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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION NONG VAN NGOAN BILINGUALISM IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE Specialty: Vietnamese Literature Code: 9220121 SUMMARY OF THESIS OF PhD IN LITERATURE HANOI - 2019 The thesis is completed at Hanoi National University of Education Scientific Advisors: Prof./Dr LA NHAM THIN Dr NGUYEN MINH HOAT Review 1: Assoc.Prof.Dr NGUYEN PHAM HUNG Review 2: Assoc.Prof.Dr NGUYEN THI CHIEN Review 3: Assoc.Prof.Dr DUONG TUAN ANH The thesis will be defensed at the University Level Thesis Assessment Council of Hanoi National University of Education At … 00’ date … moth … year 2019 The thesis can be searched at: - Hanoi National University of Education Library - Vietnam National Library PREAMBLE Reason for choosing the topic 1.1 Scientifically Bilingualism is a quite common phenomenon in medieval literature of many countries, the East as well as the West In the East, countries like Korea, North Korea and Japan, along with use of native languages, Chinese are used in literary writing In western countries such as Britain, France, Italy, and Germany, in medieval literature, Latin language is used in parallel with native language The phenomenon of bilingualism made up the distinctive feature of Vietnamese medieval literature - a writing literary section consisting of two literary elements of Chinese character and Nom character literature Studying the phenomenon of bilingualism is one of the great characteristics of Vietnamese literature From the phenomenon of bilingualism, we can understand more deeply the nature and development rules of Vietnamese medieval literature from literary point of view, aesthetic point of view to artistic language, styles, etc Many authors of Vietnamese medieval literature, including many well-known names, have written in both Chinese and Nom characters such as Tran Nhan Tong, Nguyen Trai, Le Thanh Tong, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, Cao Ba Quat, Nguyen Khuyen Through the phenomenon of bilingualism, we can understand more deeply the authors, works of the same position and their contribution to the national literature The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature is a typical phenomenon of medieval literature, both universal and international In the context of regional literature, such as Korea / North Korea and Japan, which were influenced by Chinese culture in the Middle Age or in the history of Western literature from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the pre-Renaissance period, the phenomenon of bilingualism in literature also existed Thus, the thesis contributes an insight into the literature of Vietnamese medieval literature in the regional and international literature community 1.2 Practically This topic has practical implications for the study and teaching of Vietnamese literature in general as the characteristics and nature of literature, type and language problems of Vietnamese medieval literature as well as major authors in bilingual schools, universities and colleges Purposes and research tasks 2.1 Research purposes The thesis "The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature" follows one of the current popular research directions: interdisciplinary research The thesis is done with the purpose of studying the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese literature from the tenth century to the end of the nineteenth century On the other Chinesed, through the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature, the thesis enriches certain insights about the relationship between the phenomenon of bilingualism and writing forces, type as well as language in Vietnamese medieval literature and phenomenon of bilingualism in some regional countries 2.2 Research duties To achieve the above research purposes, the thesis sets out the following tasks: - To introduce concepts of bilingualism, phenomenon of bilingualism in literature Clarify the implications of these concepts and terms and see them as key tools in the survey and research process - To apply concepts, terms of bilingualism, bilingual form and phenomenon of bilingualism in the study of the development process of Vietnamese medieval literature, the phenomenon of bilingualism-related characteristics and nature of literature - To study historical, social, cultural, literary backgrounds that forms the phenomenon of bilingualism - To study the characteristics, nature and process of the phenomenon of bilingualism in the national literature history, comparing with the phenomenon of bilingualism in the medieval literature of some countries such as Korea / North Korea, Japan Particularly, attention should be paid to the issues related to the phenomenon of bilingualism with authors (especially typical bilingual authors), types and literary languages in Vietnamese medieval literature Research subject and scope of research 3.1 Research subject The subject of the thesis is the formation and development history of Chinese character literature and Nom character literature components in Vietnamese medieval literature from the tenth century to the end of the nineteenth century The more specific research subjects of the thesis are: - Authors of the phenomenon of bilingualism - Works, types of the phenomenon of bilingualism - Language of the phenomenon of bilingualism 3.2 Research scope 3.2.1 Documentation scope We mainly use the translated Chinese characters, transcribed Nom texts of typical bilingual authors in Vietnamese literature such as Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, Cao Ba Quat and Nguyen Khuyen In addition, many works in both functional