Công trình ngầm giao thông đô thị

G IA O Sir, VIEN SI L.V M A K O PSK I CONG TRINH NGAM GIAO THONG DO THI (Tai ban) Ngudi dich : TS N G U Y E N DUG N G U O N Hieu dinh : GS T SK H N G U Y E N V A N Q U A N G NHA X U A T BAN XAY DUNG HA N O I - LCfl NOI DAU Trong cong cuoc cdng nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa dat nuac, viec xay dung tang ky thuat ddng vai trd rat quan Truac het phdi hien dai hod cac thi ldn Hien a cac ldn nhu Hd Noi, Ho Chi Minh thudng xuyen bi ach tac giao thdng, o nhiem moi trudng vd ling ngap vao miia mua Dat dai d thi lai rat quy vd rat dat Tat cd nhitng bat cap do, ddi hdi phdi cap bach gidi quyet viec sit dung khong gian ngam thi Trong cac thi hien dai se cd nhieu nhd cao tang (tic 12 tang trd len), ddi hdi phdi cd cac tang ham De gidi quyet ach tac giao thdng, cdn phdi Idm nhieu dudng ngam viun qua cac nut giao ldn De cd bai dd xe, ma xe oto cdng nhieu, phdi xay dung cac gara oto ngam nhieu tang dudi mat dat !K , ^ ^ O Hd Chi Minh d d cd d u an xay dung tau dien ngam vd dudng bo ngam chui dudi day song Sai Gon qua khu dd thi mdi Thu Thiem Hd Noi cung cdn nghien ci'm phuong an xay dung dudng tau dien ngam Trong tuang lai khong xa, chung ta phdi nghi den viec xay dipig cac to hap cdng trinh ngam a cac ldn Dd la chua ke den cac cdng trinh ngam quoc phong, an ninh De cung cap nhitng thdng tin cdn thiet cho ban doc, Nhd xuat ban Xay dung dd cung cac chuyen gia chon dich cuon sach "Cdng trinh ngam giao thdng dd thi" ciia Giao su Vien si V.L Makopski, xuat ban nam 1985 tai Matxcava Cuon sach TS Nguyen Dice Ngudn dich vd GS.TSKH Nguyen Van Quang hieu dinh Chung tdi mong rang cuon sach se cd ich cho ban doc Nha xuat ban Xay dung C huw ig I KH AI N IEM C H U NG VE CAC CO N G T RINH NG AM §1 SIT SIT DUNG KHONG GIAN NGAM TRONG CAC DO THI Loi ich cua viec xay dung cong trinh ngam Khoi luong xay dung nha va cong trinh cong cong tang, sir lien tuc phat tridn mang luoi giao thong dudng bo, su hinh cac cong trinh va cum cong trinh cong nghiep mdi, cac xi nghiep cong nghiep dang yeu cau thi danh rieng cho nhung khu dat ldn Nhung khu dat do, dac biet tai nhung khu trung tam thi, cang khan hiem Trong do, tai cac thi ldn cang thieu nhung dien tfch dat de xay dung cac bon hoa, cong vien, cac khu vuc di bo, dao choi, san the thao Vi vay, coai cac co ca'u tin hieu, dudng ngam oto thi, ngudi ta xay dung mang truym radio dia phucmg, theo thong tin co th6 duoc chuyen true tiep tir trung tam lieu hanh B)i thong tin cho lai xe duoc chuyen qua dai thu cua oto Cac thiet bi radio duoc dat tong phong dich vu, angten tren tran dudng ngim 365 Theo dieu kien khai thac thudng phai dong mot nhung luong cua dudng ngam tam thdi cho chuyen dong tren luong khac theo ca hudng Trong ngoai tin hieu anh sang va am chuyen dung, ngudi ta sir dung thiet bi co hoc dang bane Trong dudng ngam thi co chi£u dai ldn de loai trir nhanh su co xuat hien dimg xe tuc thdi, hu hong hoac dung xe, ngudi ta xSy dung cac buong co kich thudc du cho oto Nhung buong co the duoc sir dung de quay xe trudng hop can thiet, de che cho ngudi va dd bd tri cac thiet bi khai thac (tivi, radio, cam bien, cac phuong tien chong chay v.v ) Thong thudng cac buong dudng ngam giao thong co gidi duoc bd tri cach 