Bài viết nghiên cứu ca múa nhạc cổ Champa với Nhật Bản thời kỳ Nara và các ảnh hưởng của chúng thông qua việc tổ chức trình diễn và các đoàn nhạc, diễn biến trong đời sông âm nhạc, nguồn gốc nhạc Lâm Ấp.
^ CA MUA NHAC CO CHAMPA V6l NHAT BAN THCfl KY NARA Ll/dNG NINH* H oc gia Nhat Ban Aomi-no Mabito Genkai qua khao ctiu cac tai li§u CO, da ke lai ve cuoc "Hdnh trinh cua Kanshin den phitOng Bong" (1) nhe) ma den nay, co the hieu biet them ve anh hiidng cua ca mua nhac cd Champa den v6i Nhat Ban thdi Nara Dieu dang chii y triidc tien la ghi ch6p cua Genkai khong nhSm muc dich noi ve am nhac, cang khong phai chuyen ve nhac Lam Ap, ma noi ve thdi Nara, cho nen nhiing gi viet ve nhac va ngiidi Lam Ap la rat khach quan Ve xay diing nen tang vSn hda cua thdi Nara-Nhat Ban, ta dUdc biet: nSm 607, Thai tii Shotoku cxi phai bo dIu tien sang Trung Qudc hoc tap va tiep theo la 10 phai bo khac sud't thdi ky Nara (710-794) Day ciing la thdi ky Nhat Ban md cufa ddn vSn hda niidc ngoai vao, nen khdng chi cd ngifdi di hoc ma cdn cd khdng it hoc gia tii ngoai den, nhii Kanshin va ciing vdi Kanshin - nha sif Trung Qudc - cdn cd 10 ngiidi niia diidc coi la "Nhiing ngiidi dat nin mong cho thdi ky Nara" - Kibino Mabiki, nha chinh tri-tvf tiidng Nhat, Phd hieu trUdng Dai hoc Nara; - Dosen, ngvidi gdc Hoa, Triidng mon phdi Vinaya; *GS Vi$n Khoa hoc xa hoi Vi^t Nam - Yen Shin Kei, ngiidi gdc Hoa, thiy day ngdn ngii, Hieu triidng Dai hoc Nara; - Genbo, nha Phat hoc, sau trd sojo {Dg,o sl Bd La Mdn); - Bodai-Senna vdn la ngvfdi Ba La Mdn Nam An, sau trd Baramon Sojo iiic Dao si Bk La Mon - Buttetsu (Fet Trie't) - nhac sU Ldm ApChampa; - Rikyo - nha Phat hoc Nh^t; - Rimitsu I, thay thudc Ba TU; - Hodng Phu va Dong Tdo, ngifdi Hoa, chic deu la nhac cdng Mifdi (10) vi "dat nin mong" cdn diing sau hay cd le thap hdn miidi bdn (14) Nhd sdng lap thdi dai Nara Danh sach 14 nhd nay, thay cd mot so' ngifdi khac difdc ke them, thifdng la cao hdn, nhifng lai cd may ngUdi da nSm danh sach 10 vi "dat nin mdng" Tuy ddi cho cd ve ldn xdn, nhUng cd le, sii s i p xep cua Genkai la cd dung y xep thii tu cao tha'p, nhat la danh sach cac Nhd sdng lap, ivi de'n 14, nen khdng phai ngSu nhien ma thii 11, ke "dong hang" ngifdi (Bodaisena va Buttetsu), thii 13 ciing the (Gun Horiki va T'ien T'ing) Ciing khdng phai ngSu nhien Rghien cijru Lich sit s6 9.201Q ma Genkai dung hai tii khac de goi hai danh sach - Nhiing vi "Bat nen mong (Fondateurs)" va "Nhiing nhd Sdng lap (Createurs)" Tuy nhien, diing dau danh sach 14 nhd vSn la Kanshin (Kien Chdn) ngudi Trung Qud'c, dUdc nhan manh la "ngifdi xuat sic nhat, tai gidi nhat, thdng tue Phat phap va cd tai chiia benh" Ngay tii dau, dng da yeu cau lap mot dan le {simamandala) de lam le va ndi chiia benh Ong lai cd uy tin, cd kha nSng tap hdp, td chiic cac danh si ciing vdi minh giiip vua xay diing thdi Nara, dSc biet thdi Hoang de Shomu (724-748); tiep den la dng Dai sii Nhat d kinh dd nha Dudng, hoc gia Nhat, hda thUdng Trung Qud'c, tat ca deu thdng tue viidt trdi hdn ngifdi, di tim chon cai hay ve xay diing nUdc; thii 11 la hai vi Bodaisena (Bodhisena) ngifdi Nam An Do va Buttetsu (Phgt triet), ngUdi Ldm Ap (Champa); thii 12 la Nyoho, ngUdi Ho qudc (cd the la ngiidi Tokhara hay ngUdi Sogdiana sinh sd'ng d viing Trung A); thii 13 ciing la hai ngiidi Gun Hariki tii nUdc Con Lon (Ma Lai) va Tien T'ing Cdn ndi ro Tien T'ing la ngiidi Cham d Ldm Ap di Cling Kanshin den Nara, ngUdi cd biet danh la "Tai nghe tinh tifdng", doan la nhac si Ke thii 14 la Rohen, cd tud'i thd ly ky, sau trd chan tu, uyen tham Phat hoc, giao ly Avatamsaka cua Bg,i thiia Nhu the, xep thii 11, cd hai ngUdi ma ten tudi va que quan cd ve nhU hi l l n lon Chang han Bodhi que xii Kapilavastu d Nam An, diing phai la Bic An Do Cdn Buttetsu d Lam Ap ma Lam Ap d Bic An Do, cd hieu la Bodhisatva (Bo Tdt, Phgt trie't), Cling