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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES HOANG THI HUE A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FASHION TERMINOLOGY Major: Contrastive Linguistics Code: 9222024 SUMMARY OF PH.D DISSERTATION IN LINGUISTICS Ha Noi - 2019 The study has been completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Scientific supervisor: Assoc.Prof Dr Vu Thi Thanh Huong External examiner 1: Prof Dr Nguyen Quang External examiner 2: Assoc.Prof Dr Ho Ngoc Trung External examiner 3: Assoc.Prof Dr Pham Tat Thang The dissertation will be defended before the Academy-level Examining Committee at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences At ……………………… 2019 (hhddmmyy) The dissertation could be looked up at: - Vietnam National Library - Graduate Academy of Social Sciences LISTS OF RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION Hoang Thi Hue (2017), Fashion terminology in Vietnamese classified by structural and nominal features, Journal of Social Sciences Manpower, No.02 (45) Hoang Thi Hue (2018), History of fashion term’s development, Culture and Arts Magazine, No.408, June, 2018 Hoang Thi Hue (2018), Borowing terminologies in the Vietnamese fashion terminology system, Journal of Language and life, No.10 (277), 2018 Hoang Thi Hue (2018), Terminologization: the way of forming fashion terms in Vietnamese, Journal of Lexicography & Encyclopedia, No.6 (56), November, 2018 Hoang Thi Hue (2019), Nominal models of fashion terms in Vietnamese, Publication in proceedings of the scientific seminar “Professor Hoang Phe with Vietnamese and Vietnamese language standardization”, Dan Tri publishing house, Jannuary, 2019 INTRODUCTION The reason for choosing the title The terminology plays an important role in building specialized scientific fields Along with the growing trend of international integration, fashion has become not only a strong industrial development but also a specialized scientific field The study of fashion terminology has been so practical for scientific research and social life nowadays So far, there have not been many studies on fashion terminology in which there doesn’t exist any research on English-Vietnamese fashion terminology Therefore, it is necessary to supplement and fulfil the system of fashion terminology nowadays As a result, we decided to chose the tiltle: English-Vietnamese fashion terminology The dissertation focuses on surveying and comparing English and Vietnamese fashion terminologies in terms of structural features, terminology formation and nominal features in the hope of clarifying the similarities and differences of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese Aims and tasks of the Dissertation 2.1 Aims The dissertation clarifies the similarities and differences of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural features, terminology formation and nominal features 2.2 Tasks The dissertation presents its tasks as follows: (1) Systematizing scientific theoretical views of international and Vietnamese scholars on terminonolgy, fashion terminology and constrative linguistics Since then, the scientific theoretical basis of the Dissertation has been established (2) Describing and comparing the structural features of fashion terminology in English and Vietnamese in terms of terminology units; number of terminology elements; terminology formation methods and word classes ; origin of terminology elements and structural models ; (3) Describing and comparing the word formation of fashion terminology in English and Vietnamese (4) Describing and comparing the nominal features of fashion terminology in English and Vietnamese in terms of semantic categories; nominal models and characteristics Objectives and scope of the Dissertaion The research objectives are identified as the words and phrases expressing the concepts of fashion The Dissertation focuses on comparing fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural features, terminology formation and nominal features Research materials and methodology 4.1 Research materials Based on the terminology standards, 1162 English fashion terminologies and 1190 Vietnamese fashion terminologies terms have been identified and selected from dictionaries, specialized textbooks and fashion magazines in English and Vietnamese as research materials of the Dissertation 4.2 Research methodology The research tactics and methods are used in the Dissertation as follows: (1) Descritive method including the two important tactics: semantic analysis and direct component analysis; (2) Comparative-constrative method; (3) Statistical tactic In the Dissertation, fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese are compared and collated in parallel New contributions of the Dissertation The Dissertation can be seen as the first systematic, intensive and comprehensive research on fashion terminology in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural features, terminology formation and nominal features Theoretical and practical significance In terms of theoretical significance, the Dissertation contributes to systematizing the theoretical background on terminology, fashion terminology and constrative linguistics In terms of practical significance, the results can be used as research materials for translation, terminology standardization, compilation of dictionaries of fashion terminology as well as teaching materials in fashion and fashion design at colleges and universities Structure of the Dissertation Apart from the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendices, the Dissertation is divided into four chapters: Chapter - A research overview and theoretical basis; Chapter - Constrative analysis of English-Vietnamese fashion terminologies in terms of structural features; Chapter - Constrative analysis of English-Vietnamese fashion terminologies in terms of terminology formation; Chapter - Constrative analysis of English-Vietnamese fashion terminologies in terms of nominal features Chapter A RESEARCH OVERVIEW AND THEORETICAL BASIS 1.1 A research overview 1.1.1 Terminology research in the world and Vietnam 1.1.1.1 Terminology research in the world The terminology research in the world has been remarked for four periods as follows: The terminology research was established (1930-1960); The terminology research was developed brilliantly, especially in computers and writing techniques (1960-1975); The most flourishing period of terminology research associated with the names of Soviet scholars (1975-1985); The terminology research has been expanded continuously and brilliantly developed (1985 to now) 1.1.1.2 Terminology