câu chủ động bị động

Câu chủ động: Là câu có chủ ngữ là chủ thể tạo ra hành động.. Câu chủ động được dùng khi chúng ta biết rõ chủ thể của hành động.. Câu bị động: Là câu có chủ ngữ là người hay vật chịu tác

PASSIVE VOICE

I Tóm tắt bài giảng

A Khái niệm câu chủ động và bị động:

a Câu chủ động: Là câu có chủ ngữ là chủ thể tạo ra hành động Câu chủ động được dùng khi

chúng ta biết rõ chủ thể của hành động

Ví dụ: People speak English all over the world

b Câu bị động: Là câu có chủ ngữ là người hay vật chịu tác động của hành động Câu chủ động

được dùng khi ta không biết rõ chủ thể của hành động hoặc có biết nhưng người nói muốn nhấn

mạnh tới đối tượng hơn tới chủ thể của hành động

Ví dụ: English is spoken all over the world

Lưu ý: Không phải cứ chủ ngữ là người thì là chủ động, chủ ngữ là vật thì là bị động

Ví dụ:

The students were punished yesterday

Hanoi has changed a lot in the past five years

B Quy tắc chuyển câu chủ động sang câu bị động:

*Quy tắc chung: To be + Past participle

1 Xác định thì ngữ pháp của câu chủ động để tìm thể bị động tương ứng của nó

2 Xác định tân ngữ trong câu chủ động để rút về làm chủ ngữ trong câu bị động Nếu câu có hai

tân ngữ thì có thể chuyển thành hai câu bị động nhưng thông thường ta chọn tân ngữ chỉ người

Eg: - They sweep the streets every night => The streets are swept (by them) every night

- We don't water the flowers in the morning => The flowers are not watered in the morning

- What do they call the new hotel? => what is the hotel called?

1 This well- known library attracts many people

=>

2 We don't watch films in the evening =>

2 We don't often help her with the housework =>

3 Do they grow rice and wheat in the North of England?

=>

2 Present continuous:

S + am/is/are + V_ing + Object

S + am/is/are + being + PII + by + O

Ví dụ:

- They are building a bridge over the river = > A bridge is being built over the river by them

- He isn't decorating the room today => The room isn't being decorated

- Are they upgrading the road leading to the city centre? => Is the road leading to the city centre

being upgraded by them?

1 He is preparing everything for the presidential election

3 Present perfect:

S + have/has + PII + Object

S + have/has + been + PII + by + O

Ví dụ:

- The terrorist has kept three hostages for a week => Three hostages have been kept by

the

terrorist for a week

- We haven't found out a remedy to cure AIDS => A remedy hasn't been found out to cure AIDS

1 A group of students have met their friend at the railway station

S + Past of verb (V-ed / PIrregular) + Object

S + was/ were + PII + by + O

Eg - The thieves broke into the house

- The house was broken into by the thieves

1 They didn’t allow Tom to take these books home =>

2 No one found my key

S + was/were + V- ing + Object

S + was/ were + being + PII + by + O

Eg - They were doing a physical experiment when I was there

- A physical experiment was being done by them when I was there

1 Tom was writing 2 poems

6 Past perfect:

S + had + PII + Object

S + had + been + PII + by + O

Eg: - Nobody told me that they had discharged John from hospital

- I was not told that John had been discharged from hospital

1 After he had told a story, we clapped our hands

=>

2 They had taken the victim to hospital before the police came

=>

3 Had they pulled down the building to make way for a new road before you came back? =>

4 She hadn't informed me of the date of the meeting before another classmate of mine told me

S + will/shall + be + PII + by + Object

Eg: - They will change the date of the meeting again

- The date of the meeting will be changed again by them

1 The examiner will read the passage three times

5 I will not forgive her for the serious mistake she has made =>

Lưu ý: Thì tương lai tiếp diễn không có dạng bị động 8 Future perfect: S + will/shall have + PII + Object S + will/shall have been + PII + by + Object Eg: - By the time you come back, they will have finished the project - By the time you come back, the project will have been finished 1 By the time you come back here in 5 years' time, they will have knocked down those houses =>

2 " We will have liberated the South of Vietnam before the rainy season." The commander said =>

3 By the end of this year, we will have upgraded all the roads in the city =>

4 Don't phone us at 10 pm tonight I won't have finished my work by then =>

5 How many letters will she have typed before the boss comes back? =>

II Bài về nhà

Exercise 1 Make the sentences passive:

