Từ ngữ xưng hô trong sử thi dam săn tt tiếng anh

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PHAM THI XUAN NGA ADDRESSING WORDS IN THE GREAT EPIC OF SIR DAM SAN Major: Code: Linguistics 22 01 09 SUMMARY OF PHD THESIS IN LINGUISTICS HANOI - 2019 The work has been completed at: VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Supervisors: Assoc Prof PhD Doan Van Phuc Prof PhD Do Viet Hung Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The PhD thesis is defended at the Academy-Level PhD thesis Assessment Council, meeting at the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi At hour date month 2019 The PhD thesis can be found at: - Việt Nam National Library of Vietnam - Library of the Graduate Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION NECESSITY OF THE TOPIC 1.1 Addressing words have been interested in terms of structure and fuction by a lot of language researchers in the world and in the country With the development of linguistics in research linguistic direction of administrative activities and the association of communication activities, the addressing issue is considered in a broader scope It is not only a pure matter of structural linguistics, but also a matter of pragmatics, linguistic societies, cross-cultural linguistics, etc Therefore, the study of Addressing words is not only stopped at the structural aspect In terms of the development of linguistics in the direction of linguistic research in functional operation activities and associated with communication activities, the addressing issue is considered in a broader scope It is not only a pure issue of structural linguistics, but also an issue of pragmatics, linguistic societies, cross-cultural linguistics, etc Therefore, the research of Addressing words does not only stop at the structural aspect, but also opens the direction to research them at the functional and pragmatic aspects 1.2 The languages of ethnic minorities in Vietnam in general, Ede language in particular and Vietnamese are all singular linguistic forms and have many similarities Therefore, it can be considered that the theoretical and practical research results on Addressing words in Vietnamese have created certain theoretical basis for understanding Addressing words in languages of ethnic minorities in Vietnam, Ede language is a typical language 1.3 Among the khan singing types of the Ede, Khan Dam Sam has a particularly important and famous position, which is a valuable work in both content and form Research of linguistic characteristics, especially reasearching characteristics of the addressing words in the epics of the Central Highlands ethnic groups in general, and in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San in particular are "fertile land" for the scientific researchers when approaching from different aspects Therefore, research of addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San is important and necessary This research not only contributes to providing more databases and theories to research the addressing words of Ede language in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San in particular, but also contributes to the orientation of researching addressing words in the Austronesian languages in Mainland Southeast Asian in general Because of the above reasons, we choose "Addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San" as the research topic for our PhD thesis RESEARCH PURPOSES AND RESEARCH MISSIONS 2.1 Research purposes The PhD thesis applies theoretical and practical basis related to addressing words, communication issues, communicative characters, interpersonal relationships and polite issues in communication with the purpose of the research to clarify characteristics of addressing words in the communication customs and habitsactivities of the Great Epic of Sir Dam San Besides, it is possible to identify the cultural characteristics of the Ede through the use of addressing words in different contexts of communication in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San 2.2 Research missions - Generalize and systematize theoretical and practical basis related to research of addressing words, communication, communication characters, interpersonal relationships and politeness issues in communication -Analyze and describe the structural, semantic and pragmatic characteristics of the addressing words used in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San in specialized contexts of communication among the characters involved in the communication - Clarify cultural characteristics of the Ede through the use of addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San Research subject and research scope 3.1 Research subject The research subject of the PhD thesis is the addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San on the aspects: structure, semantics, pragmatism and culture 3.2 Research scope Due to the limited capacity, the PhD thesis only stopped at the survey of addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, drawn from the book named Khan Dam San and Khan Dam Kteh Mlan collected, translated and edited by the author Nguyen Huu Thau (National Political Publishing House, 2003) Research methods The PhD thesis uses a number of research methods such as: statistical and classification methods; description method; semantic analysis method; systematic method; The PhD thesis incorporates the tactics of cultural comparison NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PHD THESIS The research results of the PhD thesis will contribute to confirming more theories about linguistic communication, especially on pragmatics and ethnic culture related to the use of addressing words in literary works in general and folklore in particular The PhD thesis contributes to researching the relationship among addressing words in the Chamic subgroup languages in particular, as well as the Austronesian languages in general; contributes to the clarification of the relationship of the mainland Austronesian languages (Chamic subgroup) with the Austronesian languages of the islands, contributing to the preservation of epics in particular and the preservation of the voices and scripts of ethnic minorities in general during the period of industrialization, modernization, urbanization and international integration THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL MEANING OF THE PHD THESIS 6.1 Regarding theory: Through analyzing and describing the addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San