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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HaNoi National University of Education NGUYEN THI QUYNH THO ANIMAL WORDS IN EDE EPICS Major: Linguistics Code : 9.22.90.20 LINGUISTICS DOCTORAL THESIS Ha Noi - 2019 The works is completed at HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Science intructor: Assoc.Prof.Ph.D Dang Hao Tam Assoc.Prof.Ph.D Doan Thi Tam Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Nguyen Van Chinh Ha Noi National University of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviewer 2: Prof Dr Vu Thi Thanh Huong Language Institute - Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Reviewer 3: Prof Dr Ha Quang Nang Vietnamese dictionary and encyclopedia The thesis will be protected before Board of Thesis Judges at: … … …………….date … month… year… A thesis can be found at the library: - National Library - HaNoi National University of Education Library INTRODUCTION The urgency of the topic 1.1 Animal words are the long, basic, nucleus word class of the lexical system in each language, linked to the human experience with the objective world Thus, animal words are the word group that appears and is understood very early by native speakers , which can be said from the time when the primitive man appeared 1.2 Ede epics appeared very early, reflected the physical and spiritual life of the Ede people in the prehistoric period Therefore, the name of the animals appeared in the Ede epic is natural The study of the animal word class in Ede epics can understand the physical and spiritual life of the native people in prehistoric times without the written record This is a meaningful and practical work 1.3 The study of the animal identifications has long been interested by scientists Many linguists have spent much of their time researching animal identifications However, the problem of animal identifications has only been surveyed mainly in folklore such as idioms, proverbs, folk songs of the Vietnamese Therefore, the problem of animal semantic field in the epics of the E de people is still the gap which has not been researched For these reasons, we chose the topic “Words refer to animal in Ede epics” to the research Research objectives and tasks 2.1 Research objectives The thesis aims to find out the characteristics of animal words in Ede epics in terms of identification characteristics, semantic characteristics Through that explains, clarifies the characteristics of Ede thinking on two aspects of world view and human view 2.2 Research tasks To achieve these research objectives, the thesis sets out the following tasks: (i) To formalize theoretical issues related to the topic, such as the study of the meaning of the word, the semantic lexicon theory, the identification theory, the relationship between language and culture (ii) Survey, statistics, establish and analyze the system of words identifying animals in Ede epics We also statistic establish and explain the frequency of occurrence of groups of animal identifier words The basis for this interpretation is conducted on the cultural perspective, the relationship between language and culture - From (i) and (ii), we point out and interpret the semantic characteristics of words, the meaning of words in the system and in communication The subject, scope and survey, research materials 3.1 The subject of the research - The survey subject: Ede epics - The research subject: animal words in Ede epics 3.2 The scope of the research - Research scope: The thesis just limits on studying animal words (nouns and noun phrases) of the animal semantic field in Ede epics, referring to semantic identifications Linguistic expressions of other types and other aspects related to the above terms shall not be considered in the context of identifying, for example: words that express the activities of animals, organs of animal However, when word from the aspect of system changes into the aspect of functional actions their semantic values are reinforced or altered by the surrounding words on the syntagmatic axis At this point, the animal identifier is also considered in a hierarchical relationship with meaning roles such as the whole, the activity, the state, and the space - Research materials: Because our research subject is the animal identifier words in Ede epic, so the subject of the study is Ede epic However, today's Ede epics, according to some collectors and researchers, there are so many with large numbers, (about 50 epics) Within the framework of the thesis, we only focus on some of the epics with the frequency of animal identifiers appearing in relatively large numbers, namely the following epic: (Anh em Klu Kla, Dăm Băng Mlan, Sum Lum, Hbia Mlin, Dăm Yi chặt đọt mây, Mdrong Dăm) Research methods 4.1 Descriptive method Descriptive method is the main method with element meaning analysis method to solve the problems of the thesis From the collected sources, we conducted a descriptive analysis of the semantic characteristics and value of animal identifier in Ede epics This method is the basis for separating the groups of identifying words by characteristics such as origin, breed, color 4.2 Element meaning analysis method Element meaning analysis method is used for analysising the structure of word element meaning, the distinctive expressions of animal words in Ede epics 4.3 Statistical, classifical, systematic methods The first task of the author is to statistical work For complete statistics, the author examines documents, document systemization, integrated analysis to achieve the purpose This method gives the author a complete table of words showing animal images with specific details For chapter 2, this procedure is to determine the number and proportion of the animal identifier word classes.From the statistical and isolated linguistic expressions, We draw the comments, arguments about the cultural, linguistic and thinking characteristics of the Ede people in using language through animal identifier The above methods will be used consistently and appropriately during the research the topic Scientific contribution 5.1 In the six epics, the thesis statisticed 64 animal species and animal identifier expressions.According to the meaning of the category, reflective language expressions, these animals are divided into five groups: insects, fish, birds, mammals and amphibians From describing, analyzing, the thesis has developed the basic animal identification models and derivative animal identification models In particular, the thesis has shown and modeled derivative animal identification models with a mix of factors 5.2 From the analysis of linguistics (5.1) previous thesis proved the thinking characteristics of the Ede When we know about animals, we point out the worldview, the human view of the E de, the relationship between man and nature, human and society and people with religion and belief The thesis is the first study on the characteristics of animal identifier in Ede epics in a systematic way The thesis has examined and initially established a system of words in the animal semantic field; classified and analysized of the form and semantics of words, trying to point out the basic characteristics of animal identification is often used by the Ede, which points to some of the psychological language