi'p thiit Khi muc tieu kiem soat tofin bd ban dao dfi trd nen xa vdi dfli vdi ca hai ben tham chiin, tfl'n thfi't, thUdng vong nfing n l da lfim quan dfii hai bfln m^t mdi, kifit lyc, ca hai ben gid dfiy d i u hudng tdi ky k i t thda thufin hda binh 62 Dfip Qng nguyfin vpng dd, ngfiy 10-7-1951, tai Kaesong, dgi difin cua cfic bfin tham chien da b i t d i u cfic cupe dfim phfin ngQng b i n , nhifin, d i l n t i i n eiia cfic cufic dfim phfin rfi't eh^m chgp Vfio thfing 5-1952, cfic bfin da dgt dUpc thda thu§n trfin h i u h i t cfic d i l u kifin, ngogi trQ al" phfin cua tQ nhfin chiin t r a n h Phai mfi't hdn mfit nfim, dfi'n thfing 6-1953, cfic bfin mdi t h i n g nhfi't dUpc v l vific trao doi tQ nhfin, d l ngfiy 27-7-1953 kf k i t thda thufin ngQng b i n Mfit nhQng nguyfln nhfin ehu y i u gfiy nen sy tri hofin k^' k i t hda dfim lfi nhflng tfnh tofin eua cfic nUdc ldn, dd cd Lien Xfl Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln lfi cufic chiin tranh cd khoang thdi gian dfim phan tUdng doi kflo dfii (hai nfim) dfit so sfinh v6i tofin bfi chilu dfii cua eupe chien (ba nfim, hai thang) Theo lihu phan tfch eua nhfi nghien cQu A.V Smorchkov thi I.V Stalin da iQdng dinh ring, "cufic ehien tranh giing CO se hgn che tilm lue quan sU cua My d chau Au, tieu hao cac nguon lUc kinh t l vfi tao nhQng khd khan chinh tri cho chfnh quyen H S Truman" (23), lfim cho My bi sa liy, bfic Ip sQ yiu kfim vl qufin sQ "Cufic chiin tranh kdo dfii lfim chay mfiu nUdc Mf Ngudi My b i l u rang cupc ehien tranh nfiy lfi bfi't ldi dfli vdi hp Sau ehiln tranh Trilu Tien, ngudi My se khfing edn kha nfing t i i n hfinh nhQng cuflc chiin tranh ldn" (24) Nhfi nghifln cQu A.V.Pansov cung cho ring, "ngay tQ d i u , I.V Stalin da dy tinh sQ dung chiin tranh Trieu Tifln dl lfim My yiu di bfing each d i y My dung dp vdi CHDCND Trifl'u Tien vfi Trung Quo'c" (25), "lfim tfing len sy thu dieh giQa My vfi Trung Quoc eung ding nghia vdi sU g i n bd ngfiy cfing chfit che giQa Bftc Kinh vfi Moscow" (26) Chiin tranh kdo dfii cdn lfim "giam dang k l sQ nhdm ngd cua My vfi cac nUdc phUdng Tfiy doi vdi chfiu Au" (27) - ndi dUde mfinh danh lfi "trai tfio bfi't hda giQa hai cUdng quic t h i gidi Hoa Ky vfi Lifln Xo" (28), "tgo dilu kifin de Lifln Xfi cung cfi" vQng chflc vj tri cua minh doi vdi cfic nUdc dfin chu nhfin dfin vQa mdi d\S(}c thfinh Ifip d Dfing Au" (29) Bfln canh dd, theo ly t h u y i t t i i n hfinh cfich mang vfi san trfln phgm vi tofin t h i gidi, "ehiln tranh Trilu Tifln chfnh lfi mpt p h i n k l hoach each mang t h i gidi cua LV Stalin; vi vfiy, nhflng cufic thUdng lUpng hda binh chl lfi hinh thQc" (30) NhQng dilu nfiy diu nim k l hogch cua Lifin Xfl vfi cd y nghia quan trpng doi vdi vific eung c l vj tri sifiu cUdng, lan tda anh hudng cua Lien Xo khong ehi tgi thdi dilm dfi, mfi cdn v l Ifiu, vl dfii sau nfiy L i e n Xo v6i Chi^n tranh T r i l u T i e n v a h e luy Chiin t r a n h Trilu Tien da p h i n nfio thay dfi'i cfich nhin eua Lien Xfl doi vdi t h i gidi Sau chien t r a n h Trilu Tien, Lifln Xo CO vQ cho chinh saeh "ehung sing hda binh" gifla cfic nudc cd che dp chfnh tri - xa hpi khfic Khflng phai ngfiu nhien, thang 4-1952, I.V Stalin tuyen bo: "CQng tin tai hda binh vfi hdp tac giQa ehu