in a general and relatively complete way, namely the specialized addressing words (personal pronouns) and nonspecialized addressing words (Words used to referring to kinship and social relations) in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San on the following aspects: structure, semantics, pragmatics and culture; the PhD thesis will provide more linguistic materials for research of addressing words in different languages and confirm the relationship between language and culture, strengthen intercultural language approach 6.2 Regarding practice: Research results of the PhD thesis can be used as a reference for subjects who are officials, civil servants and other ethnic groups for learning and using Ede language in communication with the Ede For the Ede, especially the young generation, this is also a useful reference to improve their ability of using the mother tongue, especially the use of addressing words in other contexts and scope of communication to help them understand and cherish their mother tongue more as well as khan in particular and folk culture of their ethnic group in general in order to preserve, promote the role, values and identities of their ethnic group’s language and culture LAYOUT OF THE PHD THESIS In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendices, the PhD thesis has chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of the research situation, theoretical and practical basis of the topic; Chapter 2: Personal pronouns in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San; Chapter 3: Words referring to kinship relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San; Chapter 4: Words referring to social relations used to address in the the Great Epic of Sir Dam San Chapter OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS OF THE TOPIC 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH SITUATION 1.1.1 Research situation of addressing words 1.1.1.1 Overseas reseach works - Research orientation of language - culture, language - anthropology: Pioneers in this field are the authors Friendrich Engels (1884), Sigmund Freud (1951), G Murdock, F Lounsbury, Leach, Needham and Schneider, These authors have established tables of kinship, family and social relations When analyzing kinship origins and social institutions, researchers have initially mentioned personal pronouns and addressing words used in kinship relations such as grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, uncle, brother, etc It is noteworthy that the authors Leach, Needham and Schneider said that kinship terms are not related to biological relations, especially bloodline, but these are related to certain social relations, which are converted by marriage - Research orientation from the viewpoint of structural linguistics: From the viewpoint of structural linguistics, the authors M.B Emeneau and L.C Thompson have pointed out the basic "materials", the "material means" used to perform the act of addressing in Vietnamese as "personal pronouns", and have also divided personal pronouns into two groups: specialized addressing pronouns and provisional addressing pronouns for research - Research orientation from the viewpoint of functional linguistics: On the theoretical basis mentioned in the works of M.A.K Halliday, Brown and A Gilman, or Carol.M.ScoHon and Zku Wanjin, etc relating to communication functions, the frame of reference in the axes of authority and intimacy in communication roles, V Luong Hy (1990) in the work named Discursive Practices and Linguistic Meanings (The Vietnamese System of Person Reference), ("Pragmatic expression and linguistic meaning - reference system referring to people in Vietnamese") proposed a research direction of addressing words, which the author called a "reference system referring to people" synchronously on the grammar, semantic and pragmatic aspects 1.1.1.2 Domestic research works - Viewpoint of traditional grammar: The authors Nguyen Tai Can (1975), Nguyen Minh Thuyet (1988), Nguyen Phu Phong (1996), etc all ranked nouns related to kinship words into pronouns and assumed that kinship nouns have a addressing function as pronouns (ie provisional pronouns) They divided personal pronouns into two groups: Specialized addressing pronouns (tôi, tao, tớ, in Vietnamese which mean “I” in English) and provisional addressing pronouns including factors of pronouns for address as nouns to refer to kinship relations, titles, occupations, academic titles, degrees and places, etc Nguyen Tai Can has been interested in the possibility of provisional use as a pronoun to replace the pronouns in all three person positions in communication of the nouns referring to kinship relations and the nouns referring to professional titles In the other hand, Do Huu Chau noticed the projection function of addressing words for things in the conversation Nguyen Van Chien confirmed that: Vietnamese addressing words are researched by a systematic approach; all Vietnamese addressing words are researched as an integral perfect whole, which is a structural system of elements referring to persons in communication and dialogue activities - Viewpoint of functional grammar: The typical authors are Bui Minh Yen (2001), Nguyen Van Chien (1998), Nguyen Van Khang (1999), Le Thanh Kim (2002), Truong Thi Diem (2003) They based on Benveniste's theory of symbols This theory distinguishes the difference between the pronoun symbol and the noun symbol The pronoun symbol exists with the function of "replacement" and its content is "empty" Meanwhile, the content of noun symbol has " identification" function and has the function of "identification" Pronouns not have meaning denoting things, so they not name things, concepts, phenomena in objective reality, the meaning of pronouns are pointing and replacement, they can only be determined in communication Therefore, these authors used" Addressing words" and functional theories that favored the function of linguistic communication, so the term of " Addressing words" (Address Fronds) is used in a broad sense, but the personal pronoun is just a part of it - In the direction of referencing conjunction terms: In this direction, we can mention Nguyen Van Chien (1992), Duong Thi Nu (2002), Pham Ngoc Ham (2008), etc researched by comparison method to understand the definition structure of kinship terms, analyzing the meaning elements of the kinship terms in Khmer - Vietnamese, English - Vietnamese or Chinese - Vietnamese, etc to clarify