and literary types have been explored and studied to further clarify nature of the phenomenon of bilingualism 3.2.2 Scientific scope The scientific scope of the thesis topic includes: Theoretical background of the bilingualism; Characteristics, nature; development of bilingualism in Vietnamese literature The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature in the context of regional literature; Typical authors composing in bilingual language; Phenomenon of bilingualism with literary types and languages Research Methods: The thesis uses the following main research methods: 4.1 Historical Literature Research Method: The historical literature research method approaches the research problem of the thesis as Vietnamese medieval literature history The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature was a socialhistorical phenomenon It came from many causes, but mainly from historical reasons: the domination of Chinese feudal dynasties, the inevitable rule when "young literature" was influenced by the "old literature"; national awareness in the field of culture and literature; the need for cultural development and the construction of the feudal state apparatus Historical method is used to analyze historical elements and their influence on the formation of bilingualism in literature over time 4.2 Interdisciplinary Research Method (Literature - Language Culture - Social Studies) Today, literary scholars clearly see that: literary research can not be separated from its relationship with culture Moreover, the cultural context of literary world has a certain difference with our present culture Literary research can not be separated from language - material elements of literary works For example, when referring to "bilingualism," people often think of a sociological or linguistic phenomenon "Bilingualism" in literature is closely related to social bilingualism, and bilingual literary compositions also express the linguistic, phonetic, and vocabulary elements of linguistics It is necessary to have an understanding of bilingual and linguistic studies if one wants to understand bilingualism more deeply in literature 4.3 Literary Comparison Research Method This is an indispensable method when implementing the topic When mentioning to literary comparison, we should not understand it as phenomenon comparison in literature, but rather as the comparison between one literature background to one or more other literature backgrounds or comparison of phenomena of other literary backgrounds The phenomenon of bilingualism in the medieval literature is the use of both Chinese and Vietnamese in composition By comparison method, we can see the individual characteristics of each Chinese and Nom character literature, on the basis of which find the influence, interference of the twolanguage in the author's works as Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, Nguyen Khuyen 4.4 Prosody Research Method In the study of Vietnamese medieval literature, there have been quite a number of history literary works, there have been a number of works that have gone into a number of types and authors approached in terms of prosody including literary types, specific aspects, some types of prosody with human notion, world conception and some artistic methods Bilingualism in literature manifests itself in many ways The intensity of bilingualism also varies in each type (for example, political commentary literature is less influenced by the Vietnamese language Chinese the Tang prosody poetry) It is necessary to study prosody in order to see the specific characteristics of each type 4.5 Typological Methodology Type (English: typological originates from type or typé in French) is the concept of a collection of phenomena which share some basic characteristics Type-based research does not simply enumerate, describe the external similarities of literary phenomenon Much more important is to find out the rules of similarities This method is used in the study of the type of bilingual author and the type of categories viewed from the phenomenon of bilingualism New contributions of the thesis - Pointed out the historical, social, cultural, literary, linguistic and aesthetic premises of the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature; - Generalize characteristics and development of phenomenon of bilingualism; - Study the problem of bilingual author in Vietnamese medieval literature; - Generalize the development and expression of the phenomenon of bilingualism from overview of type and language Structure of the thesis Apart from the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendix, the thesis consists of four chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of research and theoretical basis of the topic Chapter 2: General problems of the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese Medieval Literature Chapter 3: Types of bilingual author in Vietnamese literature Chapter 4: Some problems of type and language from overview of the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese Medieval Literature Chapter OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AND SOME PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE THESIS 1.1 CONCEPT OF THE PHENOMENOM OF BILINGUALISM 1.1.1 Concept of bilingualism In this section, we cite linguists' definitions of typical bilingual concepts in some popular linguistic materials such as the linguistic term dictionary of Diep Quang Ban or the Vietnamese dictionary of Nguyen Nhu Y and the linguistic term dictionary explaining of this author on of bilingualism The Vietnamese Dictionary, edited by Hoang Phe, as well as Hoang Quoc’s doctoral thesis on Linguistics, also mentioned