1 Somebody cleans the office every day

2 Somebody sends emails

3 Somebody cuts the grass

4 Somebody prefers chocolate

5 Somebody often steals cars

6 Somebody plays loud music

7 Somebody speaks English here

8 Somebody loves the London parks

9 Somebody wants staff

10 Somebody writes articles

11 People speak Portuguese in Brazil

12 The Government is planning a new road near my house

13 My grandfather built this house in 1943

14 Picasso was painting Guernica at that time

15 The cleaner has cleaned the office

16 He had written three books before 1867

17 John will tell you later

18 By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal

19 Somebody should do the work

20 The traffic might have delayed Jimmy

21 Everybody loves Mr Brown

22 They are building a new stadium near the station

23 The wolf ate the princess

24 At six o’clock someone was telling a story

25 Somebody has drunk all the milk!

26 I had cleaned all the windows before the storm

27 A workman will repair the computer tomorrow

28 By next year the students will have studied the passive

29 James might cook dinner

30 Somebody must have taken my wallet

Exercise 2:

The Passive: Verbs with Two Objects

This time there are two answers:

1 John gave a bar of chocolate to Jill

1 The office is cleaned every day

2 Emails are sent

3 The grass is cut

4 Chocolate is preferred

5 Cars are often stolen

6 Loud music is played

7 English is spoken here

8 The London parks are loved

9 Staff are wanted

10 Articles are written

11 Portuguese is spoken in Brazil

12 A new road is being planned near my house

13 This house was built (by my grandfather) in 1943

14 Guernica was being painted (by Picasso) at that time

15 The office has been cleaned

16 Three books had been written before 1867

17 You will be told (by John) later

18 By this time tomorrow the deal will have been signed

19 The work should be done

20 Jimmy might have been delayed (by the traffic)

21 Mr Brown is loved (by everybody)

22 A new stadium is being built near the station

23 The princess was eaten (by the wolf)

24 At six o’clock a story was being told

25 All the milk has been drunk!

26 All the windows had been cleaned (by me) before the storm

27 The computer will be repaired tomorrow

28 By next year the passive will have been studied (by the students)

29 Dinner might be cooked (by James)

30 My wallet must have been taken

Exercise 2

1 a: Jill was given a bar of chocolate (by John)

b: A bar of chocolate was given to Jill (by John)

2 a: Graham was lent a pencil (by me)

b: A pencil was lent to Graham (by me)

3 a: Julian was told the truth (by Fiona)

b: The truth was told to Julian (by Fiona)

4 a: Simon was offered the job (by them)

b: The job was offered to Simon (by them)

5 a: Anna was shown the new computer (by the boss)

b: The new computer was shown to Anna (by the boss)

6 a: The students were taught the grammar (by Julie)

b: The grammar was taught to the students (by Julie)

7 a: John was sent the email (by me)

b: The email was sent to John (by me)

8 a: The child was thrown the ball (by Lucy)

b: The ball was thrown to the child (by Lucy)

9 a: A doctor was sold the car (by Sophia)

b: The car was sold to a doctor (by Sophia)

10 a: David was asked the question (by me)

b: The question was asked to David (by me)

PASSIVE VOICE - Phần 2

I Tóm tắt bài giảng

Đơn was / were + PII am / is / are + PII will be + PII

Tiếp diễn was / were + being + PII am / is / are + being + PII Không có

Hoàn thành had been + PII have / has been + PII will have been + PII

S + am/is/are + going to + V + Object

S + am/is/are + going to be + PII + by + O

Eg: - We are going to make him the monitor of our class

- He is going to be made the monitor of our class by us

1 Are they going to export more rice to Africa next year

Active:

S + Modal verbs (can / could / may / might / must / ought to / Should ) + infinitive + Object Passive

S + Modal verbs (can / could / may / might / must / ought to / Should ) + be + PII

1 He can't repair my bike =>

2 Our teacher used to forbid us to talk in class =>

3 My mother used to make clean the house =>

4 She can sew 3 shirts a day =>

5 He couldn't find his key =>

6 Did Mr John use to teach you English? =>

7 My classmates used to call me John =>

8 Mr Brown will appoint Tom the director tomorrow =>

9 You should pay more attention to your study =>

10 They can see the villey from the top of the hill =>

11.You must wash your hands =>

12 The computer can do all the accounts =>

13.Children should treat old men with respect =>

14.How many ways can you solve this problem? =>

15.You must keep dogs outside shops =>

16.She didn’t use to make cloth puppets =>

17 We can't improve the public telephone service this year

(1) He wasn't let buy ( wasn't allowed to buy) a

motorbike by his parents

Let oneself be PII

( 2 ) He let himself be cheated

1 The robber made everybody lie on the floor

Eg: - Someone saw him pick up a stone and throw it at the riot police

- He was seen to pick up a stone and to throw it at the riot police

- They saw him walking with his friend before he got lost

- He was seen walking with his friend before he got lost

1 They saw him get on the car and drive away

13 Câu bị động truyền khiến

Active: HAVE SB DO SOMETHING/ GET SB TO DO SOMETHING

Passive: HAVE /GET SOMETHING DONE (BY SB)

