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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGO THI THANH VAN CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH-VIETNAMESE SOCIOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY Major: Comparative and Contrastive Linguistics Code: 9222024 SUMMARY OF THE PH.D THESIS IN LINGUISTICS Hanoi - 2019 The thesis has been completed at: Faculty of Linguistics, Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Supervisor: Prof Dr Le Quang Thiem First examiner: Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Second examiner: Assoc Prof Nguyen Hong Con Third examiner: Assoc Prof Hoang Tuyet Minh The thesis will be defended before the Academy-wide assessment board of dissertations and theses at ……………………………………………….…………………………………… … ……………………………………………………………………………………… on , 2019 The thesis can be found at: The National Library of Vietnam Graduate Academy of Social Sciences THE THESIS-RELATED STUDIES BY THE PH.D STUDENT Ngo Thi Thanh Van (2014), An initial survey of Vietnamese sociological terms on Oxford dictionary data), Lexicography & Encyclopedia, Vol.2 (28), pp 89-92, ISSN: 1859-3135 Ngo Thi Thanh Van (2016), The Equivalence in translation of Oxford sociological dictionary, Lexicography & Encyclopedia, Vol.2 (42), pp 21-24, ISSN: 1859-3135 Ngo Thi Thanh Van (2018), The characteristics of nomination for sociological terms in Vietnamese (based on Oxford English-Vietnamese Sociological Dictionary), Language & Life, Vol.2 (269), pp 24-26, ISSN: 0868-3409 Ngo Thi Thanh Van (2019), Several Proposals on Standardisation of Sociological Terms, Prof Hoang Phe with Vietnamese and Standardisation of Vietnamese Language - Scientific Conference Proceedings 2019), Dan Tri Publishing House, pp 288-296 INTRODUCTION Rationale Terminology is a tool, which constitutes knowledge of a science Vietnamese sociology nowadays witnesses rapid growth and requires rich and standard scientific terminology However, the Vietnamese sociological terminology is in the ongoing process of development, thus, terms are still inadequate without any standardisation of content and forms In consideration of such evolution in the domestic sociology, it is essential to build and perfect the terminology of the domain The thesis focuses on researching and contrasting English and Vietnamese sociological terms considering their formation and nomination characteristics, in order to identify the similarities and differences in those of the English and Vietnamese sociological terms in light of comparative and contrastive linguistics From this point, the thesis engages in building the general theory of terminology, develop and standardise the current Vietnamese sociological terminology Objectives and tasks 2.1 Research objectives The thesis aims to clarify the similarities and differences between the formation and nomination of the sociological terminology in English and those in Vietnamese by studying and contrasting Upon this basis, specific measures are proposed to standardise the English-Vietnamese sociological terminology 2.2 Research tasks In order to achieve the aforesaid objectives, the thesis fulfils the following tasks: Giving an overview of researching situation and systematisation of theoretical viewpoints for the research; and contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese sociological terms considering their formation and nomination characteristics; and proposing standardisation of unqualified terms Subjects and scope 3.1 Research subjects The research subjects are the sociological terms in English and their corresponding terms in Vietnamese From our point of view, sociological terms are fixed words and phrases that express the concepts used in the sociological domain 3.2 Research scope The thesis’ scope of research for contrastive analysis is limited to sociological terms in English and Vietnamese from dictionaries and scientific documents on the typical sociological domain to identify the similarities and differences between these terms in English and those in Vietnamese from the contemporary perspective The base language is English and the contrasting language is Vietnamese Research methodology and materials The thesis combines research methodology descriptive and contrastive methods, with tactics, such as direct constituent analysis, quantitative statistics, and modelling Materials utilised are collected from typical sociological dictionaries, textbooks, and specialized journals, with terms in both English and Vietnamese New scientific contributions This might be considered a systematic and comprehensive research and contrastive analysis between the basic characteristics of sociological terms in English and those in Vietnamese from the formation and nomination perspective Based on the findings and outcomes, the thesis proposes specific directions and feasible measures to develop and standardise sociological terms in Vietnamese, contributing to the development and standardisation of Vietnamese sociological terminology in particular and Vietnamese sociology in general Theoretical and practical significance 6.1 Theoretical significance The research outcome is expected to engage in establishment and development of the ongoing sociological terminology in Vietnam, and apply the contrastive theory in analysing English-Vietnamese sociological terminology, which enables standardisation and development of the underlying terms 6.2 Practical significance The research outcome of the thesis is expected to: - Act as a ground for fully developing the existing Vietnamese sociological terms to facilitate the nationwide development of sociology - Practically contribute to revision, thus, standardisation of the existing Vietnamese sociological terms, functionally supporting the curriculum and compiling sociological dictionaries, textbooks and reference documents The thesis also represents a good reference resource for teachers, learners, linguists, and sociologists