Đánh giá tổng hợp các nguồn lực tự nhiên phục vụ xây dựng mô hình hệ kinh tế sinh thái lưu vực hồ thủy điện sơn la tt tieng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION -o0o - THI HONG NHUNG NGUYEN AN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES IN BUILDING ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC MODELS IN THE BASIN OF SON LA HYDROPOWER Major: Physical geography Code: 9.44.02.17 THESIS SUMMARY FOR PHD IN GEOGRAPHY HANOI – 2019 The research is conducted at Ha Noi National University of Education The scientific guideline: Asstociate Prof Doctor of Science Ngoc Khanh Nguyen Objection 1: Professor, Doctor of science Hoang Hai Pham Institute of geography Objection 2: Associate Professor Ph.D Hieu Nguyen VNU University of Science Objection 3: Associate Professor Ph.D Viet Khanh Tran Thai Nguyen University of Sciences The thesis will be protected at Hanoi National University of Education on month 2019 Thesis can be found at:  National Library, Ha Noi  Library of Hanoi National University of Education INTRODUCTION Rationale Three provinces on the watershed of Da river basin (in Vietnamese territory), Son La, Lai Chau and Dien Bien, have outstanding advantages in energy To exploit that potential source, three major ladders have been operated, in addition, a large number of small to medium hydropower projects in tributaries will be activated This operation not only affects natural conditions and resources of the basin, but also brings serious consequences for thousands household, causes a long-term social effects, which requires a careful consideration In this context, selecting an ecological economic model (EEM) that meets the demands is a must It is expected to be apposite for life-style and cultivating habits of local communities, and also be decisive in long-term planning of local authorities Based on the development of modern geography, it is necessary to conduct fully researches on natural conditions and resources under economic approach, that ensure the economic feature, ecological adatation and social feature Characteristic analysis and landscape differentiation are considered the basic factors in assessing the production in general and traditional production in particular Therefore, how and where the research will be conducted is the major concern which requires a fully solution together with harmony between natural components, economic elements and humanities In each stage, a careful and effective investigation is the key point in building highly feasibile productive models To perform the resolution of the Congress of the Party Committee of Son La, Lai Chau and Dien Bien provinces; to perform one of the key tasks in highlighted program, "mobilizing resources, focusing on building socio-economic infrastructure; regional economic development forming dynamic economic zones along the national highway system; focus on producing food, fruit trees, planting tea aquaculture, developing community tourism; economic areas of agriculture, forestry and Da river ecology according to household size and farms, protection and development of protection forests developing areas with strong tourism potential ", it is necessary to offer EEMs in different sizes that suitable the reality of North – West mountainous provinces Above mentions are the reasons for conductiong this thesis “An integrated assessment of natural resources in building the ecological economic models in the basin of Son La hydropower” Objectives and contents of the thesis 2.1 Objectives The aim of this study is to establish scientific bases and propose an EEM under landscape ecological assessment approach; to find a method to raise the livelihood diversity and living standard together with enviromental protection for the basin of Son La Hydropower 2.2 Contents of the thesis To achieve above objectives, the research focus on: - Selecting theoretical framework for ecoeconomy, EEM; - Building a map of landscape in the basin of Son La Hydropower based on the diversity of forming elements; - Assessing ecological adaptation of agricultural and forestry groups based on landscape elements; then considering the economical effectiveness and enviromental stable factors to build a suitable EEM; - Studing current EEMs; - Proposing new EEMs in household and cooperative size under the orientation of transforming into agricultural commodity productive structure Subjects and scope of the study 3.1 Research subjects The research subjects are natural conditions, natural resources, human conditions for EEMs to widen the diversity of livelihood for residents in the basin 3.2 Scope of the study 3.2.1 Spatial scope: including hydropower complex and a reservoir with an area of 315.850 3.2.2 Scientific scope: the research focus on 1/ Identifying scientific basis related to research subjects 2/ Analysing diversity of arrangement of landscape in the basin of Son La Hydropower 3/ Assessing ecological adaptation level of the landscape in agricultural and forestry development related to