of the Ede Theoretical and practical significance 6.1 Theoretical significance The results of the thesis contribute to deepening the theory of word meaning, lexical field theory, identity theory, further validate the theory of the relationship between language - thinking - culture from the material of a minority language is Ede epic At the same time, the thesis contributes to reinforce the theory of human psychological language The thesis initially describes in a systematic way the animal word expressions in Ede epics Through the results of semantic analysis of animal words, the thesis helps to visualize the fragmentation of reality by the Ede language, contributing to the clarification of the theory about linguistic painting of cognitive language 6.2 Practical significance The research results of the thesis on animal expressions in Ede epics confirm the effect of approaching the subjects of folk literature from the interdisciplinary perspective Research on a type of folk literature is Ede epic, contributing to preserving and storaging the Ede epics, preserving the Ede epic culture The research results of this thesis are a useful reference in teaching epic subjects in schools, especially for Tay Nguyen University; constructing the cultural language for students in Linguistics, Literature, Vietnamese Studies, Ethnology The structure of the thesis Apart from the Introduction, Conclusion, Appendix, the thesis consists of chapters: Chapter 1: An overview of research and theoretical basis Chapter 2: Characteristic features of animal words in Ede epics Chapter 3: The term refers to animals in Ede epics and ethnic characteristic culture CHAPTER AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AND THEORETICAL BASIS 1.1 An overview of research Up to now, there have been many studies on the animalsemantic fields such as Nguyen Duc Ton [110], Nguyen Thuy Khanh [62] Animal names have also been reviewed by several authors, such as Nguyen Duc Ton [110]; Nguyen Thuy Khanh [62]; Hoang Trong Canh [9]; Tran Hoang Anh [1]; Nguyen Thi Bach Duong [30] Through the collection of materials, we learn the historical research problem, we found that animal semantic field was initially studied on a number of levels and at different scales However, up to now there has been no mention of the dynamic semantic field in Ede epics Therefore, we choose the topic: “Words refer to animal in Ede epics” to the research Through the collection of materials, we learn the historical research problem, we found that animal semantic field was initially studied on a number of levels and at different scales However, up to now there has been no mention of the dynamic semantic field in Ede epics Therefore, we choose the topic: “Words refer to animal in Ede epics” to research 1.2 Theoretical basis With the topic “Words refer to animal in Ede epics”, We combine the theory of words, meanings, identifiers of linguistics with theoretical issues of epic genre and theory of the relationship between language - thinking culture in the process research So, The thesis uses theoretical foundations as the basis of linguistics and cultural studies to guide the topic implementation process First, with the linguistic foundation, we pay attention to the issues: the theory of word meanings, the theory of semantic field, the theory of identities 1.2.1 The theory of word meanings 1.2.1.1 Fixed words The word is an important unit of language, one of the basic objects of linguistics, which is the object of study in many subjects such as phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, Textbooks, Linguistics, Dictionary When studying words, one of the important aspects of a word is its meaning 1.2.1.2 Meaning of words In Vietnam, inheriting the concept of F Saussure, Do Huu Chau said: The linguistic sign unites into one not a thing with a name, but a concept with a sound image From this base, the authors Ogden, Richards, and Gustaf Stern, Stephen Ullmann and J Lyons built the "meaning triangle" According to the triangle model the meaning of things, the concept of things, words, phonetics is the part that makes the meaning of words When studying the meaning of the word, Do Huu Chau applied some theories of linguists and discovered that "meaning triangle" has some disadvantages in all three components of meaning Do Huu Chau replaced the meaning triangle with a spatial geometric meaning pyramid Thus, this model of spatial geometric meaning pyramid has two advantages: separating elements such as words and things from each other; indicates the relationship between the elements Specifically, Do Huu Chau [15] said: "From the relationship between words and things forming the meaning of the symbol, from the relationship of words to the concept will form the meaning of the concept, from the relationship with the user factor forms the meaning of the style and association; from the relationship with the function will form the functional values of the word; from the relationship with the structure of the language will form the meaning of the structure and from the relationship between meaning and the formal elements that form the meaning of the words, the structure of grammatical meaning” [15, p.102] In this thesis, the author inherits scientific views on Do Huu Chau's meaning of words recorded in his own works or the authors are influenced by him 1.2.1.3 The meaning of words (i) Denotetive meaning Things, phenomena, non-verbal characteristics that words express are denotetive meaning of word Denotetive meaning is the reflection of things, phenomena from reality into the language Knowing about denotetive meaning of word is the way we can determine the specific number of units in the animal semantic fields in the epic (ii) Significative meaning Significative meaning is the meaning of words related to the understanding about the denotetive meaning of the word or the set of some common and personal meaning, the general and specific in an organization, in a certain order There are certain relationships between the meaningsThus, the set of semantic meanings, general for many words is called symbolic structure (iii) Pagmatical meaning Things, phenomena expressed in language are things, phenomena perceived by humans, so people often attach their own assessment of that thing, phenomenon, from that to form pragmatical meaning Pragmatical meaning is the meaning of words related to attitude, emotion, human evaluation 1.2.1.4 Identification function of language signals Do Huu Chau in the word: "Semantic vocabulary, collection, first volume" [14] discussed the identifying function of words based on basic functions of language: Communicative function and thinking function The author asserts that "because language simultaneously performs both the function of communication and the function of abstract thinking by a kind of signal - word - so the function of identification is inevitable [14, p.799] The author emphasizes the importance of the identification function as follows: "The identification function is a bridge connecting the function of communication with the function of the abstract thinking tool of the language [14, p.799] Elsewhere, Do Huu Chau based on the thesis of K.Marx on the name of things with human experience to show the role of names According to him, the name is both a result of