Thesis structure The thesis is comprised of introduction, body, conclusion, reference list, and appendix sections The body section consists of four chapters Chapter 1: Literature review and theoretical background; Chapter 2: Contrastive analysis of formative characteristics of English-Vietnamese sociological terms; Chapter 3: Contrastive Analysis of nomination characteristics of English-Vietnamese sociological terms; and Chapter 4: Evaluation and standardisation of English-Vietnamese sociological term translation output CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Introduction In Chapter 1, we review the researches on terms both in Vietnam and other countries as well as concepts and essential criteria for terms We also provide a theoretical framework for contrastive linguistics, nomination theory, translation theory as research background for the thesis 1.1 Literature review 1.1.1 Researches on term abroad Term development can be summarized in important periods: the period from the 18th century to the first half of the 20th century; the 2nd half of the 20th century; and the 1975-1985 period The thesis also reviews the situation of term researches in the world in development periods According to Teresa Cabré M [Cabre, 1992], modern terms have developed through four basic periods: the origins (1930 - 1960), the structuring of the field (1960 - 1975); the boom (1975 1985); and the expansion (1985 to present) 1.1.2 Researches on term in Vietnam The thesis summarizes the term studies in Vietnam by development periods, and reviews the studies, dissertations and journal articles related to the domain A number of outstanding theoretical studies on Vietnamese terms have been published by Vietnamese linguists, such as Hoang Xuan Han, Nguyen Van Tu, Luu Van Lang, Hoang Van Hanh, Nguyen Nhu Y, Dai Xuan Ninh, Nguyen Duc Dan, Nguyen Thien Giap, Vuong Toan, Le Quang Thiem, Do Huu Chau, Nguyen Duc Ton, Ha Quang Nang, and others The researchers have all been concentrating on discussing several general theoretical issues about terms such as concepts, criteria, creation methods, borrowing terms, and standardisation 1.1.3 Researches on sociological terms in Vietnam and abroad 1.1.3.1 Researches on sociological terms abroad Sociology has been developing in a fast pace around the world, but studies on sociological terms are mainly dictionaries of specialized terms Highlights are the dictionaries by William Outhwaite, Tom Bottomore, David Jary-Julia Jary, Bryan S Turner, John Scott, and Gordon Marshall 1.1.3.2 Researches on sociological terms in Vietnam There are only a modest number of researches on sociological terms in Vietnam, which are mainly limited to explanatory dictionaries edited or translated by Nguyen Khac Vien, Thanh Le, Nguy Huu Tam, Bui The Cuong, and others There has been no in-depth research on contrastive analysis of sociological terminology in English and Vietnamese thus far 1.2 Theoretical background 1.2.1 Terms and related concepts 1.2.1.1 Concept of terms Considering experts’ point of view on terms, the thesis establishes the following concept of terms as a research basis: Terms are words or phrases that concisely represent the definition, attributes, subjects, things and phenomena, etc within a certain scientific or specialized domain 1.2.1.2 Criteria for terms On a systematic basis and analysis of the term criteria set by both foreign and local researchers, we find that basic criteria of a term include scientificity (accuracy, brevity, systematicness), internationalism, and nationalism This is also the thesis’ theoretical basis for surveying, contrastive analysis and standardisation of the sociological terms 1.2.1.3 Concept of sociological terms From various linguists’ perspectives on terms and definitions of sociology, we propose the below definition of sociological terms Sociological terms are words or phrases that correctly present the definition, attributes, subjects, things and phenomena, etc within the domain of sociology 1.2.2 Contrastive linguistics 1.2.2.1 Concept of contrastive analysis Contrastive linguistics was introduced in Vietnam in 1980s in an article of Le Quang Thiem, namely, ‘Nhận xét nghiên cứu đối chiếu ngôn ngữ’ (roughly, An Assessment of Study on Contrastive Linguistics) published on the Scientific Journal of Vietnam National University A highlight was his so-called ‘Nghiên cứu đối chiếu ngôn ngữ’ (Contrastive Study on Languages) published in 1989 Until now, there have been several intensive studies on contrastive analysis by Bui Manh Hung, Tran Huu Manh, Vuong Toan and editions with supplements by Le Quang Thiem, etc 1.2.2.2 Principles of Contrastive Research Researcher Bui Manh Hung, on the research basis, raised five fundamental principles which must be conformed to by contrastive studies 1.2.2.3 Contrastive analysing steps According to Bui Manh Hung, contrastive analysis consists of steps: description, identification of contrastive objects and contrastive analysis 1.2.3.4 Scope of contrastive analysis The thesis presents several opinions about scopes of contrastive analysis, given by foreign and local authors 1.2.3 Nomination theory 1.2.3.1 Concept of nomination This thesis represents several typical concepts of nomination given by a number of authors The following viewpoint i.e “It is nomination that names things and phenomena”, stated by Nguyen Duc Ton, is accepted as a research base 1.2.3.2 Process of nomination The thesis provides a brief summary of the nomination process found by a number of researchers The thesis accepts that “the nomination process covers two stages: concept categorization of nominal subjects and utilization of a subject’s features as its name As classification of nomination concepts is flexible, it is possible to include or exclude some features of things or phenomena to select the most typical out of them, which differentiates such thing or phenomenon from others.” as stated by Nguyen Duc Ton 1.2.3.3 Characteristics of nomination