livelihoods and previous knowledge of local peoples to propose suitable EEMs which follow agricultural commodity productive orientation Theoretical points to protect 4.1 Theoretical point 1: There is a wide diversity in the typical landscape of moutainous area in the basin of Son La Hydropower; including layers; sub-layers; type; sub-types and 146 different types of landscape These elements are suffered hardly from technical affects from Son La Hydropower Project that changed the normal structures development of EEMs 4.2 Theoretical point 2: Assessing landscape-level units for agricutural, forestry and fishery purposes related to local people’s previous productive knowledge to propose EEMs in larger size New points in the research - Integrated assessment on natural resources in the basin conducted based on both landscape and humanilty demensions has contributed in identifying the space for EEMs in term of landscape-level - Proposing an EEM in household and farmland size based on: the assessing results of adaptive ability of landscape in the basin; current existing models; local social and economic development policy Scientific and practical meaning 6.1 Scientific meaning: to contribute literature of assessing method of ecolandscape related to eco-humanity to propose a new trend in developing EEM in the basin of hydropower 6.2 Practical meaning: research results can be considered as reference to orientate natural resources using and enviromental protection towards stable development, as well as to combine and select suitable EESM with landscape assessment in order to assure stable livelihood for local peoples in general and ethinic peoples in particular in the basin of Son La Hydropower References - Scientific references: inculding scientific reports, research paper, scientific journals, reseach projects related to the theme and research area - Source of map: 1:200,000 geological map by Son Phan (editor); Dinh Thuc Dao; Viet Thang Nguyen; Van Ty Tran; geological map; 1: 100,000 climate map - Researcher’s works and articles; servey results; filed-servey results related to the research theme Research structure This dissertation consists of the introduction, three chapters of the dissertation’s main body, the conclusions, the list of references and the appendix Three chapters of the thesis are as follows: Chapter 1: Theoretical foundation and research methodology of assessing natural resources used for developing eco-economic model in the basin of hydropower Chapter 2: Structural characteristics of landscape in the basin of Son la Hydropower Chapter 3: Intergrated assessment of natural resources and oriented development of eco-economic model in the basin of Son La Hydropower CHAPTER THEORETICAL FOUNDATION AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF ASSESSING NATURAL RESOURCES USED FOR DEVELOPING ECO-ECONOMIC MODEL IN THE BASIN OF HYDROPOWER 1.1 Literature revew 1.1.1 Previous research on eco-economic system and eco-economic model Eco-economic system, together with with EEMs originated in Soviet Union, first appeared in the 80s of the 20th century Q.A Pham (1995) made the initial use of the EEM term in his eco-landscape research Pham (1995) stated a model with main components: nature, economy and society and their relationship under human’s control Other researchers, such as: Trung Thuan Dang, Quang Hai Truong, Quang My Nguyen, Van Truong Nguyen, Phap Nguyen, Van Bao Nguyen, etc, showed interests in this field However, researches in EEM has not reach an agreement, it still requires further investigation in both theoretical and practical points 1.1.2 Previous research on general assessing natural resources In the 60s and 70s of the 20th century, researches on listing natural resources, and ones on general intergrated assessment natural potential of selected landscape were conducted in different contries in the world When agriculture was identified as the subject of applying these researches, V.V Docusanev was the first researcher to prove that there is a must in completed consideration the natural resources in agricultural activities in all level [61] In Vietnam, there are more and more researchers developing this theory pursuit a stable development for different parts in Vietnam The results has contributed for the basis and suggested new directions that follow Vietnamese economic and social conditions 1.1.3 Previous research on landscape and landscape assessment Landscaped is a natural system that defined as geographic basis for studying the eco-economis systems Since the 20s and 30s of the 20th century, theories of landscape have been concentrated on differential between structures and functions of landscape After 1980s, the combination between landscape and ecology became a new study-trend called eco-landscape This term was addressed in a large number of researches conducted in Western Europe and North America with advance quantitative methods such as remote sensing technology GIS and spatial statistics [11] In Vietnam, since the 80s of the 