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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGUYEN THI THANH HUYEN THE NEED FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELLING OF PARENTS OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN Major: Psychology Code: 9.31.04.01 ABSTRACT OF THE PSYCHOLOGY DOCTORAL THESIS HANOI, 2019 This work is done at: Graduate Academy Of Social Sciences Vietnam Academy Of Social Sciences Scientific Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Tinh Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Tran Minh Duc Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Le Minh Nguyet Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Vu Ngoc Ha The thesis will be defended before the Academic-level Thesis Committee,at: Graduate Academy Of Social Sciences, 477 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi At 2019 The thesis can be found at: - National Library - Academy Library LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen (2018), Some factors influencing the need for psychological children,Proceedings of counselling the National of parents Scientific of autistic Conference "Psychology and the sustainable development", Social Science Publishing House, p.78-84 Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen (2018), Some manifestations of need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children, Proceedings of the 6th International Scientific Conference on School Psychology "The role of school psychology in ensuring psychological health of students and families”, University of Education Publishing House, p 548-555 Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen (2018), The need for the forms of psychological counselling of parents of autistic children, Journal of Social Psychology, No 7, p 127 - 135 Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen (2017), The need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children, Journal of Education, Ministry of Education and Training, p 141-143 INTRODUTION The urgency of the subject 1.1 The number of autistic children is increasing rapidly and becomes a special concern of the whole society Autismis a multifaceted developmental disorder that is primarily a disorder of social relations skills, verbal communication and abnormal behaviour The number of autistic children is increasing in all countries in the world and mainly in big cities Currently, Vietnam has no concrete data on the number of autistic children but according to the estimation of the Department of Social Protection - Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs, Vietnam has about 200,000 autistic people 1.2 Parents of autistic children face many difficulties in the process of caring and raising them The parents of autistic children face many difficulties in the process of caring and raising them It is a psychological difficulties when there are countless negative emotions, lack of knowledge about child care, lack of social support services for autistic children and families of autistic children, etc 1.3 Psychological counselling activities for parents with autistic children are still new, with little attention and research Psychological counselling activities are developing strongly with diverse and rich types of counsellings to support different subjects to improve their ability to solve psychological difficulties arising in life Currently, the need for psychological counsellings is increasing, especially the need for psychological counsellings with each different subject, however, personnels working in this field are lacking are lacking professionalism due to lack of proper training One of such pressing needs is the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children 1.4 The researches on the need for psychological counsellings for parents of autistic children are quite limited in number and content In recent years, the need for psychological counselling of autistic parents has been researched by many foreign authors with different approaches However, in Vietnam, the researches on the need for psychological counsellings are quite limited in number and content, and there is no in-depth research on this field For all the above reasons, we chose the subject "The need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children“ for this research Aims and objectives of research 2.1 Aims of research Theoretical and practical research on the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children and the factors influencing that need Propose on that basis some of recommendations to help professional organizations better meet the need of psychological counselling of parents of autistic children, contributing to improving the quality of life for parents with autistic children 2.2.Objectives of research 2.2.1 Overview of works related to the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children 2.2.2 Develop a theoretical basis for the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children, including: Need for psychological counselling, autistic children, psychological difficulties of parents of autistic children, need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children 2.2.3.Conduct surveys to assess the situation of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children when facing psychological difficulties and factors influencing that need 2.2.4.Recommendations to satisfy the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children Subjects and scope of research 3.1 Subjects of research Manifestations and levels of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children 3.2 Scope of research 3.2.1 Scope of research content Thesis focuses on clarifying the manifestations and the levels of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children including: the need for contents of psychological counselling