Characteristics of nomination can be a fundamental or non-fundamental attribute of a thing or phenomenon, given that it differentiates such thing or phenomenon from others 1.2.3.4 Nomination unit Base unit of nomination is normally a word Through semantic derivation and morphological derivation, derivative nomination unit, which is often a compound or a phrase, is formed 1.2.3.5 Methods of nomination According to B.A Sereprenhicop, there are seven direct nomination methods i.e using a phonetic combination demonstrating certain features among the subject’s features, sound simulations (onomatopoeia), derivation, compound wording, structure of expressions, idioms, calque, and and loan translation 1.2.3.6 Structure of derivative nomination unit Derivative nomination is a new structuring method for the new nomination unit through semantic derivation and morphological-syntactical derivation The morphological-syntactical method utilizes morphology to impact the elements to form derivative nomination unit under certain models 1.2.4 Understanding of translation 1.2.4.1 Concept of translation The thesis attempts to systematise the concepts of translation given by several researchers, such as Nida, E and C Taber, Mildred L Larson, and Jakobson The thesis establishes an opinion that, translation is transformation of a text from its source language to a target language while the meaning of text in both languages is understood the same by corresponding native speakers 1.2.4.2 Methods of translation The thesis on translation methodology of Vinay, J P and J Darbelnet, Catford, Larson, Newmark, Nguyen Hong Con, and others The thesis utilises translating tactics suggested by Nguyen Hong Con as a base for the English into Vietnamese sociological term translation survey Summary In Chapter 1, we reviewed the overview of term and sociological term studies in Vietnam and abroad We also explained several understandings of terms and eligibility of scientific terms It is also mentioned in Chapter that, essential requirements for term research include contrastive theory, nomination theory and translation theory Those theories act as key theoretical foundations for contrastive analysis of structural characteristics and features of nomination between English and Vietnamese sociological terms in next chapters CHAPTER 2: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF FORMATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH - VIETNAMESE SOCIOLOGICAL TERMS Introduction In Chapter 2, we use elements to analyse the semantic meaning and the relations between elements constituting a term We analyse structural units and the relations between sociological term units at word and phrase levels 2.1 Understandings of English and Vietnamese terms English-Vietnamese sociological terms consist of nominative words and phrases Therefore, we summarize a number of understandings of English and Vietnamese words and phrases as a basis for contrastive analysis 2.1.1 Concepts of word and phrase in English and Vietnamese 2.1.1.1 Concepts of word and word formation in English We accept Bloomfield’s opinion in his research on words from the formation perspective A morpheme is considered as a base unit for word formation A word can be constituted by one or two root morphemes, or a combination of root morpheme(s) and bound morpheme(s) As it suggests, root morpheme is the “core” of a word, and there would be no word without root morpheme’s existence When it comes to English, there are words, compound words and derivative words 10 terms, thus, to provide standard formation models with potentials to establish further terms 2.2.2 Contrastive analysis of the structure of sociological terms as a single word 115 out of 1,339 English sociological terms used for contrastive analysis are single words, accounting for 8.6% There are only single-word terms, making 0.7% of total 1,339 Vietnamese sociological terms The statistical data also indicates that, there are few English sociological terms under single word form Single words are rather minimal among Vietnamese sociological terms 2.2.3 Contrastive analysis of the structure of sociological terms as compound words Out of 1,339 English sociological terms surveyed, only 586 terms, equivalent to 43.8%, are compound words Out of the same number of sociological terms in Vietnamese, only 457 terms are compound words, making 34.1% of the total The percentage of compound words is rather high in both English and Vietnamese, resulted by compound words’ characteristics, especially high specificity and classification in subordinate compounds 2.2.3.1 English-Vietnamese sociological terms as compound nouns There is no compound word in total 586 English sociological terms which are compound words 75 units out of 457 English sociological terms are compound words, making 16.4% It is recognized that Vietnamese terms in compound form are constituted by two independent elements or more with equal value in meaning and grammatical functions 2.2.3.2 English-Vietnamese sociological terms as subordinate or derivative compounds In English sociological terms, ones with subordinate relations between direct elements have implicit coverage 100% of 586 compound words in English sociological terms have subordinate relations between constituent elements However, the coverage in Vietnamese is only 382 out of 457, making 83.6% of the total sociological terms The thesis demonstrates this with a formation model for English and Vietnamese sociological terms, indicating subordinate and derivative compounds There are formation models for subordinate compounds in Vietnamese sociological terms while there are models in English 13 2.2.4 Structural similarities and differences of English-Vietnamese sociological terms as a word 2.2.4.1 Similarities English- Vietnamese sociological terms consist of single words and subordinate compounds English and Vietnamese terms share the low rate of single words, respectively 16.4 and 1.9% Compound words