Lời nói giới thiệu và tự giới thiệu trong tiếng việt (có liên hệ với tiếng anh) tt tieng anh

NAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES TUONG THI PHUONG LIEN VERBAL INTRODUCTION AND SELF-INTRODUCTION EXPRESSIONS IN VIETNAMESE (WITH REFERENCE TO ENGLISH) Major: Linguistics Major code: 22 90 20 SUMMARY OF THE PhD DISSERTATION IN LINGUISTICS HA NOI - 2019 The dissertation has been completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr Ngo Huu Hoang Examiner 1: Prof Dr Le Quang Thiem Examiner 2: Assoc.Prof.Dr Vu Kim Bang Examiner 3: Assoc.Prof Dr Nguyen Hong Con The dissertation will be defended before the doctoral disertation Examining Committee at Graduate Academy Of Social Sciences on 2019 This disertation is available found at: National library of Viet Nam Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences LIST OF AUTHOR’S SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2015), “A Case study: Characteristics of language-culture introduction etiquette in American English”, Journal of Language and Life - Issue (238) – 2015 Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2016), “ Verbal introduction in Price is right”, Yearbook of the Reserving Vietnamese transparance in schools national Conference – Issue – 2016 Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2018), “The formulae of verbal introduction at the meetings and anniversaries according to national etiquete”, Journal of Language and Life - Issue (270) – 2018 Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2018), “The formulae of English verbal introduction at the ceremonies in the United States armed forces”, Journal of Language and Life - Issue (275) – 2018 Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2018), “Introduction etiquete used for People’s Public Security”, Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences - Issue 8(63)-2018 Tuong Thi Phuong Lien (2019), “The formulae of Vietnamese verbal introduction in daily conversation (with reference to American English)”, Yearbook of National linguistics Conference, Issue – 2019 INTRODUCTION Rationale Researching the characteristics of verbal introduction and selfintroduction contributes to the study of the selection of language expressions in the use of Vietnamese people to suit the languagecultural-social characteristics At each communication area, the informal and non-formal communication context of introductory speech and self-introduction have different expressions Therefore, this is an issue of concern in Vietnam in the context of the impact of increasingly strong intercultural and linguistic factors from abroad Words of introduction and self-introduction appear regularly in all areas of life and become a research content of learning Studying Vietnamese language of communication in specific areas will shed light on the characteristics of Vietnamese language introduction and introduction At the same time the survey results related to English data in similar contexts will help reinforce the research results So far, according to our initial understanding, there have been almost no indepth, systematic studies of these spoken behaviors Therefore, we conducted a research project entitled "Verbal introduction and selfintroduction in Vietnamese (with reference to English) to fill this gap Aims and tasks of the study 2.1 Aims of the study Through studying verbal introduction and self-introduction in Vietnamese (with reference to English) in formal and informal communication, the thesis contributes to prove the theory of pragmatics about speech acts, the theory of social linguistics on speech, and at the same time contributes to the study of the characteristics of Vietnamese and English communication in general, from the range of politics and society , scope of entertainment and daily activities in particular 2.2 Tasks of the study On the basis of the overview of the research situation, the dessertation introduces some basic contents on the problem of communication theory from the perspective of social learning applications Identify characteristics of verbal introduction and self-introduction in Vietnamese and English in particular by analyzing communication factors, surveying and pointing out speech expressions, components of verbal introduction and self-introduction and other ones in the scope of politics and society, the scope of entertainment and daily communication Identify socio-cultural and political factors affecting verbal introduction and selfintroduction in Vietnamese with reference to English Subject, scope and materials of the study 3.1 Subject of the study The subject of the dissertation is verbal introduction and selfintroduction expressions in Vietnamese with reference to English 3.3 Materials of the study The research materials are collected from two main sources namely films (American films and Vietnamese films) and the record of daily conversation Research methods and suportting methods The dissertation employs some research methods such as description method, conversation analysis method and contrastive method In addition, other methods are used such as modeling method, statistics and classification method Theoretical and practical significance of the dissertation 5.1 Theoretical significance The research results of the dessertation will contribute to the study of speech in Vietnamese communication From the study of verbal introduction and self-introduction in Vietnamese with reference to English, the communication strategy of each ethnic group and community is