Ví dụ: - I have my younger brother clean the floor

- I have the floor cleaned by my younger brother

- He has his hair cut He has the barber cut his hair

Cấu trúc trên đƣợc dùng theo hai nghĩa sau:

a Để nói ta thu xếp để người khác làm giúp mình một việc gì ( không tự mình làm)

So sánh: Jill repaired the roof ( = She repaired it herself)

Jill had the roof repaired (= She arranged for somebody else to repair it)

I have cut my hair ( Tôi tự cắt.)

I have had my hair cut ( người khác cắt tóc cho tôi.)

I hate taking photographs

I hate having my photograph taken

Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?

How often do you have your hair done / cut?

I’ve lost my key I’ll have to have another key made

Why did you take your car to the garage? To have it serviced

Why did you take your jacket to the cleaner’s? To have it cleaned

Why did you take your watch to the jeweller’s? To have it repaired

Why did you go to the hairdresser ? To have my hair cut

So sánh:

Passive: You should have / get your eyes tested (by an oculist)

Active: You should have an oculist test your eyes / You should get an oculist to test your

eyes

b Để nói một sự việc không hay xảy ra với vật sở hữu của ai / cái gì:

George’s nose was broken in a fight => George had his nose broken in a fight

Jack’s passport was stolen a few weeks ago => Jack had his passport stolen a few weeks ago

Have you ever had your passport stolen?

The hurricane blew off the roof of the house

The roof of the house was blown off by the hurricane

The house had its roof blown off by the hurricane

They have had their house broken into twice this month

Mr Brown had his hat blown off in the wind

II Bài về nhà

PASSIVE OF MODAL VERBS

Exercise 1 Change these sentences into the passive voice

1 We all know we can't allow the situation to continue

The situation

2 We'll hold the next meeting in May

The next meeting

3 Everyone agrees that the company will employ no more staff

7 We have to reduce costs Costs

8 We should warn the staff

Exercise 2 Transform these sentences using the causative have

1 A local firm redecorated our kitchen

We ……….by a local firm

2 A doctor took out her tonsils when she was six

She ……… when she was six

3 Be careful! These walls have just been painted

Be careful! I ……… painted

4 There was a leak in the roof so they're fixing it now

There was a leak in the roof so I ……… now

5 The hairdresser should cut your hair It's too long and untidy!

You ……… It's too long and untidy!

6 When will you call someone to repair the air conditioning? It's too hot in here!

When will you ………? It's too hot in here!

7 When I was coming here, someone stole my purse on the bus

When I was coming here, I ……… on the bus

Exercise 3 Hoàn thành câu với dạng đúng của từ trong ngoặc

1 Jimmy had a servant ………….(clean) his house Jimmy had his house ………

2 My parents don't want to wash their car They will get someone ………… (wash) it They will get

their car ………

3 His father always forces hime ………… (study) hard He's quite upset about this

4 The visitors made him ……… (carry) a lot of luggages

5 I don't know why they let her little daughter ………(buy) a lot of clothes

6 Our mother never allows ………games all day

7 His wife permits him ………fast food

8 She makes her husband ……… exercise

9 Why don't you let me _ (cook) supper tonight? You can have a rest

KEY

Exercise 1

1 can't be allowed to continue

2 will be held in May

3 will be employed by the company

4 ought to be made clear to them

5 must be taken

6 must be kept open

7 have to be reduced

8 should be warned

9 Their complaints should be sent to the main office

10 Your car might be stolen if you had left the keys in it

11 The fire could be caused a short circuit

12 Lan’s friends is going to be invited to her birthday party by Lan

13 The door of the classroom couldn’t opened be by Lien

14 That news should be announced as soon as possible

15 The scientific book has to be returned to the library by Phong

16 That old building must be repaired

17 The memorial monument will be rebuilt by the government

18 Phong may be elected their leader by the students

19 Papers written in pencils won’t be accepted by the teacher

20 Some interesting places might be visited after Sea-Games by the athletes

21 Their house has to be cleaned up before Tet holidays by Lan’s parents

22 She might be interviewed by the principal

23 Fruit must be kept in the fridge for long

Exercise 2

1 had our kitchen redecorated

2 had her tonsils taken out

3 've just had these walls

4 'm having it fixed

5 should have your hair cut

6 have the air conditioning repaired

7 had my purse stolen