account for a huge rate, with 83.6% in English and 98.1% in Vietnamese Compared to the total compound words in their sociological terms, subordinate compounds occupy 100% in English and 82% in Vietnamese Regarding parts of speech, sociological terms in English and Vietnamese are mainly nouns, verbs, and adjectives, where adjectives account for insignificant proportion Considering the number of direct constituent elements, both English and Vietnamese have sociological terms constituted by or elements When it comes to formation models, English and Vietnamese sociological terms share a model of elements i.e modification-head and headmodification These are the two models with the highest capacity of term generation in English and Vietnamese sociological terms 2.2.4.2 Differences English sociological terms are ones in the form of a single word or subordinate compounds only, in which compound nouns are inapplicable Subordinate compounds cover 100% of sociological terms in English In Vietnamese sociological terms, there are structures i.e single words, compound nouns, and subordinate compounds The most recognizable difference between these two systems lies in the formation model of subordinate and derivative compounds Subordinate compounds are rather specific in Vietnamese while derivative compounds are popular in English Subordinate compounds in English sociological terms have more formation models than those in Vietnamese in terms of formation models On the other hand, the number of constituent elements in English subordinate compounds is at minimum and at maximum Each Vietnamese compound has only constituent elements because it is the characteristics of Vietnamese subordinate compounds that only direct elements possess lexical significance 14 2.3 Contrastive analysis of the structure of English-Vietnamese sociological terms as a phrase 638 out of 1,339 sociological terms used for structural contrast are phrases Phrases in English sociological terms are noun phrases only Vietnamese sociological terms in phrasal form are counted as 873, in which noun phrases are 792, equivalent to 90.7% The quantity of verb phrases is 81, accounting for 9.3% 2.3.1 Contrastive analysis of the structure of English-Vietnamese sociological terms as a noun phrase In noun phrases within English sociological terms, the “pre-modification head” model makes 89.2%, and the “head - post-modification” model accounts for 10.3% The model of “pre-modification - head - post-modification” accounts for the lowest proportion of 0.8% In Vietnamese noun phrases within sociological terms, the only applicable model is “head - post-modification” The “pre-modification - head” model in English noun phrases and “head post-modification” model in Vietnamese noun phrases are the two major models with the highest percentage because they are the most popular models in English and Vietnamese English noun phrases tend to be “pre-modification - head”, while it is “head - post-modification” in Vietnamese noun phrases 2.3.2 Contrastive analysis of the structure of English-Vietnamese sociological terms as a verb phrase In analysing English and Vietnamese sociological terms which are verb phrases, we found that there is no erb phrase playing as a sociological term in English, while there are 81 ones, making 9.3%, in Vietnamese The only model for verb phrases in Vietnamese sociological terms is “head - post-modification” The “pre-modification - head” model is not available in Vietnamese sociological terms as verb phrases because most of verb phrases have grammatical function only 2.3.3 Structural similarities and differences of English-Vietnamese sociological terms as a phrase 2.3.3.1 Similarities Upon contrastive analysis of nomination phrases between English and Vietnamese sociological terms considering of structure, it is realized that: there are 15 a large number of noun phrases in both English and Vietnamese sociological terms The “pre-modification - head” and “head - post-modification” models respectively occupy an extremely high percentage in English-Vietnamese sociological terms It is because the formation models of noun phrases in English versus Vietnamese sociological terms have opposite orders 2.3.3.2 Differences The most recognizable structural difference between English and Vietnamese sociological terms in the phrasal form lies in the sole existence of noun phrases in English terms, and noun phrases and verb phrases in Vietnamese terms The only formation model of Vietnamese verb phrases is “head - postmodification” In contrast, there are models for English sociological terms They are: premodification - head; head - post-modification; and pre-modification - head - postmodification In Vietnamese, the only applicable model for noun phrases is “head post-modification” Regarding formation models, English sociological terms as a phrase are likely “pre-modification - head” Meanwhile, Vietnamese sociological terms as a noun phrase are likely “head - post-modification” Summary In summary, words occupy a higher percentage in English sociological terms i.e 52.4%, compared to phrases with 47.6% In contrast, the proportion of phrases (34.8%) is higher than that of words (34.8%) in Vietnamese EnglishVietnamese sociological terms share relatively brief constitution, mostly or 3element terms Terms with 1, 4, and constituent elements play an insignificant part English sociological terms are structurally briefer than Vietnamese sociological terms Single words are few among English and Vietnamese sociological terms and have simple structure There is no compound noun in English sociological terms, but there are, in Vietnamese, though not many As terms are often monosemous, subordinate compounds form a large percentage in English and Vietnamese sociological terms Subordinate compounds cover 100% of sociological terms in English Subordinate compounds in English sociological terms have more formation models than those in Vietnamese in terms of formation 16 