Nghiên cứu từ ngữ nghề nghiệp ở quảng nam – đà nẵng tt tiếng anh

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGO THI THU HUONG RESEARCH ON PROFESSIONAL JARGONS IN QUANG NAM – DA NANG Major: Code: Linguistics 22 90 20 SUMMARY OF PHD DISSERTATION HA NOI - 2019 The dissertation has been completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Supervisors: Assoc.Prof.Dr Pham Tat Thang Assoc.Prof.Dr Bui Trong Ngoan Examiner 1: Assoc.Prof.Dr Nguyen Hong Con Examiner 2: Assoc.Prof.Dr Nguyen Huu Hoanh Examiner 3: Assoc.Prof.Dr Le Thi Lan Anh The dissertation is defended before the Doctoral Dissertation Examining Committee at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Ha Noi On …………………2019 The dissertation can be found at: - National library of Vietnam - Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION Rationale 1.1 Professional jargons not only reflect professional activities but also express cultures and people’s ways of thinking in their production process Therefore, doing research and collecting professional jargons also response to demands of researching local culture and dialects 1.2 Quang Nam – Da Nang is a region with a variety of traditional craftworks However, due to the increasingly economic development, many traditional craftworks no longer exist or have been changed Therefore, it is necessary to collect and research on professional jargons in order to protect the culture and language of craftworks communities from being eroded 1.3 Nowadays, QN-DN has been undergoing an economic transition, focusing on developing the tourism sector in association with traditional craftworks Especially, there are traditional handicrafts that are developed because of identifiable culture of products Therefore, the study of professional jargons will also contribute to promote cultural values and serve the needs of socioeconomic development of the locality In conclusion, the study of professional jargons in QN-DN, especially the professional jargons in some craftworks has significant meanings and contributions in both theory and practice At the same time, this study also protects and promotes linguistic and cultural values of professional jargons in the current context in QN-DN Aims and tasks of the study 2.1 Aims of the study The study describes professional jargons in three craftworks in QN-DN and shows lingual and cultural characteristics of these professional jargons to contribute to protecting and developing professional jargons in the context of industrialization, modernization and international integration 2.2 Tasks of the study 1) Reviewing the literature on professional jargons; determine theoretical basis of the research and introduce the research context; 2) Describing lingual characteristics of professional jargons in QN-DN; 3) Analyzing cultural characteristics of professional jargons in QN-DN Subject, scope and materials of the study 3.1 Subject of the study The subject of the research is Vietnamese professional jargons in QN-DN 3.2 Scope of the study The scope of the study is professional jargons in three craftworks that represent Viet people’s craftworks in QN-DN including: 1) Professional jargons in pottery making in Nam Dieu, Thanh Ha, Quang Nam; 2) Professional jargons in stone carving in Non Nuoc, Ngu Hanh Son, Da Nang; 3) Professional jargons in lantern making in Hoi An, Quang Nam 3.3 Materials of the study The dissertation has collected 317 professional jargons of three Vienamese craftworks in QN-DN and these jargons are analysed in different nine fields including: production tools, production materials, manipulations, names of craftworks, types of worker, characteristics, attributes and other contents Research methods Fieldwork method, descriptive method and semantic - analysis method were adopted in this research At the same time, the research also used different methods such as: modeling, diagrams, comparison and descriptive statistics Contributions of the dissertation The research describes professional jargons of three craftworks in QN-DN in the current context Its results contribute to providing data for researches on professional jargons in QN-DN The research also suggests further research directions about professional jargons Theoretical and practical significance of the dissertation 6.1 Theoretical significance The dissertation contributes to the theoretical background on professional jargons as well as the development of Lexicology, Cultural Linguistics in the current context It also partly contributes to protecting and promoting lingual values and cultural values in QN-DN 6.2 Practical significance The research results can be used as is a necessary source of reference and documents for researching and teaching Vietnamese and Vietnamese culture The research provides a glossary of professional jargons and their definitions which are relevant to particular types of dictionaries, such as dialect dictionaries and professional jargons dictionaries and etc Structure of the dissertation In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendices, the dissertation consists of three chapters Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH CONTEXT 1.1 Literature review 1.1.1 International studies 1.1.1.1 Theoretical studies The first view is that professional jargon is a lexical group in a language system and often appears in traditional craftworks Professional jargons are often mentioned in researches on general linguistics, such as studies by YU Xtepanov (1984), Bondaletov, IU.V Rozdextvenxki, O.N.Trubachev (1966) and etc The second view is that professional jargons - including jargons and terminology - belong to modern occupations which apply scientific and technical advances Therefore, professional jargons were mentioned in Kenneth Hudson (1978) and Peter Bakker's study (2010) as a part of social dialects, distinguished from geographical dialects, pidgins and creoles, slang, loan and etc 1.1.1.2 Empirical studies While studying the application of professional jargons in the field of dictionaries with opinions on professional jargons as a group of linguistic systems, Rosemarie Gläser (2000) concluded that the addition of professional jargons to language-for-specific-purpose dictionaries made these dictionaries completed and closer to actual communications In addition, professional jargons have been studied in sociolinguistics to analyze the factors affecting the use of professional jargons by professionals and non-professionals Such studies were carried out by Berman et al (2015); Marousek Ivan (2015), and etc These studies suggest: 1) discouraging the use of professional jargons for non-professionals to break down (eliminate) communication barriers; 2) encouraging the use of professional jargons for professionals to show their professionalism, strengthen solidarity in the group to communicate more effectively in their working environment 1.1.2 Studies in Vietnam 1.1.2.1 Theoretical studies The first view is that professional jargons are grouped as lexicography with limited social aspects like dialects, slangs, terms and jargons which are different from general vocabulary These studies were carried out by Nguyen Thien Giap (1998, 2005), Nguyen Van Khang (2002), Do Huu Chau (1999), and Hoang Trong Canh (2006, 2010, and 2013)… The second view is that professional jargons would be a group used in spoken communications; Nguyen Van Tu (1978), Thai Hoa (1981) considered professional jargons in active scopes, functional stylistics and etc Besides the introduction of professional jargons in studies on lexicology, Nguyen Van Khang (2012) also referred to professional jargons as a social dialect in discrimination with jargon and euphemism 1.1.2.2 Empirical studies In Vietnam, professional jargons used to be studied in lexical systems using a descriptive method Recently, research on professional jargons has increasingly been added with other research contents such as: active environment, the way of nominating language units and etc In addition, there are quite a lot of research on professional jargon from a Cultural Linguistics perspective such as the studies by Luong Vinh An (2001), Hoang Trong Canh (2005, 2009, 2014), and etc On the other hand, professional jargons were also studied under the perspective of language – thinking such as the works of Hoang Thi Tham (2006), Nguyen Ky, Nguyen Thi Bach Nhan (2006) that analyzed semantic characteristics of professional jargons to see ways of thinking and ways of categorization of space, time and natural phenomenas of that community during production process It can be seen that each approach to professional jargons has its own advantages and limitations Therefore, depending on purposes of research, the researcher himself selected his own points of view, research approach and appropriate research methods From protecting and developing professional jargons in QN-DN in the current context, this dissertation analyzes professional jargons in the aspects of language system and in language – culture approach 1.2 Theoretical background 1.2.1 Overview of professional jargons 1.2.1.1 Some perspective on professional jargons In general, professional jargons are defined as a lexical class of language system, such as the opinions of Nguyen Thien Giap (2005), Do Huu Chau (1999), and etc Besides, professional jargons are researched on active scopes, functional stylistics and their nuance expressions in the works of Nguyen Van Tu (1978), Thai Hoa (1981) and etc 1.2.1.2 The dissertation's perspective on professional jargons This dissertation uses the perspectives of Nguyen Van Khang et al (2002) on the definition of professional jargons: "Professional jargons denote the entire production process, tools, materials, working objects, good points and bad points of productions, etc Professional jargons are always used in spoken language and they are considered to be professional In this type of vocabulary, there are many words that are known for their publicity and on the other hand, there are professional jargons that are not known because they are only used among experts, therefore, professionals who not specialize in this specific area may not be able to understand them” 1.2.1.3 The position of professional jargons in relation to lexical classes From the view of logics, this dissertation determines the position of professional jargon in relationship to Vietnamese lexical classes through their peripherals Firstly, the relationship between general vocabulary and professional jargon is an overlapping relationship Secondly, the relationship between dialect words and professional jargon is an overlapping relationship Thirdly, the relationship between terminology and professional jargon is an overlapping relationship and it is an intersecting relationship Fourthly, the relationship between language for specific purposes and professional jargon is also overlapping Fifthly, the relationship between slang and professional jargon is an overlapping relationship and it is an intersecting relationship 1.2.2 Some theoretical basis are used in the dissertation 1.2.2.1 The dissertation's perspectives on structure To receipt and inherit the opinions of previous studies on Vietnamese words, this dissertation determines the structure of professional jargons in QN-DN: for units that have structures as a word, the dissertation based on Nguyen Tai Can's view to classify: 1) single words; 2) compound words; 3) reduplicative words The dissertation based on Nguyen Thien Giap's view to classify units of professional jargons that have structure larger than word into two types: 1) nominative phrases; 2) idioms and proverbs 1.2.2.2 The dissertation's perspective on meaning In this dissertation, we used the perspective of Le Quang Thiem (2008) about meanings of words And meanings of professional jargon were considered in the criteria: 1) structure of meanings and 2) mearnings of a word in relation to subjects 1.2.2.3 The dissertation's perspective on origin of structural elements Professional jargons in three craftworks in QN-DN are classified: 1) Vietnamese origins; 2) Loans; 3) Combinations 1.2.2.4 The relationship between nomination and culture This dissertation uses the definition of nomination of G.V Consansky (1976) and analyses