20th century, researches on eco-landscape application have been done using clarification system of Tu Lap Vu and et el Following this direction, Vietnamese geographers, known as Ba Thao Le, Tu La Vu, Duc Chinh Nguyen, Quang Anh Pham, Van Vinh Nguyen, Cao Huan Nguyen,etc., have been applied landscape in different fields, especially in landscape structure analysis 1.1.4 Previous research on north-west area and the basin of Son La Hydropower In general, researches on north-west area mainly develop both the assessment of agvantages of this land and natural disaters and suggested prevention Ones on Son la Hydropower focus on assessing enviroment and resettement for local people Each mentioned reseach has different aim, however, they all limit in providing an overview on missing models 1.2 Theorical basis for modeling an eco-economic system applied on research area 1.2.1 Eco-economic system The eco-economic system consists of sub-systems: nature, social and production As a rusult, study eco-economic system, on one hand, must follow eco-economic principles, assure economic features and protect ecological resources and environment On the other hand, there must be a balance between social-economy and ecological enviroment 1.2.2 Eco-economic model: clasification, princples, proposed principles, model orientaion Normally, an EEM is clasified based on productive structure, productive scale and income In Vietnam, the research on proposing a model follows rules and principles The assessing processes an EEM is performed under stated processes of Nguyen (2005) including assessing ecological resources level, environmental stainability level, economic effectiveness and social stainability 1.2.3 Natural resources and assessing natural resources Natural resources are defined as physical subtance that directly supports human’s daily life and also contributes to the economic development To the mountainous peoples, in particular, in this stage of the transition to commodity economy, natural resources is considered as residential livelihood Assessing natural resources is the estimation the value or the role of research subjects or identify the suitability levels of natural resources to meet the socia and economic demands The nature of assessment in geography is identifying the suitability levels in different fields and economic activities; in social matter such as population distribution, administrative organizations, etc As a result, it is essential to fully assess natural conditions and natural resources to select, exploit, use and protect natural resources suitably 1.2.4 Landscape and assessing landscape to develope eco-economic model The study of landscape a geographic research orientation which is becoming popular all over the world by its highly applicable level in solving current social requirements This research orientation is used as an effective tool for territory using, in which the ecological features of the landscape and the relation between the land-using – the land-users and the environment get fully attention from researchers It is stated that assessing natural resources based on ecological resouces of landscape is the basis for economic management and development This dissertation applies the viewpoint by ecological economy and the strong tie between nature – economy – humanity in analysing landscape classification and assessing natural resources for further uses In addition, this research analyses economical effectiveness, environment, main features of livelihood, local residents’ experience, etc in order to identify the most suitable ecological economic models in the basin of Son La Hydropower 1.3 Research perspective, research direction and research method 1.3.1 Research perspective The thesis is made based on some viewpoints of systematic, synthesis and ecologic economic system 1.3.2 Research direction The combination of the two study directions, landscape and ecology research, is the scientific basis to propose the orientation of developing the ecoeconomic model in the basin of Son La Hydropower The combination must ensure the principles and process of model establishment In short, the general research approach is "Establishing geographic basis of general assessment of natural resources for the purpose of developing agriculture, forestry, fisheries and tourism From that, assessing ecological adaptation, economic efficiency, considering the environmental and social sustainability for each landscape to serve the proposed eco-economic models in accordance with the landscape differentiation characteristics of the basin and the cultivative method of ethnic groups residing in the basin ” 1.3.3 Research methodology The thesis used traditional and modern geographic methods such as data collection, data analysis and data processing; maps, charts; approach system; fieldwork, rural rapid assessment methods, hierarchical analysis methods; of building slices methods and cost-benefit analysis 1.3.4 Some models used in the thesis: the thesis uses SWOT analysis