models Vietnamese sociological terms fall in to noun phrases and verb phrases, while noun phrases are the only composition of English terms English sociological terms as noun phrases have full three formation models while there is only one in Vietnamese Contrastive analysis of constituent units reveals similarities and differences between the two systems and formation models with highest capacity of term generation in each language CHAPTER 3: CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF NOMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ENGLISH -VIETNAMESE SOCIOLOGICAL TERMS Introduction Nomination is an essential function of terms During term nomination process, specialists often select the most significant and basic characteristics of things and phenomena to name them In Chapter 3, the mentioned nomination concept is used to make a contrastive analysis of nomination characteristics between English and Vietnamese sociological terms 3.1 Nomination characteristics 3.1.1 Contrastive analysis of nomination characteristics Nomination of a term is associated with selection of such term’s characteristics Core and fundamental characteristics of such thing or phenomenon are used as a naming base Nomination characteristics of terms help distinguish this concept with other scientific concepts 3.1.2 Nomination characteristics of English- Vietnamese sociological terms In determining sociological terms in English and Vietnamese, researchers used the most socially typical and essential characteristics of things and phenomena to name the scientific concept There are two basic nomination units for English and Vietnamese sociological terms, namely, basic nomination unit (grade 1) and secondary or derivative nomination unit (grade 2) 3.1.3 Main content categories of English-Vietnamese sociological terms Since nomination characteristics are the key and most important of English and Vietnamese sociological terms, we provide typical nomination models of the systems based on the sociological content categories mentioned 17 by the term The content categories include: basic concepts of sociology, sociological research methodology, social action and social interaction, social organization and social institution, social structure, culture, individuality and socialization, and social change 3.2 Characteristics of nomination unit of English-Vietnamese sociological terms 3.2.1 Characteristics of base nomination unit of English-Vietnamese sociological terms Basic nomination is nomination with unidentifiable naming reason for things and concepts due to the language’s dogmatism The basic nomination unit is a single unit with literal meaning, constituted by a single constituent element 115 out of 1,339 English sociological terms used in contrastive analysis are single words, representing 8.6% of the total Single words in Vietnamese sociological terms are 9, equivalent to 0.7% Single-word terms are used as a nomination base unit for establishing secondary nomination units Therefore, we choose not to make contrastive analysis of nomination methods of these terms Stats shows that 133 English and Vietnamese sociological terms are compound words which show up once only and not have any nomination model 1,091 out of 1,339 English and Vietnamese sociological terms used in contrastive analysis are secondary nomination units We will make contrastive analysis of nomination characteristics of these 1,091 English and Vietnamese later in this thesis 3.2.2 Characteristics of secondary nomination units of English-Vietnamese sociological terms 1,091 out of 1,339 English and Vietnamese sociological terms under research are compound words and phrases with a nomination model Nomination characteristics of English and Vietnamese sociological are contrastively compared in this thesis based on the aforesaid content categories of sociology 3.2.2.1 Nomination characteristics of terms on basic concepts of sociology Terms on basic concepts of sociology are the greatest with 546 terms, representing 50% of terms for contrastive analysis The basic concepts of sociology have 15 nomination models and 12 nomination characteristics Popular 18 nomination characteristics of this category are content, feature, subject, matter, unique name, etc These are also categories with the largest number of terms and the most diversified nomination characteristics among the content categories 3.2.2.2 Nomination characteristics of terms on sociological research methodology Terms on sociological research methodology consists of 96 terms, accounting for 8.8% of the total terms in contrastive analysis The category of sociological research methodology has 96 terms and nomination models The research model has the most number of terms and variable model has the least number of terms The nomination characteristics of this category is rather diversified, mainly style, method, property, subject, purpose, etc 3.2.2.3 Nomination characteristics of terms on social action and social interaction There are very few terms in this category, which fall in nomination models Their nomination characteristics are scope, subject, and characteristic 3.2.2.4 Nomination characteristics of terms on social organization and institution There are 124 terms on social organization and institution, representing 11.4% of the total terms The terms belonging to this category have 10 nomination models and nomination characteristics The social group model has the most number of terms and social service model has the least number of terms Nomination characteristics of these models are mainly characteristic, feature, and subject 3.2.2.5 Nomination characteristics of terms on social structure There are 108 terms on social structure, representing 9.9% of the total terms The terms belonging to this category have 10 nomination models and 10 nomination characteristics The model with the most terms is formation model, while the least one is cascading model This category has diversified nomination