the similarities and differences among cultures At the same time, these authors have pointed out the expression nuances and level of using kinship nouns in Vietnamese 1.1.2 Research situation of the addressing words in Ede language and in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San Regarding the addressing words of Ede language, there are many works and articles of some authors such as Truong Thong Tuan, Nguyen Minh Hoat and Doan Thi Tam Author Nguyen Minh Hoat has a series of articles which show how to use layers of addressing words in Ede language Although the author has not been able to fully exploit the structural, semantic, pragmatic and cultural characteristics of the addressing words in Ede language, the author has drawn a fairly diverse picture of the addressing words in this language According to the author, in addition to personal pronouns (specialized addressing words), there are also words referring to kinship relations as well as words referring to social relations (nouns referring to social positions, nouns and noun terms referring to persons working certain special jobs, etc.) or there is a combination between words referring to titles and proper names, provisional addressing words and proper names, even demonstrative pronouns (demonstrative pronouns/definite pronouns) Doan Thi Tam (2017) judged that: “Personal pronouns in Ede language have three persons (the first person, the second person and the third person) and personal pronouns of dual person In terms of structure, personal pronouns in Ede language are composed mainly of words and are divided into singular and plural words Semantically, they have a distinction in expression nuances but they depend on contexts Culturally, they show the humble communication of the Ede” In addition, Doan Thi Tam also has a research article on some special ethnic words in Ede language used communication to show some unique cultural characteristics of the Ede Besides, Truong Thong Tuan also researched issues related to addressing words, words referring to people, proper names, etc in Ede language 1.1.3 Research on the Ede epics and the Great Epic of Sir Dam San It can be said that from the viewpoint of ethnography and especially folk culture, the Great Epic of Sir Dam San has been researched quite comprehensively This can be seen in the works, monographs, articles of researchers such as Chu Xuan Dien (1960), Hoang Ngoc Hien (1980), Phan Dang Nhat (1999), Chu Thai Son (1997), Tuyet Nhung Buon Krong (2010), Do Hong Ky (2012), Truong Bi, Do Hong Ky, Nguyen Van Kha (20030), Vu Hoang Hieu (2008), Ha Thi Thu Ha (2008), etc 1.2 THEORETICAL BASIS 1.2.1 Some issues about address and addressing words 1.2.1.1 Definition of address Address is the term used to call oneself (Self-calling) and call others (calling name of others) in the communication with each other According to the Vietnamese Dictionary, address is "Self-calling and calling others something when talking to each other to express the nature of the relationship with each other" 1.2.1.2 Concept of addressing words Addressing words are words and terms (identification) used to identify the speaker with others and to call others something in their communication relationships, including the persons mentioned in the conversation (the third-person) 1.2.1.3 Classification of addressing words Addressing words include specialized addressing words and nonspecialized addressing words (including words referring to kinship relations and words referring to social relations) 1.2.2 Communication issues and communication culture 1.2.2.1 Concept of communication For the development of Vietnamese language pragmatics, there have been many concepts about communication, but in general, communication is still the process of exchanging information, interaction among people and perception of people by people 1.2.2.2 Factors affecting the use of addressing words in communication a) Characters of communication Characters of communication are those who participate in verbal communication, so they must use appropriate addressing words between the subject and the object in order that the conversation goes smoothly There are relationships among the characters that call out in the communication have the relationships: status in communication, interpersonal relationships and communication positions b) Communication context + Cultural language scene + Situational language scene c) Formal and informal nature of the communication context Human language behaviors depend very much on the communication context In the same role relationship (like father - child), in the context of formal communication there will be linguistic variations that differ from those in the informal context 1.2.3 Meaning of a word and analysis of meaning components 1.2.3.1 Meaning of a word Meaning of a word is the whole mental content that appears in the mind of a native speaker when he or she contacts (creates or perceives) a certain form of linguistic sound 1.2.3.2 Meaning components of a word John Lyons, in his work named General Semantics, concludes that "in order for the relation of meaning among predicates to be absolutely accurate, it is to use component analysis this analysis relates to systematic meaning decomposition of a predicate into its components.” Therefore, when the meaning of a word is mentioned, we must mention the analysis of meaning lines, or the meaning components (meaning units) of a word 1.3 PRACTICAL BASIS 1.3.1 Some characteristics of the Ede and Ede language 1.3.1.1 The Ede reside most in Dak Lak province With a population of 331,194 people, the Ede ethnic group is a relatively unified ethnic minority community in terms of ethnic consciousness, language and culture The Ede uses the language belonging to the Western branch of the Austronesian language family and which is classified into the languages of the Cham subgroup 1.3.1.2 Ede language In terms of phonetics, Ede language is a quite thoroughly monosyllabic language compared to the Cham subgroup languages, forming a monolinguistic subbranch Ede language has no tone yet, there are 140 combinations of two consonants and 73 combinations of three consonants In terms of vocabularies, the Ede vocabularies consists of many layers of words, many vocabulary elements derived from many different linguistic families and groups in Southeast Asia, even the European languages In terms of grammar, Ede language has the grammatical characteristics of an isolating language In terms of structure, most