to the concept of bilingualism Those are definitions of the phenomenon of bilingualism at the most general level, so called as social bilingualism But now bilingualism is not just a social phenomenon, but a psychological phenomenon, because psychology affects the formation of different language systems in each individual In the field of language, this phenomenon has been studied in many aspects such as historical linguistics, social linguistics, linguistic psychology, linguistic neuroscience and linguistic pedagogy Bilingualism in literature is a part of social – linguistic sociology - studying impact of bilingualism on culture, society and the preservation of national identity The provision of definitions in general grade will give a broader perspective before going into a narrower sense We are referring here to the concept of bilingualism in literature, more specifically, in Vietnamese medieval literature 1.1.2 Bilingualism in literature In this section, we overview concepts of "the phenomenon of bilingualism" in both broad and narrow meanings according to the conceptions of researchers Dinh Thi Khang, Tran Nho Thin and Tran Dinh Su In conclusion, we think that the bilingualism in literatures, in essence as the coexistence of two kinds of language, is understood as a literary phenomenon that uses two types of characters and combines elements of culture, literature, language arisen during linguistic contact between two countries In the Middle Age, the Chinese and Vietnamese contact made up the bilingualism in literature with the two corresponding scripts of Chinese and Nom characters We not identify "bilingualism" and "multilingualism" as some of the above interpretations, because it is difficult to distinguish "bilingualism" in medieval literature with Chinese, Vietnamese and the "multilingualism" in modern literature (the second half of the nineteenth century of the early twentieth century) with the interference of three types of language: Chinese, Vietnamese and French Thus, it can be understood that the phenomenon of bilingualism in literature is the phenomenon of a literature which is simultaneously composed in two languages - indigenous language and foreign country, other ethnic group acquired language With Vietnamese medieval literature, the bilingual phenomenon expressed in literature at the same time was composed in both Chinese and Nom characters 1.2 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese literature has been mentioned in several studies However, there is no intensive research on this subject It can be seen that some of the following research topics refer to bilingualism related to the topic: 1.2.1 Studying characteristics of Vietnamese medieval literature on the phenomenon of bilingualism In this section, we both review and analyze relevance of the studies on the characteristics of Vietnamese medieval literature to the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature Typical works such as historical Vietnamese literature by Duong Quang Ham; textbooks on Vietnamese medieval literature by Dinh Gia Khanh and Nguyen Loc; studies of Tran Dinh Su, Nguyen Dang Na, Tran Dinh Huou, Bui Duy Tan, La Nham Thin, Tran Nho Thin and some other authors It can be seen that the Vietnamese medieval literary researchers above all affirmed the existence of a line of literature written in the borrowed language, Chinese characters and another literary line written in the ethnic language (Vietnamese/Nom) in Vietnamese medieval literature or in other words, either directly or indirectly acknowledged the existence of bilingual phenomena in written literature from the 10th century to the end of the nineteenth century in our country 1.2.2 Studying Vietnamese medieval literature prosody with reference to bilingualism Here, we analyze the relevant points in the work of researchers such as Phan Ngoc, Tran Dinh Su, Tran Dinh Huou, Hoang Huu Yen, La Nham Thin and some other researchers when studying problems of prosody, linguistic and type which also mention the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature 1.2.3 Studying authors writing in bilingual language In this section, the author assesses research works on authors such as Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, Cao Ba Quat and Nguyen Khuyen that mentioned the phenomenon of bilingualism These works mentioned more or less the thesis content We acquire and inherit works of Nguyen Loc, Dinh Gia Khanh, Tran Nho Thin, Hoang Huu Yen, La Nham Thin, Bien Minh Dien, Tao Trang, Nguyen Thuy Hong, Tran Thi Anh and some other researchers so that "The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature" is studied in a more complete and systematic manner 1.2.4 Study and comparison of Vietnamese medieval literature with literature of countries in Chinese character cultural region in the Middle Age Here, we review the research works that mentioned the phenomenon of bilingualism by Doan Le Giang with the article Medieval period in the literature of countries in the Chinese Chinese culture area or the Historical Literature of Korea by Ko Mi Sook, Jung Min and Jung Byung 11 1.3.4 Theory of type In this section, the thesis author summarizes a number of issues about literary type and author as well as the application of this theory to the thesis SUMMARY The phenomenon of bilingualism in literature is the phenomenon of writing in borrowed language in parallel to the native language in a literature at the same stage Vietnamese medieval literature also existed the phenomenon of bilingualism: the simultaneous use of Chinese and Nom characters in writing There were many studies on the history of Vietnamese medieval literature, the characteristics of medieval