characteristics i.e trend, scope, kind, characteristic, feature, functionality, role, and more 3.2.2.6 Nomination characteristics of terms on culture There are 83 terms on culture, making 7.6% of the total The terms belonging to this category have nomination models and nomination 19 characteristics The model with the most terms is cultural concepts, while the least one is cultural trends Despite very few nomination models, nomination characteristics of these models are rather diversified, including content, element name, trend, feature, characteristic, etc 3.2.2.7 Nomination characteristics of terms on individuality and socialization There are 14 terms on social structure, representing 1.3% of the total terms This is a category with the fewest terms and nomination models in categories researched with nomination models and nomination characteristics Nomination characteristics of this category are not duplicate though being few 3.2.2.8 Nomination characteristics of terms on social changes There are 90 terms on social structure, representing 8.3% of the total terms The terms belonging to this category have nomination models and nomination characteristics The model with the most terms is doctrine model, while the least one is social regime model Nomination characteristics of this category are content, purpose, chracteristic, essence and trend 3.3 Contrastive analysis of nomination characteristics of English-Vietnamese sociological terms Upon contrastive analysis of nomination characteristics of social content categories, the number of terms, nomination models and characteristics of categories under research are summarized in this thesis According to the stats, the basic concepts of sociology category has the most terms while individuality and socialization category has the fewest Other categories have diversified number of terms Regarding nomination models, the basic concepts of sociology category has the largest number of nomination models i.e 16 models The individuality and socialization category has fewest nomination models i.e models Considering their nomination characteristics, basic concepts of sociology category has the most nomination characteristics with 12 characteristics, followed by social structure with 10 characteristics The categories with the fewest nomination characteristics are action and social interaction, and individuality and socialization with characteristics According to the findings on contrastive analysis in nomination characteristics, English-Vietnamese sociological terms have similar nomination 20 characteristics, resulted by the careful translation of sociological terms from English into Vietnamese by specialists with thorough consideration of content and structure However, the order in the nomination models of English versus Vietnamese sociological terms are reversal Summary Nomination of sociological terms conforms to the selection rules of the most basic and essential characteristics of the concepts to create standard terms Therefore, the nomination characteristics of English and Vietnamese sociological terms have many similarities These terms not only reflect the most significant features of the concepts but also possess a brief and succinct form The findings of contrastive analysis of sociological characteristics between English and Vietnamese show that, the number of terms, nomination models, and nomination characteristics of different research categories are not the same Some typical nomination characteristics such characteristic, feature, content, scope, and subject, etc are repeated in many nomination models As such, specialists selected the most essential characteristics of the concepts to name sociological terms Due to their particular linguistic types, the nomination models of English versus Vietnamese sociological terms has opposite order The English one follows the modification - head order, while the Vietnamese one follows the headmodification order Analysis of nomination characteristics helps find out nomination models with the highest term generation capacity in both English and Vietnamese CHAPTER 4: EVALUATION AND STANDARDISATION OF ENGLISHVIETNAMESE SOCIOLOGICAL TERM TRANSLATION OUTPUT Introduction Evaluation of English-Vietnamese translation is based on criteria of translation equivalence and term Based on these, contrastive analysis is conducted to identify the similarities and differences between these two systems while standardising English and Vietnamese sociological terminology for complete Vietnamese sociological terms 4.1 Translation equivalence 4.1.1 Concept of translation equivalence 21 The thesis presents a summary of understandings about translation equivalence given by a number of researchers From our point of view, equivalence means accuracy in the content Translation equivalence refers to an equivalent relation between the target and source texts as well as their translation units 4.1.2 Term translation equivalence As units of terms are words and phrases, required equivalence is at two following levels First, it is the equivalence to word-level units Second, it is of utmost necessity that equivalent units or variables must express the concepts or things or phenomena in an accurate and corresponding way in both languages (source and target languages) The above requirements might also be considered as evaluation and review standards of term translation in the surveyed dictionaries In other words, equivalence in term translation is the equivalence of term concepts and formation in two different languages 4.2 Evaluation of translation of English-Vietnamese sociological terms After the contrastive analysis between English and Vietnamese sociological terms with regards of their formation and nomination characteristics, the thesis will validate the output of English-Vietnamese translation of sociological terms 4.2.1 Expressions in target language NOT applied in contrastive analysis The translation of sociological terms from English to Vietnamese