250-300m d ca hudng theo thu tu o cd (khi chuyen dong hudng) hoac d mot hudng (khi chuyen dong hudng) Neu chi6u dai dudng ngam khong qua 400m, ngudi ta xay dung 1buong d giua dudng ngam Chieu rong va chieu sau buong It nhat 2m, chieu cao it nhat 2,5m Khi xay dung dudng ngam song song, cac buong duoc bd tri d giua chung va co ldi ca dudng ngam Trong dudng ng^m giao thong co gidi ldn cung nhu doc tuyen dudng ngam va doc tuyen dudng true ngam can phai xay dung cac bu6ng de quay oto De dua oto hu hong khoi dudng ngam can phai sir dung may ctiu ho chuyen dung co di6u khien xoay vong H in h X I I 12 S o d o b d tri ca c th iet b i khai thac du dn g ngam tran treo; san cach am; ngu6n sang; thie't bi d6 sach cua khong khi; den tin hieu; Tin hieu chdng chay; m ay dien thoai; bd phan tfch khf; kenh ch o m ang ky thuat; 10 6n g dan nude; 11 kenh thong gio ngang; 12 d'ng thoat khf; 13 m ang on g thoat nude; 14 hd thu nude; 15 phdu thu nude; 16 cap; 17 dng dan nude 366 oto d gara duoc ghi lai bang may tfnh chuyen dung Khi khoi gara, lai xe dua phieu due 16 vao co cau tfnh toan, no chi ro tong so tien can thiet, sau tra tien, lai xe nhan duoc the kim loai cho phep khoi gara T ho at nude Trong qua trinh khai thac CTGTN thi can phai thoat nude ngoai Cac nguon nude tren tham nhap vao cong trinh ngam gdm: nude mua chay qua cua chinh, c iu thang, hoac dudng lan, nude tham qua ket cau tu khoi dat xung quanh, nude tap trung cong trinh ngam tich tu hoi nude cung nhu nude rua cac mat dp, phan dudng xe chay, san v.v Phu thuoc vao loai cong trinh ngam, vung lanh tho, chi6u sau chon ngam va cac dieu kien dia chat thuy van, ngudi ta su dung cac he thong thoat nude khac Khi muc nude ngam cao hon de mong cua dudng ngam giao thong co gidi, ngudi ta xay dung he thong cong thoat nude de thoat nude ngam (hinh XI 13a, §) H in h X I I 13 C a c s o d o c o can th oat nude tron g du dn g ngam g ia o thong c o gidi a c a t d o c; m a t dung; b, i c d t ngang; I, cac tram bam nude canh cira chinh; cac tram bom nude h im ; cac hd thu nude; 5, cac be tap trung; dudng on g dan nude mua; dudng dng ap luc; 10 m ay bom; I I gien g tham; 12 dng chuydn tiep; 13 lirdi; 14 dng thoat nude 368 De lam dieu do, theo true cua dudng ngam lan hoac doc theo m 6i luong ciia dudng ngam nhieu lan, ngudi ta xay dung mang thoat nude va dat tuyen ong chmh tren day cua no Giua cac nhanh cua tuyen ong, dat ho ga trung gian (hoac due cac 16 a ong) de thu nude ngam Cac ong duoc phu bang da, soi va d ip bang cat Cu cach 50m, xay dung mot gieng tham Nude tu cac ong thoat chay vao hd bom trung tam hoac chay true tiep vao mang thoat nude thi He thong thoat nude dung de thoat nude tu phan dudng xe chay cua dudng ngim Thong thudng phan dudng xe chay cac duong ngam giao thong co gidi co doc ngang va nuoc chay ve hudng via he vao cac ho thu nude bo tri cach 50-100m doc dudng ngam va duoc day bang cac nip gang dang o ludi - phlu thu nuoc (hinh XII 13b, i) Tu cac ho thu, nude chay vao tuyen ong thoat nude hoac vao mang chuyen dung (ong) theo nude chay vao mang thoat nude thi hoac vao hd thu nude xay dung d vi trf thap nhat cua dudng ngim Tai ch6 do, canh dudng ngim, ngudi ta xay dung mot buong dac biet co ho thu nude va thiet bi bom de bom thoat nude