literature, prosody, authors, types, languages and in comparative studies with other literature in the region, various aspects of bilingualism are mentioned at different levels In general, these works met in several points: first, Vietnamese medieval literature had parallel existence and development of the two parts of literature which were Chinese written literary part and Nom written literary part; second, in those types, bilingualism was not specifically analyzed as a phenomenon of both peculiar and universal nature, having its own formation, development and movement The intensive and meticulous works on the bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature in particular could be extended in the context of literature influenced by Chinese culture in the region and even in the literature of the whole human race are still ahead That, it excited use to choose this topic The theoretical basis of the thesis, besides the theoretical and practical achievements of the disciplines such as literature, language, comparative literature, literary type, etc., interdisciplinary research methods such as interdisciplinary culture and literature, interdisciplinary language … should be applied Above is an overview of the research and issues related to the thesis topic The problems, scholars, and researchers who have been involved in the bilingualism in Vietnamese literature are greatly referred Along with the use of methods, theories are the theoretical basis of the topic, overview of the research situation is the foundation for the author to build ideas 12 Chapter GENERAL ISSUES OF THE PHENOMENON OF BILINGUALISM IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE 2.1 HISTORICAL – SOCIAL, IDEALOGICAL – CULTURAL – LITERARY BASES OF THE PHENOMENON OF BILINGUALISM 2.1.1 Social – historical premise In this section, the author analyzes the historical and social conditions and political preconditions that affect the formation, movement and development of the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature from the tenth century to the end of the nineteenth century 2.1.2 Cultural, ideological premise In this section, we analyze the intertwining of the national culture and Confucian culture as well as the aesthetic viewpoints, medieval literary conceptions that influences the formation, mobilization and development of the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature 2.1.3 Literary premise Linguistic premise The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature is a product of importing and using Chinese characters and the formation and development of Nom characters These two processes not appear together but have met each other since the thirteenth century when the use of Nom characters in literary works was recorded in historical books Here we outline these two processes In addition, the author also analyzes the similarities between Chinese and Nom characters that affect the phenomenon of bilingualism Typological premise In this section, the writer explains the selection of Chinese characters as the official language in administrative communication, education, examinations and artistic creation, leading to our acquisition of literary types of people Chinese Since then affirming type is also an important premise contributing to the phenomenon of bilingualism in medieval Vietnamese literature 13 2.2 FEATURES OF THE PHEOMENON OF BILINGUALISM IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE 2.2.1 The multi-component nature of the phenomenon of bilingualism In this section, we present achievements of Chinese literature composition and Nom literature composition and analyze the relationship between Chinese literature and Nom literature 2.2.2 The inequality of bilingualism Here, the author analyzes the inequality of the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature expressed in the conception of orthodox Confucianism and feudal class, the notions of lofty literature with Chinese writing and real life, colloquial literature with Nom writing 2.3 THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE PHENONMENON OF BILINGUALISM IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE 2.3.1 Literary period from the 10th century to the end of the fourteenth century In this section, we analyze our ancestors’ selection of Chinese characters and the achievements of early Chinese character literature In addition, the author generalizes the formation and development of literature written in Nom characters forming the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature from the thirteenth century 2.3.2 Literary period from the 15th century to the end of the 17th century Here, the writer presents the achievements of the phenomenon of bilingualism in the flourishing development of both Chinese literature and Nom literature 2.3.3 Literary period from the 18th century to the end of the 19th century In this section, the author presents the achievements of the phenomenon of bilingualism during the peak development period of the phenomenon of bilingualism in both scope of literature and the author with brilliant milestones in the endogenous ethnic literature type including historical theater, melody, poem, and singing with speech 14 2.4 PHENONMENON OF BILINGUALISM IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE IN REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LITERATURE CONTEXT In this section, we present the history and characteristics of the phenomenon of bilingualism in Japanese literature and North Korean / Korean literature At the same time analyze the common and specific characteristics of the phenomenon of bilingualism in medieval literature of countries influenced by Chinese