research in Vietnam The terminology research in Vietnam has been noted for four periods: Some disjointed studies on Vietnamese terminology were presented (in the early 20th century); Group of Dictionaries and terminology research under the management of State Committee of Science was established (1945–1960); The research on Vietnamese terminology has developed significantly (in the 1960s); The terminology research in Vietnam has been flourished (1985 to now) The terminology research in the world as well as in Vietnam has been flourished Together with the progress of the modern society, the terminology reserach has become an independent science so far 1.1.2 Research on fashion terminology in the world and Vietnam 1.1.2.1 Research on fashion terminology in the world According to our survey, there have been some simple studies on fashion terminology in the world up to now 1.1.2.2 Research on fashion terminology in Vietnam Currently, in Vietnam, in spite of some studies on words and phrases related to clothes, there has not been any comprehenvise research on fashion terminology 1.2 Some theoretical bases of terminology 1.2.1 Definitions of terminology Soviet and American European scholars’ viewpoints on terminology associated with the concept are choosen and presented in the Dissertation as follows: a terminology is a word or a phrase that expresses the concept of things, phenomena of a science or a specialized field 1.2.3 Elements of word formation in English and Vietnamese Following the perspectives of European American linguists, we determine that morpheme is the smallest unit of word formation in English and Vietnamese Morpheme is the smallest vocabular unit which is used to analyze the elements of word formation 1.2.4 Elements of fashion terminology formation Based on the collected documents, we find that the concept of terminology element (or ngữ tố) is suitable for the analysis of English and Vietnamese fashion terminologies Each terminology element (or ngữ tố) contains a concept or a constituent part of the concept, or a conceptual characteristic of fashion English fashion terminologies are divided into two kinds: a word (single word, compound word and derivative word) and a phrase of nomination Vietnamese fashion terminologies are also divided into two kinds: a word (single word and compound word) and a phrase of nomination 1.3 Some theoretical basis on constrative linguistics 1.3.1 Definition of constrative linguistics Constrative linguistics is a branch of linguistics The comparative-constrative method are used to find similarities and differences of two or more languages in order to provide the necessary linguistic bases for the subdivisions of linguistics to the requirements of linguistic reseach in terms of theoretical and practical aspects 1.3.2 The comparative-constrative method There are two research methods are used in constrative linguistics: comparation constrative analysis 1.3.3 The comparative-constrative principles We follow and apply the five comparative-constrative principles given by Bui Manh Hung (2008) In the Dissertation, fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese are compared and collated in parallel 1.4 Fashion and fashion terminology 1.4.1 Definition of fashion In the Dissertation, the concept of fashion is applied to the study onterminologies that refer to popular styles, trends and designs It is also used to study terminologies that refer to people, things, events, materials, and activities relating to clothes, shoes, accessories and jewelry This concept is not applied for the study on terminologies that refer to the makeup and hair 1.4.2 Fashion terminology Based on the above-mentioned viewpoints and understanding the fashion study, we offer the definition of fashion terminology as follows: Fashion terminology refers words, phrases used in the fashion industry to express concepts, things, phenomena, processes, and activities dynamics, properties, in the fields: ready-towear fashion and high fashion Sub-conclusion In the world and Vietnam, lots of brilliant achievements on terminology have been gained Teminology study has become a field of scientific research However, there is not any comprehensive research on fashion terminology, especially English – Vietnamese fashion terminology Therefore, it is necessary to have a more indepth, comprehensive and systematic scientific research on fashion terminology English – Vietnamese fashion terminology Chapter CONSTRATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE TERMINOLOGIES IN TERMS OF STRUCTURAL FEATURES 2.1 Structural features of fashion terminology in English and Vietnamese in terms of number of terminology elements 2.1.1 Structural features of fashion terminologies in English in terms of number of terminology elements 2.1.1.1 The fashion terminology in English composed of a single word In English, a terminology (a single word) consists of a free morpheme A terminology only contains an element For example: beret, vedette … 2.1.1.2 The fashion terminology in English composed of a derivative word The derivative word is formed by the combination of a free morpheme and one or more bound morphemes A derivative word consists of at least two terminology elements The derivative word containing the two terminology elements is formed by the combination of a root and a prefix or a suffix For example: monochrome, backless, supermodel… There is only one derivative word containing the three terminology elements: monochromatic 2.1.1.3 The fashion terminology in English composed of a compound word A fashion terminology (a compound word) is formed by the combination of two or more single words to become a new word containing a new meaning These single words are free morphemes Thus, a fashion terminology (a compound word) consists of at least two terminology elements For example: catwalk = cat/walk, dress shirt = dress/shirt, boyfriend jeans = boy/friend/jeans, black tie dinner = black/ tie/ dinner … 2.1.1.4 The fashion terminology composed of a nominal phrase A fashion terminology (a nominal phrase) makes up at least two terminology elements The survey results show that there is a relatively high rate of nominal phrases among fashion terminologies in English A nominal phrase in English contains up to four terminology elements For example: belted jacket= belted/jacket, minimal pleat = minimal/pleat, double breasted coat = double/breasted/cat, espadrille wedge sandals = espadrille/wedge/sandals, hidden button down collar = hidden/button/down/collar; multicolor maxi dress = multi/color/maxi/dress… 2.1.2 Structural features of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese in terms of