triing danh hieu mot ngiidi niia, Bodhi, b Nam An Do (theo sach Fuso ryakki, eon cd nhieu tinh tiet ly ky niia ) Thii tii tren dudi d day h i n la hoc gia Genkai dinh, diing sai the nao, cd gia tri den dau, la dieu cdn cd the thao luan Ong Cling cdn mot sd' sai l l n khac, vl nhU ndi Nii Hoang Koken tham chiia Yamashinadera nSm 767, nhifng nii hoang chi d ngdi den (749-758) va Buttetsu da qua ddi n&m 760, khdng the chi huy nhac le theo lenh cua ba difdc Ngiidi dich tieng Phap, hoc gia J.Takakusu ddi cho ciing dai khai, de gay hieu nham (2) Kanshin sinh nSm 688 d Difdng Chau, Trung Hoa, den Nhat nSm 754, qua ddi nSm 763, tho 76 tud'i Kanshin cd mat va hoat dong van hda d Nara nhiing nam 754-763, viec thu thap tai lieu de viet "Hdnh trinh cua Kanshin den phiicfng Bong" Mabito-no Genkai hoan vao nam 779, chi sau 16 nam, ttfc gin dUdng thdi, tham chi la difdng thdi, neu dat khoang each nhiing 1300 nam, cho tdi Hdn mot thien nien ky, ma tat ca deu da hi lang quen, l l n ldn, md nhat, thi nhiing gi ma Genkai ghi lai la vd cung quy gia Trong nhiing be bdn nhan vat, sii kien nhii the, v i n danh ca mot chiidng de ke mot each trang nhiing ngUdi Cham tii Ldm Ap va nhac Lam Ap la khach quan va cd thiic; nhiing ten gpi cua dng, VI du nhae Ldm Ap hay Ldm Ap bdt nhgc la cd thiic, nhiing s i p xe'p danh gia v i n phai coi la day du nhat, can ban diing din, dang tin, phai tin Theo Genkai, Buttetsu dUdc giao chi huy dan nhac Hoang gia Nhat Buttetsu vdn la mot ngudi Ba La Mdn, ngUdi Champa, ba'y gid goi la Lam Ap, cd tai nang am nhac, nghe thuat, nhifng cung cd mot cudc sd'ng tram luan Ong da sang Java, Sumatra, gap Bodhisena, cung tim phUdng tien sang Trung Qud'c, nhUng bi bao, thuyen dim, suyt chet dudi, may sdng sdt, gap Kanshin rdi nghe Kanshin thuyet, ciing cd y mud'n sang Nhat Ca hai ngudi, Ca mua nhac cd Champa Bodhisena va Buttetsu rii tim phUdng tien sang Nhat sdm, den Nhat vao khoang nam 736 O Nhat, khoang hdn 20 nam (736-760), ong tham gia giang day Sanskrit va giao ly Gandavyuha phai Dai Thiia d cac chua Daianji, Kikgji rdi Ryosenji Tuy nhien, sii nghiep chinh cua dng la dm nhae Ong lap ddi nhac, giang day nhac ly cho hoc trd, day cho ho ta'u nhiing ban nhac cd' Champa va nhiing ban nhac mdi dng sang tac, dac biet la ban Banshu-gaku (Vgn miia thu) ra't hay Ong lai lap ddi miia, luyen cho ho vii dieu: Bosatsu (bodhisatva), Bato (Pedu) - nhan vat than thoai difdc cac an si ban cho ngiia t r i n g de trii r i n dgc: paidva ahihan; Kariobinga (Kalavinka Dieu hay Garuda); hay thien Amma (hay Amba-nQ than Durga); Hanh khiic chien t h i n g cua Bairo (tUc Bhairava-hinh thiic kinh khung cua Siva); Koonju (Hd lUdng txiu - thii rifdu cua ngudi Hd); Hanh cung cua vua Ranryo Sagara Nagaraja); Banshugaku (tiic (tiic Van miia thu) Ve nhac, cd le dng da b i t dau dUa vao day thang dm An Bg (Grama) - va Ba TU\ - Sadja (tit: Sa) - Da -Rsabha(R) - Re - Gandhara (Ga) - Mi - Madhyma (Ma) - Fa - Pancama (Pa) (ma thii 5) - Sa - Dhaivata (Dha) La - Nisada (Ni) Be Vi Mda: - Vii dieu (Bosatsu): khdng cdn - Vii dieu 2: diia theo truyen thuyet Pedu (Rig Veda vd Arthavaveda) ddi v i n cdn nhac miia cung dinh: ngiidi khoac ao tring, cd mao, gia lam ngiia nhay miia, hi trUdc hinh r i n (ve tren gd), nhac ddn dap manh me Vii dieu 4: Miia ddi nam nii the hien dieu Tandava cua vua miia Nataraja Siva edng vdi v0, Parvati, WVL dieu thien than xoin xuyt va tinh te Vii dieu 5: Cd le nguyen tac cua Bdn Minh BUc (Ldm Ap) cai bien, gdm 12 ngifdi miia, sau cd giam bdt sd ngiidi, nhac em ai, trang di vdi dan ddng ca, goi la hdp ca Lam Ap, miia diing quay trdn, goi la waku, tiic vdng trdn, tiic mandala Ddng ca hat hdi, vdng cud'i ra't hiing trang Tac gia ke them, nhQng dieu ra't xa xUa, chi nghe ndi lai, chifa ro chinh xae den dau Vli dieu tii de'n gd'c An Do, dildc cai bien ap dung d Champa triidc dUa vao Nhat; dieu va la nhac