its characteristics based on criteria: 1) nomination structure and 2) nomination methodology 1.2.2.5 The relationship between language and culture Studying the relationship between language and culture is often examined on the basis of traditional and modern studies’ point of view Whatever the point of views is, "each language is itself a cultural phenomenon" and the relationship between language and culture is immensely large, expressed by the classification of dialects (geography and society), cultural contents, ideological habits and etc 1.3 Research context 1.3.1 About Quang Nam - Da Nang 1.3.1.1 Natural characteristics The study introduces the terrain and climate of QN-DN to see natural conditions for the appearance and development of craftworks and their professional jargons in QN-DN 1.3.1.2 Social characteristics The study introduces history, population and dialects in QN-DN to see the differences of professional jargons in QN-DN in comparison with professional jargons in other areas in Vietnam 1.3.2 Some craftworks of Viet people in Quang Nam - Da Nang 1.3.2.1 Aspects craftworks According to the historical documents, some craftworks of Viet people in QNDN is an inheritance of tradition from the North Delta and North Central Delta in Vietnam During the Southward advance at QN-DN, Viet people have adapted to natural and cultural conditions of indigenous inhabitants, and developed many traditional craftworks in QN-DN 1.3.2.2 Pottery making in Nam Dieu, Thanh Ha, Hoi An, Quang Nam Pottery making appears in Nam Dieu, Thanh Ha, Hoi An in Quang Nam The village is close to locations with large reserves of clay and this location has an advantage of waterway transportation that meets demands of local people and tourism development in this area 1.3.2.3 Stone carving in Non Nuoc, Ngu Hanh Son, Da Nang Stone carving in Non Nuoc has a long history in Hoa Hai ward, Ngu Hanh Son district, Da Nang city This occupation is appeared and developed near clusters of limestone mountains and craft village which is in a convenient traffic position supporting transport demands of people as well as local tourism development 1.3.2.4 Lantern making in Hoi An, Quang Nam Lantern making has a long tradition in Hoi An, Quang Nam - an important trading port in Dang Trong in previous centuries, where many ethnic groups lived and traded; so Viet people’s products are traditional, exchanged and the acculturation among cultures in QN-DN 1.4 Conclusion 1) The dissertation has reviewed literature on professional jargons in foreign countries and in Vietnam in terms of theory and practice; 2) The dissertation presents the theoretical background for studying professional jargons; 3) The dissertation introduces natural and social conditions as a practical basis to form traditional occupational systems as well as the system of professional jargons of Viet people in QN-DN At the same time, the dissertation also briefly introduced about three craftworks in QN-DN to see the context of professional jargons in this locality Chapter LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESIONAL JARGONS IN QUANG NAM - DA NANG 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Language characteristics of professional jargons in pottery making 2.2.1 Structure characteristics Table 2.1 The structure form of the professional jargons in pottery making No Structure form Number Percentage Examples Single words 24 29.6 phết, rấm, rang, dẻo, thô Compound words 32 39.5 bàn nhồi, đồ cạo Phrases 25 30.9 thợ sửa nguội, thợ chuốt Total 81 100.0 2.2.2 Semantic characteristics 2.2.2.1 Semantic structures In addition to the pragmatic meaning that is not clearly shown in professional jargons, the denotative meaning of professional jargons shows that: there are the differences of the object groups expressed by professional jargons and there are the differences in the categorized criteria in each word group Meanwhile, the connotation meaning is modeled according to the following structure: Y ± X (n) In particular, Y is the meaning of category; X is the detailed meaning that supplements information for Y; n is the number of meanings, the larger n is, the more knowledge the object has 2.2.2.2 The meaning in relationship to the objects are represented by the professional jargons For the professional jargons in pottery making, the direct meaning represents different objects in occupations such as tools, materials, products, etc In addition, the direct meaning of professional jargons in pottery making is also a combination of the meaning of elements, such as: cold repair, kiln workers and etc The transitional meaning of professional jargons is derived through metaphorical methods, such as mouth of pottery kiln, door in hip of pottery kiln (side door) and etc At the same time, the transitional meaning of professional jargons in the pottery making is also derived on the basis of expanding meanings of word, such as cases of roasting and etc or meaning of words were transitioned when the use of objects is changed such as the case of oysters which are originally a marine species but are used as a tool for shaping in the pottery making 2.2.3 Origins characteristics of structural elements Table 2.2 The origin of structural elements in professional jargons in pottery making Origin No of structural Number Percentage Examples elements Vietnamese origins 67 82.7 bàn xoay Loans 1.2 thô Combinations 13 16 thợ điêu khắc) Total 81 100.0 2.2.4 Characteristics of parts of speech Table 2.3 Parts of speech of professional jargons in pottery making No Parts of speech Number Percentage Examples Nouns 55 67.9 lò điện, thổi Verbs 20 24.7 nhồi đất, làm nguội Adjectives 7.4 chín Total 81 100.0 2.2.5 The nominated characteristics 2.2.5.1 The nominated structure  In a phrase, we use a speech part of a central element 11 After removing 07 cases that are random words and reduplicative words, there are 179 cases that are analyzed about the nominated characteristics of stone carving Table 2.11 The nominated structure of professional jargon in stone carving Nominated No Nominated model Number Percentage structure Basic Basic elements 