associated with the cultural-linguistic-social characteristics of ethnic groups and its community 5.2 Practical significance The research results can be used as a reference for studying, researching or teaching English for Vietnamese people and teaching Vietnamese for foreigners In addition, the research results will also contribute to translation from English into Vietnamese and vice versa Structure of the dissertation In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, References and Appendices, the main content of the dessertation is structured into three chapters: Chapter Overview of research situation and theoretical basis Chapter Characteristics of verbal introduction and self-introduction expressions in Vietnamese language in formal communication with reference to English Chapter Characteristics of verbal introduction and self-introduction expressions in Vietnamese language in informal communication with reference to English CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Literature review 1.1.1 Previous studies in the world There are no specialized works on verbal introduction and self-introduction expressions , only some authors such as Emily Post, Nagesh Belludi, John Corcoran, Jo Bryant, Pamela Martin, etc write about introducing and self-introducing of some common communication situations Nguyen Quang (2017), in "Ways of expression", the author gives quite specific expressions of specific language behaviors by groups such as greeting and sharing (greeting and taking leave), showing affection and attitude feeling (showing feeling and attitude) in which, introduction and asking for introduction is in the greeting and taking leave Nguyen Quang gave 85 introductory speech expressions (introduction, self-introduction) in the formal and non-formal context These are very useful expressions, high school use, which helps us make comparisons and suggestions in our research process About self-introduction, besides some expressions of Nguyen Quang, self-introduction expressions are only on some online newspapers at a simple level with only specific expressions 1.1.2 Previous studies in Vietnam In Vietnam, there are three research directions of verbal introduction and self-introduction but there are only a few studies in a narrow range The first, some studies in the direction of pointing out speech patterns, corresponding to the expressions of verbal introduction and selfintroduction in Vietnamese and English as Thai Duy Bao (1988); Nguyen Van Lap (1989); The second, applying the theory of linguistic behavior of Austin and Searle, a number of studies on introductory behavior are conducted within a dissertation such as Do Thi Mai Huong (2009), Hoang Minh Hang (2011) The third, some studies in social linguistics like the reseach of Khuc Thi Hanh (2015) 1.2 Theoretical bases 1.2.1 Some issues of communication Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings and emotions through words, signals, writing, or attitudes During communication, the sender (encoder) encrypts a message and then uses an intermediate channel to send it to the recipient (decoder) that decodes that message and after the information is processed Then send feedback / reply using intermediate channel In communication there are forms: Based on communication means there are two types of communication in words and nonverbal communication Verbal communication (verbal communication) including verbal communication and written communication; nonverbal communication includes oral communication (paralanguage) and extralanguage communication In communication, users constantly choose language (language choice) in any aspect of language such as phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, etc Each small change in a certain dimension will create a profound meaning Language choice takes place subjectively by the communicator (strategic choice) but can also happen unconsciously (contextual choice) Three outstanding features of language selection are variability, negotiation and adaptability Communication factors play an important role in creating speeches in each communication event The views of pragmatics and linguistics of communication factors mentioned by the authors such as Do Huu Chau point to three factors in communication: context, language and discourse According to the school research perspective of social linguistics, Saville-Troike (1986) offers twelve factors Nguyen Quang (2002) offers fourteen factors to suit cultural linguistic communities that tend to be group-oriented and highly religious Speech event has developed a model to promote discourse analysis as a series of communication and linguistic behaviors in a cultural context The structure of the first letters of these terms consists of elements that are abbreviated in letters to SPEAKING, namly 1/Setting and scence (S) : context of communication including scene and school voice The setting shows the time and place of a linguistic behavior that takes place, speaking in general, specific physical situations "Setting points to the time and place of an act and, in general, to the physical cirumstances ” The field voice (Scene) refers to the psychological situation "psychological setting" or the "culture definition" cultural limit of this communication activity (such as the formal-informal field); / Communication participant / participants (participants, P): Participants hold four roles as addressor, speaker (speaker), speaker (addressee), listener (hearer); / End (E): The purpose of communication is the