discrimination and also a means to reinforce discrimination, but but the distinction is perceived Distinction is the first step of awareness of thinking Thanks to the name, people have "pedals" from old perceptions to higher perceptions [14, p.799] From logical arguments about the identification function of words, also in [14], the author defines the role of man in naming things According to the author: "The ability to name objects in addition to language is only available in humans because only humans have sound languages Without names, our minds become confused about things in different ways” [14, p.803] Arguments about the function of the name set by Do Huu Chau are a suggestion for the thesis topic The Ede people have different ways of identifying things than other ethnic groups Especially the way of identifying is not only in the Ede vocabulary system but also in the words of artistic language style, going into the mighty epic of the Ede people One obvious fact is that when language, in particular words, moves from the systematic aspect to the administrative aspect, they have a change in front of context The most obvious impact is the ability to combine words on paragraphs to form phrases It should be noted that the internal function of the "specific word" is understood as the words that have the identifying function, having the meaning of symbols and contexts Example:“long ivory male elephants” (êman knôpro\ng mla) The above phrase is filled with specific words: “êman” (elephant), “knô” (male), “pro\ng mla” (long ivory ) To answer the question does the phrase (especially nomenclature) have a identifying function, Do Huu Chau adds another criterion, in addition to the criteria "made by specific words" According to him, "although the ability to create new words is how big, sometimes the method of creating words (with the number and shape created from inherent) still does not meet the need to create names for new phenomena arises in society(…) To satisfy the need to name, the language must identify the phrases Phrases will be fixed and generalized(…) In other words, when identifying, free phrases are governed by identification principles [14, p.808] We insist more: Although free phrases are created on the basis of words (nouns, verbs, adjectives) according to the grammatical rules of all languages, the absolute identifier value is the attribute of the noun, this attribute is weaker in other identifiers Comparing with the language expression surveyed from the Ede epics, we found that expressions of animal expression language are structured according to a certain principle Specifically, the signs and characteristics of animals used to separate the object from an unusual object are systematic, repeated many times so it can be generalized into a model This means, the concept of "language" of the thesis includes free language / described expression However, when going into the pages of the Ede epic, because the repetitive appearance becomes the system to perform the function of "calling animal names" from an epic perspective, they have more roles to define name, besides their inherent descriptive role This phenomenon, according to Do Huu Chau, is called "the change in identifying function in the words of things depending on the need of communication, depending on the style, it is redefined" [14, p.808] 1.2.2 The theory of semantic vocabulary In the world, Jos Trier, the German scholar, was the first to introduce the concept of a field based on the language of F.de Saususe in the 20s and 30s of the XX century Jos Trier said: Each word makes sense only because there are other words that are directly related to it However, Jos Trier did not use the concept “meaning” he used the concept “semantic field” to "express the relationship of meaning between words" Having inherited Trier's theories of semantics, many scholars in the world have come up with different ideas about this There are different views on the semantic field, each concept has its own progress or limitations Within this thesis, we are mainly based on the concept of researcher Do Huu Chau From there, we consider the semantic field means: a group, a set, a system the words have a certain relationship with each other on the semantic fields forming a sub-system in the lexical system of a language 1.2.3 Identification Theory Onomatology "Is the science of expression, the naming Its task is to study the principles and rules of object denotation by means of the vocabulary of languages "[dt (30; 162] The term “nomination” is mentioned in many dictionaries and is used as a tool in general identification studies as well as in studies of animal identifications with contrasting languages in particular (mainly in Vietnamese with English, Russian) Nomination is one of important function of language It is the function “naming” The name is the product of abstract thinking, so in general, it must satisfy the requirements as generalized, abstract and inability to evoke individual characteristics and attributes that form the object Semantically, it must separate from the traces of the emotional stage and distinguish it from other objects in the same category or distinguish the smaller ones in the same category 1.3 Cutural Basis 1.3.1 Relationship between language - thinking - culture Language is one of the most distinctive elements of any national culture It is in the language, the characteristics of the national culture are kept most clear In other words, the language of each nation is marked by the soul, residence, style, cultural identity of its creators It is not only in sound or text if you want to understand Culture is all of the results and processes of human social activity, in contrast to the external nature of activity, ie the condition of human existence and not dependent on human beings Culture consists of material values and spiritual values, corresponding to the two sub-cultures that are material culture and spiritual culture 1.3.2 Some features about Ede ethnic and Ede epic 1.3.2.1 Introduction about Ede ethnic According to “Report on the official results of the 2009 Population and Housing Census” [3], Ede ethnic has the population 331.194 people, living in the Central and Highland provinces Dak Lak province has 298.534 Ede people, accounting for 17.2% of the province's population 90.1% number of Ede people in Vietnam Here, the Ede people focus mainly in the district as CuM’gar, Krong Buk, Krong Pak, Krong Ana, M’drak, Krong Bong Buon Ma Thuot city 1.3.2.2 Some features about Ede epic a History of study on Ede epic The concept of epic is also understood in the epithetical sense The following epics are works: praise the heroic character of a community at a historic dawn The epic depicts heroes whose triumphs are splendid and of extraordinary beauty, often depicted in magical and actionable colors b Cutural value of Ede epic The basic content of the Ede epic mainly praised, honored people with merit to the village community; promote creativity, good devising, praising the spirit of solidarity, mutual assistance in difficult times, uphold the righteousness, protest against things contrary to morals, customary law; highlight the beauty of physical strength and mental strength Ede epics also admired couples love, family affection, early slavery, desire to conquer