Tu be tap trung, nude duoc may bom nuoc thai chuyen theo dudng ong ap luc vao lie thoat nuoc thi hoac true tiep vao dong chay ma dudng ngim cit qua (trong cac dudng n g im duoi nude) De ngan ngua hoac giam th im nuoc qua cac cua chmh cua dudng ngim dat nong tren doan dudng doc, ngudi ta xay dung mang thoat nude huong ngang, theo nude mua chay vao cac gieng thu bo trf dudi phin dudng xe chay canh ciia chfnh cua dudng ngim Tu cac gieng, nude duoc dua vao mang thoat nude cua dudng ngim hoac true tiep vao mang thoat nude thi Cac kfch thuoc mang thoat nude va ong, khoang cach giua cac be tap trung nude va c ic hd thu nude cung nhu cac loai thiet bj bom duoc lira chon tren co sd tinh toan thuy luc mang ludi thoat nuoc Kiem soat muc nu6c be tap trung cung nhu dieu khien cac to hop may bom nhieu trudng hop duoc tu dong hoa Tuy theo sir can thiet va tien trinh bom, viec dong va ngit mach duoc thuchien tu dong Muc nude duoc 6n dinh nhd cam bien co role phao truyen tin hieu ve trung tam dieu hanh Gara ngim c in phai co cac thiet bi chuyen dung de thu chat long (nude, xang, diu md v.v ) chay vao cac ch6 d6 , loi xe chay v.v De dat duoc dieu san cua cac ting gara duoc lam vdi doc toi 10% de chit long tu chay duoc De’ ngan ngua chat long chay tran len dien tfch san gara, nguoi ta dat cac nan dong chay lam bang thep ranh nude hudng dong chay ve phong chuyen dung San cua gara ngam duoc tao go cao tdi 3cm de ngan ngua chit long chay vao cac khu dudng lan, c iu thang, thang gieng va cac phong khac C ic cha't long chay vao cac hd thu - ling, sue chua cua chung duoc xac dinh tir tfnh toan lm tren 1000m2 dien tfch san, sau bom nuoc thai chuyen chung vao mang ludi thoat nude Nc'u gara ngim co cac tram rira xe oto, c in phai du kien cic thiet bi lam sach chuyen dung d tach nude, nhien lieu, md; bo phan lang can, bo phan thu gom d iu md v v cung nhu cac thiet bi thong gio 369 De thoat nude chay vao cac dirdng ngam bo hanh qua cac c&u thang hd hoac cac dudng lan, ngudi ta xay dung cac hd thu sau tdi 1,5m tren toan bo chidu rong dudng vuot ngam va dai ft nhat 2,5m, co nap bang cac tam mat ludi Doi cac hd diroc lam duoi khu vuc phan luong cua cau thang bo Neu du kien sudi a'm cho ldi di, cau thang va cac khu vuc phan luong, ngudi ta bd tri cac hd rong 0,5m De’ thu nude ngam dudi day dudng ngam bo hanh, ngudi ta xay dung mang, dd dat cac ong phibro xi mang, BTCT hoac cac ong gang dudng kinh 100-300mm Nude chay vao cac dudng ong co nude bang, tuyet tan, nude rua chay tir nen dudng ngam bo hanh Tuong ung vdi doc nen, nude ban dau vao mang doc tudng dudng ng^m sau qua cac hd dat cach 30-40m doc dudng ngam duoc thai vao dudng dng thoat Cac phuong tien chdng chay Dei ngan ngira kha nang chay cung nhu de dap chay nhanh cac cong trinh ngam, ngudi ta su dung cac bien phap dac biet Trong cac dudng ngam giao thong co gidi co dai ldn viec van chuyen chat dd chay rat han che' va chu yeu duoc phep vao ban dem, cudng giao thong khong ldn De loai bo kha nang xuat hien dam chay, dudng ngam can duoc bd tri cac thiet bi chdng chay Thong thudng cach 100m theo chidu dai dudng ngam ngudi ta bd tri cac hong cap nude, cac doan dng chua chay va cac thiet bi dap lira hoc tudng hoac cac tu chuyen dung phfa ldi di dich vu O day cung