must ensure that the meaning of scientific concepts remains unchanged while the constituent unit is transformed into the corresponding constituent unit of the target language The structural translation output is not accepted if: the translated term is an explanatory phrase in the target language, sentence or text; the translated term is a definition or description unit in the target language; the translated term appears as transliteration; or the source term is kept intact and transferred to the target language 4.2.2 Structure of English -Vietnamese sociological terms The evaluation reveals that, structural equivalence rate is rather high in translating English sociological terms into Vietnamese It is recognized that, in this translation, there are 1,141 terms with standard constituent units However, there are several issues on formation equivalence of terms remain in question 22 4.2.2.1 English sociological terms being inconsistent form Majority of English sociological terms are singular nouns and nomination phrases According to the survey, only 92 terms are plural, making 6.9% of total surveyed terms English sociological terms exist in singular or plural forms, resulting in inconsistency in term forms 4.2.2.2 Vietnamese sociological terms including unnecessary words According to the verification, majority of English-Vietnamese sociological terms are brief However, a small proportion of Vietnamese sociological terms have unnecessary words, representing 7.9% Such terms often include coordinating conjunctions such as (about), (of), lên (up), xuống (down), theo (according to/following), etc., due to the grammatical characteristics of an isolating language 4.2.3 Expressed meaning of English-Vietnamese sociological terms In evaluating the meaning of English-Vietnamese sociological terms, it is recognised that 1,159 sociological terms are successfully translated from English to Vietnamese, equivalent to 1-1 translation This is the ideal case of scientific term translation, ensuring the concept’s accuracy Yet, some of Vietnamese sociological terms have not met the criteria for a scientific term 4.2.3.1 Vietnamese sociological terms being a descriptive phrase There are 15 terms as a descriptive phrase, representing 1.1% They are wordy descriptive phrases where the concept’s fundamental characteristics are not selected and its scientific criteria are not met 4.2.3.2 Vietnamese sociological terms with variables It is verified in translating sociological terms from English to Vietnamese that, English terms and their Vietnamese translation have high equivalence rate regarding both structure and meaning Yet, in English sociological terms, 10.9% has variable; 1.2% has variables; and 0.02% has variables 4.3 Standardisation of English and Vietnamese sociological terms 4.3.1 Concept of standardisation The essence of terms is appropriate, sufficient and consistent reflection of scientific concepts in every applicable context From our understanding, a term must be a definitive unit of scientific language in terms of both meaning and form 23 Term standards are a set of required criteria on the terms’ meaning and form In this thesis, term criteria including scientificity, internationalism, nationalism and translation theory as a base for standardisation of English-Vietnamese sociological terms considering of their structure and content 4.3.2 Structural standardisation of English-Vietnamese sociological terms Upon our verification of English and Vietnamese sociological terms considering their structure and content, standardisation of terms dissatisfying the required standards of terms will be conducted 4.3.2.1 Standardisation of English sociological terms being form-inconsistent Plurality in nouns represents grammatical significance, not lexical significance or the term’s content It is proposed in this thesis that, all of plural English sociological terms should be transformed into their infinitive form This ensures the form equivalence between English and Vietnamese terms while maintaining the accuracy, brevity of terms 4.3.2.2 Standardisation of Vietnamese sociological terms consisting of unnecessary words For wordy sociological terms in Vietnamese, we suggest eliminating unnecessary words, given that such elimination does not impact the term’s meaning 4.3.3 Content standardisation of English-Vietnamese sociological terms The terms’ content must reflect the scientific content in a concise and sufficient way without causing any misunderstanding or misleading of the terms’ concept For sociological terms disqualified for the content, we suggest standardisation 4.3.3.1 Standardisation of Vietnamese sociological terms being a descriptive phrase For these terms, shortening is considered while maintaining the original content in the source term Unnecessary elements are to be eliminated, and the terms are to be shortened with appropriate alternative unit(s) 4.3.3.2 Standardisation of Vietnamese sociological terms possessing many translated variables 24 For these terms, the most appropriate variable, which carries the concept’s most crucial characteristics, will be selected For synonymous terms, the structurally brief term with apparent meaning will be prioritized 4.3.4 Standardisation output of English-Vietnamese sociological terms Upon verification of contrastive translation of terms, English-Vietnamese sociological terms not meeting content and structural standards have been standardised Regarding the structure, English -Vietnamese sociological terms must be equivalent in terms of constituent units, briefness, and succinctness Considering their meaning, English and Vietnamese sociological terms must express exactly the same scientific concept with identical intention and content Upon our standardisation of English-Vietnamese sociological terms, 1,339 English sociological terms with corresponding 1,339 Vietnamese terms are cultivated and usable Summary Considering their unit structure, English sociological