number of terminology elements 2.1.2.1 The fashion terminology in Vietnamese composed of a single word In Vietnamese, a fashion terminology (a single word) contains only one terminology element For example: áo, váy, đầm… 2.1.2.2 The fashion terminology in Vietnamese composed of a compound word A fashion terminology (a compound word) consists of at least two terminology elements For example: nhà mốt = nhà/ mốt, sàn diễn = sàn/ diễn … 2.1.2.3 The fashion terminology in Vietnamese composed of a nominal phrase A phrase is formed by a combination of words In Vietnamese, a nominal phrase (a fashion terminology) consists of at least two terminology elements These terminologies have the shortest structure of three terminology elements and the longest structure of five terminology elements For example: sưu tập mùa đông = bộ/sưu tập/mùa đông, sàn diễn quốc tế = sàn/diễn/quốc tế, quần ống loe xẻ vạt = quần/ống/loe/xẻ/vạt, đầm xòe bất đối xứng = đầm/ xòe/ bất/đối xứng, đường cắt may bất đối xứng = đường/ cắt/ may/ bất/ đối xứng, mẫu thiết kế in dấu ấn thời đại = mẫu/ thiết kế/ in/ dấu ấn/ thời đại … 2.1.3 Constrative analysis of structural features of English-Vietnamese fashion terminologies in terms of number of terminology elements Fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese contain at least one terminology element Fashion terminologies contain up to four elements and up to five elements in English and Vietnamese respectively With the structure of one element, fashion terminologies in English make up a larger number than those in Vietnamese Besides, English people also tend to use more abbreviated terminologies than Vietnamese people As a whole, fashion terminologies in English are more conceptually accurate than those in Vietnamese 2.2 Structural features of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese in terms of terminology formation methods and word classes 2.2.1 Structural features of fashion terminology in English in terms of terminology formation methods and word classes The survey was conducted for 1150 English fashion terminologies (excluding 12 abbreviated terminologies) 2.2.1.1 The fashion terminology in English composed of a single word We found out 143/1150 terminologies composed of single words Among them, 134/1150 terminologies are nouns such as agate, belt…; 05/1150 terminologies are adjectives such as nude, chic…; and 04/1150 terminologies are verbs such as match, mix,… 2.2.1.2 The fashion terminology in English composed of a compound word Among 652/1150 fashion terminologies composed of compound words, 645 terminologies are nouns, for instance: catwalk, ankle boots…; 06 terminologies are adjectives such as handmade, secondhand …; only one terminology is a verb, namely tie-dye 2.2.1.3 The fashion terminology in English composed of a derivative word Fashion terminologies (derivative words) only exist in English language Fashion terminologies composed of derivative words with a prefix is formed by a combination of a root and a prefix For example: monochrome = mono + chrome, multicolor = multi + color… Fashion terminologies composed of derivative words with a suffix is formed by a combination of a root and a suffix, namely stylist = style + ist, collection = collect+ ion, backless = back + less, classic = class + ic Fashion terminologies composed of derivative words with both a prefix and a suffix is formed by a combination of a root, a prefix and a suffix, namely monochromatic = mono + chromate + ic 2.2.1.4 The fashion terminology in English composed of a nominal phrase In English, a nominal phrase is formed by a combination of words A nominal phrase is also called a word combination or a phrase According to the survey, fashion terminologies in English composed of nominal phrases are noun phrases, for example: wide spread collar, waist tie dress… However, there is no fashion terminology composed of a nominal verb phrase or a nominal adjective phrase in the Dissertation 2.2.2 Structural features of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese in terms of terminology formation methods and word classes 2.2.2.1 The fashion terminology in Vietnamese composed of a single word In Vietnamese, 31 fashion terminologies are nouns such as đầm, giày… and 02 fashion terminologies are verbs, namely mix, sơ vin There is not any fashion terminology composed of an adjective in the survey 2.2.2.2 The fashion terminology in Vietnamese composed of a compound word Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of compound words consist of coordinated compounds (từ ghép đẳng lập) and subordinated compounds (từ ghép phụ) According to the survey, there appear 06/1190 fashion terminologies are coordinated compounds including 04 nouns such as diềm bèo, kiểu dáng… and 02 verbs, namely phối trộn, pha trộn Among fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of subordinated compounds, 507 terminologies are nouns such as mẫu mốt, thảm đỏ…; 34 terminologies are verbs such as: cộng màu, kết hợp… and 02 terminologies are adjectives, namely lỗi mốt, ngoại cỡ 2.2.2.3 The fashion terminology in Vietnamese is a nominal phrase A nominal phrase in Vietnamese (a fashion terminology) is understood as a word combination However, there is not any fashion terminology composed of a coordinated compound in the survey Therefore, all the fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of nominal phrases are subordinated compounds in which noun phrases make up a large number, for example: giày mũi nhọn đế bệt, váy liền áo hở ngực…; verb phrases make up a very small number, for example:vẽ diễn hoạ thiết kế trang phục, chiếm sóng xu hướng thời trang… There is no fashion terminology in Vietnamese composed of an adjective phrase in the study 2.2.3 Constrative analysis of structural features of English-Vietnamese fashion terminologies in terms of terminology formation methods and word classes a) In terms of terminology formation methods Fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese are single words, compound words and nominal phrases Compound words and nominal phrases make up the largest number of all Derivative words and abbreviations can be only seen in English Coordinated compounds can be only seen in Vietnamese Compounding is the most common word formation method which functions as the best way to create a large number of new words in both English and Vietnamese b) In terms of word classes Fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese are nouns, verbs, adjectives, noun phrases and verb phrases Among them, fashion terminologies composed of nouns and noun phrases make up a larger number than those composed of other word classes 2.3 Structural