va miia cd' Trung Qud'c, dildc Buttetsu hoan thien ap dung d Nhat, cdn dieu thii la sang tao tai cho cua Buttetsu Nam 767, Nii Hoang Koken de'n thSm chiia Yamashinadera, gan Nara da yeu cau trinh dien cac vu dieu Champa Buttetsu dan diing, chi huy Nhac Champa thifdng difdc goi la nhgc Ldm Ap, tiing hi coi la nhac An Do Cac sach vie't ve nhac ly va sach ghi theo ten goi Nhat Ban, nam 931 cd chep sd 10 nhac pham cung dinh difdc soat lai gin day (1874) va nhac pham cd' dUdc ke cdn lUu hanh cung dinh de'n nam 1899, cd vii dieu va nhac p h i m Lam Ap Rghign curu Lich sit sd 9.2010 cdn dudc lUu giii la Kalavinka va Pedu ddi v i n diidc trinh dien (Nhiing chi nay, cd sau nam 779, h i n la ngiidi sau cua Genkai, cd the ca ngiidi dich la gia J.Takakusu bd' sung) ma tie't ddi hoc Ong qua ddi nam 760, tho 57 tud'i, liic cdn tre va cdn sung siic Ngifdi Nhat thiidng tiec dng Di hai difdc hda thieu, chdn riing Ubokuya, tren ddi Tomi (DUdng Sdn), ddi di$n chiia Ryosenji Mot bao thap dUdc xay diing de tudng nhd dng Mot tin dd khic mot ta'm bia, khdng ro lac dau ma't, nhUng ldi thd cdn dUdc ghi lai tuyen thd cua hoang tik Takamiya, nhan de Manyoshu: Baramon no Tsurishi ota wo Hamu Karasu Manabuta harete Hataboko ni ori ("Hay trdng kia, qua dang nhat hat Ilia tren canh ddng ngiidi Ba La Mdn cay ca'y: ngiidi ta tha'y no, m i t mong dim nifdc mit, dang nim nghi, gd'i tren can cd") Tut nhiing ban nhac, nhac phim, vii dieu dUdc trinh dien deu dan cung dinh, din da theo nam thing, cd difdc cai bien it nhieu, nhUng v i n dUdc giQ lai anh hQdng, dudng net cac vu dieu phd bie'n thdi sau, nhQ Dengaku (vu dieu ndng trang), Saibara (vu dieu cua ngQdi xa ich), sarugaku (vu dieu vui nhdn) No (kich tam ly), Kyogen (nhac vui) cdn thinh hanh sud't thdi Kamakura va Tokugawa Ngoai am nhac va miia, Buttetsu cdn dQdc coi la nhan vat cd tham quyen ve Sanskrit Ong triic tie'p giang day va bien soan sach Siddham la mot mlu tii, tQ dien da gdp phan khdng nhd vao vi^c day va hoc Sanskrit d Nhat Ban, khdng cdn, nhQng da'u vet khdng phai md, v i n dQdc nhac tdi cac sach ngdn ngQ, ngQ phap thdi sau Cung vdi Buttetsu, sdng d Nara, cdn cd ngQdi Cham Lam Ap ten la Tien-T'ing Ong hinh nhQ cung la mot nhac cdng, gidi nhac, thQdng xuyen sat canh cdng tac vdi Buttetsu Xem nhQ the, cd the tha'y ngQdi Cham Lam Ap - Champa da ddng gdp mot phan quan trqng sQ hinh nen van hda truyen thdng - Vdn hoa Nara cua Nhat Ban va ciing da dQdc ngQdi Nhat thQa nhan Nam 1925, Paul Demieville cho m i t cdng trinh nghien cQu "Nhae Chdm d Nhgt Bdn (3), cdn chQa dQdc chii y cho den nay, cd le bdi nd ra't chuyen bi^t va ciing vi the, khdng de hieu, xem lai, tha'y nd cd the bd sung it nhieu cho nhQng ghi chdp cua Kanshin, Aomino Mabito Genkai da khao cQu, sQu tam, ma Paul Demieville cdn cd them mot sd tim tdi mdi va dat mot sdva'n de mdi ly thii, cd the thao luan a Viec td ehUe trinh dien vd cdc dodn Nhgc Cac tai lieu cho biet, vao cudi the ky VH, anh hQdng sinh hoat van hda cua nha DQdng Trung Hoa, trieu dinh Nhat Ban dQdi thdi Hoang de Junnin da quye't dinh lap Cue Am nhae, tap hdp: bdn ca si, bdn Vli sQ, bdn nhac cdng sao, mQdi hai nhac cdng nhac DQdng Trung Hoa, bd'n nhac cdng Cao Ly (Komagaku) bdn nhac cdng Bdch Te (Kudaragaku), bdn nhac cdng Siia (Shiraji), hai nhac cdng Dora (4) va hai nhac sQ Ldm Ap Qua day, ta bie't, cung vdi sQ thinh hanh cua ca, miia, nhac Trung Hoa thdi DUdng, ca nhac cua Ban dao Trieu Tien, ba'y gid cdn chia lam ba tieu qudc, Tdn La, Bdch Te, Cao Ly (5) cung kha phat Ca miia nhac cd Champa trie'n va Nhac Champa, dQdc goi la nhgc Ldm Ap (Rinyu) cQng cd vi tri kha cao To chUc bieu diin le hdi, de phuc vu Hoang de, Hoang gia va Trieu dinh ciing dQdc ke tl mi: Mot san bieu dien dQdc thie't ke, dai 40 bd (khoang 14m) rong (cd le ciing the?) Ben cac gdc san, cd diing ba leu, rdng 50 bd (khoang 16m), leu (nha) thQ nha't, d phia