outcome achieved according to the expected expectations of the participants' personal communication and purpose, derived from two aspects, that is the results include predictable results and unpredictable results; Goals, goals in general and personal goals; / Acts sequence (A): Sequence of behavior indicating form (form) and sequence (order) of communication ; / Key(K): The method of expressing only intonation (tone), manner (spirit) (spirit) contained in such information as: lighthearted; serious; clear, precise; pedantic; mocking (mocking); sarcastic (sarcastic); pompous, etc Expressions can use language to express, can also use non-verbal behavior, such as posture, emotional expression, etc As can be seen, the same content, but using different communication styles, the implication of communication may be different; / Instrumentalities (I): Means of communication channels such as speaking, writing, telegraphy, etc or forms (common language, dialect, language); / Norms (N): Norm of interaction belongs to the speaker, and norm of interpretation belongs to the listener To be more specific, the speaker must choose the appropriate language to communicate with, but the listener must try to explain the speech in the same common framework.; / Genre (G): the genre refers to the type of linguistic forms such as monologue, conversation, poetry, proverbs, idioms, riddles, sermons / presentations, prayer cards, lessons lecture, editorial Each category will suit each specific communication case In each communication community, each ethnic group has its own language rules for each type This classification is very effective and really powerful in analyzing different types of discourse when using expressions 1.2.2 Speech acts 1.2.2.1.Definition of speech acts People use language to perform many different activities in communication As can be seen, the behaviors shown are extremely diverse and they are collectively referred to as labor contracts The theory of linguistic behavior was initiated and supplemented by Austin (1962), developed by Searl (1969) in the direction of learning (pragmatics) Austin's core idea of linguistic behavior is when I say, ( ) I Speech is like other human behaviors, except that this is the kind of behavior that is done in words, "it causes some change in reality and affects the receiving object" 1.2.2.2.Kinds of speech acts Austin thinks that, in a certain context, a specific sentence is said to carry out three actions simultaneously: (i) Locutionary act: is the act of using linguistic elements such as words, phonetics and structure in a certain way to create a onefinished product both in form and content In the introduction and self-introduction in Vietnamese and English, the iilocutionary act is expressed as follows: (ii) illocutionary act is “a performance of an act in saying something” [42, p 99] When we say that we have exhibited behaviors such as announcements, orders, warnings, commitments, etc., there is a certain conventional force (informing, ordering, warning, undertaking utterances) which has a certain force For example: When first meeting and getting to know the three people: (1) I would like to introduce myself, my name is Nguyen Van A (2) Please introduce me, this is Mr Nguyen Van B When the speaker's speech ends, it is also time for the speaker to complete the introduction and self-introduction In the three types of behavior mentioned above, behavior in words is the object of grammar and the introduction and self-introduction behavior in this dessertation belongs to the word behavior The verbal behaviors when spoken have a certain effect, ie they cause a language response corresponding to them at the recipient Considering (1), the listener can respond with a statement: "Yes, hello I am Nguyen Van B ”or “ Thank you for your introduction ” Considering (2), the listener can respond with a statement: "Yes, I greet you, my name is Nguyen Van B" According to Austin, speech acts includes: (1) direct speech acts are appropriate behavior between the effect of behavior in words and the form of words used to represent them Thus, direct referral behavior is a statement that uses the verb "introduction" to express information to the listener about someone For example: We would like to introduce Mr Truong Thi Mai, Member of the Politburo, Secretary of the Party Central Committee, Head of the Central Committee for Public Relations (2) Indirect behavior (indirect speech) is an act done indirectly by following the word of an act at another direct word Thus, the indirect referral behavior is the act of providing basic information about someone who does not have the introductory grammatical verb, but by other acts For example: Attending the inaugural event today were leaders, ministries, central agencies, Quang Tri and Thua Thien Hue provinces Behavior in words with its validity has become the subject of major interest in pragmatics Introducing behavior belongs to the behavioral group in words (iii) Perlocutionary act: is the behavior when the speaker wants to make an effect outside the language of the listener when the speaker deliberately creates information, psychological effects, emotions, and attention comments from listeners / readers For example: MC: And the 3rd person let's get acquainted with the television audience 13 2.1.2 The components of formal verbal introduction and selfintroduction expressions in the scope of socio-politics In Vietnamese: With main components, introducing the name (surname + middle name + name) accounts