culture: Vietnam, Japan and North Korea / Korea CONCLUSION The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature was formed on certain historical, social, cultural, ideological, aesthetic, literary and linguistic bases First and foremost was the official birth of written literature around the 10th century after Ngo Quyen's defeat of the South Chinese army on the Bach Dang River, opening a long period of independence for the nation Previously, our country literature only had folk literature Since there was no complete and unified language, our ancestors had to borrow Chinese characters in administration and in literary writing Literature written in Nom character was born about two centuries after Chinese character literature, but quickly became deeply rooted in literary life and rapidly developed in parallel with Chinese character literature From the fifteenth century onwards, two literary parts written in borrowed languages, Chinese and the indigenous language, Nom have existed in parallel, which forms a very unique and typical bilingualism of Vietnamese medieval literature In development of Vietnamese medieval literature, the bilingualism was both multi-component and unequal The multi-component nature of the literature showed the diversity and richness of literature with literature written in Chinese characters and Nom characters as well as the two dimensional relationship between Chinese and Nom and vice versa 15 Meanwhile, the inequality of bilingualism in literature from the tenth century to the end of the nineteenth century showed a somewhat harsh literary concept when considering Chinese character literature as true and lofty The poetry written in Nom characters was not considered important, ordinary and even sometimes feuded by the imperial court But above all, Nom character literature was constantly developing beside the literature written in Chinese characters and achieving brilliant results in the later stages, marking the victory of national literature written in Nom characters The development of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature may have been limited to the time when the use of Nom characters in literary composition was recorded in 1282 when Nguyen Thuyen made an alligator expelling oration and opened a movement of writing literature in Nom characters at that time Previously, our country's literature was only composed in Chinese characters Literature written in Nom began to leap from the fifteenth century with Quoc am thi tap by Nguyen Trai and then Hong Duc quoc am thi tap by Hong Duc period authors By the sixteenth century, Bach Van quoc ngu thi by Nguyen Binh Khiem appeared, but Nom character literature was somewhat slow Meanwhile, in this period, Chinese character literature was still very developed From the eighteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century, it was the most flourishing stage with the emergence of indigenous types such as poetry, rhyming and singing while speaking Nom character literature has prevailed against Chinese character literature Bilingualism is a phenomenon that is unique, but also universal Not only Vietnamese medieval literature, this phenomenon appears in literature of western countries in medieval period such as in England, France, Italy, Germany… Literature in countries in the region influenced by Chinese culture such as North Korean / Korean and Japanese literature is also found in borrowed languages (Chinese characters) in addition to the composition in the local language This shows that the bilingualism in Vietnamese literature is similar in the context of regional literature and world literature 16 Chapter TYPES OF BILINGUAL AUTHOR IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE 3.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ABOUT AUTHOR AND TYPES OF LITERARY AUTHOR 3.1.1 Concept of type and types of literary author In this section, the thesis author introduces the concepts of type and types of literary author 3.1.2 Types of literary author in Vietnamese medieval literature Here, we present types of author in Vietnamese medieval literature from research works of some prestigious scholars Since then, the writer argues and generalizes the types of bilingual author in Vietnamese literature from the tenth century to the end of the nineteenth century 3.2 STUDY ON SOME TYPICAL BILINGUAL AUTHORS IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE In this section, we analyze the factors of age, family, life and people that influence the bilingual composition of some typical authors such as Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, Cao Bat Quat and Nguyen Khuyen, at the same time, analyze the contributions of these authors to the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature 3.3 FEATURES OF TYPES OF BILINGUAL AUTHOR In this section, the author presents and analyzes the characteristics of types of bilingual author Those are: - The type of bilingual author with Confucian and competitionexamination background - The type of bilingual author associated with the historical and social context of the transitional period - The type of bilingual author associated with secular Confucian scholar and secluded Confucian scholar - The type of bilingual author with artistic views, ideas of Confucianist scholars 17 3.4 DIVERSITY AND UNITY IN PERCEPTION OF BILINGUALISM BY TYPES OF BILINGUAL AUTHOR IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE 3.4.1 Diversity in perception of bilingualism by types of bilingual author in medieval Vietnamese literature In this section, the writer analyzes the diversity in the perception of the bilingual status of the type of bilingual author in Vietnamese medieval