can phai co cac chat dap chay va cac phuong tien du tru Trong phan ldn cac dudng ngam, ngudi ta dat tuyen dng nude chua chay va xay dung tin hieu bao chay dang cam bien, phan irng nhay cam vdi su thay doi nhiet va truyen tin hieu vd phong didu hanh Trong dd, cac nguon sang, cac camera vo tuyen bao chay tu dong duoc bat ldn va che thong gio tuong irng se duoc xac dinh Gan day, cac dudng ngam ldn, ngudi ta xay dung cac he thdng chua chay phun nude hoac xa nude, tu dong lam viec tin hieu bao nhiet cuc dai Khi cac chi tie't nong chay md cac dau phun, xa nude, sd luong cua chung duoc xac dinh phu thuoc vao chidu dai va kich thudc mat cat ngang cua dudng ngam Cac dam chay d gara ngam la nguy hiem nhat Do tat ca cac gara ngam can duoc bd tri tren mot khoang cach an toan so vdi cac cong trinh ng£m va noi hoac duoc cach ly bang cac burc tudng va vach ngan chdng chay Neu muc ben chay tudng ngoai cua gara nho hon gid, khoang cach den cac ngoi nha lan can can ft nhat 8- 10m Ket c3u chiu luc ciia gara: tudng, cot, dam doc va mai, san duoc lam tir cac vat lieu (hoac duoc bao ve bang cac lop phu chdng chay) co muc ben chay ft nhat gid, cac buc ngan ben ft nhat gid, cua di - ft nhat 30 phut Trong gara sue chira ldn, dien tfch phong tren timg tang duoc han che' bang cac buc tudng ngan chdng chay Vf du, dien tfch ldn nhat ciia cac phong tren tang la 3000m2 tren tat ca cac tang khac - 1500m2 Neu gara ngam duoc trang bi he thdng chua chay tu dong, nhung yeu cau tren dung cho tang 4, tang va cac tang thap hon Trong gara ngam can duoc du kien kha nang so tan nhanh ngudi trudng hop xay chay De lam didu can de lai cac ldi di thuan tien ft nhat 0,8m cho lai xe 370 va hanh khach tdi cau thang thang may hoac bang chuy£n Cac cira thoat dirge bo tri cho khoang cach tdi chung tir bat ky khu vuc d6 nao cung khong vugt qua 2025m, chieu dai chung cua loi thoat - 40-50m Cau thang can co chi6u rong nhip va bac ft nhat la 0,8m Chung thudng dugc bd tri canh thang may va dugc trang bi cac tudng ngan chong chay tach biet khoi cac diem dd dtd De dap cac dam chay gara ngam can co cac thiet bi dap lira xach tay (1 chiec cho 15 dtd), cac thiet bi dung tich ldn 100/ (1/ cho 100 dtd), cac cot chua bot chua chay, cac binh cacbon, binh bot cung nhu cac vat lieu va dung cu chua chay du tru (cat, cau liem, riu ) va cac vdi cung cac doan dng chua chay Cac thiet bi kg tren dugc bo tri tren tirng tang gara ngam Cac thiet bi chua chay cung dugc bd tri tai cac khu vuc cau thang, tai cac loi vao va ra, tai cac buong thang nang v.v C ac thiet bj de sudi am dirdng xe chay va loi cau thang Khi khai thac cac cong trinh ngam dd thi nam cac thi co nhiet tinh toan mua dong thap hon 273K co the xuat hien bang tren cac phan xe chay cua dudng dam, cac doan tiep can cua chinh cua dudng ngam giao thong va gara cung nhu tai cac loi di cau thang hd, dudng lan cua dudng ngam bo hanh Loai bd bang va tuyet cac di6u kien xe chay ta'p nap va dong ngudi bo hanh ldn thirc te la khong the dugc Do dd, tot nhat la xay dung he thong sudi am nhan tao cho dudrng xe chay va cac loi cau thang De’ lam dieu dd, dudi cac ldp ao dudng va dudi cac bac cau thang, ngudi ta bd tri thiet bi nhiet cac loai khac nhau, lam viec chung cd the lam tan tuyet tren dd va ngan