model and sustainable livelihood model of DFID CHAPTER STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSCAPE IN THE BASIN OF SON LA 2.1 Groups of natural factors created landscape 2.1.1 Factors related to geographic location The basin of Son La Hydropower located from 21028’28’’N to 22028’44’’W, from 103016’38’’E to 10400’34’’S Its total length is about 134.8 km with a width of 25 km The basin area includes a hydropower factory, a reservoir and direct tributaries It lies in the territory of provinces, districts and 48 communes.This geographic location is the reason of the diversification of natural resources which is one of deternimed elements in the formation of landscape 2.1.2 Factors related to solid ground of the landscape - Geological tectonic feature: Son La Hydropower lies in a geological fold in the north west of Vietnam This place has 32 strata,10 intrusive unstratified igneous (magmatic) formations and a number of igneous penetration circuits In research area, the Black River fault and Nam Pia River fault are the largest ones in the system which partly form techtonic structure of the area Geology and tectonic activities play important roles in forming terrain to the basin They are also considered the bases for the formation and development of landscape in the basin - Topographic feature: typical mountains in this area are low and average, most of them are limestone These mountains are divided vertically and allocated 12 c Landscape sub-class: consists of landscape sublayers: low mountain, average mountain, valley and hill Figure 2.1: Area of landscape sub-layers in the basin of Son La Hydropower No Landscape Sub-layer Area Height (m) Depth (m/km2) Ha % 1.000 – >2.000 above 400 69.973,45 22,15 500 – 1.000 250 – 400 163.178,02 51,66 Average mountain Low mountain Hill 200 – 500 40 – 250 20.396,27 6,46 Valley below 200 below 250 62.302,26 19,73 315.850 100 Total d Landscape type: the coefficient of moist thermal correlation in the basin is 2.6 (about 2.01-3: humidity), therefore, the tropical wet evergreen forest type was formed e Landscape sub-type: including subtypes: long cold season and short dry season (IVA4a), slightly long cold season and average dry season (IIIB3b), average cold season and short dry season (IIA2a), average cold season and average dry season (IIB2b), short cold season and average dry season (IB1b) f Piece of landscape: the lowest level of hierarchy, including 146 pieces of landscape - this is the basis for assessing ecological adaptation of agricultural and forestry trees 2.4.3.2 Rhythmic season and landscape function - Rhythmic season: is clearly expressed in sensitive natural elements such as vegetation, hydrology and soil, especially after a reservoir is formed - Landscape functions: is protective function and environmental protection (most of the landscape types formed on medium and low mountain such as landscape 1, 4, 6, 11, 16, 19, 21, 26, 31, 36, 40, 43, 45, 49, 52, 58, 68); the function of economic exploitation focuses on the functions of forestry production, agro-forestry, functions of agricultural production and settlements and functions of service (landscape No 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 51, 53, 54, 59, 60, 62, 69, 70, 109, 110, 111, 115, 117, 119 ) 13 2.4.3.3 Quantify landscape structure according to administrative units (district level): The thesis has calculated the indexes of abundance and diversity of landscape, whereby the average value of the landscape of pieces varies from to 12ha Sin Ho and Quynh Nhai districts have the highest level of size uniformity Quynh Nhai is the district with the highest level of landscape diversity CHAPTER GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ORIENTATION FOR DEVELOPING THE ECO-ECONOMIC MODEL IN SON LA HYDROPOWER BASIN 3.1 Assessing landscape adaptation for agriculture and forestry development in Son La Hydropower basin - The thesis focuses on assessing landscape adaptation for agricultural crops (food crops); long-term industrial plants; fruit trees; forest trees (protection and production forests); aquatic products based on landscape units - The evaluation process was carried out in accordance with the steps of author Cao Huan Nguyen (2005), combined with the hierarchical analysis method to calculate the weight 3.1.1 Assessing landscape adaptation for agricultural tree groups Based on the analysis of objectives, ecological characteristics and selection of indicators for evaluation, the thesis evaluated the adaptability of industrial crops (cardamom, macadamia), fruit trees and annual plant Table 3.1: Assessing result of some trees and tree groups Adaptation level Using purpose Cardamom Norm Weight High (3 point) Soil type 0,04 A Hv, Hj, Fa Average annual 0,15 18-20, 22 14 Adaptation level Using purpose Norm No evaluation (0 point) Weight High (3 point) Thickness (cm) 0,03 >100 Rainfall amount (mm) 0,11 >2.000 Number of dry months 0,07 ≤2 3-4 Number of cold months 0,05 3-4 4-5 Topographic 0,25 average mountain low mountain