literature with four typical types of authors: - Nguyen Trai with lyrical – political type of bilingual author - Nguyen Binh Khiem with lyrical-philosophical type of bilingual author - Nguyen Du with lyrical - narrative type of bilingual author - Nguyen Khuyen with lyrical - satirical, inter-textual type of bilingual author 3.4.2 Unity in perception of bilingualism by types of bilingual author in Vietnamese medieval literature In this section, the author analyzes the cognitive unity for Chinese literature and for Nom literature of the types of bilingual author in medieval Vietnamese literature SUMMARY Studying the history of literature can not ignore literary type system and type When research thinking is directed toward synthesis, classification of literary phenomena is based on possible criteria that can be generalized and acquired into a certain "aesthetic community." The literary type of authors is based on these There are different perspectives on type of authors, type of authors in the Vietnamese medieval literature such as literary type of author, poetic type of author; religious work confusion scholar type of author, secluded type of author, amateur type of author; Buddist priest type of author, king, nobleman, military leader type of author… Types of bilingual author are based on such arguments Types of bilingual author in Vietnamese medieval literature have general characteristics about origin, age, life and ideology, art viewpoints Typical bilingual authors in Vietnamese medieval literature include Nguyen Trai, Le Thanh Tong, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du, 18 Cao Ba Quat, Nguyen Khuyen and Nguyen Dinh Chieu Each author has own characteristics contributing to bilingualism in particular and the national history of literature in general From expression of the bilingualism in the authors, we can see that the bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature goes from Chinese - Nom bilingualism to Chinese – Nom "inter-text” bilingualism From the study on features of types of bilingual author as well as the survey of bilingual composition career of some typical authors, we can see a "diversity and unity in the perception of bilingual status in Vietnamese medieval literature " While the diversity leads to different types of bilingual authors: Nguyen Trai with lyrical – political type of bilingual author; Nguyen Binh Khiem with lyrical-philosophical type of bilingual author; Nguyen Du with lyrical - narrative type of bilingual author and Nguyen Khuyen with lyrical - satirical, inter-textual type of bilingual author Meanwhile, the unity in the perception of bilingual status in both types of discourse (composed in Chinese and Nom characters) of bilingual authors shows that: there is no important side to contempt; no party put all their enthusiasm, the playing party; no party only knows the expectation, the party towards the nation; the party has masterpieces, the side also has valuable works The bilingual authors consider Chinese and Nom writing as authentic literature, all having artistic uses Chapter SOME PROBLEMS OF TYPE AND LANGUAGE FROM VIEW OF THE PHENOMENON OF BILINGUALISM IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE 4.1 SOME PROBLEMS OF TYPE FROM VIEW OF THE PHENOMENON OF BILINGUALISM 4.1.1 The development of type from view of the phenomenon of bilingualism In this section, we analyze three development stages of Vietnamese medieval literature from view of the phenomenon of bilingualism 19 The first phase mainly was foreign receptions (mainly China) This was an opening period, laying a solid and comprehensive foundation for Vietnamese medieval literature The next stage was the coexistence of receptive types with nationalized type If in the first stage, Vietnamese medieval literature was associated with Chinese characters, this second phase of Vietnamese medieval literature was associated with Nom characters In the final stage, endogenous literary types flourished In this period, Nom characters developed with a dominant position, and the Vietnamese language of literature matured significantly Along with the Chinese Vietnamese words that have been fully Vietnamized and used like Vietnamese, the daily words of laborers went into literature and integrated into the Vietnamese poetry system This trend gradually reduced the normative norms due to the acquisition of Chinese culture, making the literary language flexible, soft, expressive and close to the real life It can be said that, for nearly ten centuries of medieval literature, never literary language has been so nationalized and democratized as this period 4.1.2 The phenomenon of bilingualism in literary types acquired from Chinese character literature In this section, the author analyzes the following issues: - The phenomenon of writing in Chinese characters and Chinese Nom bilingualism with some functional literary types; - The phenomenon of writing in Chinese characters and Chinese Nom bilingualism with some types of literature and art; - The phenomenon of bilingualism in nationalized literary types with Nom-Tang Prosody poetry and Nom-Tang Prosody poetry story - The phenomenon of bilingualism in types of endogenous literature such as: poetry story, singing with speech 4.2 THE PHENOMENON OF BILINGUALISM WITH LANGUAGE IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE 4.2.1 The development of the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature from the linguistic perspective In this section, we generalize the development of the phenomenon of 20 bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature from the linguistic aspect into two rules: Firstly, the bilingual phenomenon in Vietnamese medieval literature