Ddng danh cho doi nhgc Koma, cdn goi la nhac Kudaragaku hay nhac Bdch Te'(Nam Trieu Tien), nha thQ hai la nhac Ldm Ap, nha thQ ba danh cho cac dai phu; cdn d phia Tay, nha thQ nha't danh cho ddi Tdn nhgc, nha thQ hai la Co nhgc (6), nha thQ ba danh cho cac hoang than, qud'c thich, cac dai phu dQdng chQc (Hdnh sU dgi phu) Le Cli hanh ngdy thU 12, tudn trdng thU ba, ndm thii ba jokwan, ngdy 25 thdng Tii ndm 861 Cong lich, Koku (eanh) thQ tQ, gid Totsu, sang, cho md cifa Ddng, Tay, chinh GiQa (vao san dien, ciing tQc la san dien thd) cho cac ddi nhac: Nhac Koma vao cifa Ddng, Tan nhac vao c^a Tay Ranjo (nhgc CO, thddng lam nen cho miia Lam a'p) dQdc ta'u len theo Tan nhac (giai dieu y de chuin bi, rdi de'n nhac Koma; Cac nhac cdng di vao leu (7): nhac Koma vao leu thQ nha't, phia Ddng; Tan nhac vao leu thQ nha't phia Tay; rdi de'n cac nhac cdng Lam Ap va Co nhac vao ctfa giQa phi'a Nam de di de'n cac leu: nhac Lam Ap leu thQ hai phia Ddng, Cd' nhac vao leu thQ hai phia Tay Luc koku (canh) hai, gid Uma (11 gid), cac nhac cdng Lam Ap thudc tQ vien cua chung ta Cling vdi linh dieu va nhQng cai khac (8), hai tay nang cao cac vat cung, iQdt qua san mua, tQ Dong sang Tay rdi di vao dien phia trong, ndi cd tQdng thd de dang dd cung theo thQ tii Roi mot ngudi dan ong va mot voi trang (hinh tUOng) den dQng trQdc dien thd Voi ke't hdp vdi san vu cung vdi mdt ong But (Bodhisatva) (9), dQng yen dd cho de'n cac nhac cdng lam le dang cung xong, trd lai san, cung thiic hanh vu dieu roi mdi lui ve chd nghi Tie'p de'n Nhac cd (lam nen) cho sii trinh diln cua cac tien nii (Devi), mQdi hai thdn (Yaksa) di vao, nang tren tay vat cung, la hoa, qua, rdi tQng ddi, mat ddi mat, cung trinh dien vQ dieu (10) Theo tai lieu Ryumei-sho, vu dieu Bodhisatva va Bairo la mot ngQdi Ba La Mdn, TrQdng Sangha (Baramon Sojo) gd'c ngQdi Nam An (Bodhi da ndi tren), dQa vao Nhat Ban, Cdn Bussei (hay Buttetsu), vd'n ngQdi nQdc Lam Ap thudc mien Bac An Do da truyen day vu dieu Bodhisattva, Bato va nhae Lam Ap Sach Honcho kosoden (Bdn trieu Cao tdng truyen) lai gin vu dieu Bato, Bodhisatva, ca Kalavinka va Bairo vdi sii truyen thu cua Buttetsu b Dien tien ddi song dm nhgc Cdng trinh nghien cQu cua Aomi-no Mabito Genkai hoan nam 779, 16 nam sau thdi gian cd mat va boat ddng cua nhdm Kanshin, phan anh gan nguyen ven ddi sd'ng van hda cua trieu Nara, nhQng hinh nhQ P Demieville khdng dQdc biet, vi nd dQdc dang nam 1928, tQc nam sau nghien cQu ciia dng (1925), nen khdng the du va dung blng Genkai Cd the ndi la ve nhac Lam Ap va sinh hoat van hda d thdi ky Nara thi nhQng ghi ch6p ciia Genkai da ndi tren, la rat dang tin NhQng tQ sau Genkai, tham chi sau nhieu the ky, P Demieville cung cho tha'y cd sQ dien tien mdi, sQ bie'n dd'i theo thdi gian va hoan canh Hoat ddng am nhac xem da giam ca ve so' iQdng va td chQc Tai lieu Ruiju sandal kyaku cho biet sd'nhac cdng co 154 ngudi vao the ky VIH, den giQa the ky IX, Hghi&i curu Lich siir sd 9.2010 giam cdn 107, sau tie'p tuc giam nQa; cung khdng cdn la bd'n leu va bd'n ddi, ma chia lam hai ddi, ta, hQu, vdi sic phuc khac nhau; ddi ta mac mau dd va m l u riic rd, giQ he nhac Trung Hoa, cdn ddi hQu mac mau diu hdn, giQ he nhac Cao Ly Tuy nhien, nhac nQdc ngoai phai nhat dan, nhQdng cho chinh cho nhac DQdng Mot tai lieu khac cung cho bie't vao nhQng le ldn, cac ddi vii nhac mdi tap hdp ve Trung tam de chuan hi phuc vu, cdn binh thQdng, ho sd'ng, tap dQdt mot ngdi chua NhQ ddi vu nhac Lam Ap khdng phai d Todaiji (Ddng Dgi tii), nhQ nhieu ngQdi lam tQdng, ma d Daianji (Dgi An tii), cung kinh Nara Thdi Nara, Phat giao dQdc tdn sung, van hoc, nghe thuat phat trien, nhQng de'n nam 848, theo P Demieville da cd mot sii suy giam ro ret, mot sd nen nhac hau nhQ khdng cdn tha'y nhie den nQa, nhQng khdng cho bie't nguyen nhan Chic la ba'y gid,.d Nhat Ban, va'n de dat la can giam bdt viec xay diing