Coverage 0,29 grassland; secondary plantation perennial shrub; forest forest plant annual plant; rice Soil type 0,044 Hj, Fs Hq, Hs Topographic Medium Low (2 point) (1 point) temperature (0C) Macadamia 50-100 100 50 – 100 22 20 – 22 2.000 - Topographic 0.2568 valley; hill low mountain - Soil type 0.1439 Fs, Fl, Fv Fa, Fq, Py, Fk Hs, Hv excess land Slope 0.0392 25 Temperature 0.0770 20-22 >22 2.0000 Number of dry months 0,2828 3-4 - Assessing result: - Cardamom: 16 types of evaluated landscape are at high adaptation level, concentrated in Sin Ho, Tua Chua and Thuan Chau; 32 landscape types are at medium adaptation level, 57 landscape types at are at low adaptation level - Macadamia: high adaptation level area accounts for 8.83% (91,082.35ha) mainly distributed in Ma Quai, Nam Tam, Ta Ngao, Nam Cha, Nam Cuoi, Huoi So, Tua Thang, Muong Sai and Chieng Bang communes The medium adaptation level area also accounts for 24.79%, focusing on landscape 16 types 45, 46, 55, 58, 60, 64, 87, etc of Quynh Nhai, Muong La and Thuan Chau districts Poorly adapted macadamia are at low adaptation level in landscape types 62, 87, 90, 91, 92, 105, etc and these areas are mostly secondary forests, areas of scrub grassland that need to be renovated - Fruit trees: high adaptation level area is 29,253.61ha (9.26%), medium adaptation level area is at communes of Quynh Nhai district, Muong La accounts for 28%, low adaptation level is at a low rate (4.29%) - Annual plants: 39 types of landscape are at high adaptation level for annual crops, accounting for 37.64%, medium adaptation level area accounts for 10.19% distributed in 30 landscape types, only 2.18% of the area belongs to the level low adaptation level (14 landscape types) 3.1.2 Landscape assessment for forestry purposes The thesis focuses on assessing the priority level for the development of protection and production forests Table 3.1: Summarize the assessing criteria of priority level for the purpose of developing watershed protection forests High (3 point) Medium (2 point) Low (1 point) 0.3421 medium mountain low mountain hill Slope (degree) 0.1532 >25 20 – 25 15 – 20 Soil type 0.0575 Hs, Hq, A, Fq Fs, Fa, Fv, Fk Fl, Py Thickness (cm) 0.0398 100 Average annual temperature (0C) 0.0275 >22 20 – 22 2.000 1.500 – 2.000 Vegetation 0.2689 secondary forest plantation forest; perennial plant Priority level Weight Topographic grassland; shrub annual plant 17 Assessing result: - Protection forest: The area of high priority level landscape is mainly distributed in low and medium mountains Sin Ho, Quynh Nhai, Muong La, Tua Chua, accounting for 18.28% Landscape types with medium priority level accounted for 12.68% The remaining area of landscape with low priority accounts for a relatively small proportion (2.2%), of which communes in Sin Ho district occupy the largest area - 2,696.49ha - Production forests: Landscape types with high priority are distributed in Sin Ho district: 2.31%, Quynh Nhai: 2.63%, Muong La and Tua Chua Area of landscape with medium priority level is concentrated in Quynh Nhai, Sin Ho and Muong La; while ones with low priority level are Sin Ho (3,705,18ha), Tua Chua (6,299.27ha), and Thuan Chau 3.2 Current status and economic efficiency of eco-economic models in the basin of Son La hydropower reservoir 3.2.1 Structure of eco-economic model: a model usually has at least components and maximum of components and many models are repeated in the surveyed villages as models NR-VC- TS, NR-VC, NR-Rg-VC, NR-Rg-VC-TS 3.2.2 Assessing the economic, social and environmental efficiency of existing ecological economic models in the basin 3.2.2.1 Economic efficiency of ecological economic models Based on the survey results, the thesis selected to evaluate 12 of eco-economic models in communes in terms of economy, society and environment Table 3.2: Economic efficiency of the models (2016 – 2017) No Model Number of household Rate (%) Distrution (village) Income (million vdn/year) NR-V-C-TS 19 5,43 Co Tram, Co Ha, Bo Ban, Bia 55 - 75 NR-V-C 56 16,0 Co Tram, Co Ha, Ta Sai, Hoc, Pa Tan 3, Nam Tan Mong, Nam Tan Xa 20 – 50 NR-Rg-V-C 53 15,14 Co Tram, Co Ha, Bo Ban, Bia, Na Nong, Pa Song, Hoc, 20 – 100 18 De Dang NR-Rg-V-CTS 31 8,86 Co Tram, Co Ha, Bo Ban, Bia 30 – 150 V-C 2,29 Bo Ban, Ta Sai 15 – 20 DL-TS 0,29 Bo Ban NR-Rg-C 82 23,43 Ta La Cao, Thon 2, Pa Song, Nhap, Huoi Hau, Xe Ngoai, Nam Uon, Keo Pia, Pa Sang 33 – 40 NR-Rg 14 4,0 Nhap 20 – 25 V-C-TS 1,43 Ta Sai 25 – 30 10 NR-C 26 7,43 Keo Pia, Hat Lay 12 – 17 11 Rg-V-C 37 10,57 Hoc, Pieng, An Tan, De Dang 50 – 250 12 NR-Rg-V-CA 18 5,14 Huoi Soi, Co Ha 50 – 80 350 100 Total 210 According to Figure 3.3, income values of some models have a large fluctuation while some others bring low income to households Due to the selection of plantation crops and animals of each household in each region is different, the nature in the products that the model produces is varied 3.2.2.2 Social and environmental effectiveness of the eco-economic models: - Regarding the social: creating jobs