features of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese in terms of the origin of terminology elements 2.3.1 Structural features of fashion terminology in English in terms of the origin of terminology elements According to the survey, we found that some fashion terminologies in English are made from the origins of Latin, Greek and old English * The origin of Latin languge: anima-; aqua-; semi-; bi-; form-; -able; -ible; neutr-; * The origin of Greek languge: mono-; graph-; -ism; -ist ; * The origin of old English: -less; min- ; 2.3.2 Structural features of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese in terms of the origin of terminology elements According to the survey, we found that fashion terminologies in Vietnamese are made from the origins of Vietnamese, Sino-Vietnamse and Indo-European 2.3.2.1 The fashion terminology in Vietnamese is a single word 16/1190 fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of single words are made from the origin of Vietnamese, for example: áo, giày… 17/1190 fashion terminologies are made from the origin of Indo-European, for example: mix, cà vạt… There is not any fashion terminology made from the origin of Sino-Vietnamse in the study 2.3.2.2 The fashion terminology in Vietnamese is a compound word Model describes the structure of fashion terminologies composed of nominal phrases including three terminology elements For example: crinkle wide trousers, botanica wrap skirt, … Model 8: A1 + For example: egg A2 + heel + A3 + + leather A4 + mules Model describes the structure of fashion terminologies composed of nominal phrases including four terminology elements For example: hidden button down collar, egg heel leather mules… 2.4.2 Structural features of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese in terms of structural models 2.4.2.1 Structural models of fashion terminonologies in Vietnamese composed of compound words Model 1: For example: A1 + A2 làng + mốt Model describes the structure of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of subordinated compounds including two terminology elements For example: làng mốt, nhà mẫu… Model 2: A1 For example: kiểu + A2 + dáng Model describes the structure of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of coordinated compounds including two terminology elements For example: kiểu dáng, diềm bèo… 2.4.2.2 Structural models of fashion terminonologies in Vietnamese composed of nominal phrases Model 3: For example: A1 + săng đan + A2 + buộc A3 + dây Model describes the structure of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of nominal phrases including three terminology elements For example: săng đan buộc dây, đầm ghép mảnh …v.v Model 4: A1 For example: sàn + + 10 A2 diễn + + A3 quốc tế Model describes the structure of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of nominal phrases including three terminology elements For example: sàn diễn quốc tế, sưu tập mùa thu … A1 Model 5: + For example: tuần lễ A2 + A3 + A4 + trình diễn + nữ trang + cao cấp Model describes the structure of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of nominal phrases including four terminology elements For example: tuần lễ trình diễn nữ trang cao cấp, chuyên gia tư vấn tạo mẫu Model 6: A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 For example: quần + jean + ống + côn Model describes the structure of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of nominal phrases including four terminology elements For example: quần jean ống côn, đầm công sở cổ vest Model 7: A1 + For example: đầm A2 + + maxi + A3 + A4 + xẻ + thân + A5 trước Model describes the structure of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of nominal phrases including five terminology elements For example: mẫu thiết kế in dấu ấn thời đại, đầm maxi xẻ thân trước… Model 8: A1 For example: giày + + A2 mũi + A3 + 11 nhọn + A4 + đế + A5 + Model describes the structure of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of nominal phrases including five terminology elements For example: giày mũi nhọn đế bệt, đầm cổ yếm vạt xéo… 2.5 The similarities and differences of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural features 2.5.1 In terms of number of terminology elements Fashion terminologies in English have the longest structure of four terminology elements which provide the fashion terminologies in English with the best accurary Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese have the longest structure of five terminology elements which functions to specifically explain the characteristics of the objects that is expressed by a terminology 2.5.2 In terms of terminology formation methods and word classes Compounding is the most common word formation method in English and Vietnamese In addition, fashion terminologies in English are formed by other methods such as abbreviation and adding affix (prefix or suffix) Fashion terminologies in both languages are composed of single words, compound words and nominal phrases However, there exist some abbreviated terminologies and some derivative words formed by adding an affix to a root 2.5.3 In terms of origin of terminology elements In English, some fashion terminologies are made from the origins of Latin, Greek and old English In Vietnamese, fashion terminologies are made from the origins of Vietnamese, Sino-Vietnamese and Indo-European Sub-conclusion Fashion terminologies in English are shorter than those in Vietnamese Fashion terminologies in English composed of one element are much more than those in Vietnamese Fashion terminologies in English are more accurate than those in Vietnamese Fashion terminologies in English are formed by derivation (adding affixes), word combination and abbreviation Fashion terminologies in English are composed of single words, compound words, derivative words, abbreviated words and nominal phrases Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese are composed of single words, compound words (coordinated compounds and subordinated compounds) and nominal phrases Chapter CONSTRATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE FASHION TERMINOLOGIES IN TERMS OF TERMINOLOGY FORMATION 3.1 Terminology formation Terminology formation is considered to be the way of forming the terminology There exist different methods in forming the terminology 3.2 The methods of fashion terminology formation in English 3.2.1 Terminologization This is a general procedure through which a word or phrase from general language is transformed into a term designating a concept in a special language For example: 12 collection, boot, loafer, catwalk,… In English, there are three forms of the transformation and