for the highest percentage, 92.5%, followed by the position in which the former position is mentioned and accounts for 12.9 % It is very special when introducing positions as Party and government positions, their frequency is very high, 68.3% and 77.5%, respectively Contact English: Content introduction often incomplete only (name + surname), more diversified introduction (name + surname, surname, first and last name according to job title) The former position occupies very modestly, only 1.7% Chart 2.1 The components of formal verbal introduction and selfintroduction expressions in the scope of socio-politics Full name Position Hometown Others 2.1.3 Other components of fomal introduction expression In Vietnamese: Diversified vocative factor, the vocative group according to the social title comes from comrades with the highest percentage (81%); The words grandfather and grandmother are only 10% The words indicating the rank of the rank used for the armed forces 5.5%; Strengthening factors such as application (79.6%), respect (77.8%) both account for a high proportion and make additional sense, increase the etiquette for events Refering to English: No “đồng chí” (comrade), Ladies and gentlemen with a high frequency of 64.8%, only after vocative words of the professional title group The Honorable (44.3%) is considered a special vocative word, only in communicating the new superstructure protocol Enhanced elements are more diverse than Vietnamese with 11 words, pleasure 14 appeared most 19.8%, followed by delighted and delighted 2.3 The characteristics of formal verbal introduction in the scope of entertainment (with fererenct to English) 2.3.1 The formulae of formal verbal self-introduction in the scope of entertainment BT1 1/Full form 3/Missing SP1, SP2 5/Missing SP1, SP2, perfomative verb 7/Special form Chart 2.7 The formulae of formal verbal self-introduction in the scope of entertainment In Vietnamese: there are expressions including: / Full form; / Missing SP2; / Missing SP1, SP2; / Missing performative verb, SP2; / Mising SP1, SP2, performative verb /suggested verbal self-introduction / Special form In which the expression of the phonetic verb and communication object has the highest rate of 70.3%, Refering to English: Only use indirect micro expressions, that is / Defective SP2, MSV; / Missing SP1, SP2, MSV; / Self-introduction with suggestions Self-introduction expressions have suggestions that reach the highest frequency, 53.3% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 097 7%47 7%99 Chart 2.7 The formulae of formal verbal self-introduction in the scope of entertainment 2.3.2 The components of the content of verbal introduction in the scope of entertainment In Vietnamese: self-introduction of diverse names (surname + buffer + name, buffer + name, name, group name, name, nickname), the highest name in all remaining information, 99.7%, after that's the name (31.2%) Referting to English: 97% self-introduction (name + surname) No full introduction (enough them + buffer + name); no common names, nicknames There are information about gender and education level, these two components are not in Vietnamese 16 Chart 2.10 Components of the contents of formal verbal self-introduction in the scope of entertainment 2.3.3 Other components of formal verbal introduction in the scope of entertainment In Vietnamese: The vocative element: the way of professing with the pronoun "I", dominant is (38.4%) The group of kinship pronouns used is also relatively high, including pronouns for children (39.7%); Greetings like: hello, hi, hey, how are you, howdy or greetings-wishes: good evening, while Vietnamese language accounts for 46.4%; Demonstration components: These are the verbs such as “xin”, “thưa”, “kính thưa” “dạ”, “vâng”, “dạ vâng”, “đi”; the sub-characters from the state“à” “ạ” “lắm”, “thế” “quá”, “nhé” ,“một chút” “Xin” with the outstanding frequency of 223 turns (accounting for 73.8%), 18.5%), sir (60.3%) Refering to English: The vocative factor: the ratio of inverse to Vietnamese, in English shows that participants use 92.1% of pronouns pronounced I, we, the ratio is not use only 7.9%; Greetings (cordial greetings: hello, hi, hey, how are you, howdy or greetings: good evening ) English has a higher usage rate 55.2%; There is no expression, only interjection: wow (3%) 2.4 Summary of Chapter The communicating factors (context, participants, purpose, sequence of behaviors, modalities, means, standards and genres) are described and analyzed, showing the corresponding results of the verbal introduction and expressions Verbal self-introduction, however, under the influence of communication culture, the political and social factors of Vietnam and the United States have created different and similar introductions of the two languages In general, Vietnamese people have more ways of introduction and self-introduction expressions than American Specifically, about verbal introduction, Vietnamese has types (3 direct forms, indirect ones); English has types (2 direct forms, indirect ones) In term of self-introduction, Vietnamese has types (3 direct forms, indirect forms); English has types (1 direct, indirect) Thus, the difference is that in the context of socio-politics at Vietnamese ceremonies or using direct introduction, Americans are the opposite; The similarity is that Vietnamese and Americans prefer using indirect introduction than direct introduction in the scope of entertainment 17 CHAPTER CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMAL VERBAL