for people, improving the quality of life, maintaining, promoting and conserving the value, raising people's awareness and understanding - Regarding the ecological environment: improving the quality of forest resources, ensuring the balance of ecosystems, preventing erosion, soil retention, water retention, limiting the state of reservoir filling 3.2.2.3 Assessing the benefit for high value crops - Macadamia tree: is a multi-purpose tree, currently is being grown under the Ministry of Agriculture's anti-climate change project At present, the households have not invested yet, they just take care and are paid from the project 19 - Cardamom: growing in areas with high altitudes, cost about 7-10,000 vnd / ha, relatively with large revenue; It is necessary to have a broad orientation in parallel with forest protection - Cassava and corn: the investment is about 1,000,000 vnd per year, the income is quite stable, in line with the cultivation level of each ethnic group - Cage fish culture: there is a tendency to expand, the initial investment capital is 2,000,000 vnd for breeding fish, 5,000,000 vnd per cage for fish, the feeding costs about 800,000 vnd, etc high profit is obtained - Commercial pig raising: according to the survey data, households with pig raising models have an average investment of from 10,000,000 to 50,000,000 vnd per year depending on the households' capital, except for food, veterinary and public expenses, etc each household earns an average of 19,000,000 - 100,000,000 vnd per year Attention should be paid to caring and quarantine 3.2.3 Evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of the models at the survey points using SWOT tool Based on the results of analyzing the socio-economic efficiency, the environment of the models and the consultations, the thesis uses the SWOT tool to show more clearly the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges in the process develop models The thesis does not analyze SWOT for each model but choose SWOT analysis for models within the administrative units investigated by natural, socio-economic factors, labor resources, policies, etc The analysis of these factors is the basis for proposing suitable eco-economic models, meeting the economic-ecological criteria and principles and ensuring sustainable development objectives 3.3 Proposing models of eco-economic basin in the lake basin 3.3.1 Basis for proposing ecological economic system models: based on the current status of models and results of assessing landscape adaptation, comparing orientation of socio-economic development planning and source specifics human force 3.3.2 Proposing models of eco-economic system and recommendations 3.3.2.1 Spatial orientation of components of ecological economic system model 20 Forestry-agriculture models focus mainly on landscape types belonging to medium mountain sub-classes, with special priority and focus on activities of protection forest and forest protection (Landscape No 1, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19, 21, 26, 27, 29, 31) Landscape types (9, 14, 25, 48, 55, 56, 64, 71, 76, 77, 84, 85, 87, 89, 103, 108, 109, 115, 119, 123, 128, 134, 135, 141) facilitate the development of centralized models of perennial and annual industrial crops 3.3.2.2 Evaluating the general efficiency of a number of proposed models of the lake basin ecological economic system a Eco-economic model in household size - Model Rg-VAC: continue to promote development in sub-regions of the valley based on taking advantage of available natural elements, mainly using labor resources of households, products meet on-site demand Rg (field): people can grow wet rice from 1-2 crops, combining fish farming in the field; usesemisubmerged areas to grow vegetables and short-term crops This model does not require large capital that are suitable for many households - Model NR-Rg-V-C: This model is suitable for H'Mong ethnic people living in the highlands; With this model, people cultivate on upland fields mainly corn, combined with terraced fields and livestock and poultry breeding In some areas of Sin Ho district, people invest in growing cardamom in areas of secondary forest, protection forest with investment capital of less than 10 million vnd / ha, creating a significant source of revenue However, the cultivation of cardamom affect some important forest areas which has ecological significance, it is necessary to have a reasonable and specific planning solution to avoid affecting forest resources b Eco-economic model in fisheries and synthesis cooperative size - The model of fishery cooperatives is the model currently being maintained with a large number of fish cages and participating members The solution to develop this model focuses on investment capital, which is provided by Industry Bank, Agriculture and Rural Development Bank with preferential interest rates (7% to 5.5% per year) In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to product verification (registration to qualify for VietGAP