ngira hien tugng dong bang Ngudi ta dung thiet bi nhiet de tang nhiet bang nang lugng dien, nude nong, chat chong dong hoac khong khf nong D6 sudi a'm phan xe chay cua dudng ngam giao thong co gidi va cac dudng doc gara ngam, ngudi ta su dung day dot dien dang ludi thep noac tirng dau day cach ly rieng biet Doi thiet bi sudi am bang nude dang ruot ga dugc dat phan dudng xe chay va nude nong dugc bom qua dd Su dung d in nhiet bang nude chi co the cd mang ludi cap nhiet cd dinh dang hoat dong Ruot ga dugc lam bang dng thep hoac dng nhua tong hgp De ngan ngua hu hong dudng dng nude nong, ngudi ta sir dung van dieu khien nhiet dong mach luan chuyen nude nhiet dd thiet bi din nhiet qua 313-318K Cac thiet bi sudi am bang dien, nude, khong khi, dugc su dung de sudi am loi cau thang va dudng lan cua dudng ngam bo hanh Trong dc ngudi ta du kien sudi a'm ca khu vuc tiem can loi cau thang, cac khu vuc via he Sudi dien dang dng (T3H) la dng dang chu U lam tir thep khong gi hnac tir thep binh thudng cd phu ldp chong gi, dd bd tri ruot ga cd cach ly Thdi gian gan day, thay cho T 3H , ngudi ta sir dung thiet bi sudi a'm bang dien, gan len cac tarn BTCT cua bac cau thang dat true tiep len dat Neu gan dudng ngam bo hanh cd dudng dng dan nude nong cua dd thi chay qua, tot nhat la xay dung he thong sudi nong bang nude de sudi a'm cac bac va dien tich cau 371 De dam bao lien he nguoc lai giua lai xe oto hoac nhan vien dich vu vdi phong dieu hanh, nguoi ta su dung cac he thong khac Tai nhieu dudng ngam, tudng hoac dudi nen cach 150-200m, ngudi ta bo tri cac tu chuyen dung dat may moc dien thoai, cac nut bam de’ goi y te va nhan vien ky thuat (hinh XII 12) Khi md cua tu, he thong dieu khien tu dong noi mang, va doan dudng ngam duoc nhin tha'y tren monito dat phong dieu hanh Cac co cau kiem soat va theo doi tuong tu: tin hieu va chi dan anh sang, co cau theo doi kich thuoc, buong vo tuyen v.v cung duoc bo trf cac ben d6 , gara va cac to hop ngam Vf du, vao gara cung nhu re len tumg tang, ngudi ta bo trf cac bang anh sang, tren chi ro so thu tu ch6 Cac ch6 oto d6 duoc ghi mot cach tu dong Cac co cau chuyen dung duoc su dung de xac dinh chieu cao cua xe vao gara, nang barie ldi vao va ra, bat cac chi dan anh sang theo dudng xe di den ch6 v.v Trong nhieu gara ngam ngudi ta lam cong tai nhung vi trf tiep can cua dudng vong vdi cac phong d6 Cong co the co dang md, day hoac dang keo len va duoc trang bi co ca'u tu dong dong md Dieu khien hoat dong cua tat ca cac he thong va co ca'u cong trinh ngam duoc tien hanh tu phong dieu hanh trung tam dat dudng ngam hoac gan Ngoai trung tam dieu hanh co mot sd co sd dieu khien tu1xa Cac thong tin ve su lam viec cua cac he thong thong gio, chieu sang va thoat nude duoc truyen v6 day Chi sd cua thiet hi tu dong ghi chep, thiet bi kiem soat, cam bien, tivi, anh sang, am thanh, dien thoai, cac tin hieu radio v.v deu duoc truyen den day Phong dieu hanh can duoc trang bi cac to hop thiet bj de ghi va xu ly cac thong tin duoc truyen toi Trong phong duoc bo trf tram trung tam va bang dieu khien anh sang Trong tram trung tam, ngudi ta lap thiet bi do, cac bang nut bam dieu khien, tr6n bang dieu khien anh sang la so cong trinh ngam co chi d in cong viec cua ta't ca cac co