INTRODUCTION AND SELF-INTRODUCTION IN VIETNAMESE (WITH REFERENCE TO ENGLISH) 3.1 The formulae of informal verbal introduction and selfintroduction in Vietnamese (with reference to English) 3.1.1 The formulae of informal verbal introduction In Vietnamese: There are types including: / Full form; / Defective SP1; / Defective SP2; / Missing SP1, SP2; / Form of notice introduction; / Introduction with suggestions; / Ask - introduction; / Other forms; Communication subject selects Notification type - most introduced, 47.3%, the least used form, only 4.1% The models are used at approximately the same rate, ranging at less than 20% Refering to English: There are types: / Full form; / Notice introduction; / Introduction with suggestions; / Ask - introduce yourself Specifically, most Americans prefer to introduce by indirect expressions The highest percentage of 44.4% notification expressions referrals, 38.9% of expressions are questions - referrals 50 40 30 20 10 Vietnamese Chart 3.1 The formulae of informal introduction in Vietnamese and English in the scope of daily conversation 3.1.2 The formulae of informal self-introduction In Vietnamese: There are eight types, including direct and indirect selfintroduction expressions: / Full form; / Defective SP1; / Defective 18 SP2; / Missing SP1, SP2; / Notice - self-introduction; / Selfintroduction with suggestions; / Asking - introduce yourself; / Other expressions Participants in television entertainment programs primarily use indirect expressions to introduce themselves, the highest of 50.6% of self-suggested self-expression Direct self-referrals appear relatively low, below 12% Surveys show that Vietnamese people tend to use brief introduction on television Refering to English: Use only indirect self-introduction expressions, this is / Notice - self-introduction; / Self-introduction with suggestions Suggested self-introduction expressions have a very high rate (92.9%) 100 80 60 40 20 Vietnamese Chart 3.2 The formulae of informal self- introduction in Vietnamese and English in the scope of daily conversation 3.2 Components of informal self- introduction in Vietnamese and English in the scope of daily conversation 3.2.1 Components of informal self- introduction In Vietnamese: According to the survey, SP1 (friends, colleagues, family members, etc.) introduced SP2 to know about object X, which is about / Name; years old; / Occupation; / Position; / Country; / Accommodation; / Marital status; / kinship / social relationship; / Ethnicity; 10 / General introduction 11 / Other information Specifically, introduce the name with the highest frequency of use 76% Participants often introduce names Introduction of positions and occupations is relatively high, approximately 50% The remaining components are low, just under 6% A very few introduce the marital status of the introduced character, 1.3% 19 Refering to English: Content is not as diverse as in Vietnamese, only components include / name; / career; / kinship relationship; / other information (compliments, health inquiries, work situation, study ) 100% of Americans introduced names and very few of them introduced other people to careers 100 100 80 60 40 20 Vietnamese Chart 3.3 Components of content of informal self- introduction in Vietnamese and English in the scope of daily conversation 3.2.1 Components of content of informal self- introduction In Vietnamese: There are components: including information about / Name; 2/ Age; / Occupation; / Position; / Country; / Accommodation; / Marital status; / Ethnic / social relationship; / Other information In particular, the highest rate of introduction of names, accounting for 70.5%, 41% and 28.2% is the proportion of Vietnamese people introducing their careers and their age The remaining content is mentioned but not popular, the rate only fluctuates below 20% Refering to English: Americans share less information about themselves than Vietnamese people, only components: / age; / career; / social relations; / other ingredients Introduction of age still occupies the highest position of 92.3% 20 92.3 100 61.5 70.5 50 28 Vienamese English Chart 3.4 Components of content of informal self- introduction 3.3 Other components of informal self-introduction in Vietnamese (with referenc to English) In Vietnamese: In informal communication other components in the introduction and self-introduction are very rich / Greetings: The greeting includes a greeting from SP1 with SP2 or SP2's response to SP1 chào (chào mày; cháu chào bác; chào em; chào anh em nhé; xin chào người; chào cô (cách chào thay vai)… ); Chào hành vi hỏi Greeting by asking (Ông bạn cuối tuần không đâu à?; Hà không? Đi đâu này? Mình ngồi không? ); by calling(Anh ơi!, cô giáo ơi!); 2/ Addressing factor: Vietnamese often used subject pronouns such as tôi, mình, tao, tớ, cậu, mày; relatives words such as ơng, cô, chú, bác, anh, anh em, anh chị, cháu or job title such as, sếp, cô giáo, thầy giáo, cô … giáo sư, sometimes using proper names such as Nguyên, ; Others namely bà chị, nàng, bạn, ông bạn, bạn, bạn mình, bạn gái, bạn nối khố, ơng bạn, bé, đứa, cô chú, anh em, bọn em, nhân vật, người); 3/ Strengthening factor: the frequency of using verbs please and the report is higher / Primary from the state: very rich with the presence of nearly 50 sub-words / Transcription factors, code mixing, slang, have a modest ratio but show particularity in informal communication Contact with English: There are no romantic sub-words, enhanced words, transcoding, code and slang, only the words