the development of word meanings: comparison, metaphor and metonymy a) Simile creates new terminologies by adding affixes such as -like, - style, type, -line, -shaped,… For example: A-line skirt, bell – shaped skirt, T- shirt, Yshaped necklace,… b) Metaphor states that one thing is another thing For example: catwalk, loafer,… c) Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept For example: cowboy boots, winter collection… 3.2.2 Using the existing forms 3.2.2.1 Derivation The process of derivation is the formation of a new term by adding one or more affixes (prefix or suffix) to a root or to a word There are four terminologies composed of derivative words with a prefix, namely aquamarine, multicolor, monochrome, supermodel; thirty four terminologies composed derivative words with a suffix such as collector, collection, stylist…; and one terminology composed of a derivative word with both a prefix and a suffix, namely monochromatic 3.2.1.2 Compounding The process of compounding is a formation effected by combining existing words or lexical elements, leading to a new form For example: sun + dress = sundress, pull + over= pullover… In addition, the process of compounding is a formation effected by adding other words to a root, creating a nominal phrase For example: side + button + dress = side-button dress, peep + toe + shoes = peep toe shoes 3.2.1.3 Abbreviated forms: On the one hand, shortening serves the purpose of creating more concise forms, especially for frequently used terms, while on the other hand creating names that are easy to remember for lengthy terms which are not clearly recognizable as terminological units For example: high heels (high- heeled shoes), Capris (Capri pants), glam (glamorous)…v.v 3.2.3 Direct borrowing from other languages Some fashion terminologies in English are formed by direct borrowing from French, Latin, Spainish… For example: satin (French), frock (Latin), brocade (Spainish)… 3.2.4 Interdisciplinary borrowing Interdisciplinary borrowing, also known as internal borrowing, refers to situations where a designation from one specific subject field is used in another one in order to represent a different concept For example: editorial (journalism), creepers (sports), muffer (engineering)… 3.3 The methods of fashion terminology formation in Vietnamese 3.3.1 Terminologization 13 Terminologization is a process in which Vietnamese common words are developed into terminologies with derivative meaning through metaphor and metonymy Metaphor expressed in fashion terminologies in Vietnamese refers to a mental representation describing the association of two different domains at an underlying cognitive level through the mapping source domain is/as target domain For example: cảm hứng in cảm hứng thiết kế, cá tính in cá tính trang phục,… Metonymy derives from the way human conceptualized the world Via metonymy, the meaning of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese may extend from a small entity to a larger entity as in part-for-whole relation or vice versa The result of this a word may have two or more senses that are related to each other For example: cánh sen in cổ cánh sen, thu đông in thiết kế thu đông, 3.3.2 Using the existing forms Compounding in Vietnamese creates compounding words and phrases (or word combination) Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of compounding words are made up of two or more single words Compounding words include coordinated compounds (từ ghép đẳng lập) and subordinated compounds (từ ghép phụ) Subordinated compounds contain two constituents, one of which is a bound In other words, one element is the head and the other is a modifier For example: thảm đỏ, giày bệt… Coordinated compounds consist of two constituents, both of them contain two apparent heads paralleling For example: phối trộn, pha trộn… Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese composed of nominal phrases are formed by combining a root and one or more words Nominal phrases function as the naming of objects In a nominal phrase, one element is the head and the other(s) is/are (a) modifier(s) For example: túi xách quai đeo chéo, đầm xòe cúp ngực… 3.3.3 Borrowing foreign terminologies 3.3.3.1 Phonetic transcription: This is the way to borrow the phonetic transcription of foreign words to make pronounce the borrowing words easily For example: ma nơ canh (French: mannequin; English: mannequin); săng đan (French: sandale; English: sandals)… 3.3.3.2 Loan translation: The morphological elements of a terminology or whole words from the source language (mainly English and French) are translated literally (“word for word”) in order to form a new terminology in Vietnamese There are two methods of loan translation: translation of word structure and semantic translation The former creates 117/1190 fashion terminologies in Vietnamese from translating English terminologies For example: giày đế xuồng (wedge shoes), đầm công chúa (princess dress)… The later creates 46/1190 fashion terminologies in Vietnamese from translating English terminologies such as áo liền quần (jumpsuit), trường phái cổ điển (old-school)… 3.3.3.3 Loan blends: This is the way to create new terminologies in Vietnamese by combining Vietnamese words and foreign words (which are used by phonetic transcription or in original form) For example: áo ba -đờ-xuy, gam màu, làng mốt …v.v 3.3.3.4 Original form: This is the way to create fashion terminologies in Vietnamese by keeping the original forms of foreign words due to the lack of relevant meaning in Vietnamese for foreign terminologies For example: mix, combo 3.3.4 Interdisciplinary borrowing 14 According to the survey, there exist some fashion terminologies formed by borrowing terminologies of different fields such as phổ màu, phối màu (art), giao hưởng thời trang, biến tấu phong cách (music)… 3.4 The similarities and differences of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese in terms of terminology formation Fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese are formed by terminologization, using the existing forms, borrowing foreign terminologies and interdisciplinary borrowing Compounding plays an important role in forming and developing fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese Fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese are formed by borrowing foreign terminologies and interdisciplinary borrowing Borrowing foreign terminologies creates fashion terminologies in Vietnamese by phonetic transcription, loan translation, loan blends and original forms Borrowing foreign terminologies creates fashion terminologies in English by original forms Interdisciplinary borrowing