terms and their corresponding Vietnamese translated terms are well equivalent in terms of constituent units Regarding their meaning, majority of terms are brief and succinct, demonstrating the scientific concept’s essence On the theoretical basis of standardisation and translation equivalence, plus required standards for scientific terms, several specific alterations in the content and form of disqualified terms are hereby proposed CONCLUSION The thesis works on the translation output and contrastive analysis of EnglishVietnamese sociological terms with regards of their constituent unit and nomination characteristics Based on the contrastive analysis between EnglishVietnamese sociological terms, the thesis identifies the similarities and differences in these two systems’ constituent units and nomination characteristics The thesis also recognises typical nomination and formation models with high capacity of new term generation Contrastive analysis of constituent units and nomination characteristics in English-Vietnamese sociological terms is helpful for term 25 translation from English to Vietnamese, standardisation of the English-Vietnamese sociological terms, and full development of the terminology The thesis provides a literature review of term researches in Vietnam and over the world while systematising concepts and standards of terms It is universally accepted in the thesis that, terms are words or phrases that concisely demonstrate the definition, attributes, subjects, things and phenomena, etc within a certain scientific or specialized domain Scientific terms must meet criteria of scientificity, internationalism and nationalism at the same time In addition, the thesis generalises the theories of contrastive analysis, translation and nomination as the theoretical background and research methodology for completing the thesis’s mission On the theoretical basis of word formation and direct elements, the thesis makes contrastive analysis of constituent units between English -Vietnamese sociological terms i.e words and phrases The results show that, most of English -Vietnamese sociological terms are briefly formed by or elements This is the ideal formation of a scientific term The sociological terms with or elements are not many At the word level, English sociological terms, which are single words and compound nouns only, are more than those in Vietnamese English sociological terms are structured under “pre-modification - head” model, while it is mostly “head - post-modification” model in Vietnamese For sociological terms in the subordinate compound form, English has more than Vietnamese At the word level, English sociological terms in the phrasal form are more than those in Vietnamese All formation models are available in English sociological terms, however, the majority are phrases with “pre-modification - head” model structure The only model for phrases in Vietnamese sociological terms is “head - postmodification” Phrases in English sociological terms are noun phrases only while those in Vietnamese include noun phrases and verb phrases The thesis works on contrastive analysis of nomination characteristics between English and Vietnamese sociological terms in light of basic content categories of the domain Nomination models for English-Vietnamese terms are abundant in each content category However, terms in each model are not numerous and the 26 nomination characteristics of English-Vietnamese sociological terms are not diversified Concepts in sociological domain are named based on their core, fundamental and distinctive features, thus, creating terms The order in the nomination models of English versus Vietnamese sociological terms is reversed together The order in the nomination models of English sociological terms is nomination characteristics coming before the denomination element The order in the nomination models of English sociological terms is denomination element coming before the nomination characteristics This is due to the difference between English and Vietnamese Based on the theoretical background and collected materials, the thesis undertakes verification and contrastive analysis between English-Vietnamese sociological terms Verification and evaluation of translation output is also made for structural unit and content equivalence between English-Vietnamese sociological terms From the theoretical background of standardisation, translation equivalence, and required criteria, the thesis proposes to standardise EnglishVietnamese terms The standardised terms must be equivalent in terms of formation, content and characteristics of its language, contributing to the construction of Vietnamese sociological terminology Based on the contrastive analysis of English-Vietnamese sociological terms considering their formation and nomination characteristics, and term standardisation, we realize that the Vietnamese sociological terms are limited, reflected by very few terms in each nomination model and simple nomination characteristics The outstanding issue for further research is the translation of more English sociological terms into Vietnamese in a standard way considering the structure and content This helps develop the current Vietnamese sociological terminilogy Abundant and standardized terminology engages in developing sociology in general and sociological curricula and researches in particular 27 ... đối chiếu ngôn ngữ (roughly, An Assessment of Study on Contrastive Linguistics) published on the Scientific Journal of Vietnam National University A highlight was his so-called ‘Nghiên cứu đối. .. ‘Nghiên cứu đối chiếu ngôn ngữ (Contrastive Study on Languages) published in 1989 Until now, there have been several intensive studies on contrastive analysis by Bui Manh Hung, Tran Huu Manh, Vuong... Ngo Thi Thanh Van (2014), An initial survey of Vietnamese sociological terms on Oxford dictionary data), Lexicography & Encyclopedia, Vol.2 (28), pp 89-92, ISSN: 1859-3135 Ngo Thi Thanh Van (2016),