of Ede language morphemes have a phonetic shell which is a syllable To express the grammatical meaning, the main grammatical method in Ede language is word order and formal word And the sentence structure is usually structured in the order of subject predicate - object 1.3.2 Some characteristics of the Great Epic of Sir Dam San 1.3.2.1 Epic concept Epic is also called "heroic songs" This is a "genre of long narrative works (they are usually poems) appearing very early in the literary history of ethnic groups in order to praise the heroic careers of the whole people and of great significance to the ethnic group in the dawn of history” 1.3.2.2 Background and content of the Great Epic of Sir Dam San 12 The Great Epic of Sir Dam San has personal pronouns, which are constructed according to the major - auxiliary coupling method: di ih (you) and di `u (they) appear 2.3 Semantic - pragmatic characteristics of personal pronouns in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San 2.3.1 The first person personal pronouns 2.3.1.1 The first person singular personal pronouns The Great Epic of Sir Dam San has first person singular personal pronoun which is kâo Kâo is a personal word used to identify with the second person (such as ih, o\ng or di ih), which can be equal, higher or lower Kâo in Ede language has meaning and functions as I in English so it should be used in all situations and neutral in expression nuances 2.3.1.2 The first person plural personal pronouns The Great Epic of Sir Dam San uses two first person plural personal pronouns which are drei (I, we) and hmei (we) Drei is a plural personal pronoun, which has a meaning referring to oneself and the interlocutor so its meaning equals “we” ie drei means and is used by a person/ group of people to whom this person / group of people includes listeners 2.3.2 The second person personal pronoun 2.3.2.1 The second person singular personal pronouns a) Personal pronoun: Ih Ih is widely used for all subjects, regardless of age, relative status or social status Ih is a personal pronoun which has a neutral expression b) Personal pronoun: O|ng O|ng is often used to call people of the same or younger age; used with intimate and too familiar nuances, but it sometimes shows a sense of contempt In this case, o\ng means "mày" (you) in Vietnamese 2.3.2.2 The second person plural personal pronouns The Great Epic of Sir Dam San has 01 second person plural personal pronoun which is di ih (you) Di ih is widely used with neutral expression nuances, which can be used for both formal and informal communication 2.3.3 The third person personal pronouns The Great Epic of Sir Dam San has third person personal pronouns which are `u and di `u ~u in which `u and di `u are used to refer to the people mentioned in communication They all refer neutral expression nuances and 13 are widely used In the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, di `u is used less often and `u is commonly used and for both singular and plural 2.3.4 Dual person and dual number personal pronouns The Great Epic of Sir Dam San has an dual person and dual number personal pronoun, the dual number personal pronoun is arăng (it, they) Arăng is used for all three persons (the most common is the third person) and for both singular and plural Therefore, sometimes in certain cases ara\ng and `u/di `u can be the same meaning It can be said that personal pronouns always play a leading role in conversations Currently, in social life, if the normal conversation process of Ede is considered, the personal pronouns always play a central role which is throughout the conversations 2.4 EDE CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH THE USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN THE GREAT EPIC OF SIR DAM SAN 2.4.1 Equality in communication The pronouns in Ede language are almost neutral in their expression nuances The personal pronouns in this language, especially the couple of kâo - ih is widely used like I - You in English, helps communicators not feel constrained when they communicate with others who just meet for the first time When the subjects of communication were not clearly known such as age, gender, occupation, position, etc., the Ede often use ih to call and kâo to refer tothemselves to reply It is an advantage in Ede language The personal pronouns not have a fixed basis, so it depends on the specialized context that their meaning mechanism is clearly revealed 2.4.2 Clearly defining relationships in communication Most of the personal pronouns in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San are widely used, regardless of age, gender, occupation, etc However, when using personal pronouns, the Ede does not use them alone They often use kinship terms in the call, then use personal pronouns to replace kinship terms Because of the combination of personal pronouns and kinship terms for address, the listeners know the roles and interpersonal relationships between the subjects involved in communication 2.5 SUB-CONCLUSION Personal pronouns in Ede language in general and in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San in particular are almost neutral shades (except for o\ng) and widely used for all subjects, regardless of status, position, gender, age or scope of use In 14 communication, the Ede often use the system of kinship terms in combination with personal pronouns or kinship terms to call and then use personal pronouns to replace kinship terms Thereby, they show the status, the interpersonal relationships between the subjects involved in communication, and show the ingenuity and harmony of the Ede in communication Chapter WORDS REFERRING TO KINSHIP RELATIONS USED TO ADDRESS IN THE GREAT EPIC OF SIR DAM SAN 3.1.STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WORDS REFERRING TO KINSHIP RELATIONS USED TO ADDRESS IN THE GREAT EPIC OF SIR DAM SAN 3.1.1 Words referring to kinship relations in Ede language 3.1.1.1 Kinship words in Ede language The system of words refers to kinship relations in Ede language, according to the author Doan Thi Tam, consisting of 79 units, including 66 words (83.5%) and 13 terms (accounting for 16.4%) Most of the kinship words in Ede language are composed of single words In addition, kinship words in Ede language is also composed of isolating compound words and auxiliary compound words 3.1.1.2 Kinship terms in Ede language The number of kinship terms in Ede language is not much These terms often have a component playing central