also contributes to improving fashion terminologies in both languages Sub-conclusion Fashion terminologies in the two languages are made from the following methods: (1) terminologization; (2) using the existing forms; (3) borrowing foreign terminologies; (4) interdisciplinary borrowing Compounding plays an important role in forming and developing fashion terminologies inVietnamese Chapter CONSTRATIVE ANALYSIS OF FASHION TERMINOLOGIES IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE IN TERMS OF NOMINAL FEATURES 4.1 Theoretical basis on nomination 4.1.1 Definition of the nomination Nomination is the way of naming an object or a phenomenon of a science field 4.1.2 Nominal units of fashion terminogies in English and Vietnamese Under the perspectives of pragmatics, there are two types of terminologies: primary terminologies and secondary terminologies The former consists one element which functions as the naming of an object or a phenomenon and describes basic characteristics of fashion For example: coat, shoes, collection, show,… (in English); áo, đầm, váy, mùa, thiết kế… (in Vietnamese) The later consists of at least two elements which present a new concept that is made from primary concepts The secondary terminologies are formed by compounding (a head and one or more modifiers) For example: trench coat, spring collection, street style,… (in English); mùa mốt, sưu tập, giày cao gót, … (in Vietnamse) Nominal features of secondary terminologies in English and Vietnamese are surveyed and analyzed in the Dissertation 4.2 Semantic categories of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese Eight semantic categories of fashion terminologies are defined as follows: (1) People taking part in the activities of fashion industry; (2) Clothes; (3) Accessories and jewelry; (4) Materials; (5) Patterns; (6) Styles, designs and trends; (7) Objects, events and equipments; (8) Activities 15 4.3 Nominal models of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese 4.3.1 Fashion terminologies referring to the people who take part in activities of the fashion industry The people who take part in activities of the fashion industry are considered to be fashion designers, models, fashionista, customers, organizations 4.3.1.1 Fashion terminologies in English Model 1: Property + subject For example: creative designer Model 2: Profesional field / function + subject For example: accessories designer 4.3.1.2 Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese Model 1: Subject + Property For example: nhà mốt cao cấp Model 2: Subject + Profesional field /function For example: giám đốc thương hiệu 4.3.2 Fashion terminologies referring to clothes In English, clothes include coat, shirt, jacket, pants, trousers, skirt, dress, suit, clothes, top, shorts, collar, sleeve In Vietnamese, clothes include áo, quần, váy, đầm, cổ, ống, tà, 4.3.2.1 Fashion terminologies in English Model 1: Material + Type of clothes For example: corduroy pants Model 2: Position in the human body For example: top Model 3: For example: Model 4: For example: Size long + + Type of clothes coat Type of clothes/Part of clothes sleeve Structure/shape + Type of clothes/Part of clothes A- line dress Model 5: Time + For example: summer Type of clothes dress Model 6: Origin For example: French Model 7: Structure/shape + For example: bateau Model 8: Structure/shape + For example: eyelet + Type of clothes cuff (cổ tay áo người Pháp) Part of clothes + Type of clothes neck dress Material + Type of clothes cotton cardigan 16 Model 9: Temperature For example: cold + Part of clothes + Type of clothes shoulder shirt Model 10: Color/ Pattern + Structure/shape + Type of clothes For example: botanica wrap skirt 4.3.2.2 Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese Model 1: Type of clothes + function For example: đầm hội Model 2: Type of clothes/Part of clothes + For example: đầm Model 3: For example: Type of clothes quần + Model 4: For example: Type of clothes đầm + user tiểu thư structure/shape bó time mùa hè Model 5: Type of clothes/Part of clothes + For example: cổ origin Đức Model 6: Type of clothes For example: áo + size lửng Model 7: Type of clothes For example: áo + material Model 8: Type of clothes For example: quần + Part of clothes + structure/shape ống loe Model 9: Type of clothes For example: đầm + Part of clothes + cổ origin Tàu Model 10: Type of clothes + structure/shape + Part of clothes + structure/shape For example: đầm xòe cổ yếm 4.3.3 Fashion terminologies referring to accessories and jewelry In English, accessories and jewelry include hat, cap, shoes, boots, clog, glass, wallet, purse, bag, necklace, ring, earrings, chain, belt, kerchief, scarf, and tie In Vietnamese, accessories and jewelry include kính, ví, túi xách, vòng, nhẫn, hoa tai, thắt lưng, giày, dép, khăn, cà vạt 4.3.3.1 Fashion terminologies in English Model 1: Time + type of accessories/jewelry For example: summer sandals Model 2: Material + 17 type of accessories/jewelry For example: calfskin bag Model 3: Property/color/origin/brand For example: traditional Model 4: Structure/shape For example: bucket + + type of accessories/jewelry loafer type of accessories/jewelry hat Model 5: Position in the human body + type of accessories/jewelry For example: ankle boots Model 6: Structure/shape/material + parts of accessories/jewelry + type of accessories/jewelry For example: closed toe sandals Model 7: Color/pattern + structure/shape + type of accessories/jewelry For example: rainbow climb necklace 4.3.3.2 Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese Model 1: Type of accessories/jewelry + user For example: Giày cao bồi material pha lê Model 2: Type of accessories/jewelry For example: Vòng + Model 3: Type of accessories/jewelry For example: Kính + temperature mát Model 4: Type of accessories/jewelry For example: Giày + Structure/shape tổ ong Model 5: Type of accessories/jewelry + parts of accessories/jewelry + Structure/shape For example: Giày đế 4.3.4 Fashion terminologies referring to materials Materials are considered to be different kinds of fabric/precious stones/ metals/animal skin 4.3.4.1 Fashion terminologies in English Model 1: Color + material For example: red emerald Model 2: For example: Property faux + material leather (giả da) 18 4.3.4.2 Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese Model 1: Material + color For example: đá dâu tây Model 2: Material For example: đá Structure/shape mắt hổ + Model 3: Material + Ogirin For example: lông cừu 4.3.5 Fashion terminologies referring to patterns Decorative details and patterns are expressed on clothes, accessories and jewelry 4.3.5.1 Fashion terminologies in English Model 