and the need for forms of psychological counselling together with a number of factors influencing that need In the research sample, mothers are the main caregiver of autistic children in the family, so the approaches in the research is mostly from the mother 3.2.2 Research area and objects of research 3.2.2.1 Research area In the thesis, surveys are conducted in 03 areas: Department of Psychiatry - Vietnam National Children’s Hospital, Small Steps Early Intervention Centre - Haiphong City and Tam An Early Intervention Centre - Hanoi City 3.2.2.2 Objects of research The total number of objects of qualitative and quantitative research is 130, of which: Objects of quantitative research: 120 parents of autistic children belong to the 03 research areas mentioned above Objects of in-depth interviews: 20 objects, of which: 10 parents of autistic children: 05 parents of autistic children at the Department of Psychiatry - Vietnam National Children’s Hospital, Small Steps Early Intervention Centre - Haiphong City 05 psychological counselling personnels: 03 staff at the Department of Pathology and staff at the Small Step centre, Haiphong 05 autistic teachers: 02 autistic teachers of Small Step centre and 03 autistic teachers of Tam An Intervention centre Objects of case study: 02 mothers of autistic children The samples are selected based on the following: All the parents participated in this survey are with autistic children who was diagnosed with autism in their records at school or at the hospital The result is diagnosed and determined by doctors of the Department of Psychiatry - Vietnam National Children’s Hospital During the intervention, children are screened again to determine their exact condition For intervention cases at the Small Step centre and Tam An Centre, in addition to the records of children at Vietnam National Children’s Hospital, the centres also conduct re-testing the children before classifying and building suitable plan for each child Methodology and methods of research 4.1 Methodological principles 4.1.1 Principle of activity This principle confirms that people are engaged in activities, from which the need is formed, manifested, developed and find ways to be satisfied The need is the source, the driving force of the activity, so when researching the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children, it is necessary to research the activities of parents to clearly reveal their needs Here, the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children is research before and in the process of caring and raising autistic children 4.1.2 Principle of ensuring objectivity The need for psychological counsellings for parents of autistic children is objectively formed when the parents facing psychological difficulties while caring for autistic children and need help from psychological counsellors to solve those difficulties This principle requires that when researching the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children researcher must ensure integrity and objectivity when researching the manifestations and level of that need throughout that need throughout the process of caring for autistic children 4.1.3 Principle of development The nature of psychological formation and development is the continuous process of creating new psychological structures Therefore, when researching the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children, it is necessary to research in the movement, transformation and interaction between this need and other psychological phenomena The parents who have higher need for psychological counselling also are better in relieving negative emotions, cultivating knowledge and skills for autistic child care, accessing to social services and finding appropriate forms of education for autistic children 4.2 Methods of research The thesis uses the research methods as follows:  Document research method - Expert interview method - Questionnaire survey method - In-depth interview method - Observation method - Psychological counselling method - Case study method - Processing data by mathematical statistics method 5 Scientific contributions of the thesis 5.1 Theoretical contributions The research contributes to the systematizing and supplementing of some theoretical psychology issues about the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children into psychology in general and applied psychology in particular, the manifestations and the levels of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children and factors influencing the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children 5.2 Practical contributions The research collected data, facts and in-depth analyses to clarify the situation of parents of autistic children having psychological difficulties and wishing to have psychological counselling, point out the levels of the need for psychological counselling on the contents of psychological counsellings (5 contents) and the forms of psychological counselling (direct and indirect) in each specific clause, as well as the solutions to the difficulties of the parents of autistic children, from there delve deeply into the need for contents of psychological counselling (at the highest is the need to relieve emotions, access to social-educational services, etc and at the lowest is the demand for fair treatment without discrimination) and forms of psychological counselling (direct forms has higher need than indirect forms) The results of analysis also shows that parents who live alone have a lower need for psychological counselling compared to parents who are together Regarding the influencing factors, if considering each independent factor, the level of social support is the factor that has the strongest influence on the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children The research results will