nature for better life… 1.3.3.3 Cultural beliefs of the Ede people in the Central Highlands The Ede ethnic group is an ethnic with a special traditional culture in 54 ethnic groups in our country Like another ethnics, Ede people in Dak Lak early established the cultural values with their own colors This culture deeply influences individuals in the Ede community, contributing to the added value of multi-ethnic cultures in the Central Highlands of Vietnam The Ede conceives and stratifies the universe into three parts: the heavenly, the middle and the lower Summary of Chapter Chapter sets out two research tasks: (i) Establishing a study picture of animal words in general and animal words in the Ede epic in particular; (ii) Establishing a theoretical basis for project implementation The thesis has achieved the following research results Outlining three approaches when studying the "animal" category of Vietnamese language, including: lexical field theory, identity theory and cognitive semantics theory The above approaches are summarized in the results of the study on the number of animal subgroups / subfields, identification characteristics, semantic characteristics of Vietnamese animal words or some identification models, next to the cultural characteristics of community thinking The gap in the study of animal words in the Ede epic remains open We suggest that epic characteristics, epic social contexts, in addition to community thinking are factors that govern the semantic characteristics, the identification characteristics of animals in the Ede epics The transition from the system level to the textual level of art will produce the differences of descriptive variation in the animal identification words in Ede epics The thesis selects a number of theoretical foundations as the basis for the deployment of the thesis First, related to language basis include theoretical issues of the meaning of words and the theory of identifiers in language On the theory of the word meaning, in addition to the fundamental concepts such as the concept of words, the word meaning components, the thesis focuses on the function of identifying the signal language Specially, the thesis focuses on 11 2.2.2 The statistical results of mammal group appearing in Ede epics Table 2.3 The results show the number of occurrences of mammal group in each Ede epics The number of words’ occurrences in the mammal group in Ede epics Dam Dam Yi cut Klu Kla Sum Hbia Mdrong Vietnamese Brothers Bang Calamus Lum Mlin Dam Mlan Tetadacylus Name of animal No 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Ede language êman un êmô kbao aseh asâo êmeh hlô rang prôk kkuih êmông hlô đruah kgâo bê mja kra pai kuênh êmông gu asâo tan elephant pig cow buffalo horse dog rhino deer squirrel mouse tiger roebuck deer bear goat weasel monkey rabbit gibbon lion wolf 262 107 93 157 64 28 10 12 8 2 2 496 391 341 436 351 110 101 69 59 44 29 32 20 21 12 20 10 590 364 273 324 470 95 117 84 56 45 29 35 9 12 1702 986 978 154 215 348 281 163 109 117 71 58 45 46 21 33 34 27 21 126 56 89 103 29 17 17 8 11 35 0 663 288 397 472 366 105 74 66 34 41 29 20 13 17 11 12 0 Total occurrences 3839 2192 2171 1646 1431 739 618 400 272 262 149 141 133 89 87 84 80 56 55 14 12 2.2.3 The statistical results of insect group appearing in Ede epics Table 2.4 The results show the number of occurrences of insect group in each Ede epics No Animal names muôr (termite) hluăt (bug) bloh (mosquito) hdăm êmông (black ant) hnuê (bee) wăk wai (spider) hdăm ktăr (fire ant) hdăm ja (ant ja) hdăm đun (ant đun) The number of words’ occurrences in the insect group in Ede epics Klu Kla Dam Sum Hbia Dam Yi cut Mdrong BrotBang Lum Mlin Cala-mus Dam hers Mlan Tetadacy-lus 30 32 69 21 24 16 46 15 10 19 24 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 Total occurrences 169 110 45 31 6 3 13 No 2.2.4 The statistical results of amphibian group appearing in Ede epics Table.2.5 The results show the number of occurrences of amphibian group in each Ede epics The number of words’ occurrences in the amphibian group Name of animal in Ede epics Dăm Dam Yi cut Anh em Sum Hbia Mdrong Ede language Vietnamese Băng Cala-mus Klu Kla Lum Mlin Dam Mlan Tetadacy-lus frog 10 37 13 ajik cobra 10 14 ala prao hbâo paddock 0 14 11 ajik salamander 2 11 10 kkuê varan 1 mwa bungarus fasciatus ala kruak tang python 0 tlăn 0 ala kruak tang bungarus fasciatus 2.2.5 The statistical results of fish group appearing in Ede epics Table 2.6 The results show the number of occurrences of fish group in each Ede epics Animal names The number of words’ occurrences in the fish group in Ede epics Dam Yi cut No Ede Klu Kla Dam Bang Sum Hbia Mdrong Vietnamese Cala-mus language Brother Mlan Lum Mlin Dam Tetadacy-lus shrim hdang 12 10 17 kan kê` catfish 10 10 11 eel ênu\ng 14 kan kruah snakehead 12 16 kan krê` tilapia 0 0 kan pra^ fat fish 0 0 Total occurrences 79 43 39 18 17 16 15 15 Total occurre nces 53 35 30 30 14 22.3 Identifier expression of the term animal system in the Ede epics according to identification method 2.3.1 Basic animal identification method in Ede epics The basic animal identification is an identifier that uses only the origin or species element to identify it The word formation of this type is usually single word with model as follows: Model: Animal name + Reproduction characteristics + Color 2.3.2 Complex animal identification method in Ede epics 2.3.2.1.Animal word identifier based on species characteristics a Animal word identifier based on species characteristics in Ede epic (i) Bird group word identifier based on species characteristics Animal name + Living environment + Body part characteristics (ii) Fish group word identifier in combination of animal name and species element Similar to birrd group, fish groups are also identified by the name and species We had 58 expressions 2.3.2.2 Animal word identifier based on reproduction characteristics After statisticing from epics, with 64 species, we statisticed 1.209 animal identifier expressions based on reproduction characteristics Animal identifier expressions based on reproduction characteristics like: “un knô” (boar), “un ana” (sow), “êman knô” (bull), “êman ana” (cow), “aseh knô” (male horse), “un poah” (hog), “mnŭ knô” (rooster), “mnŭ ana” (hen), “cim knô” (male cuckoo)… Identifiers based on the animal names associated with their reproduction characteristics are modeled below: Animal name + Reproductioncharacteristic + Body part characteristics 2.3.2.3 Animal word identifier based on body shape characteristics in Ede epics In Ede epic, beside the animal species and colors identifiers, they also have animal identifiers based on the body size characteristics Example: “êman prŏng” (big elephant), “hlô rang êmong” (fat deer), “kbao prŏng” (big buffalo), “un êwang” (thin pig)… Mammal word identifier based on body shape characteristics are modelized as following: Animal name + Body parts characteristics 2.3.2.4 Animal word identifier based on body color characteristics in Ede epics 15 After statisticing from epics, with 64 species, we statisticed 197 animal identifier expressions based on body color characteristics Example: “hdăm sao” (yellow ant), “hdăm jŭ” (black ant), “kƀao kô” (white buffalo), “aseh bi kdruêh” (zebra), “un kô” (silver pig), “kan kô” (white fish)…From the repetition of