1: Property + print/detail For example: Vintage-inspired print Model 2: Structure/shape + print/detail For example: herringbone print 4.3.5.2 Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese Model 1: Print/detail + property For example: Họa tiết chủ đạo Model 2: Print/detail + Structure/shape For example: Họa tiết cầu vồng 4.3.6 Fashion terminologies referring to fashion style, design and trend 4.3.6.1 Fashion terminologies in English Model 1: Property + style / fashion / trend / line For example: classic style Model 2: Structure/shape For example: cut-out Model 3: For example: + style / fashion / trend / line style Products accessory Model 4: Purpose/user For example: street Model 5: Temperature For example: hot + + style / fashion / trend / line trend style / fashion / trend / line style + 19 style / fashion / trend / line trend 4.3.6.2 Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese Model 1: Fashion / style / design / trend + For example: Thời trang Model 2: Fashion / style / design / trend For example: Thiết kế Model 3: For example: Model 4: For example: trend/ line Xu hướng Line Dòng + property cao cấp + structure/shape cắt ráp product túi xách + product/fashion sản phẩm Model 5: Fashion / style / design / trend For example: Thiết kế + + property ứng dụng purpose hội Model 6: Fashion / style / design / trend + time For example: Thiết kế mùa đông 4.3.7 Fashion terminologies referring to objects, events and equipments Objects, events and equipments in fashion consist of logos, design templates, catwalks, times, locations 4.3.7.1 Fashion terminologies in English Model 1: Property + name of objects/ events/ equipments For example: ready-to-wear show Model 2: Function + name of objects/ events/ equipments For example: catwalk season Model 3: Structure/shape For example: Zig-zag Model 4: For example: + name of objects/ events/ equipments stage Time Spring Summer Model 5: Location For example: runway + + name of objects/ events/ equipments catwalk name of objects/ events/ equipments show 20 Model 6: Object For example: designer name of objects/ events/ equipments brand + Model 7: Color + name of objects/ events/ equipments Ví dụ: Red carpet 4.3.7.2 Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese Model 1: Name of objects/ events/ equipments + property For example: mẫu sống Model 2: Name of objects/ events/ equipments For example: công thức + function phối đồ time mùa xuân Model 3: Name of objects/ events/ equipments + For example: sàn diễn Model 4: Name of objects/ events/ equipments For example: tông Model 5: Name of objects/ events/ equipments For example: thảm temperature nóng + color đỏ + 4.3.8 Fashion terminologies referring to activities of the fashion industry Activities of the fashion industry include designing, performing and displaying fashion products 4.3.8.1 Fashion terminologies in English According to the survey, there exists only one secondary terminology in English namely tie-dye which is not worth being performed its nominal model 4.3.8.1 Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese Model 1: Name of the activity + product For example: xây dựng tủ đồ Model 2: Name of the activity For example: chinh phục Model 3: Name of the activity For example: phác thảo + object thảm đỏ + product/object + dáng người property cách điệu 4.4 The similarities and differences of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese in terms of nominal features Based on the surveyed fashion terminologies, we determined 35 nominal models in English and 36 nominal models in Vietnamese Accordingly, clothes, 21 accessories and jewelry have been identified by English and Vietnamese people according to their structure/shape or their structure/shape of parts/patterns/details Structure/shape is the most visible feature close to our daily life 4.5 National cultural characteristics expressed in nominal features of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamse Research results show that some fashion terminologies in English have become fashion terminologies in Vietnamese by phonetic transcription and loan blends due to the lack of relevant wordmeaning in Vietnamese and vice versa This phenomenon comes from the difference of two cultures and two social lives that are expressed in nominal features of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese Sub-conclusion In English-Vietnamese fashion terminologies, there are two kinds of terminologies: primary terminologies and secondary terminologies Based on the eight semantic categories of the secondary terminologies, we determined the relevant nominal models We realize that structure/shape is considered to be the most typical feature choosen to describe the objects of fashion industry The differences of national culture and social life between the two countries have created the differences of the distinctive features of fashion terminology between the two languages CONCLUSION A constrative analysis of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese in terms of structural features, terminology formation and nominal features has been carried out in the Dissertation to find out the similarities and differences of fashion terminologies in both languages We draw the following conclusions: Some theoretical basis of terminology was presented in the Dissertation Thus, terminology is distinguished from common word, nomenclature and occupational word Terminology is defined as “a terminology is a word or a phrase that expresses the concept of things, phenomena of a science or a specialized field” With such an understanding, the standards of the terminology have also been expressed in a specific way by researchers The terminology is determinded by accuracy, systematization, brevity, internationality and ethnicity Based on theoretical basis and typical features of fashion industry, fashion terminology is defined as “Fashion terminology refers words, phrases used in the fashion industry to express concepts, things, phenomena, processes, and activities dynamics, properties, in the fields: ready-to-wear fashion and high fashion” According to the survey of 1162 and 1190 fashion terminologies in English and Vientamese respectively, a constrative analysis of fashion terminologies in both languages in terms of structural features was carried out Number of terminology elements: Fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese have the longest structure of four and five elements respectively Thus, fashion terminologies in English seem to have the shorter structure than those in Vietnamese In comparison with fashion terminologies in Vietnamese, those in 22 English consist of accuracy and brevity