be useful references for the projects that research on the need for psychological counselling, for practices to improve the quality of life for parents of autistic children, while encouraging the authority to give timely measures to satisfy the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children The theoretical and practical significance of the thesis 6.1 In theory The thesis has analysed and systematized the directions of research on need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children under the perspective of psychological science From that, the thesis has developed a theoretical basis for the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children Besides, the thesis also points out 02 manifestations of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children: the need for contents of psychological counselling and the need for forms psychological counselling This is currently a new theoretical issue in Vietnam The addition of concepts and theories on the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children helps to supplement the theories of psychology in a richer and more concrete style, especially in applied psychology 6.2 In practice The research has shown that the situation of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children at a normal level Within the scope of the thesis, there are three factors influencing the need for psychological counselling of parents with autistic children, in which, the group of influencing factors has a stronger influence and forecast level than independent influencing factors Besides, the thesis also confirms that parents who live together have a higher need for counselling when they have difficulties with autistic child care in comparison to parents who are caring for the child alone With this result, although further research is needed, this first step is enough to serve as a practical basis for the scientific In the thesis, 02 typical cases are studied through psychological counselling in order to have a clearer and deeper view on the psychological difficulties, the need for psychological counselling and the factors influencing that need 3.2.8 Method of processing data The survey results will be processed by SPSS statistical software version 23.0 for social science research to ensure objectivity Chapter RESULTS OF THE PRATICAL RESEARCHON THE NEED FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELLING OF PARENTS OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN 4.1 General assessment of the situation of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children 4.1.1 The situation of psychological difficulties and methods of resolving psychological difficulties of parents of autistic children 4.1.1.1 The situation of psychological difficulties of parents of autistic children Survey conducted on 120 parents of autistic children shows that nearly all of the parents have psychological difficulties while caring for autistic children (99.2%) However, the evaluated difficulty is at normal level with the average score of group is 2.59 When considering each field separately, the difficulties of parents in each field have different levels Indeed, the practical survey results shown in Table 4.1 point out that parents of autistic children face the greatest difficulty in releasing negative emotions (average score = 2.82) In second place is the difficulty of accessing social educational services (average score = 2.76) and the lowest is the difficulty when demanding equal treatment without discrimination (average score = 2.16) 16 Table 4.1: The level of psychological difficulties of parents of autistic children Manifestations of psychological difficulties Overall Stan Aver dard age devia score tion Levels (%) Low Normal High Difficulty in releasing 2.82 0.73 6.0 68.1 25.9 emotions Difficulty in lack of autism 2.63 0.83 15.5 62.7 21.8 related knowledge Difficulty in lack of autistic 2.58 0.75 14.3 70.5 15.2 child care skills Difficulty in demanding fair treatment without 2.16 0.82 39.6 52.3 8.1 discrimination Difficulty in accessing social 2.76 0.8 10.9 65.5 23.6 educational services Group of psychological 2.6 0.62 difficulties 4.1.1.2 4.1.1.1 The method of resolving psychological difficulties of parents of autistic children Research results show that, among the provided methods, parents rated “Find teachers for autistic children” to learn from their experiences the highest (average score is 3,19) The method of "Seek advices from experienced people or other parents of autistic children " is a method that the parents of autistic children rated the second highest of the surveyed methods (average score is 3,01) and the lowest is "Get depressed, surrender and hide from the problems" Seeking consultant is considered the most effective, but parents only rated it at the 5th level This proves that, in fact, the counselling service has not really well-developed and the communication and promotion of the service to the community is still 17 limited, leading to the fact that parents of autistic children with psychological difficulties don’t know about psychological counselling services to seek for help 4.1.2 The situation of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children The survey results show that, out of 120 parents surveyed, up to 97.5% of parents need psychological counselling when having psychological difficulties in the care of autistic children In the scope of this thesis, the need for psychological counselling of autistic parents is evaluated through 02 manifestations: need for contents of counselling (average score = 2.81) and need for forms of counselling (average score = 2.63) Table 4.2: The situation of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children The manifestations of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children Need for contents of