the animal identifier base on color characteristics in Ede epic, we generalized into the following model.: Animal name + Living 2.3.2.5 Animal word identifier based on living environment environment characteristics in Ede epics After statisticing from epics, with 64 species, we statisticed 157 animal identifier expressions based on living environment characteristics Including: “un dliê” (wild pig), “êman dliê” (wild elephant), “êman sang” (pured elephant), “êmô dliê” (bison), “mnŭ dliê” (junglefowl)… oAnimal name + Color Animal name + Color 2.3.2.6 Animal word identifier based on body parts characteristics in Ede epics After statisticing from epics, with 64 species, we statisticed 14 animal identifier expressions based on body part characteristics For example: “êman guê ki” (elephant with curved ivory), “hlô rang prŏng kki” (deer with big gauze), “êđai êman prŏng mra” (broad shoulder elephant), “prŏng mla” (big ivory), “mla dlông” (long ivory), “êđai êman dlông ku” (elephant with long tail), “un klăp ku” (pig with curly tail), “êđai un rŏng kô” (striped back pig)…From the repetition of the animal identifier based on habitat in Ede epics, we generalized into the following model: 2.3.2.7 Animal word identifier based on reproduction and body parts characteristics After statisticing from epics, with 64 species, we statisticed expressions based on reproduction and body part characteristics For example: “êman knô mla dlông” (male elephant with long ivory), “êman knô ku dlông” (male elephant with long tail), “êmeh ana kki prŏng” (female rhino with big horn)… Animal name + Reproduction characteristic 2.3.2.8 Animal word identifier based on living environment and body part characteristics Animal name + Species element To fully giốngidentify animal, beside combining the species and body characteristics, Ede also identifies animals based on the combination of two 16 traits: the reproduction characteristics and characteristics of the body parts Expressions combining these two characteristics as: “Un dliê prŏng knga” (wild boar with big ears), “un dliê griăng prŏng” (wild boar with big fangs), “un dliê knga prŏng” (a big ears wild boar), “un dliê knga prŏng” (wild boar has big ears) 2.3.2.9 Animal word identifier based on reproduction characteristics and color Expressions according to this model include: “kƀao knô kô” (white male buffalo), “un knô kô” (the white wild boar), “aseh kô pha” (male horse with silver thighs),… 2.3.2.10 Animal word identifier based on species and color characteristics in Ede epics Survey of species belonging to the bird group in Ede epics, we have collected 21 species However, only four animals in bird group were identified by Ede people based on their species and color characteristics , with 38 expressions Sumary for chapter The deep-rooted study on the identification characteristics of animal words in the Ede epics seems to be the seminal discussion of this group of words That is a necessary job Because this is the basis for the interpretation of genre character, character model as well as characteristics of ethnic cultural thinking reflected in the epic Highlights of the identification characteristic of animal words in the Ede epic include: From 5,821 sentences containing animal words in sets of Ede epics, the thesis identifies 64 animal species, which fall into five main categories: insect groups, fish groups, bird groups, mammal groups and amphibian group Birds and mammal groups dominate the remaining groups Animals, birds are also richer than other animals (21 species of mammals, 20 species of birds, while only 10 species of insects, species of amphibians and species of fish) The frequency difference refers to the expressive role of the animal word for the animal concept, the character image, the epic tone, in addition to the ability to reflect the living space of the Ede human beings The five animal group identities share the same following characteristics: at the most general level, there are two identification methods used to form animal identified expressions in the Ede epics: the basic identification method (using element to indicate the name) and the derivative identification method (animal name associated with the gender, reproductive characteristics, body shape, color, body characteristics, living environment) The survey data show that fish groups, insect groups and amphibian groups are mainly identified by the base identification method The other two groups are mainly identified by derivative (compound words) and especially phrases The descriptive elements in the animal identifier are usually on a scale of (+): big, healthy, fat, running fast, pink, purple, white to refers to the appreciation for the value of the animal has made the animal world in the 17 epic bringing the legendary beauty, making the epic space bolding magic color This makes a difference in the cutural meaning of the animal words in the Ede epics models of animal identification by derivative method show that there are ontological features of animals selected as the basis for identification The frequency distribution of identification characteristics has a clear difference between animals in the same group and among other groups Despite the use of the reproductive trait, in the 21 species of mammals, the horse and buffalo identified expressions with the “male” characteristic overwhelming dominates With the bird group, the animal most identified by this feature is "chicken" Meanwhile, the characteristic of the body shape is mainly for "elephants" and "pigs" The characterictis of bodly color is most concentrated in the "horse" and "buffalo" identified expressions There are differences among animal groups All identified characteristics are used mammal and bird groups Some mammal species are identified by more than one characteristic Examples of elephants, horses, pigs, buffalo, chicken The results describing the characteristics of animal words in the Ede epic are the basis for the thesis to explore the cultural characteristics of the Ede in the next chapter Chapter ANIMAL WORDS AND ETHNIC CULTURE CHARACTERISTICS IN EDE EPICS 3.1 Animal words and forestable culture characteristics in Ede epics 3.1.1 Forest is the living space of animals Investigating Ede epics, we see some linguistic expressions which related to animal and forest appear such as: “Djuê hlô bŏ dliê mda” (Deer is full of young forest hills); “djuê hlô bŏ sa ênôk dap” (full roebuck in a flat place); “čim ktrâo mtah” (green cuckoo); “gam bŏ dhan ana tang” (fully parked on cucurbit branches); “djuê čim ur gam bŏ ana hngăm” (buzzard parked fully of branches of hngam tree); “nao ti dliê kbưi” (go to the far and strange forest); “dliê mgah mgôk” (where wildlife is not sensitive to people); “anôk hlô amâo tuôm bâo êwa mnuih” (wild boar fully at the shade of fig tree) 3.1.2 Human with hunting activities 3.1.2.1 Hunting places The upland lifestyle creates a close relationship between people and the forest environment The Ede people ancient life mainly based on forest Beside the source of productive land, the natural forest is also a source of food due to the daily needs of human life Ede people usually come inside the forest to hunt animals We collect 136 linguistic expressions indicating the forest Including the expressions: “kmrơng” (forest), “dliê kpal” (jungle), “dliê