ca'u va thiet bi Tren co so sd lieu nhan duoc, nhung ngudi dieu hanh su dung cac phuong tien thong tin ky thuat: tin hieu, co hoc vo tuyen, tu dong, tien hanh kiem soat va dieu khien, phoi hop tat ca cac co ca'u dam bao an toan va su lam viec lien tuc cho toan he thong Trong duong ngam giao thong co giai, gara va to hop ldn, de xu ly cac thong tin tdi va danh gia trang thai hien tai, ngudi ta dung thiet bi phan ung nhanh BM Chung co the duoc bo trf true tiep phong dieu hanh hoac d khoang cach xa so vdi no, cac trung tam tfnh toan chuyen dung He thong may tfnh cung duoc su dung nhieu gara ngam de nhanh chong tim ch6 d6 Vf du, co the sir dung he thong tu dong dam bao cac thong tin can thiet cho lai xe d bat ky dia diem nao thi Cac lai xe duoc thong bao ve ch6 trong gara va nhung van de can thiet Trong nhieu gara ngam, tat ca cac thao tac lien quan den tien thue ch6 deu duoc tir dong hoa Thdi gian co mat cua 367 thang Trong chat d in nhiet duoc dung dong nude “nguoc” hoac xay dung he luan chuyen chat long kho dong lanh xoay vong, vf du, chat chong dong lanh Sudi am bang khong khf su dung thuan tien cho cac loi cau thang, dudng lan lam tu cac tam BTCT rdng Trong trudng hop bo dieu chinh tir cac dng nhan dat cac Id cua tam Trong mot sd trudng hop de sudi am cac bac cau thang, ngudi ta sir dung khong say nong bang thiet bi phat nhiet No duoc thdi bang quat vao kenh khong khf chuyen dung (truydn den va “nguoc lai”) tren ldp tran dem Khi nhiet ben ngoai cua khong khf 258K, nhiet khong khf truyen vao can khoang 333K Cac co cau va thiet bi phu Khi cac thiet bi va cac co cau lam viec dudng ngam cung nhu oto chay theo ddng (trong dudng ham giao thdng) hoac don le tung chiec (trong cac gara) lam xuat hien tieng on manh tao nen nhieu bat tien va kho khan cho ngudi co mat lau dai d Ngudi ta da xac dinh duoc rang, tieng dong manh xuat hien chu yeu trang :tm mat cua ket cau kem Vi vay tren cac doan cua cong trinh ngam nam gan cac nha, sir d'.ng ket cau vo ham khoi ldn tir BTCT toan khoi day tdi 1-1,5m Trong nhieu cong trinh, ngudi ta bd trf cac phan cach biet chuyen dung ben - dang kien true - tieu am kieu rao chan phan tan am, tran treo, panen tudng v.v De’ dp tudng va san cong trinh ngam, ngudi ta su dung vat lieu co dac diem tieu am cao: khoang chat hoac xi, cac vat lieu sir dung phot, da, amiang, be tong r6ng hoac cac tam keramic, cac khoi thuy tinh, gach cach am v.v Trong cac bien phap nham giam muc tieng on cac nha d nam true tiep gan cong trinh ngam, ngudi ta su dung cac mang tudng chdng am bd trf canh cong trinh Cac tudng nhu vay duoc lam tir be tong toan khoi hoac BTCT va vao cac dudng hao sau den 15-20m va rong den 1,2-1,5m De giam tieng dong cac dudng ngam bo hanh nen dd atphan nau chay tieu am Ngoai tieng dong, nhung thiet bi lain viec cong trinh ngam cung nhu oto chay tao rung co the truydn len mong cac nha lan can De tranh truyen dao dong cac nha va cong trinh lan can, ket cau cong trinh ngam can co kha nang hap thu dao dong cao Dieu co the dat duoc nhd tang chieu day cac cau kien cua ket cau, tang cung va luong cua chung tao dieu kien giam tan sd dao dong rieng cho ket cau Ngoai nhung co cau va thiet bi xet tren, cac cong trinh ngam thi diroc bo trf cac he thdng cap nhiet, cap