chua chien, can chuyen dd de'n vi tri thuan ldi hdn, gan song, gan bien hdn Viec xay diing d Nara phai dinh lai, chuyen sang xay diing d Nagaoka, sau 10 nam, lai chuyen den Heian-Kyoto (794), nen Demieville mdi ndi giQa thdi Heian, thdi vua Nimmyo (833850), nhac cd ngudn gdc nUdc ngoai deu suy giam, din rdi vao lang quen Thdi sau Nara, goi la thdi Jogan- Kuakushiki, dieu chinh luat cu, lam cho phu hdp thiic te Nhat Ban; NhQng ten goi nhQ nhac Cao Ly, Tan La, Bach Te, Lam Ap ra't it dQdc nhie de'n, ma hinh nhQ da bi Hoa hda, hoac dQdi danh nghia nhac Trung Hoa cai bien Tuy nhien tinh doc dao, gdc Nam A, nhac Lam Ap du khdng cdn dQdc goi ten chinh thQc, nhQng vu dieu va ten goi tQng dieu thQc cu the v i n dQdc tri Vii dieu Bato, Bairo trang (sii chie'n t h i n g cua chien binh) hay Kalavinka ron rang cua Thien Dieu, nha't la Banshugaku (Van miia thu) em diu, khing dinh d i u a'n va vai trd cua Buttetsu, nhUng lai mang dam tinh than Nhat, da Nhat hda, v i n ha'p d i n du hieu bie't xua't sQ md hd Trai qua thdi gian dai, luc tang, luc giam, cac tai lieu deu ghi nhan sQ truyen thu nhac ly An Do hay Ba Tu, cung vdi tam vu dieu deu v Dai sQ den tQ Lam Ap, khdng ro ten, nhQng nam 749, theo Gyogy, mdt hda thQdng Nhat cung thdi, ghi lai, dng dQdc tdn vinh tQdc Daibosatsu (Dgi Bo Tdt), lai dQdc goi theo mot danh hieu chi ro la ngiidi Chdm la Buttetsu hay Bussei (Phdt triet) (hien si nha Phat) DUdng nhien, dng khdng the la Phat, nhQng cd le, ten goi b i t ngudn tQ cho dng la ngQdi Phdt thdnh, hay Phdt The thdnh, each phien am Viet cua ten kinh Vijaya Tam vQ dieu (va nhac nen) hoan toan trung hdp qua ldi ke cua Kanshin vdi tQ lieu "Ldm Ap bdt nhae" v i n thinh hanh, dQdc iQu truyen de'n the ky VHI va ghi lai Rinyu haehi gaku (Ldm Ap bdt nhgc) va tQng phin, it nhieu van cdn dQdc trinh dien, ghi chep lai den nam 931 va sau nQa Dd la cac vu dieu Bato, Bairo, Kalavinka, Bodhisatava, Konju, Somakusha, Kenkikondasu, Ronko-kondatsu Va rieng, dac biet la Banshugaku (Vgn miia thu), cd sQc sd'ng cao hdn, lau dai hdn Dieu da dQdc Kanshin ke lai nhQ tren Tuy nhien, ta't ca da lui xa vao qua khQ, 13 the ky, sii kien da md nhat, khdng may cdn hinh dung nd da dien sdi nd'i nhQ the', phong phu nhQ the, hdn mot thien nien ky trudc c Nguon gdc nhgc Ldm Ap P Demieville diia vao mot sd' cdng trinh nghien cQu, dac biet ve van hda, cua cac Ca mua nhac cd Champa hoc gia Nhat Ban de tim hieu ve nen Nhac Cham d Nhat, nhQ Ryumei-sho, nam 1133, cua tac gia Oga Motomasa, Kyokun-sho cua Koma Chikazane, nam 1233, Fuso Ryakki, the ky XH, Genkoshakusho cua Shiren, nam 1322, Gakharoku cua Abe Suenao (1612-1708) va Dai Nihon shi (Dai Nhdt Bdn svt), nam 1802 bd sung mot sd' hieu bie't vao viec td chQc trinh dien vu nhac, dac biet la cac ddng nhac nQdc ngoai d Nhat Ban, rieng Nhgc Ldm Ap thi chi xae nhan ma khdng cd gi mdi dang ke so vdi cong trinh cua Aomi-no Mabito Genkai, J Takakusu dich va gidi thieu DQdng nhQ P Demieville khdng bie't cdng trinh (?) nen da cd sQ han che dang ke, nhQng dng vin tim dQdc cai rieng, cai mdi cua minh va chic han dd la chu dich, nhQ ten bai vie't cua dng, cho nen, h i n la ddng gdp chu ye'u cua tac gia la ludn vi nguon gdc Nhgc Ldm Ap Cac sach khao cQu cua Nhat ddi cd sQ nham lln, sai sdt, ghi chep Ddi khi, vi da lau, hdn hai the ky, nhieu chd md hd, nham ngQdi vdi ngQdi khac Ching han, sach Zoku Nihongi ke nam 736, mot ngQdi Ba-La-Mdn ten la Bodhi, di sQ de'n nha DQdng, lai d i n theo ba ngQdi nha DQdng va mot ngQdi Ba TQ, dQdc de'n cQ ngu tgi Dgi An tU, lai dUdc tham gia chii tri dai le "md mdt" tai Bong Bgi tit d day, Bodhi cd trung lln vdi Bodhisena, Bodhisatva, tUdc hieu cua Buttetsu, mot tUdc Bo Tdt ma lai la Baramon (Bd-La-M6n), cQ ngu ngdi chua trQdc danh cho nhac cdng Lam Ap (Bgi An tu) ma lai chu tri le d chua chinh {Bong Bgi tttp Sach Fuso ryakki lai ke ring Bodhi ngudi xQ Kapilavastu