êlam” (deeply forest), “dliê mda” (young forest), “dliê kbưi” (far forest), “dliê hrông” (wild forest), “dliê êăt” (rừng lạnh), “dliê mgah mgôk” (strange forest),… 3.1.2.2 Hunter In Ede community, the main task of men is to engage in warfare, to hunt 18 the wild animals for people in the village Thanks to such simulations, when listening to many Ede epics, people are likely watching documentaries on many aspects of Ede life In Ede, there are many linguistic expressions to signify the meaning of the hunter: “êpul mnuih” (group of people), “sa êtuh dua êtuh mnuih” (125 people), “čim dit sa êbâo” (1000 warblers), “čim ktrâo sa êtuh” (100 cuckoos), “êpul mnuih” (group) 3.1.2.3 Human hunting facilities For these hunting activities to be effective, with little human effort, Ede people often use such facilities: “Anăn” (archery), “kthŏng” (knife), “hna kmêč” (archery), “hna” (cross bow), “kju” (spear), “kgă ku” (hook), “klei” (big knife), “hgơr” (gongs), “tuk mruk” (drums), “kbong” (fiddle),… 3.2 Animal words in Ede epic and cultural belief of Ede people 3.2.1 Animal words and Ede people's worship culture In the ritual system in the Ede epics, there are preliminary ritual groups: the ceremonial rites of the human life cycle; ritual ceremonies in agriculture; other ceremonial ritual groups Of the three ritual festivals, there are 32 smaller rituals In the Ede epics, we find that Ede folk artists not adequately address the ritual groups but only some typical rituals Epics mentioned 11 rituals: worshiping the water wharf, worshiping the gods, praying for the heaven, worshiping the body (praying for health, praying for happiness), worshiping the rice, praying for the harvest, worshiping ghosts, worshiping the New Year, eating the month of drinking, offering ancestors In these offerings, in addition to wine, the animal is the main object Ede people often offer to gods animals such as pigs, buffaloes, cows 3.2.2 Animal words in Ede epics and the belief of birds transforms into human beings Two species of birds are mentioned more than other birds in the Ede epics are "warbler" and "pheasant" A common motif in the epic is the "pheasant" that transforms itself into a human and "warbler" symbolizes humanity Through the survey, we have specific data in each epic as follows: Table 3.3 The number of occurrences of animals represents the human No Animal name Čim d it (warble) Čim k trâo (cuc koo ) Čim (pheasant) Sum The number of occurrences Dam Dam yi cut Klu kla Sum Hbia Mdrong Bang calmus brothers Lum mlin dam Mlan tetadacylus Sum 85 99 208 332 21 148 893 67 193 200 436 55 174 1.125 0 263 0 263 152 292 408 1031 76 322 2.281 19 3.3 Animal words in Ede epics and food culture of Ede people 3.3.1.The term refers to hunting products and food culture of the Ede people Ede people often come in the forest to hunt The products of these hunts are related to animals living in the mountains such as: “čim krô” (dry meat), “čim mtah” (raw meat), “tiê” (liver), “ki” (horn), “mla” (ivory), “griăng êgei” (fang)… 3.3.2 The term refers to food ingredients of animal origin and food culture of Ede people Related to the animal word in Ede epics, we listed the linguistic expressions of food ingredients from animals as: “dlô kƀao” (buffalo brain), “mnu” (chicken), “čim kbao” (buffalo meat), “tiê êmô” (beef liver), “čim un” (pork), “čim kbao êmô” (buffalo beef), “čim êmô” (beef), “čim kan” (fish), “čim un kƀao” (buffalo pork), “tiê kƀao” (buffalo liver), “čim hlô rang” (deer meat), “tiê mun” (pig liver), “tiê mnu” (chicken liver), “čim hlô” (roebuck meat), “tiê êmeh” (rhino liver), “kđeh aim” (bird), “dlô un” (pig brain)… 3.4 Animal words in Ede epic and costumes culture of Ede people The costumes of the Ede people are the silhouettes of the animals that are the decoration, the image of animals on their dresses Ede women's dresses are often decorated in the image of nature: “hla ktơđ” (fern leaves), “aguăt krăm êđai” (the scorpion hatched), “boh čing čă” (lizard eggs), “krua” (turtles), “boh ktlang” (eagle eggs), “kdrŭn anak rai” (soil dragon)…They have filtered, created, simulated, stylized according to the mind, imagining, estimating the image of animals to create the clothes that are very characteristic of their own country Examining epics, we recorded 45 animal expressions appearing on Ede people's costumes For example: “ala kpơng” (cobra); “ala kpơng” (buffalo head); “kƀao êmô dôk bơng rơk” (buffalo cow eating grass); “kra (dôk bơng boh kroh” (money (eating fruit)); “čim (phiơr liŏ, knŏng knăt ti dhan)” (bird (flying, dancing on the branches)); “king kuê” (salamander); “mja (ală di ñu dlăng rơ reh)” (fox (their eyes are staring)) 3.5 Animal words in Ede epics and comparative thinking of Ede people In Ede epics, the bad or beautiful evaluation of human form is referenced through the evaluation of the formal character of the animal This is the most obvious expression of metaphor THE FORM OF HUMANS IS THE FORM OF THE ANIMALS viewed from the perspective of animal words in Ede epics Examining epics, we recorded some expressions such as: “ală msĕ si ală alam hwiê” (eyes like snake eyes); “pha bi kdruêh msĕ ală grư knô” (thighs like the male vultures); “boh pha bi kdruêh msĕ si rŏng ala” (like a snack back); “miêng lơa lbuôr msĕ king kuê rơk hlang” (thin oval check like a salamander) The hero in the epic is described in action The beauty of these heroes is also compared to animal images to show the strength, majesty of 20 the heroes in the battle The images are extremely unique like: Strength of the shield = Strength of a buffalo; Elephant’s strength = the strength of an elephant Or The hero's gait is as brave as the snake…All these conventions have shown the culture of the Ede in the recognition of the animal world around them, expressing the Ede’s conception: THE STRENGTH, THE QUICK OF THE ANIMALS IS STRENGTH, THE QUICK OF HUMAN BEINGS With the female character, although it was not reached the level of describing the interior beauty, but the expression depicts the beauty of the Ede woman's appearance in the thinking of humans, animals have contributed to make the wild, fanciful epic for the Ede epics Language expressions depict the beauty of a woman, for example: “kđiêng kngan lơa lbuôr msĕ ksua” (slim fingers like porcupine’s fur); “ală blir blir msĕ si ală ala kpơng” (twinkled eyes like male prao ju cobra eyes ); “jơng kơ kđi msĕ čim ktrâo” (white golden feet like pigeons); “jơng kñi msĕ jơng čim ktrâo” (golden feet like cuckoo feet); “ksâo kô msĕ si mla êman mrâo sah” (white breasts as new ivory); “ksâo wê msĕ si kruôp mla êman” (The breasts are curved like a pair of ivory) 3.6 Animal words in Ede epic and social status of the Ede people In Ede's mind, livestock is not just a pet or a source of food for the family, but it also symbolizes the richness, the property of the family Metaphorical thinking: ANIMALS REPLACED FOR THE HUMAN BEINGS’ RICHNESS is the subordinate notion of metaphor: human beeings are animals In Ede epics appeared large houses, long on the tens of meters but only has one family This is usually a rich family because the house is also a place to store assets such as pots, gongs and other valuable objects Comparative expressions “buffaloes such as termites…” “two many cow legs, buffalo legs, elephant legs like braiding rope”; “male