51 28.5 nomination (nominated model 1) basic element + one nominated element (nominated model 2) The basic element Complex + two nominated elements 128 71.5 nomination (nominated model 3) The basic element + three nominated elements (nominated model 4) Total 179 100 2.3.5.2 Nomination methods The professional jargons in stone carving have the direct nomination method that accounts for a large number (83.7%) with eleven nominated characteristics Meanwhile, professional jargons of stone carving with indirect nomination method take up a small amount (16.3%), and those words are nominated by metaphor of human and animal body parts, such as cases of going deep inside (of some products), tendon of stone (clouded on the stone), etc 2.4 Linguistic characteristics of profession jargons in lantern making 2.4.1 Structure characteristics Table 2.16 The structural form of the profession jargons in lantern making No Structural form Number Percentage Examples Single words đít, râu, sườn Compound words 16 32 thợ dán, giấy gương Nominative 31 62 lấy cỡ, dán vải phrases Total 50 100 2.4.2 Semantic characteristics 12 2.4.2.1 Semantic structure In the semantic structure of professional jargons, the denotative meaning shows the differences of the object groups as well as the differences in the selection of criteria to categorize the objects in the occupation Meanwhile, the connotation meaning is modeled according to the following structure: Y ± X (n) In particular, Y is the meaning of category; X is the detailed meaning that supplementing information for Y; n is the number of meanings, the larger n is, the more knowledge the object has 2.4.2.2 The meanings in relationship to objects represented by professional jargons The direct meaning in professional jargons shows different objects in occupations through denotative meanings In addition, direct meaning of professional jargons is also a combination of meaning of structural elements, such as drilling holes, fabric stickers, adding iron and etc Meanwhile, transitional meaning of professional jargons is derived on the basis of metaphor meanings of words, examples: ca na lanterns and etc 2.4.3 Origin characteristics of structural elements Table 2.17 The origins of structural elements in professional jargons in lantern making Origin No Number Percentage Examples of structural elements Vietnamese origins 30 60 bỏ sắt Loans 10 máy tự chế Combinations 15 30 đèn lồng hoa tuylip Total 50 100.0 2.4.4 Characteristics of parts of speech Table 2.18 Parts of speech of professional jargons in lantern making No Parts of speech Number Percentage Examples Nouns 30 60 giấy trong, lồng đèn củ tỏi Verbs 18 36 chạy chỉ, cột dây Adjectives gãy nứt Total 50 100 13 2.4.5 Nominated characteristics 2.4.5.1 Nominated structure After removing compound words whose relationships between elements are equal, there are 41 professional jargons in lantern making that are analyzed about nominated characteristics Table 2.19 The nominated structure of professional jargon in lantern making Nominated No Nominated model Number Percentage structure Basic Basic element 7.3 nomination (nominated model 1) The basic element + one nominated element (nominated model 2) Complex 38 92.7 The basic element nomination + two nominated elements (nominated model 3) Total 41 100 2.4.5.2 Nomination methods Professional jargons with direct nomination method account for a large number with six nomination characteristics Professional jargons in making lanterns have indirect methods that account for a small number It is a metaphorical nomination which transfers external attributes of general words expressing human body parts into attributes of professional jargons expressing objects in craftworks, such as ass, ribs (of lantern) or transfers some external attributes of general words expressing some agricultural products into attributes of professional jargons expressing objects in craftworks in QN-DN 2.5 General remarks about language characteristics of professional jargons in three craftworks The study generally comments on five linguistic characteristics of professional jargons in QN-DN in three craftworks The analysis results show that professional jargons of craftworks in QN-DN are local Secondly, the professional jargons are traditional Thirdly, the professional jargons are contemporary in expressing objects in the craftworks in QN-DN And fourthly, 14 professional jargons are relatively stable when there are words that are not used independently in modern Vietnamese 2.6 Conclusion In chapter 2, the study has described five linguistic characteristics of professional jargons in three craftworks in QN-DN The study has modeled, charted and generalized semantic contents, structure forms and nomination methods of professional jargons QN-DN From those results, the study gave many linguistic characteristics of professional jargons in three craftworks in QN-DN to base on analysis cultural characteristics of professional jargons in three craftworks in QN-DN in chapter Chapter CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROFESSIONAL JARGONS IN QUANG NAM - DA NANG 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Cultural characteristics expressed in professional jargons in pottery making 3.2.1 Cultural characteristics expressed in structure form Firstly, Nam Dieu pottery making mainly focuses on categorizing objects while Phuoc Tich pottery making focuses on details of objects Secondly, Nam Dieu pottery making doesn’t focus on using slick speech while Bat Trang pottery making does 3.2.2 Cultural characteristics expressed in semantic content 3.2.2.1 Cultural characteristics expressed in semantic structure The dissertation analyzed the differences from denotative meanings of professional jargons in Nam Dieu pottery making such as professional jargons in Phuoc Tich pottery making, professional jargons in Bat Trang pottery and ceramics to highlight the cultural characteristics of professional jargons in Nam Dieu pottery making 3.2.2.2 Cultural characteristics are expressed in the relationship between meaning and object represented The direct meaning of professional