b Nam An Do, nhQng Kapilavastu la que Phat, b Bic An Lai ke Bussei (hay Bussetsu, hay la Buttetsu), ngQdi xQ Lam Ap d Bic An Do P Demieville cho ring ngUdi Nhat da nham coi Lam Ap d Bac An Do, nhQ the, cd the khdng phai la Lam Ap, khong cd nhac Lam Ap ma la nhgc Phii Nam Cung nhu goi nha van hda hoc gia Cham Buttetsu la Phgt triet DQdng nhien, Buttetsu khdng the la Phat, nhQng d day dQdc hieu l l n la ngQdi Cham hay ngQdi xQ/ kinh Phdt The, chuyen am cua Vijaya, theo each goi cua ngQdi Viet Dd la each ly giai cua P Demieville Dieu chu ye'u, theo dng, cac each goi deu xua't phat tQ nguon Trung Hoa, nhQng lai "Khong co mgt tdi lieu ndo chiing to ngiidi Trung Hoa eo hieu biet ve mgt nin nhae ggi Id nhgc Ldm Ap" (p 221), ma dd chinh la nhgc Phu Nam Ly dng dQa la ThQ tich cd Trung Hoa khdng ndi tdi viec tie'p sue vdi vu, nhac Lam Ap - Champa; ho khdng he bie't dieu nay, nhQng vdi Nhgc Phii Nam thi bie't kha ro va tQ rat sdm Ong dan mot sd' doan ma thQ tich cd Trung Hoa ndi ve nhac nQdc ngoai: - Theo Thong Bien va Ciiu Bitdng thii, nhae - mda Phii Nam the hien: "Hai vu cdng mac y phuc Trieu (mau hdng rang Ddng) di giay ben bing day thQng va da Thdi Tuy, bd nhac cu An Do difdc dung de ta'u nhac Phu Nam, gdm cd trdng kie, tou-t'an vd Mao-yuan, sao, dich, ken pi-li, chum choe ddng va cdng "Cdn Nhae An Bg lai the hien theo each rieng: Cac nhac cdng doi mu chdp blng ni den, choang ao dai bing lua tring, quin ngin bo bing ga'm mau tim, ao khoac ngoai mau dd Sd' vu cdng la mQdi hai (12)., te't tdc va ddi mot mu kasaya, gid'ng nhQ y phuc cua cac nha sQ nay, di giay ben thQng va sdi gai mau xanh la Am nhac nen dung cdng ddng thau, trdng, mao nguyen va tutan, ken ong say, dich hengti, kongheou, ddn lii dau hinh phQdng, dan pipa ndm ddy, chum ch5e ddng va cdng 10 (rd'ng tu-tan va mac-yuan khdng cdn dQdc dung nQa Ong cung ndi, qua ban dich Niide Phii Nam tQ cac sach cd Trung Hoa ciia P PeUiot (BEFEO, 1903) da dQdc biet: "Thang 12 (nam 553), vua Phit Nam Pham Chien sai sQ cdng nhgc nhdn cung cac phQdng vat" (Tam Qudc Chi 47, Ngo Thii (11) Ong mud'n "gd md'i khd khan nay" (ve nguon nhgc Phii Nam, chQ khdng phai Lam Ap) bing sQ kien (nam 605), tQdng Trung Hoa la LQU PhQdng "danh Lam Ap tha'y mot so' nhgc nhdn Phii Nam ben b i t dem ve" (p 221) LQu PhQdng la tQdng nha Tuy, nhUng ngd r i n g dan sii kien LQu PhUdng, dng lai khdng doc Tiiy thti (sit nha Tuy - 589-618), khdng cd ban dich cua P Pelliot, ma chi suy dien nhim doan chep cua Ngo thii ndi tren Sii thiic thi Tiiy thii vie't khac: "LQU PhQdng tQdng nha Tuy dQdc lenh di danh Ldm Ap "bdt tii hdng vgn ngiidi" Cung vi khdng tim doc Tiiy thii (mac du dng kha gidi chQ Han va chQ Nhat) nen mdi khong thay chinh Tiiy thii cd mot doan noi ve nhgc Ldm Ap: "nhac cd dan cam, dich, dan ty ba nam day, gan gid'ng vdi Trung Qudc" (12) Khdng tha'y Champa cd nen nhac rieng ro rang la khong dung Tiiy thii ndi tren da xae nhan, ma thiic te', nghe thuat dieu khic tren mi cifa va dai thd cung da cho tha'y hien nhien: Cac phu dieu Mi Sdn E l the hien hai ddi mua nam, nQ, hoat canh dai thd Tra Kieu ta canh sQ chuan hi trinh dien mua cua 11 vu nQ, cung vdi nhac cdng elm nhac cu, cdn phu dieu Chanh Ld gidi thieu vu nQ, nhac cdng nam, vdi hai trd'ng, chum ch5e, ken,^ kieu trang phuc, nhac cu la chinh kieu An Do hay hoc An Do mot each Rghien curu Ljch sJr, sg 9.2010 ro ret Chinh tren san diin cd Nhat Ban, hang chuc vai Devi, dung la Apsara, Laksmi, Yaksa, nhQng hinh anh Garuda, Nagaraja cung da ndi len dieu dd Thdi Nara (710-749) dung la thdi phat trien cua Lam Ap, rdi chuyen vQdng trieu Viraraja khoang nam 750, dai de cung luc vdi sii ke't thuc cua thdi Nara Ten Champa phai de'n nam 658 mdi cd, mdi dQdc goi ve sau, ten Vijaya lai cdn lau lim mdi cd (nam 1000), nen khdng the suy dien qua xa, gin Buttetsu vdi Phdt triet, Phdt thdnh NgQdi Cham gidi nghe di bien, da dinh