role, surrounding elements complement the meaning 3.1.2 Words refer to the kinship relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San Words referring to kinship relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San consist of 29 units, mainly composed of single words, some are isolating compound words and main-auxiliary compound words without any kinship terms used to address in this Epic Table 3.1 Words referring to kinship relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San No Ede language Meaning Kinship terms used to address in family and kinship relations mother ami\ grandchildren (called by aunts and uncles) amuôn uncle (mother's younger brother) amiêt uncles amiêt awa children anak son anak êkei/ êkei 15 daughter anak mniê elder brother-in-law, elder sister-in-law iê dear boyfriend, brother-in-law knai Kinship terms used for introduction, not to address 10 elder sister-in-law iê mniê 11 wife mo# 12 younger sister-in-law mo# adei 13 husband ung 14 my husband ung kâo 15 my wife mo# kâo 16 husband or wife ung mo# Kinship terms used to address outside the family and kinship relations 17 Sir (paternal, maternal relations/ servants call hostess) aduôn 18 Madam (paternal, maternal relations/ servants call host) aê 19 Grandparent ă adn 20 Elder sister amai 21 Elder brother ayo\ng 22 Younger siblings adei 23 brother ayo\ng adei 24 sister amai adei 25 grandchild c\ô 26 uncle(elder brother of mother) awa Special kinship terms 27 juk sister-in-law 28 nuê descendant adam dei/ adam adei/ 29 uncle (brothers and uncle of a woman) dam dei/ dam adei In the PhD thesis, we only focus on research of 03 cases: The first, second, third and fourth cases because the second case is the kinship term used only for introduction, not for address Table 3.2 Appearance frequency of the words referring to kinship relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San Words referring to kinship relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San Kinship terms used to address in family and kinship relations ami\ amuôn amiêt/ amiêt awa Appearance frequency Percentage (%) (Compared to the total number of he words referring to kinship relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San 160 33.68 24 22 1.26 5.05 4.63 16 61 12.84 anak êkei/ êkei 36 7.58 iê 11 2.32 knai Kinship terms used to address outside 279 58.74 the family and kinship relations 37 7.79 aduôn 41 8.63 ă 12 2.52 ă adn 28 5.89 amai 45 9.47 ayo\ng 75 15.79 adei 1.26 ayo\ng adei 1.47 amai adei 19 4.00 c\ô 1.89 awa Special kinship terms 36 7.58 juk 13 2.74 nuê 15 3.16 adam dei/ adam adei/ dam dei 1.68 Total 475 100 Percentage of total addressing words used in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San: 475/ 1,661 = 28.60% In terms of number, words referring to kinship relations for address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San not appear large However, they are used quite richly and are used by the Ede with quite strict principles Thereby this also shows the typical cultural features of the Ede In general, words referring to kinship relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San belong to words referring to kinship relations in Ede language Therefore, in terms of structural characteristics they are completely the same 3.2 Semantic - pragmatic characteristics of the words referring to kinship relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San 3.2.1 Kinship terms used to address in family and kinship relations 3.2.1.1 Ami\ (mother): Is used to address between two people who have a mother-child relationship Its scope of use is in the family The person calls himself in a higher position points the person at a lower position which is o\ng or `u and they often have a neutral or intimate nuance 3.2.1.2 Amuôn (grandchild): Is used in case the aunts and uncles address their children of each other, to distinguish from ]ô (grandchild) in relation to adn ă (grandparents) Amn is only used to address among people in family and kinship 17 relations, ]ô can also be used to address in social relations 3.2.1.3 Êkei (Man, son): is the kinship word for the person born by Ego, has male gender In Ede language, anak (child), anak êkei (son), anak mniê (daughter) are usually used only as introductions, not in address, but Ede use êkei (male) world) for address 3.2.1.4 Amiêt (uncle): Refers to the younger brother of married woman who has children In other words, amiêt is used to call the younger brother of the mother And the brothers of a person or a younger brother of that woman’s mother (amiêt: uncle) is called adam dei or dam dei, adam adei 3.2.1.5 Iê (elder brother-in-law, elder sister-in-law): Is a word used to refer to the people who have married, in relation to siblings of a spouse 3.2.1.6 Knai (siblings of the wife): Knai is a word referring to "men of two families (djuê) who can marry each other and call each other; they often are children of aunts and children of uncles and they can become brothers and sisters in law” Knai is used for people having equal status and is neutral in expression nuances 3.2.2 Kinship terms used to address outside the relative and kinship relations 3.2.2.1 Aduôn (grandmother): is a kinship term used to refer to a woman who is the mother of the direct parent (ie father or mother) of Egô and refers to all women of the same generation and has no distinction between paternal or maternal side, immediate family or collateral family In the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, aduôn is also used to call the hostess by the servants 3.2.2.2 Aê (grandfather): Is used to refer to a man who is father of direct parent (ie father or mother) of Egô and refers to all men of the same generation and has no distinction between paternal or maternal side, immediate family or collateral family 3.2.2.3 Amai (elder sister): Is used to call a woman of the same generation in a family, in relation to her younger brother 3.2.2.4 Ayo\ng (elder brother): Is used to call the son in the family, lineage, the same generation of the speaker but was sooner born 3.2.2.5 Adei (younger brother or younger sister): Is used to call a male or female person in the family, the same generation but was later born or to call the sister-in-law/ husband of the speaker 3.2.2.6 Ayo\ng adei (brothers): Is used to call boys who are equal or younger than the speaker with a neutral attitude about expression nuances 18 3.2.2.7 Amai adei (sisters): Is used to call the elder or younger sisters than the speaker with a