jargons in Nam Dieu pottery making shows the reality of production culture through denotative meanings Meanwhile, the transitional meaning of professional jargons in Nam Dieu pottery making is formed by metaphoric similar meanings that reflect visual thinking and egocentric thinking of traditional craftsmen in QN-DN through professional jargons such as mouth of pottery kiln and etc Besides, the transitional meaning 15 of professional jargons in Nam Dieu pottery making reflect of agricultural culture in QN-DN through cases such as roasting, anneal (soil) and etc 3.2.3 Cultural characteristics are expressed in the origins of structural elements Firstly, Nam Dieu pottery making is more traditional than Bat Trang pottery and ceramic making but less traditional than Phuoc Tich pottery Secondly, Nam Dieu pottery making had a cultural exchange while Phuoc Tich pottery making did not Thirdly, Nam Dieu pottery making is more contemporary than Phuoc Tich pottery making but less contemporary than Bat Trang pottery and ceramic making 3.2.4 Cultural characteristics are expressed in parts of speech The parts of speech of professional jargons in Nam Dieu pottery making reflect the reality of production culture: the demands to express objects are higher than demands to express activities and attributes of objects in the occupation Comparing to parts of speech of professional jargons in other craftworks shows that there is a complexity in production activities and abundance in expressing the nature of object of professional jargons in Nam Dieu pottery making 3.2.5 Cultural characteristics expressed in nominations Firstly, a number of nominated structures of professional jargons in Nam Dieu pottery making show that the need on detailing for objects of level larger than level (the number of structured model is larger than the number structured model 3) Secondly, there is the richness of nominative characteristics in the professional jargons in Nam Dieu pottery making Thirdly, the indirect nomination method in professional jargons in Nam Dieu pottery making reflects the visual thinking of the Viet people in QN-DN At the same time, indirect nomination method in professional jargons Nam Dieu pottery making also reflects the egocentric thinking of local residents and the influence by their agricultural culture 3.2.6 Cultural characteristics expressed in ordinary life Firstly, professional jargons in Nam Dieu pottery making show culinary culture in folk poetries: "It is ridiculous if cool rice is steaming Cooked fish in a pot can swim and float” Secondly, professional jargons are also used as a means to describe grievances in front of unreasonable things: “Eating all of rice cooked in the pot, then putting blame on the rice; Borrowing money without returning (it) but blaming at the loan giver” (“blame” has meaning that a small pot in the Middle dialect of Vietnamese) 3.3 The cultural characteristics expressed in the professional jargons in stone carving 16 3.3.1 The cultural characteristics expressed in the form of structure Stone carving focuses on detailing objects (are expressed by number of compound words whose relationships between elements are dependent) but levels of detail are not high (a number of nomination phrases are smaller than a number of compound words in which relationships between elements are dependent) 3.3.2 The cultural characteristics expressed in semantic content 3.3.2.1 The cultural characteristics expressed in semantic structure Firstly, the denotative meanings of professional jargons in stone carving directly reflect the reality of the production culture in QN-DN Secondly, professional jargons reflect the reality of material as well as spiritual cultural of the Viet people in QN-DN Thirdly, professional jargons reflect the effects of local agricultural culture Fourthly, professional jargons reflect the cultural exchange in QN-DN 3.3.2.2 Cultural characteristics are expressed in the relationship of meaning to the object represented Firstly, the direct and transitional meaning of professional jargons in Non Nuoc stone carving reflect the reality of production culture through denotative meanings Secondly, the transitional meaning of professional jargons of stone carving also reflects the egocentric thinking and the visual thinking of traditional craftsmen in QN-DN Thirdly, the transitional meaning of professional jargons in stone carving reflects the agricultural culture of local residents 3.3.3 Cultural characteristics are expressed in the origin of structural elements Firstly, the origin of structural elements in professional jargons reflects the tradition of stone carving Secondly, the origin of structural elements in professional jargons in stone carving reflects the contemporary culture: there is the cultural exchange and acculturation through some groups of words, especially the groups of professional jargons about products as the Quan Cong statue, the statue of linga, the statue of yoni and etc 3.3.4 Cultural characteristic expressed in part of speech Firstly, based on grammatical meanings of groups of words, it can be seen that, the professional jargons in stone carving focus on expressing objects rather than on the attributes, activities and etc of objects in the occupation Secondly, professional jargons in stone carvings reflect the reality of the production culture in the occupation: there is not a greater diversity of object and it is more 17 complicated in production activities in stone carvings when compared to parts of speech of professional jargons in other craftworks 3.3.5 Cultural characteristics are expressed in nomination Firstly, professional jargons in stone carving have some nomination structures that reflect the cultural reality produced in the occupation: nominated structures express categorized objects not many but mainly about objects with high detail, such as máy cà giấy nhám (sandpaper scrubbing machine), mũi hợp kim (alloy chisel), đục mũi thẳng (straight chisel), etc Secondly, direct nomination method in professional jargons in stone carving reflects the visual thinking of craftsmen through using nine