nghia cflng san vfi ehu nghia tQ ban lfi hofin tofin cd the, neu nhu hai bfln d i u cd mong muon vfi tuan thu nguyen t i c binh dfing, khfing can thifip vfio cflng viflc npi bp" (31) Mfit khfic, vdi Lien Xo, "dUpe vfi mfi't", "chiin thing vfi ehie'n bgi" chien tranh Trieu Tifln lfi nhQng khai niem thfit khd dfit Ifin ban can de so nfing nhe: 1) V l chinh thing, Lifln Xfl khong tham gia vfio ehiln tranh; 2) Tuy Lien Xfl khflng the md rdng anh hQdng tren toan bfi bfin dao T r i l u Tien, song v i n gifl nguyen vung anh hudng cua minh d Bftc Trieu Tifin; 3) BQdc thay dii ehiln lUdc cupe ehiln lfim eho quan hfi Xfi-Trung Luen u a n y A.U viei vin tilm i n nhQng bfi^t fi'n, chuyin h i n sang trgng thfii cfing t h i n g , mfiu t h u i n r i i di din dfii d i u - difl'u hofin tofin ngUpc lgi vdi tinh tofin khiln Trung Quflc gin kit vfi phy thufic hdn nOa vfio Lifin Xfi Trung Quoc h\ lfli kdo vfio cupc chiin; 4) Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln tgo mpt iQc cp sfit cfic mfii quan hfi quic t l cua Lien Xfi, khiln Lifin Xfi trd nen cd nhilu doi thu hdn (quan hfi Xfi My ngfiy cfing thQ dich, quan hfi Xfi-Trung xlu di trfing thfi'y, Lifin Xfl vfi Nam Trilu Tifln khflng t h i xich lgi g i n nhau); 5) Chiin tranh Trilu Tifin lfi phfip thQ d i u tifln vfi dl lgi nhQng kinh nghifim quan trpng cho Lien Xfl xQ ly nhQng vfi'n d l xung dflt cue bfl d Mozambique, Angola, Ethiopia, Sjria, Ai Cfip, Viflt Nam vfi sau nfiy lfi d Afghanistan 63 Nam A (SEATO), Trung cfin Dflng (SEHTO) Chiin tranh Lanh da lan toan ciu LQc khdi phfit, cufic Chiin tranh Trilu Tifin mang tinh ehfi't mfit cufic nfii ehiln, nhUng sau dd nhanh chdng biln thfinh mflt cufic xung dflt qufl'c tl' vdi sy can dU cua r£ft nhilu quoc gia, dd cd cfic sifiu cudng, nhUng k i t cue cua cufic ehiln lfi khdng cd ngudi ehiln t h i n g vfi eung chfing cd kd ehiln bgi, chi cd nhQng mfi't mfit, ton th^t lfi cd thye vfi khdng d l xda nhda Cupc ehiln tranh "da mang di sinh mgng eua 9.000.000 ngQdi Trilu Tifln, gin 1.000.000 Chi nguyfin quan, 54.246 linh My, 299 si quan Lifln Xfi vfi hfing trifiu ngUdi mang thUdng tfit ca ddi" (33) Hdn 60 nfim da qua di k l tQ ngfiy dQpc tgm coi Ifi ngiing tiing sung, bfin dao Trieu Tifin hfim v i n lfi Trong dfinh gifi cua phUdng Tay v l Lien mflt diflm ndng eua t h i gidi, ludn tilm fin Xfl, Chiin tranh Trilu Tifln dupc nhin nhfin nguy cd xung dfit U"dc md ngudi thfin dupc "nhu khuc nhgc dgo diu, bfio hifu v l sQ gfip ngudi thfin, Udc md dupc sing bfinh trQdng anh hQdng cua Lien Xfi dfii vdi mpt dfi't nudc thfl'ng nhfi't, hda binh cua t h i gidi" (32), nhfi't lfi I.V Stahn lien tuc ngUdi dan Trieu Tien v i n chUa thfinh hifin canh bfio v l kha nfing ehuyen hda eua cupc thUe Bai hpc lich sQ tQ chiin tranh Trilu chiin thfinh cufic chien tranh the gidi thQ Tifln cho thfi'y giai quyit nhQng vfi'n ba Sy lo l i n g nfiy cua phUdng Tay dUdc d l trpng dgi cua dfi't nQde phai trfinh trd cung CO bdi tin tQc v l vy thQ thfinh cflng thfinh eon bfii tay ngQdi khfic, trfinh hi bom nguyfin tQ cua Lifin Xfi vfio nfim 1949 tac dfing, sQc fip tQ ben ngofii, tranh dl cfic vu thQ pha vfi t h i dflc tfln nguyfln tQ cua nUdc ldn ap dfit, c h l djnh, Ifii vfio quy dgo Hoa Ky Dinh ki^n v l "mfii de dpa Lien