that are consistent with terminology standards Terminology formation methods and word classes: Fashion terminologies in both languages are mainly formed by compounding In the structure of fashion terminologies in English, the first is/are (a) modifiers and the second is the head In the structure of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese, the first is the head and the second is/are (a) modifiers The head functions to generalize the concept of the object that the terminology represents Modifiers function to specify the characteristics and properties of the head In addition, fashion terminologies in English are formed by other methods such as abbreviation and adding affix (prefix or suffix) Therefore, there exists fashion terminologies in English composed of derivative words Fashion terminologies composed of single words in English are more than those in Vietnamese Fashion terminologies in both languages contain single words, compound words and nominal phrases Fashion terminologies composed of single words can be nouns, verbs or adjectives Compounding creates fashion terminologies composed of compound words and nominal phrases in the two languages Fashion terminologies composed of compound words can be coordinated compounds or subordinated compounds Fashion terminologies composed of nominal phrases in English can be noun phrases meanwhile those in Vietnamese can be noun phrases or verbs phrases Nouns/noun phrases make up the highest rate of fashion terminologies in both languages That is consistent with the major function of nouns in linguistics – the nomination Origin of terminology elements: Due to the Renaissance in Europe (1500-1600), a large number of fashion terminologies in English are made from the origins of Latin and Greek Meanwhile, a large number of fashion terminologies in Vietnamese are made from the origins of Sino-Vietnamese and Indo-European because of the following reasons: (1) The geographic context between Vietnam and China have created linguistic contact Therefore, Chinese words and Sino-Vietnamese words have been imported into Vietnamese vocabulary; (2) Indo-European words (mainly French and English) have been accepted into Vietnamese since our country was invaded by the French and directly influenced by the colonization process (in the mid 19th century) At the same time, Indo-European words are also introduced into Vietnamese through trade, exchanges and integration among countries Structural models: Fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese are formed by a head and a modifier/ modifiers The head functions to generalize the concept of the object that the terminology represents Modifiers function to specify the characteristics and properties of the head This structural model has led to the creation of many fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese Thanks to this structural model, fashion terminologies are ensured by accuracy and brevity that are consistent with terminology standards The similarities and differences of fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese in terms of terminology formation methods are analyzed in the Dissertation 23 Fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese are formed by terminologization, using the existing forms, borrowing foreign terminologies and interdisciplinary borrowing Fashion terminologies in English are mainly formed by compounding Fashion terminologies in Vietnamese are formed by terminologization, borrowing foreign terminology (loan blends) and using the existing forms (word compounding) As a result, compounding play an important role in developing the number of fashion terminologies in both languages Terminology borrowing also contributes to developing fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese Borrowing foreign terminologies in Vietnamese are borrowed from phonetic transcription, loan translation, loan blends and keeping the original form, meanwhile those in English are borrowed by keeping the original form Thanks to the impact of the ever strong development of fashion industry in the world on fashion industry in Vietnam, Vietnamese people always try their best to understand new concepts of products, style and trend… Thus, there increases fashion terminologies in Vietnamese borrowed from English by loan blends Among fashion terminologies in English, there exist some interdisciplinary terminologies borrowed from other fields such as sports, architecture, construction, technology,….which, however, occupy a very small number Meanwhile, in Vietnamese, some interdisciplinary terminologies borrowed from other fields such as painting, music, commerce… Fashion industry is also an art Thus, the development process of arts has positive impacts on fashion As a result, fashion industry is imbued with typical features of an art Based on the theoretical basis of nomination and the survey of secondary fashion terminologies in English and Vietnamese, we determined the eight semantic categories as follows: : (1) People taking part in the activities of fashion industry; (2) Clothes; (3) Accessories and jewelry; (4) Materials; (5) Patterns; (6) Styles, designs and trends; (7) Objects, events and equipments; (8) Activities As a result, a constrative analysis of nominal features of these semantic categories by setting up nominal models of fashion terminologies in both languages was carried out We realize that the nomination of objects of fashion industry is identified by its structure/shape or property that is considered to be familiar with our daily life To name the objects of fashion industry, English people mostly use nouns and Vietnamese people tend to use nouns and verbs Through the contrastive analysis of nominal features of fashion terminologies in both languages, we pointed out the differences among English and Vietnamese people who choose the prominent features to name objects (mostly clothes, accessories and jewelry) The differences depend on the factors: national culture, geography, climate and social life between England and Vietnam./ 24 ... quần/ống/loe/xẻ/vạt, đầm xòe bất đối xứng = đầm/ xòe/ bất /đối xứng, đường cắt may bất đối xứng = đường/ cắt/ may/ bất/ đối xứng, mẫu thiết kế in dấu ấn thời đại = mẫu/ thiết kế/ in/ dấu ấn/ thời đại … 2.1.3... ngực…; verb phrases make up a very small number, for example:vẽ diễn hoạ thiết kế trang phục, chiếm sóng xu hướng thời trang There is no fashion terminology in Vietnamese composed of an adjective... the concept of terminology element (or ngữ tố) is suitable for the analysis of English and Vietnamese fashion terminologies Each terminology element (or ngữ tố) contains a concept or a constituent