cQ d Hai Nam tQ thdi dd da (13) nen ne'u mot sd' ngQdi Cham de'n Nhat Ban thdi dd, cung khong phai la dieu khdng the cd NhQng ngQdi ne'u cd tai, dQdc dung, dUdc goi la ngiidi Ldm Ap, nhgc Ldm Ap la dQdc goi ddng ten chinh thUc, phd bie'n cua ngiidi diidng thdi Chi cd dieu, tai lai gin Lam Ap vdi Bic An Do? Cd le day la van de van hda (Sanskrit), nhac An Do ma ho mang de'n Nhat nen xQ sd cua ho coi la ra't gan vdi An Do, tQdng nhQ the va ho cung nhan nhQ the Cac tai lieu dUdng thdi cung xae n h i n , dai li Phat giao ma ta'u nhac An Do thi dUdc coi la trang trong, thieng lieng, hap din Ddi vdi ngQdi Ddng A, tQ vua de'n quan, nghe thuat An Do uyen chuyen, bien thai nhanh, manh, ma tinh te, reo r i t , da dem lai niem hao hQng mdi, lam cho ho ham chudng An Do thi xa, nen ngQdi trung gian la nhQng Trung tdm "An Do hoa" Phu Nain trQdc Lam Ap vai the ky, di trudc, nhQng cung cd the ca ngQdi Ldm ApChampa den sau, cung ddng gop bd sung, ma cd cdn nhieu hdn Ke dieu khdng phai cd y che trach P Demieville, ma vi le d dau the ky XX, binh dien nghien cQu ve cac viicfng quoc cd Phii Nam va Champa cdn ra't ddn gian va chQa cd gi ve van hda nghe thuat ca Ca mua nhac cd Champa Tuy nhien,^ k h d n g p h a i la P h u N a m va C h a m p a hoc A n Do rdi m a n g nguyen xi van nghe An Do de'n N h a t Ban, ma no da trd t h a n h cua no, da cai bien, sang tao tai chd, thich hdp vdi h o a n canh mdi Cung cd the P h u N a m sdm hdn hai the ky, cdn d a m net An Do, cdn L a m Ap thi chinh K a n s h i n cung da noi ro, c h i n g han, vu dieu thQ n a m H a n h k h u c chie'n t h i n g cua Bairo, tQc la cua Bairava, mot hoa t h a n ciia Siva, dieu mua cd n e n la mot to'p ca L a m Ap dQng vdng trdn kieu waku h a y "Mandala", vd'n la gd'c An Do da dUdc cai bien C u n g theo Kanshin, cac dieu thQc tQ de'n deu cd gd'c An Do da dQdc cai bien, phd' bie'n d Champa, cdn dieu thQc va cd nen T r u n g CHU 11 Hoa da dQdc dng cai bien, a p d u n g t r e n da't N h a t , nhUng vu dieu thQ 8, "Vgn miia thu", cong t r i n h hay nha't, cd sQc sd'ng lau ben nha't, lai la cdng t r i n h s a n g t a o tai cho vdi ta'm long thie't t h a g i n bd vdi k i n h t h a n h Nara ciia Dai sQ Phdt triet • Buttetsu ngQdi L a m Ap - C h a m p a (14) NhQ the, k h o n g p h a i chi cd mot vQdng qud'c, m a ro r a n g la ca P h u N a m va L a m Ap deu cd ddng gop va da cung giQ vi t r i vQng c h i c t r o n g v a n n g h e Ddng A vd'n ra't p h o n g phu, dd cung k h d n g t h e k h d n g coi nd cd vi tri xQng d a n g ve t r i n h p h a t t r i e n xa hdi va n h a nQdc t r o n g k h u n g c a n h Ddng A thdi ba'y gid THICH (1) Le voyage de Kanshin en Orient (742-754), par Aomi no Mabito Genkai (779 AD), Traduit par J.Takakusu, Tokyo, BEFEO 1928 (2) J Takakusu da dich chiic danh tat ca cac nha tu hanh la Pretre fvon nghia \k Cha xit, linh muc Thien Chua gidd) hay len chiic \k Eveque (Gidm muc), ap dung v6i ca Phat giao, mk c6 tnidng hdp dUdc goi ro tii "bonze" (sU), lai Ik Baramon sojo, phien am Nhat Baramon (Bk La Mon), sojo CO le la goi theo each Trung Hoa, sU qudn rsach Nam Te thu) chi dao si Ba La Mon ma ngUcii Phap/Anh quen goi la Brahman, ngU&i ding ca'p Ba-La-M6n hay d?io si Ba La Mon Noi chung nen goi triic tiS'p NgUdi I hay Bgo si Bd La Mdn (3) Paul Demieville: La Musique Chame au Japon, PEFEO, 1925 (4) Dora, goi la Turfan (CaoXuong), tiic la Tokharestan ciia ngUcfi Tokhara Trung A (5) Khoang the ky VII, tren ban dao Trig'u Tien, mien Bac la ndi sinh song cua "ndm bg tdc Goguryeo" (Cao Cau Ly hay Cao Ly), sau Wp nudc, goi la Balhae (Bgt Hdi), d miin Nam la ba bo lgc Han, lap nudc, ggi ten la Silla (Tdn La) Baekje (Bdch Te) vd Dae Gaya (Theo Lich si Hdn Quoc, Hu Namjin va Yu Insun chu bien, DHQG Seoul 2005 (6) Co nhgc: Triidc goi la Trung nhgcchugaku P.Demieville gidi thich Id nhac trung binh (Moyenne), tile la ci giQa, khong Tdn