certification), thereby promoting fresh products and processed products to penetrate into 21 markets outside the region According to cost calculation, each household participating in this model needs to invest initially about 50 million VND, ensuring the average profit of million vnd per cage of fish - The model of integrated cooperatives is an effective solution to maximize the natural resources and humanity to contribute to the implementation of sustainable development goals for people in the reservoir area This model is suitable with the level, development investment ability and distribution of Kinh and Thai ethnic people Accordingly, the components in the model are NR (growing corn, cassava, elephant grass, fruit trees), Rg (wet rice), C (raising cattle: buffaloes, cows, goats, pigs, porcupines), TS (Raising and processing fish for cultivation and catching on the lake of reservoirs), DL (exploiting the potential of natural and human tourism) The products of the model will be linked to create large-scale product chains This model requires a large amount of capital It is expected that with the integrated model, linking these products with investment capital can reach up to 150 million vnd (full model of NR-Rg-C-TS-DL components), bringing about 200 million vnd in revenue each year c Eco-economic model in farm size - Model of fruit tree farm: the scale of fruit tree farms covers an area of over hectares [107], people can choose varieties to plant such as mango, longan, banana, cloth, pineapple, jackfruit (suitable suitable for low and hot climates; peaches, oranges, lemons (areas with a cooler climate) This model requires households to use the maximum available labor resources and hire from to local workers; ensure investment capital sources for plant varieties, fertilizers, etc - Farm model for perennial industrial crops (tea, coffee, cardamom, cauliflower, slice, slice): farm size meets the standard of over 3ha In addition, the planning and development of these crops can avoid affecting forest resources, especially protection forests and special-use forests Planting industrial trees with economic and ecological efficiency to both generate revenue and ensure quality of vegetation cover and prevent erosion Among mentioned crops, tea and coffee have been grown quite stably and in the 22 orientation of developing agricultural and forestry planning of the districts of Sin Ho, Thuan Chau and Tua Chua in the period 2016-2020 The development of cardamom according to farm size will move the cardamom production area further away from the forest areas for facilitating concentrated development, increasing economic efficiency 3.3.2.3 Spatial orientation of ecological economic models according to sublayer landscape Landscape sublayer of medium mountain focuses on developing forests and perennial industrial plants; Landscape sublayer of low mountains is developed with perennial industrial plants and fruit trees; Valley sublayer exploits the strength of fisheries production and tourism; Sublayer landscape is favorable for afforestation, fruit tree planting 3.3.2.4 Spatial orientation of ecological economic models according to district administrative units On the basis of investigation and survey of eco-economic models in communes of Sin Ho, Tua Chua, Chieng On, Chieng Bang, Chieng Lao, Nam Pa districts and planning policy, this dissertations proposed eco-economic models which suitable to district-level administrative units These models are representative, expressing the value chain of economic development, especially the agricultural value chain In particular, there are emerging value chains that link agricultural products, ecotourism activities and humanities along the lake Table 3.4: Orienting space to develop ecological economic system models according to district administrative units No District Eco-economic model Size Sin Ho - NR-V-C - Rg-V-C - NR-Rg-V-TS - V-C-TS Households Aquaculture farms Quynh Nhai NR-Rg-C, NR- Households C, NR-Rg-V-C, Fisheries V-C, V-C-TS Cooperative Value chain Model of planting and processing medicinal plants Ecotourism model Aquaculture farms Agricultural products - for animal husbandry ecotourism 23 No District Tua Chua Muong La Thuan Châu Eco-economic model Rg-V-C NR-Rg-C NR-Rg-V-C Size Value chain General cooperative Traditional cultural products, cuisine - community tourism Households Forest products provide wood and pulp materials Tea cultivation - tea processing industry Planting food crops livestock farms NR-Rg-C, NR- Households Rg-V-C, NR-V- Cooperative C, V-C, V-C-TS Production of earthworms food for livestock and fish farming Planting specializing in fruit trees, forest planting NR-Rg-V-C NR-Rg-V-C-TS Model of growing perennial industrial crops, aquaculture, cattle rasing Households CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION CONCLUSION The geographic basis of building the eco-economic model is to study the landscape, based on the results of the analysis and evaluation of the natural resources according to the