nomination characteristics in professional jargons in stone carving in QN-DN Thirdly, professional jargons in stone carving to be indirect nomination that reflects the visual thinking and egocentric thinking of craftsmen in the occupation Besides, indirect nomination method in professional jargons in stone carving also shows the influences of local agricultural culture into fields in the occupation 3.3.6 Cultural characteristics expressed in ordinary life Firstly, professional jargons in stone carving reflect folk knowledge about production such as “the awry mortar, the skillful distortions” that is a stone carving’s experience, and workers are skillful when they had to chisel stones from distorted until them turn to be circle Secondly, professional jargons in stone carving also appear in folk poetry and they reflect culture of highly respecting to craftsmen of the Viet people in QN-DN: “Getting married to a stonemason, what is there to eat? Bring to work some chisels, then carry them home and it again the next day Darling, please not say anything if you not want to feel embarrassed Getting married with a stonemason, he has a job to live on Whenever he is out, he always wears shoes People call him master” 3.4 Cultural characteristics expressed in professional jargons in lantern making 3.4.1 Cultural characteristics expressed in structural form The structural form of professional jargons in lantern making shows that, it focuses on generalizing objects rather than categorizing objects In particular, the group of words expressing products is completely the nominated phrase that shows the highly detailed need of this group of words in the professional jargons of lantern making 3.4.2 Cultural characteristics expressed in semantic content 3.4.2.1 Cultural characteristics expressed in semantic structure 18 Firstly, the denotative meanings of professional jargons in lantern making reflect the reality of production culture: there is a negligible support of science and technology in production process Secondly, the denotative meanings of professional jargons in stone carving reflect the influence in agricultural culture of local residents Thirdly, the denotative meanings of professional jargons in stone carving reflect cultural exchange in QN-DN 3.4.2.2 Cultural characteristics are expressed in the relationship of meaning to the object represented Firstly, direct meanings of professional jargons reflect the reality of production culture in the occupation through denotative meanings Secondly, the transitional meanings of professional jargons reflect influence of agricultural culture and cultural exchange in lantern making in Hoi An Thirdly, the transitional meaning of professional jargons shows the visual thinking of craftsmen in lantern making in Hoi An, Quang Nam 3.4.3 Cultural characteristics are expressed in origin of structural elements Firstly, origin of structural elements in professional jargons shows the tradition in lantern making Secondly, origin of structural elements in professional jargons in the lantern making shows locality Thirdly, origin of structural elements in professional jargons in the lantern making shows the language exchange and acculturation between the Viet communities and other communities 3.4.4 Cultural characteristics express in parts of speech Firstly, parts of speech of groups of words in the lantern making reflect a reality of production culture: there are more number of nouns expressing all of objects than verbs expressing all of attributes and activities of objects in the occupations Secondly, research on the parts of speech of professional jargons in lantern making also shows that although lantern craftsmen have very little materials and equipment, they have produced many types of lanterns to serve tourists and local people 3.4.5 Cultural characteristics are expressed in nomination Firstly, cultural structures in professional jargons in lantern making reflect the reality of production culture in the occupation Secondly, the directed nomination method in professional jargons in lantern making reflects localism by selecting the nominated characteristics as well as the visual thinking of workers in QN-DN through external nominated characteristics Thirdly, the indirect nomination method in professional jargons in lantern making reflects an egocentric thinking of craftsmen in QN-DN Besides, indirect nomination 19 method in professional jargons in lantern making also shows the influence of local agricultural cultures through metaphor external attributes of nominated objects 3.4.6 Cultural characteristics are expressed in ordinary life Firstly, the appearance of professional jargons in lantern making in folk knowledge shows the production culture of craftsmen in QN-DN Secondly, the appearance of professional jargons in the folk verses also reflects folk cultural activities of Viet people in QN-DN Thirdly, the appearance of professional jargons in lantern making is in folk poetries that reflects the closeness of the occupation to ordinary life of the residents in QN-DN: “There is the moon, the lantern is negated To be in luxurious place, the promises are forgotten immediately” 3.5 General comments on cultural characteristics of professional jargons in Quang Nam – Da Nang Firstly, the professional jargons reflect the reality in the production culture Secondly, the professional jargons reflect the influence of agricultural culture on local residents Thirdly, the professional jargons reflect the cultural exchange and acculturation in QN-DN Fourthly, the professional jargons reflect the visual thinking and egocentric thinking of Viet people in general, Viet craftsmen in QN-DN in particular At the same time, through the appearance of professional jargons in ordinary life, it shows that: Firstly, the professional jargons reflect the material culture of inhabitants in QN-DN Secondly, the professional jargons reflect the spiritual culture such as folk knowledge, behavioral culture, culture that highly respects the importance of craftsmen as well as the ways of expressing of the Viet people in love and in the ordinary life 