psychological counselling Need psychological counselling in releasing negative emotions Need for fair treatment without discrimination Need for psychological counselling to provide autism related Overall Aver Stan age dard score devia tion Low Level (%) Norma High l 3.02 0.78 20.2 41.3 38.5 2.34 0.92 49.5 39 11.5 2.87 0.86 25.5 45.1 29.4 18 knowledge Need for psychological counsellings to provide autistic child care skills Need for psychological counselling on access to social – educational services General Need for Direct Forms of counselling psychological Indirect counselling counselling General 2.84 0.83 28.8 43.3 27.9 2.93 0.9 27 36 37 2.75 3.03 0.54 0.57 58.9 36.8 4.2 2.16 0.68 13.1 47.5 39.4 2.63 0.51 In general, considering the average score, the need for psychological counselling has fairly diverse manifestations and all are at a average level, only the manifestation of the need for indirect counselling is at low level (average score = 2, 16) Comparing the average value between the level of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children with some independent factors shows that the need for psychological counselling when having difficulties of parents of autistic children are similar, regardless of a boy or a girl, a young father or mother, with low or high income However, parents who live together have a higher need for counselling when they have difficulties with autistic child care in comparison to parents who separated Parents with education of high school level or lower have a higher need for counselling than parents with university or higher education 19 level Parents who have been taking care of their child for under year have lower need of counselling than parents who have been for over years 4.2 The situation of each aspect of manifestation of the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children 4.2.1 The need for contents of psychological counselling The average scores show that the need for contents of psychological counselling of parents of autistic children is at normal level (average score is 2.75), in which the highest manifestation level is of the need for counselling to relieve negative emotions (average score is 3.02) and the lowest is the need forpsychological counselling for fair treatment without discrimination (average score is 2.34) Chart 4.1: The need for counselling content of parents of autistic children * The difference between the average value of the level of need for contents of psychological counselling and independent factors The results of comparing the difference between the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children with some other factors: whether the parents of an autistic child are father or mother, young or old, separated or together, low or high income and educational level, with the child being a boy or a girl, most of them have the same need for 20 psychological counselling when having psychological difficulties However, parents who have been taking care of their children for more than years have the need for psychological counsellings to demand fair treatment without discrimination and to access to social - educational support services, parents who have been caring for to years need counselling to relieve negative emotions higher than parents who have been caring for less than year Parents with a college education level or lower have the need for psychological counselling to provide autism related knowledge and the need for counselling to access higher social - education services than parents with university education level or higher 4.2.2 The need for forms of psychological counselling It is found that currently parents of autistic children choose direct forms of psychological counselling much more often than indirect form The results of surveyare presented in table 4.2 as follows:: Table 4.3: Appropriate forms of psychological counselling Forms of psychological counselling Counselling via mail Counselling via printed media, radio and television Counselling via the internet Counselling via telephone Indirect counselling Personal counselling at home Overall Average Standard score deviation 1.77 0.81 Level (%) Low Normal High 44.3 38.2 17.5 2.03 0.68 20 78.9 1.1 2.35 0.78 12.5 81.2 6.3 2.46 0.81 11.5 80.2 8.3 2.17 0.68 16.7 78.3 5.0 2.85 0.87 6.2 69.1 24.7 21 Personal counselling at counselling centres or 3.4 0.74 offices Group counselling 2.63 0.87 14.1 Direct counselling 3.01 0.6 1.7 Forms of psychological 2.63 0.5 12.7 counselling In general, the need for psychological counselling 45.1 53.9 73.9 84.5 12 13.8 77.2 10.1 of parents of autistic children is at normal level (average score = 2.63) Parents have much higher need for direct counselling forms (average score = 3.01) compared to indirect counselling forms (average score = 2.17) * The difference between the average value of the level of need for forms of psychological counselling and independent factors Parents of autistic children have the same level of need for direct and indirect form of counsellings, regardless of whether the parents are father or mother, with education level of high school, vocational school, college or university, with an income of million, 10 million or 20 million dong, have been caring for the child for less than year or over years 4.3 The factors influencing the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children 4.3.1 The correlation between the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children and factors influencing that need The survey results show thatthe factors of the awareness of the parents about psychological counselling, levels of social support and sociocultural values are all have influence on the need for psychological counselling of parents of autistic children All three above factors are proportionally correlated, in which the level of social support (r = 0, 315, r 22