that appear at the beginning of the sentence like: Yeah, wow, oh, uh, ah 3.4 Summary of Chapter 21 Vietnamese people tend to use short, indirect expressions, but enough information is needed to introduce themselves and introduce others The introduction and self-introduction content has many components, in addition to the name, the information about career and position is relatively high in the expressions Additional elements for speech are varied The survey related to English affirms the tendency of the above However, the components of the introductory and self-introductory content are rarely revealed; other factors not appear much CONCLUSION Through the survey of verbal introduction and self-introduction expressions within the scope of politics - society, entertainment and daily life in Vietnamese, the dessertation has studied the characteristics English language corpus, from the point of view of social learning applications and obtained the following results: 1.In term of characteristics of verbal introduction and selfintroduction 1.1 In formal communication In the context of politics and society, the analysis of eight communication factors shows that the peculiarity in this area is the spoken language in a wide space, solemn atmosphere; solemnly, the participants in the event mostly have high status in society; textual introduction and standard, high template; the process of conversation towards the smallest form of notification is a single sentence, the largest is a discourse; use the whole people language In the four direct and indirect introductory expressions, the direct expression is the majority The missing expression SP1 (subject to communicate) and SP2 (communication object) are the most used, though brief, but provide sufficient information to listeners The components in the content of communication skills appear mainly in the name, position, rank, and place of work Full name is always fully introduced + buffer + name; Party position was introduced before the government position; Functional rank is also indispensable information for the objects introduced in the armed forces Through the use of vocative words, especially nouns for social titles, "comrades" account for almost absolute and appear reinforcement words are mainly words / phrases xin, trân trọng, được, nồng nhiêt, vô cùng, vui mừng, vinh dự in the verbal introduction shows very high levels of regulation and clear political colors of Vietnamese people 22 In the area of entertainment, in television entertainment programs, through eight communicating factors shows that a picture is very different from the scope of social politics In these events, participants followed the program's scenario and had a proactive, prepared advance in their introduction words in a relaxed, somewhat nervous mood SP1 comes from many regions, with age, gender, occupation, level, status, power, ethnicity different Regarding verbal self-introduction expressions, SP1 uses seven types, including direct expressions and indirect expressions, in which the frequency of using indirect expressions accounts for a very high proportion, showing how the appropriate self-introduction of SP1 above The content in the self-introduction expression consists of nine components, in which the full name, age, occupation of the place of birth and the workplace are most present, in which the name occupies the highest frequency At the self-introduction, SP1 has a way to introduce quite a variety of names, including nicknames and common names, but the full introduction of them + buffers + names still account for almost absolute proportions The vocative words and minor words in the self-introduction are used very rich in both quantity, capacity and level of those words The word self-proclaimed "I" appears with the highest frequency The word “ạ”, “xin”, “dạ” is the majority in self-introduction statements Other components in verbal self-introduction are greetings, thanks, feelings, and interaction with the audience, contributing to a more persuasive, softer for verbal self-introductioni on television 1.2 In informal communication In the scope of daily activities, in communicating with friends, colleagues, family members, neighbors, acquaintances taking place in a narrower space, psychology of participants communicating openly and happily looks, friendly; The language expresses the specific language of the spoken language, without the grammatical accuracy of the sentence In terms of informal verbal introduction, there are eight direct and indirect introduction expressions, SP1 mainly uses indirect referrals, of which the type of notification - introduction, no frills but brief, ensures full Essential information is most used The content of introductioin consists of twelve components, in which introduction of names, occupations and positions is common SP1 uses eight self-introduction expressions directly and indirectly to introduce themselves In which the frequency of using indirect expressions is higher, mainly SP1 uses the self-introduction expression with suggestions and notification types - 23 self-introduction The content of self-introduction includes ten components, including introduction of names, occupations, other information such as hobbies, families, etc with a higher occurrence rate The relative appearance of many greetings; high frequency of use of enhanced words such as asking for permission; the dense presence of subsexual states; diverse appearance of vocative words; along with the phenomenon of transcoding, mixing