landscape types In particular, in the relationship between the factors that form the landscape, the degree of impact of the human factor with the cultural characteristics and customs are noted The basin of Son la Hydropower has a diversified and complex landscape differentiation in a humid tropical monsoon, characterized by humid tropical monsoon climate with cold winter, graded into 01 landscape system, 03 landscape layers, 04 sub-layers, 01 landscape type of tropical monsoon 24 evergreen forest which is classified into landscape sub-types and 146 pieces of landscape The combination of natural resources and human resources is reflected in the integration of capital sources, including human capital, social capital based on indigenous knowledge systems The results of assessing ecological adaptation of plants and animals have shown different levels Research results from the thesis are used to proposed using landscapes as a basis for building a model of eco-economic model according to the basin of Son La Hydropower From the survey results and the calculation of benefit for each model or each dominant crop, livestock, the thesis has proposed eco-economic models in size (households, cooperatives, farm) RECOMMENDATION - Research results from the dissertation topic will be further studied, completed and drawn into contributions to the theory of natural resources assessment in landscape units in the basin - The models proposed in the thesis also need to be verified in the future and it will be the scientific basis to assess the effectiveness of the eco-economic models on all three aspects - The results of the thesis if possible will contribute to the implementation of the project "Stabilization of population, socio-economic development of the resettlement area of 2018 - 2025 period" PUBLICATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS Anh Tuan Pham, Thi Hong Nhung Nguyen (2014) The lesson learned from research on the use of farmland resources in hydropower Son La, Proceeding of the 8th Bational Geographic Sciences Conference, Ho Chi Minh City Thi Hong Nhung Nguyen (2014) Factors affecting the groth of sturgeon in Son La Province, Proceeding of the 8th Bational Geographic Sciences Conference, Ho Chi Minh City Thi Hong Nhung Nguyen, Anh Tuan Pham (2014) Folk experiences of the Thai nation in Wetland farming, Proceeding of the 8th Bational Geographic Sciences Conference, Ho Chi Minh City Thi Hong Nhung Nguyen et al (2016) Livelihood status of resettled people in flooded area of Chien On commune Quynh Nhai District, Son La province, Journal of Huuman Deography Research, 02 (13 Thi Hong Nhung Nguyen et al (2016) Assessing Natural resources to develop livelihoods of Resettled people in Chieng On Commune, Quynh Nhai District, Son La Province, Jounal of Science University Northwest, ISSN 2354 – 1091, No.5 Thi Hong Nhung Nguyen (2016) Indegenous Knowledge of Thai Nation in Appropriate Use of Natural resources in Nam Pa Commune, Muong La District, Son La Province, Proceedings of the Scientific Seminar on Geography in the Profession of Education – Training and Socio-Economic Development of the Country, Department of Geography, Ha Noi University of Education, 2016 Thi Hong Nhung Nguyen (2016) Assessment of sustainability at resettlement area, Chieng La conmune, Muong La districh, Son La province, Sciencetific Confference National Geographic 9, vo 1, Quy Nhon Thi Hong Nhung Nguyen (2017) Assessing the Effectiveness of some Household Ecosystem Models in Chieng La Commune, Muong La District, Son La Province, Proceedings the the National Geographic Sciences ConferenceNo 10, Book 2, Da Nang Thi Nhuan Dang, Thi Hong Nhung Nguyen (2017) Indigenous knowledge in management, protection and utilization of Thai forest resources in Son La province, Proceedings of the National Geograpic Sciences Conference No 10, Book 2, Da Nang 10 Ngoc Khanh Nguyen, Van Thanh Do, Thi Hong Nhung Nguyen (2019) Research the awareness of the residential people for value and change of resources sources, from this proposal of some models ecological economic models in the basin of Son La hydropower, HNUE Journal of Sciences No 11 Thi Quynh Huong Tong, Thi Hong Nhung Nguyen (2019) Evalution of the perormance eficiency of the seafood cooperative in sl hydropower reservoir at Quynh Nhai district, Son La province, Proceedings of the National Geograpic Sciences Conference No 11, Book 3, Thua Thien Hue ... 12 c Landscape sub-class: consists of landscape sublayers: low mountain, average mountain, valley and hill Figure 2.1: Area of landscape sub-layers in the basin of Son La Hydropower No Landscape... dry months has stipulated the landscape in the basin of Son La Hydropwer belongs to the landscape of tropical wet monsoon with dry cold winter b Landscape layers: including layers (mountain, valley,... selects a classification system of levels: system – sub-system - layer – sub-layer - type – sub-type - piece 2.4.2 Landscape map of Son La hydropower reservoir scale of 1:100,000: landscape classification