slave chest touching chest, female slave breast touch breast”; “high building that make birds fly tired wings” repeat several times to talk about the rich villages in the epic 3.7 Animal words and social relations of Ede people The relationships between people and people in society are also adopted through the use of animals in the brotherhood rituals In the life of the Ede, to conquer nature and social struggle, in order to overcome the difficulties, the heroes of the epic often co-ordinate to become brothers, together make a victory to their village The ceremony is also associated with images related to animals If Kinh people, when brotherhooding, often cut and drank their blood, in order to express their pledge of promise and attachment, the Ede often drew animal’s blood on the feet to express the covenant Sumary for Chapter Based on the results of the qualitative and quantitative study on the characteristics of animal words in Chapter 2, in this chapter, the thesis focused on solving some problems related to the animal identified words in 21 the Ede epic in terms of culture… Based on the theory of cognitive linguistics and the interdisciplinary approach to culture, the thesis has shown, demonstrated and explained some of the cultural characteristics of the Ede people, epic genre characteristic as well as epics’character images There are six cultural characteristics indicated and justified Each feature is marked by a set of different animal identifiers, with different animal groups Characterized by the triad relationship, the appearance of the trio: human - forest - animal (belonging to elephant, buffalo, pig) in the epic words, reflecting forest is the space to witness the ability to conquer the beast of human Human talent is reflected in the value of animals; the value of wildlife increases with the wildness and dangerous of the forest Sequence of identifying expressions in the sense of processing materials (animals), the way of processing food (baked) has shown the geographic characteristics, living space of the Ede with the features of mountain culture Especially in the identifying expressions of raw materials and products made from raw materials, the components refer to wild animals such as buffaloes, pigs, birds (chicken) still occupy large frequencies This means that the cuisine culture of the Ede people carries the identity of the mountain culture Semantic description operations with animal identifiers developed in terms of both nuclear meaning and cultural meaning also helped the thesis to characterize costume culture, comparative thinking and commune relations of ancient Ede people The image of snake and python generally appears regularly and excels in the descriptions of the Ede woman's skirt and it’s not the image of birds They show a world-wide view of the wilderness and mountains of the ancient Ede and show the epic characteristics and characters are reflected in the epic genre The thinking that humans are animals and animals that substitute the social value of human beings into the Ede epic have narrowed the scope and are highlighted in terms of: the wildlife survival of animals is the beauty of human The value of animals is the social status of human CONCLUSION Animal words, from a functionalist point of view, not merely the means of naming vocabulary, but also the means of thinking, is the way of perceiving the human world, reflecting the cultural characteristics of the nation In front of an object that has been "overturned" not so much as the animal category, the thesis selects a theoretical system consisting of the common problems of semantics (the meaning of the word, the meaning components of the word, the function identifier of the signal language), identification theory (concept of identifier, base identifier, derivative identifier) and the most critical issues when studying languages in the direction of interdisciplinary linguistics - culture - literature (character of ethnic thought, characteristic of the epic genre, cultural value of the Ede epic) in order to find a wider, broader perspective Through the three chapters of the thesis, the overall study of animal words in the Ede epic is outlined in some basic terms as follows 22 a With groups of animals classified according to 5,821 epic expressions, the thesis identified 10 animal identification models Of these 10 models, only one model belongs to the basic identified method The remaining models belonged to derivative identitied method according to selected traits: gender, reproductive traits, body characteristics, color, body parts and habitat Gender identical expressions are mainly composed of compound words The other features appear mainly in models that are composed of phrases The structural variance of the animal identified words in Ede reflects the movement of words from the system to the activity On the other hand, the richness of the animal descriptive feature makes the animal's picture of the epic impossible to mix with any animal picture in the language b Analyzing the meaning of the 10 identity models was applied to describe the five groups of animals The descriptive results show that identifying characteristics occur with different frequencies between groups and in each group All six identified characteristics are used to identify mammal and bird groups The regularity and throughoutness of these six identification methods does not appear with groups of fish, insects and amphibians Even with the identification method based on more than one characteristic of animals, groups of mamals and birds remain a priority for recognition c Between mammals and bird groups, identity traits have similarities and differences Characteristics of reproduction trait, appearance with large frequency of expressions: the male horse, the female horse, the male buffalo, the male pig, the rooster… causes the two groups to be highlighted by their reproductive traits The elements “…” (big), “…” (fat), “…” (plump) are three properties of the scale (+) chosen to identify mammal and bird groups according to the body shape However, in both groups, elephants, buffalos and chickens were given more attention by these three characteristics The descriptive elements reflect the color characteristics have shown that animal original color being refracted when it comes to epic writing pages Scattered appearances are color elements (black, hung, brown, yellow) for buffalo, squirrel, weasel, ants Other element (red), (white), (silver, freckled silver, freckled white, freckled black) appear frequently in the identified expressions for horses, buffaloes and pigs In two basic colors: red and white, white is commonly used to identify pigs, buffaloes and chickens Both the basic colors and the mix of colors are fully presented in the "horse" identified expression They create the "labels" for animals in the epic, blurring the roughness of reality, highlighting the illusion the imagination of animal pictures About the characteristics of habitats and characteristics of body parts The element (wild/forest) is often associated with the mammal identified expressions: pigs, elephants, buffaloes, cows, especially pigs and elephants Meanwhile, the identity element (homing) appears to be very limited It 23 seems that the relationship between humans and animals is focused in