3.6 Conclusion The study analyzes the cultural characteristics that were expressed in professional jargons in three craftworks in QN-DN and the ones that were expressed in the daily life of the local people The study compares the linguistic characteristics of professional jargons in three craftworks in QN-DN to not only professional jargons in Bat Trang ceramics, Dat Tai carpentry but also to professional jargons of other ethnic people as Cotu people in Quang Nam province In addition, the study points out three cultural characteristics of professional jargons in QN-DN 20 CONCLUSION Firstly, the linguistic characteristics of professional jargons in Quang Nam – Da Nang The form of professional jargons in QN-DN consists of three structures: single words, compound words (including words whose elements have equal or dependent relationships, and random words), and phrases In particular, there are a large number of nominated phrases and compound words whose elements have dependent relationships; a smaller number of single words; a fewer number of idioms and absolutely no reduplicated words Research on semantic structure of professional jargons shows that, denotative meanings of professional jargons express some of objects and show different criteria in categorizing expressed objects in each occupation On the other hand, research on semantic structure as well as denotative meanings also shows the traditional nature, relative stability as well as the contemporary of professional jargons in QN-DN Meanwhile, connotative meanings of each group of words expressing deferent contents that also have a semantic structure: Y ± X (n) However dependent on each group of words in each occupation, connotative meaning structure has a number of meanings that are different In addition, the study of semantics of professional jargons in relation to objects in craftworks shows direct meaning of the professional jargons reflected in all of objects in the craftworks through denotative meanings Meanwhile, the transitional meanings of professional jargons are formed on the basis of metaphor/ metonymy This is transfer external meanings (position, shape and etc.) and internal meanings (attributes, status and etc.) of general words and of agricultural culture into the meanings of professional jargons in QN-DN Professional jargons in QN-DN are mainly composed of Vietnamese origins (including dialect words and there are some words that are dependently used in the current system of modern Vietnamese) The loaned words have a small amount of structural elements, while words with a combination of Vietnamese original elements and loaned origins account for a relatively large number Thereby, it is possible to see the diversity of origin of structural elements in professional jargons in QN-DN Research on parts of speech of professional jargons in QN-DN has results: 21 the proportion of nouns is the largest; the proportion of verbs is the second and the proportion of adjective is the smallest This shows the need to express different groups of professional jargons in QN-DN: professional jargons expressing objects are larger than actions and natures of work in the occupations in QN-DN Statistical results of nomination structure in professional jargons in QN-DN show that, the number of words with a basic nomination structure is not large, whereas a number of professional jargons which have complex nomination structure are large On the other hand, there are a large number of professional jargons having the ways of direct nomination with internal characteristics, while there are a smaller number of professional jargons having the ways of indirect nomination and those jargons are formed on the basis of metaphor and extension in denotative scope of professional jargons It is the transformation of attributes of words expressing human body parts into the attributes of professional jargons as well as the transformation of attributes of words expressing objects in agricultural culture into the attributes of professional jargons in QN-DN Thus, in addition to the general characteristics of structural forms, semantics, origins of structural elements, parts of speech, nominations such as some professional jargons in other areas, the professional jargons are local in QNDN; the professional jargons are traditional with a large number of Vietnamese origins; the professional jargons are contemporary when they express the objects in the occupations; and the professional jargons are also relatively stable when they express all of objects that are not in the modern Vietnamese Secondly, cultural characteristics of professional jargons in Quang Nam – Da Nang The difference in the number of professional jargons of Viet people in QNDN reflects the cultural reality of these communities through different groups of words: types of worker, production stages, production tools, names of craftworks and etc At the same time, the appearance of structure forms also reflects the culture of using professional jargons of Viet communities in QNDN: the Viet workers always use the way of direct speaking more than the way of polished speech Researching on the semantic structure of the professional jargons in QN-DN 22 shows the denotative meanings that reflects the material (culinary culture, production culture and etc.) and spiritual culture of Viet workers in QN-DN Especially, the denotative meaning of professional jargons does not only reflect influence on the agricultural culture of the local residents but also reflects on beliefs of different communities into professional jargons (through a group of words that expresses products of occupations) These cultural characteristics not only reflect the tradition but also reflect the cultural exchange and acculturation of the Viet people in QN-DN The direct meanings in professional jargons reflect the reality of culture through denotative meanings Meanwhile, transitional meanings of the professional jargons reflect egocentric thinking (when transferring some meanings of general vocabulary expressing human body parts into the meanings of professional jargons expressing the