went from linguistic perspective mainly from Chinese writings, followed by use of Nom characters in composition, finally is the domination of Nom characters; Secondly, the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature in terms of language went from the Chinese element with heavily elegant, bookish, scholarly language to the Nom element with the nature, close-to-life language 4.2.2 The problem of dealing with foreign and endogenous elements in terms of language in the phenomenon of bilingualism In this section, the writer analyzes Chinese language in Vietnamese medieval literature with the use of Chinese characters, Chinese classical texts and poems in literary works of some typical bilingual authors; At the same time, the author analyzes ethnic languages in Vietnamese medieval literature of some typical bilingual authors with the use of Vietnamese words and folklore languages such as idioms, proverbs, folk songs, oral language, often considered a common linguistic component; analyzes the interaction between the Chinese language and the national language in both directions of influences from Chinese to Vietnamese and from Vietnamese to Chinese SUMMARY The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature was profoundly expressed in terms of type and language The development of types viewed from bilingualism - from the types absorbed from the Chinese language, through the ethnic type with use of Vietnamese - Nom, to the endogenous literature type with superior position of Vietnamese – Nom characters Functional literary types such as petition, edict-like announcement, royal proclamation, Buddhistic poet were written entirely in Chinese, but poetic essay and funeral oration belonging to this group also existed compositions written in Chinese and Nom In foreign literature, narrative prose types were also written in Chinese characters such as chronicles, legends, and novels The lyrical art 21 types had writing in bilingual Chinese - Nom as poetry, poetic essay In which, poetry was the most clear and powerful expression of the Chinese – Nom bilingualism with the formation and development of Tang prosody Nom poetry, the most successful type of nationalization in Vietnamese medieval literature history The mobilization and development of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature in the final stage marked the birth of endogenous types such as poetry, rhyming and singing In these types, Nom characters were completely dominant, and works written in Chinese characters were at least in the narrative prose category as poetry At the same time in the works written in Nom, Chinese Viet words also appeared with a little frequency In terms of language, the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature has parallel existence of Chinese and ethnic languages (Nom characters) Chinese language elements include Chinese words, classical historical references, and Chinese poems Meanwhile, the national language includes slogans, proverbs, idioms and folk songs The Chinese and Nom elements of language not only exist independently of each other but also influence each other Of course, the Chinese to Nom influence is still stronger Chinese the opposite one from Nom to Chinese CONCLUSION The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature is a phenomenon that is both unique and universal It was one of the typical features of Vietnamese medieval literature from the tenth century to the end of the nineteenth century This phenomenon is also universal because the literature of countries in the region influenced by Chinese characters culture such as Korea / North Korea and Japan has phenomenon of composing both borrowing language (Chinese) and local language (Y Du, Hangul in Korea / North Korea, Kana in Japanese literature) Meanwhile, in some Western countries such as England, France, Italy, Germany, the phenomenon of borrowing Latin for composing in addition to the native language also exists 22 The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature is formed on certain historical and social bases, namely, history of Chinese written literature when the country entered the long term period of independence But the national pride and consciousness of people of a country with cultural and historical tradition has inspired generations of our ancestors to use Nom characters in literary writing since the 12th century This was also a milestone in the emergence of the phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese literature This phenomenon is based on the premises of ideology, culture and aesthetics influenced by Confucianism, feudal society, and national consciousness The language policies of feudal dynasties in trying to maintain the monopoly and orthodox status of Chinese characters as well as the policy of encouraging use of Nom characters and respecting Nom characters of certain dynasties in history are also a contributing factor to the parallel existence of both Chinese and Nom characters written literature In addition, Nom itself, in the process of mobilization and development, shows the advantages and limitations of writing Therefore, although as a national language, Nom characters cannot be able to dislodge the Chinese characters to stand in such unified and orthodox position, but also gain certain advantages in the final stage and in the purely national types Any phenomenon has the process of formation, movement, transformation and development with its own rules The bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature is not out of this rule The phenomenon of bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature is unequal bilingualism While literature written in