nude, cap nang luong cung nhu cac mang ky thuat khac Cap nhiet duoc du kien cac gara ngam dat d cac vung khf hau I - III (d Lien Xo cu) Trong dd can dam bao nhiet dn dinh ft nhat 278k dd bao quan oto cac phong ngam, ft nhat 289K cac phong bao dudng oto va 283K cho cac phong bao quan cac phu tung du tru, cac dung c u Trong cac dudng ngam bo hanh va giao thdng co gidi, cung nhu cac gara va cac to hop ngam can duoc xay dung mang dudng ong dan nude ben co cac vdi xa nude de rua cac phan dudng xe chay, san va tudng, cung nhu cac kenh thoat nude 372 t Ai l ie u t h a m k h ] Ao AcpanacbeB .1 h ap rapaxcH // cranumi rexmi'ieckoro 06c.rysKrmahiih a btomo M.ieii - M.: TpaHcnopT 1980 Ba6KOB 13.0 CoBpe.wentibie aBWMo6u.ibiibic.uarucrpa.hi M :T p a n c n o p i 1974 By.imeB II C MexamiKa noj3e.\iHbix coopyxemtfi -M.: Ileapa 1982 Bacn.ibeB C T noj3e.\tnoe crpoure.ibCTBO ner:iy6oKoro 3a.i0yKenun IbBOB Bbicuiaa uiKoaa 1980 Bo.ikob B 11., Hay.viOB C I I Hnp0 >KK0Ba A II XpanoB B T Tonne.ni // Merpono.iiirenbL - M: TpaHcnopr 1975 Bo.ikob B II Tonne.nl -M.: Tpaucnopi 1970 ro.iySeB \\ E floj3CMiia/iyp6anucrnKa - M: Capon ii3aaT 1979 I lyOpoBMii E 11, h up flcpeceuenun b pa 3//bixypoBim x na ropojcicnx xiarucrpa.inx - M.: Bbicmafl iuKo.ia 1977 k'npii.i.ioB B C OcHOBamm / / (pyiuauemhi - M: Tpancnopr 1980 10 Kaiceaen B A Crpoure.ibna // we.xa////aa -M.: C/rpoiiimaT 1976 11 k'.iopMKbflH B X Xoaoui B A ropHO-npoxoj'iecKueuwrb!uKOMnjeKCbL - M.: Heapa 1977 12 Ko\tnanneu C A IlonpaBKO A k\, BoropoaeiiKnii A A llpocKriipoBanue ronnejcu - M.: Tpancnopr 1973 13 JiiMaiiOB 10 A MerponojiiTeHbi - M.: TpaHcnopr 1 I MaKOBCKHH B I IZojBOjiioe mime.iccrpoemie -M.: Tpaiicnopr 1983 15 MakOBC.kuii B FopojC Kiie noj3Cxinbie rpancnoprnbiecoopyyKemin M.: CTpoiiii3aaT 1979 10 Macao b II II O cuoBb!uHXceuepiiofireojornu n xiexamiKHrpyHTOB - M.: BbicmaM uiKoaa 1982 17 Moctkob B M IIoA3CMiibie coopy/Kcmm 6o.n>moro cc'ienmi -M.: Ileapa 1974 18 HaconoB H XI Moje.iupoBanneropiibix npoueccoB - M.: Heapa 1969 19 IIoj3eMiibie coopvyKeunn, B03B0jii\ibiccnoco6o.w"arena b rp y iird ' Hoa peaaKUnen B M 3y6KOBa -.1.: CTponioaaT 1977 Cumb\ a na h I I A P a c ie r UHxeiiepiib/ \ Koncrp i k u u h na \ npyro u ocnoBann - M.: Bbicmafl uikoaa 1978 I Tonne.m I loa peaaKimeii XI H cDeaopoBa M : Tpancnopi 1979 2 Mepevuicaiii M C., BopoSbeB A B r e 0JC3iiiiecK0-xiapKinciuepcKanpa36iiBOimanocnoBa npu crpoure ihcrne noj3e.\inbi x coop) sKemiii - M.: Ileapa 1982 llepenanoB B A Tpan en opr b n.ianupoBKCropojoB -M.: C/rpoimjaaT 1981 373 M UC LUC n g L ei n oi dau C h u a n g I KHAI NIEM CHUNG VE CAC CONG TRINH NGAM § Su sir d u n g k h o n g gian n g im c a c d thi § X a y d u n g c n g trinh g ia o th on g n g im a c a c d o thi L ien X o (c u ) v a 14 ca c n u a c khac C h u o n g II KHAO SAT KY THUAT PHUC V U THIET KE V A X A Y DUNG CAC CO NG 0f\ TRINH NGAM § K h ao sat va n g h ien cu u d ia chat cfin g trinh 26 § K h ao sat d ia hin h cd n g trinh va c n g tac trac d ia h&n m o 32 C h u o n g I I I CAC G lA l PHAP Q UY HOACH MAT BANG - KHONG GIAN CONG TRINH GIAO THONG NGAM § C ac ducmg n g im g ia o th 6n g c a g id i dat n n g 40 § C ac ducmg true t n g im 53 § C ac ducmg n g im dudi n u c 59 § C ac ducmg n g im x u y6n nui 64 § C ac b£n dd t6 , gara va c a c 16 h op n g im 66 § Ducm g n g im b o hanh 75 87 C h u o n g IV KET CAU CAC CONG TRINH GIAO THONG NGAM § 11 V at li£u ch o k et ca'u n g im 87 § K et cau c6 n g trinh n g a n , thi c o n g bang p h u on g phap 16 th ien 90 § K et c i u c n g trinh n g im x a y d u n g b ang p h u on g phap ch im 109 § K&t cau c n g trinh n g im , thi c n g b ang p h u on g phap k in 118 § 15 C ach n ud e c n g trinh n g im 128 C h u o n g V T A l TRONG VA TINH TO AN KET CAU CONG TRINH NGAM § 16 C ac tai I6n cd n g trinh n g£m 136 § T inh toan k et ca'u co n g trinh n gam thi c n g b ang p h u on g phap 16 th ien 151 p h u on g phap d a o k in 167 va p h u on g phap ch im § T inh toan ke't ca'u c o n g trinh n g im thi c n g b ang •> v C h u a n g V I TO CHUG X A Y DUNG CONG TRINH NGAM DO THI 374 § 19 T h iet k £ to ch iic x a y d u n g 186 § C on g tac c h u in bi va phu trg 192 C h u o n g V II X A Y DUN G CONG TRINH NGAM BANG PHUONG PHAP L THIEN § P h u o n g phap dao h£m 197 § 2 Su d u n g h e g ia cucm g di d n g 215 § P h u o n g phap d ao hao 219 C h u o n g V I I I X A Y DUN G CONG TRINH NGAM BANG PHUONG PHAP HA CHIM 235 § Phucm g phap g ie n g ch im va g ie n g ch im h a i ep 235 § P h u o n g phap d on n g u y en ch im 243 C h u o n g IX X A Y D U N G CONG TRINH NGAM BANG PHUONG PHAP KIN 253 § P h u o n g phap d ao m o 253 § P h u o n g phap k h ien 267 § P h u o n g phap k ich d iy 281 § Su d u n g m a n g ch an bao v e bang d n g 288 C h u o n g X LAM KHO V A GIA CUONG DAT TRONG X A Y DUNG NG AM § H a m ire n u d e n gSm nhan tao § D o n g c iin g § G ia c u d n g 293 dat nhan tao 299 dat b an g hoa chat 308 C h u o n g X I A n h h u O n g c u a q u A t r i n h x A y d u n g c o n g t r i n h n g a m l e n SITCHUYEN VI v A BIEN dang 293 314 MAT DAT § 3 C h u y en v i va b ien d ang m at dat x a y d u n g c a c c o n g trinh n g £ m 314 g a y n en § B ien p h ap han c h e su pha h oai ca c d ieu k ien tren m at dat 330 C h u o n g X I I CO CAU V A THIET BI KHAI THAC CONG TRINH GIAO THONG NG AM 340 DO THI § T h o n g g io nhan tao 340 § C h ieu s a n g nhan tao 356 § C ac c o ca'u va th iet bi ch u y en dun g 364 T d i lie u th a m k h d o 375 CONG TRINH NGAM GIAO THONG DO THI ■ (Tai ban) Chiu track nhiem xuat ban : T R IN H XUAN SON Bien tap : NGUYEN MINI! KHOI Che ban dien tit: DONG VAN HUNG Sura ban in : NGUYEN MINH KHOI Trinh bay bia : NGUYEN HUU TUNG In 0 cuo'n k h o 19 x c m tai X u d n g in N h a xuat ban X ay dung G iay chap nhan dang ky ke h oach xuat ban sd - /C X B /6 -6 /X D -1 - 0 Q u yet dinh xuat ban so /Q D -X B X D n g a y -8 -2 In x o n g nop luu ch ieu thang - 10 ... quyet dugc van de giao thong do: + Dam bao dugc su di lai lien tuc va tdc cao ciia cac phuong tien giao thdng + Phan luong tuyen giao thong va tuyen di bo + Tao nen dugc cac nut giao thong thuan... dung cho phep phan luong phuong tien giao thong va ngudi di bo, giao thong noi hat va qua canh, tdc cao va binh thudng Trong co the co cac phuong an bo tri tuyen giao thong va dudng bo khac nhau:... tien giao thong dac biet (dudng tau co nhieu ray, tau tren ray tir trudng hoac tren dem khong khi, cac phuong tien giao thong nen ) K i ca cac ldi bo hanh hoac hPn hop danh cho cac phuong tien giao