cung khong cd; tOt nga va npi dung la, Co nhgc \k nh^c Trung Hoa trudc Dudng, sii dvng ba bg 6'ng thdi, cCing vdi ba bg go, \k ldn (uxiko), cong (shoko) va nho - tamburin {kakko) von goc Trung A, dUdc coi la CO tnidc ca Tiiy, Dudng; Tan nhac la tif nha Diidng, chdi vdi Kakko (7) Cue Am nhgc da cho di;(ng leu (gakuyd) lam ndi tap ket de cac ngh$ si chu^n bi trinh dien va 12 Rghien curu Lich siir s6 9.2010 nghi ngdi canh san kha'u (san dien); leu b i n g vai, ngoai mau tim, mau tham; {Cue Am nhgc) lap cuoi the' ky VIII, dUdc khoi phuc nam 1870, Thdi Minh Tri, goi la Gagaku Kyoku, nam 1878 lai diidc nang len t h a n h den Gagaku-bu (12) Ludng Ninh Vuang qudc Champa, Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, lan 3, 2009, tr 331 (13) Benedict Paul K A Cham Colony on the Island of Hainan, Havard JAS, 1941 (14) Ve su c6 mat va nhQng ddng gop cua (theo P Demieville) Nhac Lam Ap va nhac su Buttetsu thi hoan toan (8) Vli dieu Kalavinka hay Kariobinga - va difu Than Dieu ciing vdi dao cu (hinh voi, chim, ngiia ) (9) Theo Todai-jiYoroku, vu dieu bodhisattva CO the tin c h i c vao nhQng ghi ch6p cua A.M Genkai, nhiing sQ doan dinh md ho cua P Demieville ciing c6 nguon goc cua nd J.Takakusu CO hai nam diing hai goc san, mot ngiidi dong gia dich (da dan, BE XXVIII, p 7): diing thii voi trang, (bang hoa trang), mot ngUdi dong ong danh sach cac Vi dgt nin mong \k Buttetsu triet), tie'p t h d 11 dudi day (thii 11 sd 14 Nhd But, vii dieu (10) Kuyo Todai-ji Rushana Daibutsu Kima cho biet: Khi trinh diln, Voi t r i n g ciia ong But Samantabhadra nhiin nhay tren san, roi Ngiia chua (Tugng chd - Nagaraja) lai diing quay mat ve phfa bac (d day, Mdng xd vUang {Nagaraja) lai dUdc coi la TUOng chu I chda) Vu difu Kalavinka chim than-linh {Fet- hay Karyobinga sdng lap) Khong diidc biet ten t h a t cua nhac sU nay, bdi m a u tii khac, nen ghi theo ten hifu, nhiing Fet-triet dieu, budc chdn nhdn nhdy hien thodn thoat dudi doi cdnh dang rong, long vu (td tung bay ) (11) Liidng Ninh VUOng qudc Phii Nam Nxb lai phien am Han-Viet cua Phgt triet ban dich tieng Phap? Con P Demieville xem c6 ve boi rdi vie't "Cung vdi Gyogi, ngudi da dUdc n h a n tudc hi?u Daibosatsu the la gi? C h i n g le J.Takakusu (Dai Bd Tat) cdn cd mgt ngUdi tif Champa de'n, goi ten la Buttetsu (Phdt triet, ( ^ S ) trie't: ly), hay Phdt triet (& igt) (tri$t: huy), hay Phgt The {B ff) {Bussei) (phien am Han-Viet Vijaya- kinh Champa) (da d i n , p 212) Khi goi du Buttetsu theo tieng Nhat, phien am Han la Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, in l i n 3, 2009: Van hoa Phdt Triet sit Ca trUdng h(?p deu la phien am, tii Phu Nam, tr 114: Sdch Tam Qudc chi, 47: (nam tieng Nhat Buttetsu; 553) 'Vua Phii Nam Phgm Chien sai sii co'ng ngudi Tet la Triei, su \k sU ciing khong sat diing, ma dan h a t (nhac nhan) ciing cac phitdng vat" Chic chang an n h a p vdi n h a u gi ca C6 le ca J But hay B u s la Phat, Tes hay phai dUdc Ua chuong l i m , sau it nha't mot lan vua Takakusu quan xem trinh diin, tha'y thich, mdi co viec "cong" ma ggi ten ciia nhac sU Cham dd theo ten hieu, nay, dien sdm hdn anh hudng cua Lam Ap dieu ngUdi cua the ky VIII, theo dia danh quen, nhd dang ndi d day, hdn 200 nam hdndthekyXI? vk P.Demieville deu khong bie't ten that, ... chiia Yamashinadera, gan Nara da yeu cau trinh dien cac vu dieu Champa Buttetsu dan diing, chi huy Nhac Champa thifdng difdc goi la nhgc Ldm Ap, tiing hi coi la nhac An Do Cac sach vie't ve nhac... Trung Hoa thdi DUdng, ca nhac cua Ban dao Trieu Tien, ba'y gid cdn chia lam ba tieu qudc, Tdn La, Bdch Te, Cao Ly (5) cung kha phat Ca miia nhac cd Champa trie'n va Nhac Champa, dQdc goi la nhgc... to'p ca L a m Ap dQng vdng trdn kieu waku h a y "Mandala", vd'n la gd'c An Do da dUdc cai bien C u n g theo Kanshin, cac dieu thQc tQ de'n deu cd gd'c An Do da dQdc cai bien, phd' bie'n d Champa,