neutral or intimate and endearing attitude about expression nuances 3.2.2.8 }ô (grandchildren): Is used when grandparents call their paternal or maternal grandchildren }ô is enlarged to call people who are not in the same blood-relations 3.2.3 Words referring to a special kinship relations used used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San 3.2.3.1 Juk: Is used to call each other by women of two different families (djuê) Normally, their relationship is the relationship between elder sister-in-law and younger sister-in-law, but if they follow the same “lineage link” relationship of Ede, this relationship can also be mother-in-law and daughter-in-law 3.2.3.2 Nuê: Is used to call the lineage link wife or husband who follows ]uê nuê practice Nuê is used in daily life as well as in formal with neutral and endearing expression nuances 3.2.3.3 Adam dei (adam adei, dam dei): Is used to refer to and call a person who is the uncle, the younger brother of of the speaker’s woman 3.3 Ede cultural characteristics through the use of words referring to kinship relations for address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San 3.3.1 Reflecting matriarchal cultural characteristics In the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, the number of kinship terms referring to the mother's side is used more than the father’s side By using like this, it shows that traditional Ede society always upholds the status of the people belonging to female lineage The Great Epic of Sir Dam San lacks the role of a father (ama) Customs and traditions have made the role of Ede women higher than men 3.3.2 Protection of ]uê nuê customs and habits (lineage link practice) in marriage Nuê and juk are words that refer to special kinship relations in Ede language The addressing way being nuê and juk among the lineage link couples more or less reflects that the Ede always consciously protect and preserve ]uê nuê customs and habitsin their lives 3.3.3 Expressing the concept of "all things are spiritual" In the mind of the Ede, the world consisted of three layers: the heaven, the earth and the underground layers The spirit is both close and sublime In the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, whenever it is important that God will appears, 19 God visits people as often as a relative Even the gods also take care of marriage for humans 3.4 SUB-CONCLUSION The layer of words referring to kinship relations used to address more than the personal pronouns and other addressing words These words referring to kinship relations clearly reflect the traditional Ede-social cultural characteristics of the matriarchal society having ]uê nuê lineage link custom and habits and respect the role of women In addition, they also reflect the concept of "all things are spiritual" of the Ede Chapter WORDS REFERRING TO SOCIAL RELATIONS USED TO ADDRESS IN THE GREAT EPIC OF SIR DAM SAN 4.1 THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORDS REFERRING TO THE SOCIAL RELATIONS USED TO ADDRESS IN THE GREAT EPIC OF SIR DAM SAN 4.1.1 Words referring to social relations in Ede language According to Doan Thi Tam, Ede language has 97 words referring to social relations, including 60 words (accounting for 61.8%) and 37 terms (accounting for 38.2%) 4.1.2 Structure of words referring to social relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San As words referring to social relations in Ede language, the words referring to social relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San are mostly composed of single words and a few are composed of compound words 4.1.3 Structure of the terms referring to social relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San According to statistics, the Great Epic of Sir Dam San has terms referring to social relations used in communication It can be generalized through Table 4.1 as follows: Table 4.1 Words referring to social relations used to address in Great Epic of Sir Dam San No Ede language aê adiê/ aê Meaning God Vietnamese intranslated into English God Number of appearan ce times 38 Percentage (Compared to the personal pronouns in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San) 14.79 20 adu amiêt khua anak ara\ng awa mduôn bua\l/ di\ng bua\l hđeh hđeh dôk tia jia\ng mô\ jia\ng 10 knai 11 khua [uôn khua dôk a kđi khua pin êa khua sang 12 13 14 15 ktrâo kli\ng/ ngiêk êbao 16 mniê 17 mnuih khua 18 19 mnuih khua [a\ng [uôn mnuih khua [a\ng sang 20 mnuih [uôn sang 21 22 phung khua roh Elderly uncle (younger brother of the mother) Others’ children Elderly uncle (elder brother of the mother) Elderly uncle (younger brother of the mother) 0.39 Others’ children 0.78 Elderly uncle (elder brother of the mother) 0.39 servant slave servant slave 17 6.61 Children Male blacksmith Close friend Close friend’s wife Close boy friend Trader Children child Male blacksmith Close friend 77 29.96 0.78 60 23.35 Friend’s wife 1.17 1.95 1.17 Magistrate Magistrate 0.78 Wharf owner Host ten thousand pigeons/ thousand sparrows Wharf owner Host 1.17 0.39 (name to call a servant) 1.55 Female women girls 23 8.95 Elderly people 0.78 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.78 1.95 Girls women Prestigious people elderly people Elderly people in the village Elderly people in the family People living in the mountainous village Chieftains enemies Close friend Trader boy Elderly people in the village Elderly people in the family People living in the mountainous village Chieftains enemies 21 Total 257 Percentage compared with 1,661 addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San 100 15.47 % 4.2 SEMANTIC - PRAGMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORDS REFERRING TO SOCIAL RELATIONS USED TO ADDRESS IN THE GREAT EPIC OF SIR DAM SAN 4.2.1 Words referring to social relations used to address 4.2.1.1 Knai is a special term (presented in section 3.2.1.6), Knai is also used to call to each other between brothers of the wife’s side and the brother-in-law Therefore, in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, knai is not only used to address in family and kinship relations but also in society 4.2.1.2 Jia\ng is a term used to refer to brothers who swear brotherhood with each other, used to call or reply The wives of sworn brothers can also call the sworn brothers of her husband to be jia\ng Therefore, jia\ng is often used between equal statuss with one another and shows neutral or intimate expression nuances 4.2.1.3 Hđeh (children) is often used to call slaves/servants