natural space, wild than social space Because pigs are often domestic animals The difference in the imposition of body characteristics for pigs partly reflects the characteristics of Ede social space in ancient times Between two groups of mammals and birds, only the mammal group is identified by the body part The elements describe (big butt), (broad shoulders), (big ivory), (big ears) often appear in the identified expressions of elephants, pigs and buffaloes As well as the body shape, the features of the body parts are in scale (+), expressing the good human evaluation of animals According to the animal identification method based on more than one characteristic, we find that in the six identification characteristics, there are four characteristics frequently associated with each other These are the characteristics of color, body characteristics, body parts and habitat Color characteristics again appear to tend to overwhelm other features in identification models Specifically, there are general identification models: Animal name + Color + Body characteristics; Animal name + Habitat + Body parts, animal name + Gender element + color characteristics; the color characteristics appear in two models d From the semantic analysis of the animal identifier expressions that appear in the ten identification models, we proceed to describe and discuss the cultural implications of the animal words in Ede epics In order to obtain satisfactory explanations, to avoid speculation, the principle of working with the language is necessarily based on the semantic description of the five groups of animals indicated in Chapter Use that semantic core to aim the semantics of the concerned expression on the semantic axis Semantic interrelationships will be the basis for chaining factors of context: natural conditions, geographic features, social space, time of history The initial point of view of the cultural thinking characteristics of the people is understood by the inevitable result of the sequence described above There are six points about culture drawn from our research They are: characteristics of the trio relationship: people - forests - animals, cultural belief characteristics, characteristics of cuisine culture, costume culture, characteristics of comparative thinking and characteristics about the social relationship These arguments are justified in order to clarify the cultural mountain characteristics of Ede The category of animals in the Ede epic reflects the trilateral relationship: HUMAN - MOUNTAIN - ANIMAL In this relationship, the mammal group with a number of typical species (buffalo, elephant, pig, horse) appears as the central animal marking the experiences of the ancient Ede with the environment survival In relation to the liturgical and worship context, the animal identified expressions are more inclined to describe the rituals of slaughtering animals than the results are made by purpose Thus, finding out the picture of the animal in the epic can help restore the fragments by the language of Ede religious culture The typical definition of animal identifying words in relation to factors such as hunting products, 24 processing materials, and animal processing ways indicates that nutritional sources sustain life for the community is taken primarily from mammal and bird groups, not from fish It is clear that geographic factors (terrain plains, many forests) are marked in animal identifiers The concept of HUMAN IS ANIMAL is illustrated in the six characteristics used to identify animals The high social status of humans is often recognized by animals as (buffalos, elephants, pigs, horses) with the characteristics of numbers, body characteristics , body parts, color More broadly, the metaphor of HUMAN IS ANIMAL narrowed the scope of the notion with a single subordinate notion: THE ANIMAL REPLACED FOR THE HUMAN’S RICHNESS, when going to Ede epic đ Although it is not intended to study the animal words in epic as a value of artistic writing, comments on the role of the linguistic picture of animals in relation to literary works as a consequence of the topic This role is the most obvious in two aspects: creating epic voice and bring out the personal appearance for the character In epics, wild animal is fully identified with characteristics and the use of more than one feature In terms of form, such expression causes the rhythm long, slowly, with fully "stress" In terms of content, the associated meaning of animals: the power of instinct, the aggression has reinforced the epic air for the work When the identified expression "horse" with color characteristics, body characteristics, body parts appear steadily on the linear axis attached to the expression depicts the character of Mo Tao, hero character; or when the images of the reptiles (python, snake, cobra ) appear on the descriptions of the costumes of the Ede women, they are the evidence and explanation for the characteristic of character system in epics, they help explain why epic characters carry legendary beauty and romance Topics can be further developed to broaden the scope of research, compare and contrast with animal words in folk literature of other native languages such as folk/idiom/proverb Or compare animal words in Ede epics with the epics of other ethnics LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS Nguyen Thi Quynh Tho (2017), “The sematic field of “Buffalo” in Ede’s epics”, Language and Life Journal, no.(11), p.90-95 Nguyen Thi Quynh Tho (2017), “The sematic field of “Elephant” in Ede’s Epics”, Scientific and Social Journal, Hanoi National University of Education, no (11), p.61-68 Nguyen Thi Quynh Tho (2017), “Animal images in the costumes and cuisine of the Ede (Survey through the Ede epics)”, Scientific and Social Journal, Hanoi National University of Education, no (7), p.79-83 Nguyen Thi Quynh Tho (2017), “Animal images in the Ede epics”, Workshop 2th Hanoi National University of Education, p 569-572 Nguyen Thi Quynh Tho (2018), “The sematic field of “Horse” in Ede’s epics”, Language and Life Journal, no (269), p.92-98 Nguyen Thi Quynh Tho (2018), “The ethical philosophy of the Ede people through the animal semantic field (Survey through the Ede epics)”, Scientific and Social Journal, Hanoi National University of Education, no (4), p 99-103 Nguyen Thi Quynh Tho (2018), “The relationshop between human and human through animal semantic field (Survey through the Ede epics)”, Scientific and Social Journal, Hanoi National University of Education, no (4), p.9-15 Nguyen Thi Quynh Tho (2018), “The beauty of the Ede through the animal semantic field (Survey through the Ede epics)”, Tay Nguyen Scientific and Social Journal, no (29), p 65-70 ... Nguyen Thuy Khanh [62] Animal names have also been reviewed by several authors, such as Nguyen Duc Ton [110]; Nguyen Thuy Khanh [62]; Hoang Trong Canh [9]; Tran Hoang Anh [1]; Nguyen Thi Bach Duong... structure (iii) Pagmatical meaning Things, phenomena expressed in language are things, phenomena perceived by humans, so people often attach their own assessment of that thing, phenomenon, from that... Hao Tam Assoc.Prof.Ph.D Doan Thi Tam Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Nguyen Van Chinh Ha Noi National University of Social Sciences and Humanities Reviewer 2: Prof Dr Vu Thi Thanh Huong Language Institute