code, slang has created the words GT and TGT with many emotions, interesting and attractive Major findings with reference to English 2.1 Characteristics of formal and informal verbal introduction and self-introduction in two languages have similarities: First, Vietnamese and Americans use direct and indirect introduction expressions in the scope of entertainment and scope daily activities Second, the content of introduction and self-introduction in protocol communication have relatively similar components The content of introduction of delegates and guests is personal and inter-personal, with introduction of common components They all achieve the goal of generally providing names, positions and places of work in order, according to the prescribed pattern Third, other components of introduction and self-introduction in both Vietnamese and English - American appear greetings, thanks, words of reinforcement From vocative use of social titles, professional titles and ranks in Vietnamese and English - American appear relatively, fully, showing the promotion of power and status in public relations right The introduction content and the sequence of steps to express introduction speech from the State level to the lower levels in the two languages have not changed, some words have been omitted but also not significantly affect the expression speech 2.2 Differences in formal and informal introduction and selfintroduction in Vietnamese and English - American have some differences: First, in the context of social politics, English only has indirect micro expressions when introducing the major expression, guests in the ceremony The ratio of using grammatical expressions directly and indirectly in introduction and self-introduction between Vietnamese and English - American is inversely proportional to the scope of entertainment and daily activities Secondly, Vietnamese content of informal and nonformal wealth of introduction refers to age, while Americans not introduce this component Within the scope of entertainment, participants in American television programs introduce gender, and education level, these two components not appear in Vietnamese Thirdly, about other components of the introduction in terms of words such as reinforcement 24 and words / phrases in indirect expressions in the scope of politics society in English - American is more abundant than Vietnamese They not use the morphology and transcription, code and slang in introduction and self-introduction like Vietnamese Vietnamese people rely on age to have a suitable way of addressing, they follow the motto "humble worship" to achieve the most effective communication In Vietnamese, vocative words are very diverse, appearing mostly from kinship and being used flexibly and non-neutral as in English - American Introducing with popular expressions, which are defined as standard appearances, at what level, which areas create their own characteristics there This unique feature is formed and influenced by the cultural, social and political factors in the language community in which people live In the study of introductory and self-introductory speech behaviors, we also found that the social stratification factor in language use also had significant effects on the use of vocative words as well as the use of how to choose the appropriate language, language expression Our conclusion is only suggestive, not yet verified by a survey that has large, reliable data sources Thus, although the context and purpose of communication are similar, the characteristics of formal and informal introduction and self-introduction in two languages have different manifestations It is possible to say introduction and self-introduction as a multidimensional image that contains the traditional cultural, political and social colors of each ethnic group In the continuous development of society, the mix, interference always creates many changes, sometimes the language expressions reach the same points, sometimes create their own characteristics In the framework of researching a dessertation, the dessertation still leaves unresolved gaps, which are: First, the respondents of introduction and formal and non-formal births: In the context of politics and society, there are only self-introduction in the ceremony; In the area of entertainment, only introduction rules in television entertainment programs, informal self-introduction speeches in the area of entertainment are still left open Secondly, the dissertation only studies language schools in the range of politics and society, the scope of entertainment and the scope of daily activities that cannot be surveyed in other areas such as education , scope of public administration there are still gaps to study introduction and self-introduction in other functional styles Secondly, social stratification factors in the use of language such as age, gender, status, religion, etc., have not been able to survey ... first letters of these terms consists of elements that are abbreviated in letters to SPEAKING, namly 1/Setting and scence (S) : context of communication including scene and school voice The setting... pronouns such as tôi, mình, tao, tớ, cậu, mày; relatives words such as ơng, cô, chú, bác, anh, anh em, anh chị, cháu or job title such as, sếp, cô giáo, thầy giáo, cô … giáo sư, sometimes using... situations "Setting points to the time and place of an act and, in general, to the physical cirumstances ” The field voice (Scene) refers to the psychological situation "psychological setting" or