in their family or slaves/ servants of others Therefore, hđeh is often used to refer to the lower status, excluding men or women with a neutral or intimate attitude 4.2.1.4 Mniê (female) is used to call women with a familiar, sometimes ridicule, contemptuous and it is often used to communicate with the lower status or equal status 4.2.1.5 Bua\l - Di\ng bua\l (servants/slaves) is only used to call the speaker’s own servants Thus, the use of bua\l is narrower than hđeh Bual has a neutral expression nuance 4.2.1.6 Roh (enemies) is used to call the enemies and can also call adversary force, opponents of the speaker Therefore, roh is often used with angry and contemptuous attitude 4.2.1.7 Mô\ jia\ng (close friend’s wife) is used to call the wives of sworn brothers Mô\ jia\ng is mainly used to call without age discrimination, used in a neutral or intimate and close manner 4.2.2 Terms referring to social relations used to address The Great Epic of Sir Dam San appears some terms referring to quite specialized social relations in communication These terms are not composed without being existing combination that they were only created provisionally when they were spoken and their meaning was derived from the meaning of the components For example, the appearance of hđeh dôk tia (the village boy 22 is forging / the male blacksmith), khua dôk a kđi (magistrate), amiêt khua (elderly uncle (younger brother of the mother), awa mduôn (elderly uncle (elder brother of the mother) 4.3 Ede cultural characteristics through the use of words referring to social relations to address 4.3.1 Little distinction of social class Through communication in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San it shows Ede rarely distinguish class in address This style of address makes communication harmonious and intimate 4.3.2 Harmony, delicacy in communication The Ede often uses words that promote the interlocutor in addressing communication in a humble way of addressing like many other ethnic groups 4.4 SUB-CONCLUSION Words referring to social relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San includes 22 words They are composed mostly of single words The terms are mostly composed of "compound" words in a mechanical manner Traditional Ede society has little distinction between grade and social status In conversations, Ede often use words that promote the interlocutor This addressing way always creates sympathy for the listener, while it also shows harmony and delicacy in communication CONCLUSION Addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San are the layer of words used in the Ede community at disintegration period of the matriarchy Research of this layer of words not only contributes to enriching Ede language, but also helps to clarify their communication culture From the research results, the PhD thesis draws the following conclusion: Based on understanding the system of addressing words in communication of the Ede and surveying this layer of words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, the PhD thesis has established the concept of addressing words and the system of addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, including: Personal pronouns, words referring to kinship relations and words referring to social relations are used to address Such results help readers see the overall picture of the layer of addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San as well as in the system of addressing words in Ede language Through quantitative statistical methods, the PhD thesis has pointed out the appearance frequency of addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San is 23 1,161 times per a total of 460 conversations In which the appearance frequency of personal pronouns is 929 times, accounting for 56%; the appearance frequency of words referring to kinship relations used to address is 475 times, accounting for 28.6%; the appearance frequency of words referring to kinship relations to address is 257 times, accounting for 15.4% Regarding personal pronouns, Ede language has 19 personal pronouns including persons in address and there is the dual person addressing word: arăng There are personal pronouns of Ede language used in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San 3.1 The first person singular pronoun which is kâo appears the most, accounting for 28.3%, used to call all the second person personal pronouns without affecting the expression nuances The Great Epic of Sir Dam San uses first person plural personal pronouns which are drei and hmei They appear relatively even with quite low number, respectively 7.53% and 7.21% 3.2 The second person singular personal pronouns in Ede language include ih and o\ng Between these two words there is a certain distinction in status meaning and is expressed very clearly in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San Depending on the subject of communication, the Ede use ih or o\ng Ih is widely and commonly used for all subjects, regardless of age, relative status or social status Meanwhile, o\ng is often used to call people of the same age, younger ones; or used to show intimate nuances, and it sometimes shows the meaning of contempt 3.3 The second person plural personal pronoun which is di ih (you) is widely used to show the neutral expression nuance Di ih is used not much appearance frequency in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San, only accounts for 4.2% and is used in family, kinship relationships, even animals can use di ih to call human 3.4 The third person personal pronoun referring to both the singular and the plural which is `u appear in quite large frequency, accounting for 16.04%, referring to the person mentioned in the conversation of the speaker (Sp1) and the listener (Sp2) When `u is used to refer to the plural meaning, it is meant to replace the usage of di `u, phung di `u in Ede language 3.5 The dual person and dual number personal pronouns which is arăng (they) are used for all three persons (but the most common is the third person) and for both singular and plural To distinguish nuances, Ede language must use kinship terms in combination with personal pronouns or use kinship terms to call and then use the personal pronouns to replace the kinship terms However, these 24 cases are often only used for "call" and not for "reply" The Great Epic of Sir Dam San also uses non-specialized addressing words, in which, the layer of words referring to kinship relations is quite popular This