Xd" vfi quan sQ khfing phai lfi giai phap dl di da din din sQ gia tfing mpt cfich mgnh me d i n myc dich, c i n tinh tfio vQpt qua t h i dfii ngfin sfich quo'c phdng cua Hoa Ky di ddi diu, thfing qua dfii thogi, thUdng lUdng hda vdi vific biln NATO tQ mot lifin minh chinh binh dl tim tiing nfli chung trfin n i n tang tri - qufin sQ thfinh mpt to chQc quan sy tfln trpng Ipi ich, hgnh phue vfi khfit vpng thong nhfi't dQdi sQ chi huy eua Hoa Ky vfi cua nhfin dfin vific thfinh Ifip nhQng khoi quan sQ d Dflng 64 i.20tS CHU THtCH (1) A.C Orlov, B.A Gavrilov, Bi mdt chiin tranh Triiu Tan, Nxb Veche, M&txcova, 2003, tr 75 (ding Nga) (20) X.LAtaevich, Con dilifng chiin Qudn dodn phbng khdng Liin diu cOa Xd si 64., Cong thdng tin Hfin Qui$c thfl'ng nhfi't, ngfiy 13-3-2011, (2) Walte LaFeber, America, Russian, and the (tig'ng Nga) Cold War 1945-1996, The McGraw-Hill Copaniea, Inc, New York, 1997, tr (21) Bao gfim cfic sfin bay cua thfinh pbtf Antung, thuy di^n Suphun, cfic n u t giao thSng (3) Lich sit chinh sdch ddi ngogi ciia LiSn XO dudng s i t , cfiy c i u bie qua sdng fip Li;ic vfi hfing loat (1945-1970), Nxb IChoa hpc, MfitxcOvn, 1971, tr 26 cfic v) trf kinh t^ chfnh tr}, qufin ay khfic cua vfing (tieng Nga) Dflng Bie Trung Quflc (4), (5), (6) A.C Orlov, B A Gavrilov, Bimdt War, 81^, Matxcova, 1958, tr, 96, (ti^ngNga) (23), (26) A.V Smorchkov, Chiin tranh Seoul, 1973, tr 19, 38, (8) (12) (14), (16), (17), (18), (19) A.C Orlov, B A Gavnlov, Bi mdt chiin tranh Triiu Tiin, add, tr 71, (9) Theo c6c dieu khoan cfia Hifip U5c, thi hai ben ky kfi't c6 the ap dung nhflng bi^n phap phong ngiia, ngu mot hai b§n, hofie ban bfi cua m$t chiin tranh tren bdn ddo Triiu TUn Bfio i>pc lap, ngfiy chuyin Nxb Khoa hoc, Matxcova 2009 tr 219 (tigng Nga) Cheki8t.ru, ngfiy Triiu 29-11-2009, (tijfng Nga) keo ddi chiin tranh tren ban ddo Triiu Tien, tldd, tr 5, 6,6 (27), (29) (31), (32) Leonid ' thdi ky Xd-vUt, Katsva, Lich si? Nxb Khoa hpc, MatxctJva (tieng Nga), tr 112, 113, 112, 113 (28) A C Orlov, B.A Gavrilov Bi mdt chien tranh Triiu Tien, Sdd, tr, 381 18-7-2008, tr.3 (tieng Nga) (15) R Balandin, C, Mironov, Nhitng 1950-1953, ntf(fc Nga hai bfin bi de doa an ninh ngogi giao cua Stalin, Tiin (24), (25), (30) A.V Pansov, Stalin citinh 150,159,159,164,169,169,172, (11) A.V Pansov, Stalin ci tinh keo ddi Triiu Tiin; Ghi chep cOa m0t nhd bdo Xd-vH't, Nxb Quftn tranh Triiu TUn, add, tr 65,66, 69 (7), (10) Kim Chum Kon, The Korean (22) V.V Yurzanov, IVong chiin tranh chUn (33) S.S Potocki (Chu bifin), ChUn tranh Triiu Tien 1950-1953, Tu sfich Nghien cflu "Tu U?u chifi'n tranh", Nxb Pohgol, Matxcova, 2003, tr  ... bdo Xd-vH't, Nxb Quftn tranh Triiu TUn, add, tr 65,66, 69 (7), (10) Kim Chum Kon, The Korean (22) V.V Yurzanov, IVong chiin tranh chUn (33) S.S Potocki (Chu bifin), ChUn tranh Triiu Tien 195 0-1 953,... mfi cfin n h i c de tham gia cuflc chien tranh vdi nhQng d i l u ki$n cd ldi nhfi't, dfic biflt lfi vfi'n de tranh thu vien trp tQ Lifln Xfl Ngfiy 2-1 0-1 950, thflng bfio cho I.V Stalin lfi Trung... Ngay 191 0-1 950, Chf nguyen quan Trung Qufic vUpt bifln gidi, trUe tiep tham chiin tren chien trudng Trilu Tien VI phia Lien Xfi, thQa Ifinh I.V Stalin, tQ ngfiy 20 -ID d i n ngfiy 1 0-1 1-1 950, Bfl