objects in the occupations) And transitional meanings of professional jargons reflect the visual thinking of the Viet people (when transferring some meanings of general vocabulary in agricultural culture into the meanings of professional jargons) in QN-DN The diversity about origin of structural elements in professional jargons in QN-DN shows that there is a cultural diversity in QN-DN It reflects the traditional culture of the Vietnamese, the exchange and acculturation of other culture with some group of words with elements in the combination of Vietnamese origin and original words loaned In particular, the appearance of Chinese-Vietnamese elements in professional jargons shows the influence of the Chinese (Han) culture into the traditional occupations in QN-DN in the past The numbers of professional jargons with elements are loaned from the origin of Indo-European, Cham, etc is not large, however they show that there is a cultural exchange in the traditional occupations of Viet people in QN-DN Findings about parts of speech of professional jargons in QN-DN show demands for expressing objects are greater than for expressing operations, production stages or attributes and status of objects relevant in traditional occupations in QN-DN In addition, the study on parts of speech of professional jargons’ groups also show the diversity in products, tools, manipulations/ stages of work and etc (expressed by the number of professional jargons that are nouns and verbs) and shows the simplicity in the way of naming attributes and status of objects that are related in the 23 occupations (expressed by the number of words that are adjective) Reseaching on nomination structure of the professional jargons in QN-DN shows that, the need for categorizing objects is larger than the need for detailed objects in the occupations in QN-DN Besides, the professional jargons having the way of direct nomination with the internal nominated characteristics reflect the visual thinking of the workers in QN-DN The thinking is also reflected through the selection of elements to nominate professional jargons On the other hand, professional jargons having the way of indirect nomination reflected the visual thinking and egocentric thinking of the workers in QN-DN through metaphors There are some phenomena that transffered external attributes (position, shape and etc.) as well as internal attributes (status, nature and etc.) of words expressed local agricultural products into attributes of professional jargons in QN-DN Being one of the means of communication and thinking, professional jargons not only reflect the production culture but also a means to transmit culture The professional jargons are not only used to transfer experiences but they are also used to reflect the behavioral culture, craftsmen-dominated culture, as well as reflecting the feelings of people who are in love and daily feelings in the ordinary life of Viet people in QN-DN Thus, professional jargons in QN-DN reflect the reality of production culture, material culture and spiritual culture of local residents At the same time, professional jargons also reflect local agricultural culture as well as cultural exchanges and acculturation in QN-DN In addition, professional jargons in QN-DN also reflect visual thinking and egocentric thinking of the traditional workers in QN-DN In conclusion, being a part of Vietnamese language, professional jargons in QNDN have made Vietnamese more diverse and richer It is not only a means to communicate among workers in their occupations but also a means of reflecting culture, reflecting the thinking of Viet people in general, and Viet workers in QN-DN in particular Therefore, the study on Viet people’s professional jargons in QN-DN does not only show the knowledge of the language but (it) also sees the culture of Viet workers being "sunk" behind the language On the other hand, QN-DN has some policies about professional jargons and tourism for local socioeconomic development at present, the craftworks have some opportunities to be 24 published Therefore, the study of professional jargons in QN-DN is one of the necessary ones in promoting the linguistic and cultural values of this area Due to the limited resources, the dissertation can only be implemented in three craftworks in QN-DN although QN-DN is the land with a long history and many traditional occupations inherited from North Delta and North Central Vietnam in previous centuries In the process of living in QN-DN, Viet people had cultural-language changes Therefore, this dissertation can suggest further studies on professional jargons under different perspectives such as etymology, dialect, Vietnamese history and etc to see the overall picture in professional jargons in general and professional jargons in QN-DN in particular REFERENCE AND APPENDICES LIST OF THE AUTHOR’S PUBLICATIONS Ngo Thi Thu Huong, Bui Trong Ngoan (2015), The surveying professional jargons of some craftworks in Quang Nam - Da Nang, Journal of Science and Technology, Da Nang University, No.4 Ngo Thi Thu Huong (2017), Current research situation of professional jargons, Central Social Science Review, No.2 Ngo Thi Thu Huong (2017), Learn the culture through professional jargons in Quang Nam - Da Nang (case study of traditional Vietnamese’s professional jargons in craftworks), Central Social Sciences Review, No.3 Ngo Thi Thu Huong (2018), The position of professional jargons in relation to lexical classes, Journal of Academic Dictionary and Encyclopedia, No.2 ... traditional craftworks in QN-DN 1.3.2.2 Pottery making in Nam Dieu, Thanh Ha, Hoi An, Quang Nam Pottery making appears in Nam Dieu, Thanh Ha, Hoi An in Quang Nam The village is close to locations... in pottery making in Nam Dieu, Thanh Ha, Quang Nam; 2) Professional jargons in stone carving in Non Nuoc, Ngu Hanh Son, Da Nang; 3) Professional jargons in lantern making in Hoi An, Quang Nam. .. structural elements Firstly, Nam Dieu pottery making is more traditional than Bat Trang pottery and ceramic making but less traditional than Phuoc Tich pottery Secondly, Nam Dieu pottery making had a cultural