layer of words is much more than the personal pronouns and other addressing words, including 29 words 4.1 Based on the usage, the words referring to kinship relations in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San are divided into categories: (1) Kinship terms used to address in the family and kinship relations; (2) Kinship terms used for introduction, not to address; (3) Kinship terms used to address outside the kinship relations; (4) The special kinship terms used to address 4.2 In terms of semantical characteristics, kinship terms used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San are not only used to address in the family and kinship relations but also to address outside kinship relations Nuê is a special kinship term used for “lineage link" wives and husbands to call each other 4.3 The kinship terms used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San reflect the matriarchal social characteristic, expressed through the number of kinship terms referring to the mother's side rather than the father’s side At the same time, they affirm the role of the people belonging to female lineages and contributed to the protection of ]uê nuê custom and habits of the Ede Nuê juk are special kinship terms in Ede language and the Great Epic of Sir Dam San The kinship terms that also express the world division of the Ede in the primitive society consisted of three layers: the heaven, the earth and the underground layers The relationship between man and the spirit world is close and intimate The layer of non-specialized words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San also have to mention the layer of words referring to social relations used to address Ede language has 97 words referring to social relations However, the Great Epic of Sir Dam San only appears 22 words Knai (brothers of wife/ close boy friend) is a term that refers to both kinship and social relations 5.1 Traditional Ede society has little distinction between grade and social status Therefore, this chieftain may call the other chieftain's servant heheh (child, children); people may call God (aê adiê/ aê adu) intimately Ede often use words to promote the interlocutor, create sympathy, and also show harmony and delicacy However, this also reveals the inferiority attitude of the speaker in the conversation 5.2 Among words referring to social relations used to address, jia\ng (close 25 friend) is most often used (60/257 times, accounting for 23.35%) This shows the solidarity between the chieftains in the construction and protection of the mountainous village Mostly, words referring to social relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San are quite diverse and flexible in use Depending on the specific context, they show different expressive nuances It can be said that the Great Epic of Sir Dam San is the famous epic, the pride of the Ede The Great Epic of Sir Dam San is a mirror that reflects the traditional Ede society Like many other languages, in addition to the use the layer of specialized addressing words, the Ede also use the layer of nonspecialized addressing words, that is words referring to kinship relations and words referring to social relations This layer of words is very diverse, very flexible in usage and clearly shows the characteristics, customs, habits and culture of the Ede These are matriarchal characteristics, lineage link custom and habits in marriage, equality, delicacy, and harmony in communication; the spirit of solidarity and the sense of helping each other in the life of the Ede and so on The question now is that there should be solutions so that the Great Epic of Sir Dam San in particular and the epics of the ethnic groups in general are not extincted In order to that, it is necessary to have solutions to preserve and promote the cultural identity of the ethnic groups in the current integration period For the research results achieved, we hope the PhD thesis will contribute to the research of the system of addressing words in general and addressing words in the Ede language in particular and contribute to the colorful culture picture of ethnic minorities In the coming time, we are looking forward to continuing to research other issues of Ede language as well as the ethnic languages in Vietnam 26 The author’s works have been published Pham Thi Xuan Nga (2016), "Initial understanding of the presupposition of vocabularies in the written customary law of the Ede", Dictionary & Encyclopedia Journal, No (39) Pham Thi Xuan Nga (2016), "Presupposition of human behavior with the natural world in the written customary law of the Ede", Folk culture Journal, No.1 (163) Pham Thi Xuan Nga (2017), "The customary law of the Ede - from the encyclopedia presupposition perspective of conduct in the relationship between the leader and the village community", Journal of Ethnic Groups, number (18) Pham Thi Xuan Nga (2017), "Encyclopedia presupposition of behavior in the Ede community in written customary law", Social Science Human Resource Journal, No (48) Pham Thi Xuan Nga (2017), "Initial understanding of the syntactic structure in the written customary law of the Ede", Central Highlands Social Science Journal, No (26) Pham Thi Xuan Nga (2018), "Comparative relation setences in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San on the field of study results", Central Highlands Social Science Journal, No (29) Pham Thi Xuan Nga (2018), "Specialized addressing words in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San", Language Journal, No (349) Pham Thi Xuan Nga (2019), "Addressing words referring to kinship relations in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San", Central Highlands Social Science Journal, No (33) Pham Thi Xuan Nga (2019), "Characteristics of words referring to social relations used to address in the Great Epic of Sir Dam San", Dictionary & Encyclopedia Journal, No (58) ... Sir Dam San a) Background of the Great Epic of Sir Dam San: The Great Epic of Sir Dam San which is one of the famous Ede heroic epics was formerly known as Klei khan Y Dam San (Song of Sir Dam Dam),... 28 nuê descendant adam dei/ adam adei/ 29 uncle (brothers and uncle of a woman) dam dei/ dam adei In the PhD thesis, we only focus on research of 03 cases: The first, second, third and fourth cases... little Dam San as the nephew of died Dam San was born and became the husband of Ho Nhi (nue) and took care of Ho Nhi family, continuing his uncle's path 1.3.3 Value of the Great Epic of Sir Dam