Chinese is valued, Nom character literature is not, even not considered as true literary works Chinese writing is regarded as noble, elegant while Nom writing is considered colloquial, mediocre The bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature could be divided into three stages of development The first stage, from the 10th to the 14th centuries, with compositions mainly in Chinese characters; The second phase, from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, with the simultaneous existence of two parts composed in Chinese characters and Nom characters and the last stage, from the XVIII century - the end 23 of the nineteenth century with the dominance of Vietnamese language, Nom characters In interplay relationships, the phenomenon of bilingualism is most apparent in the type of authors In Vietnamese medieval literature, there was a type of authors who composed both in Chinese and in Nom characters Typical of these were names like Nguyen Trai, Nguyen Binh Khiem, Nguyen Du and Nguyen Khuyen Bilingual authors have the following characteristics: Type of bilingual author with Confucian and competition-examination background; Type of bilingual author associated with the historical and social context of the transitional period; Type of bilingual author associated with secular Confucian scholar and secluded Confucian scholar; Type of bilingual author with artistic views, ideas of Confucianist scholars Research on the types of bilingual authors also shows the diversity and consistency in perception of bilingual status in Vietnamese medieval literature Diversity brings many types of authors in bilingual author types such as: Nguyen Trai with lyrical – political type of bilingual author, Nguyen Binh Khiem with lyrical-philosophical type of bilingual author, Nguyen Du with lyrical - narrative type of bilingual author, Nguyen Khuyen with lyrical - satirical, inter-textual type of bilingual author Meanwhile, the unity in the perception of bilingualism showed that the authors considered Chinese and Nom writing as authentic art works The phenomenon of bilingualism in medieval Vietnamese literature is also manifested in terms of genre and language In terms of genre, bilingual phenomenon appears in both functional literature and artistic literature with the same degree and scale In functional literature, there is a phenomenon of bilingualism mainly in the genre, heterosexual and shelf Meanwhile, other types of functional literature such as foxes, screenings, banners, literature, hearings, tunes, etc are mostly written in Chinese characters In the narrative prose models, only the transcript of Nguyen The Nghi's continental transcript is that he translated the Nom script from the remaining Nguyen Du's Truyen ky man luc, which was composed in Chinese In the genre of lyrical arts, Nom script has emerged 24 as the most powerful phenomenon with brilliant achievements in both content and art In addition, the phenomenon of bilingualism appears in the rich category, a genre that has also been Vietnameseized quite successfully Endogenous literary genres such as historical theater, poetry, recitation, and vocal expression all exhibit the phenomenon of bilingualism In the linguistic aspect, the phenomenon of bilingualism in medieval Vietnamese literature has had the independent existence of Han and ethnic languages but at the same time these two languages also have reciprocal relations From studies on bilingual phenomena in Vietnamese medieval literature we can extend new research directions, new topics We can present separated issues on bilingual phenomena of a particular author, a particular type, or a group of authors, a group of types, or literary periods It is also possible to have comparisons between bilingual phenomena in Vietnamese medieval literature with other countries in the region or even it is also not groundless to generalize them into a world-class phenomenon 25 LIST OF THE AUTHOR’S PUBLISHED WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS Nong Van Ngoan (2016), "Prosodical characteristics of poetic essays in Vietnamese Medieval Literature", Tay Nguyen University Journal of Science, (16), p 73 -76 Nong Van Ngoan (2017), "Bilingual composition phenomenon of some typical authors in Vietnamese medieval literature", Tay Nguyen University Journal of Science, (23), p 117-119 Nong Van Ngoan (2017), “Vietnamese Medieval Literature Genres from bilingualism” (A Collection of Literature Studies, Vol 3), Vietnam Education Publishing House, Hanoi, p 108 -112 Nong Van Ngoan (2018), "Bilingualism in Japanese literature of Vietnam's Middle Ages", Tay Nguyen University Journal of Science, (28), p 115-118 Nong Van Ngoan (2018), "Bilingual author genre in Vietnamese Medieval Literature ", Culture and Art (405), p 83-86 Nong Van Ngoan (2018), "Bilingualism in Medieval Literature of Vietnam, Korea and Japan in Comparative Perspective", Literature Study (3), pp 98 - 108 Nong Van Ngoan (2018), “Langguage policies of Vietname feudatory goverment in Vietnamese middle – ages literature”, HNUE Journal of Science, Social Sciences (1), pp 74 – 80 ... Many authors of Vietnamese medieval literature, including many well-known names, have written in both Chinese and Nom characters such as Tran Nhan Tong, Nguyen Trai, Le Thanh Tong, Nguyen Binh... bilingualism in Vietnamese medieval literature Typical works such as historical Vietnamese literature by Duong Quang Ham; textbooks on Vietnamese medieval literature by Dinh Gia Khanh and Nguyen Loc;... dominant position, and the Vietnamese language of literature matured significantly Along with the Chinese Vietnamese words that have been fully Vietnamized and used like Vietnamese, the daily words