TestBank psychology around us 2nd edition comer ch04

Chapter: Chapter 04: Neuroscience Multiple Choice What technological advance allows scientists to study brain activity in healthy, awake humans? a) neuroimaging b) lesioning c) autopsy d) psychoanalysis Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Lesioning refers to damaging the brain Feedback C: Autopsy occurs with a deceased participant Feedback D: This is a method of therapy Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and function Difficulty: Easy True/False Past researchers avoided analyzing the brain largely for technical reasons Ans: True Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and function Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank An measures brain wave activity from the surface of the scalp Ans: electroencephalogram Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and function Difficulty: Medium Short Answer What type of scientists study brain functionality by investigating patients with brain damage? Ans: Neuropsychologists Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and function Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice Which of the following brain study techniques cannot be used to investigate the human brain? a) lesioning b) EEGs c) autopsy examination d) the study of brain damage Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Electrical activity can be recorded from the human scalp Researchers cannot destroy, or lesion, parts of the human brain Feedback C: Incorrect Human brains can be examined during autopsies Researchers cannot destroy, or lesion, parts of the human brain Feedback D: Incorrect Human brain damage patients can be studied Researchers cannot destroy, or lesion, parts of the human brain Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning Difficulty Level: Easy Which of the following brain study techniques is CORRECTLY matched with a disadvantage? a) examining cases of brain damage tells little about how brain systems work while in use b) autopsy study – cannot be used to investigate the human brain c) EEG – only provides a summary of activity over a large area of tissue d) lesioning – may not reflect the activity of the intact brain Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect The primary disadvantage of the study of brain damage is that it may not provide an accurate indication of the functioning of the intact brain Feedback B: Incorrect The main disadvantage of autopsy studies is that they tell us little about how the brain works while it is alive and in use Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect The primary disadvantage of lesioning is that it cannot be used to study the human brain Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning Difficulty Level: Medium Which of the following brain study techniques is CORRECTLY matched with a description? a) EEG – detects uptake of certain molecules in the brain b) EEG – detects changes in blood flow in the brain c) PET – detects uptake of certain molecules in the brain d) fMRI – records brain’s electrical activity from the scalp Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect EEGs record the brain’s electrical activity from the scalp PET scans detect the uptake of certain molecules in the brain Feedback B: Incorrect EEGs record the brain’s electrical activity from the scalp fMRI detects changes in blood flow in the brain Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect fMRI detects changes in blood flow in the brain EEGs record the brain’s electrical activity from the scalp Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning Difficulty Level: Medium Pet scans and fMri enable researchers to a) damage specific regions of the brain b) see what parts of the brain are active during certain tasks c) measure hormone levels d) determine which parts of the brain are shaped by genetics and which parts are shaped by environmental experience Ans: b Feedback A: Pet scans and fMri enable researchers to see what parts of the brain are active during certain tasks Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Pet scans and fMri enable researchers to see what parts of the brain are active during certain tasks Feedback D: Pet scans and fMri enable researchers to see what parts of the brain are active during certain tasks Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning Difficulty Level: Medium Dr Aquinas wants to investigate which areas of the brain are activated when people must make quick decisions under stressful circumstances Which neuroimaging technique should she use in her study? a) fMRi b) cardiogram c) x-rays d) electroconvulsive therapy Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Dr Aquinas should use the fMRi technique because she is interested in which regions of the brain become activated during stressful experiences Feedback C: Dr Aquinas should use the fMRi technique because she is interested in which regions of the brain become activated during stressful experiences Feedback D: Dr Aquinas should use the fMRi technique because she is interested in which regions of the brain become activated during stressful experiences Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning Difficulty Level: Hard What region of the brain is activated when we have to make a decision that is particularly difficult? a) The occipital lobe b) The corpus callosum c) The anterior cigulate d) The hypothalamus Ans: c Feedback A: When we must make a difficult decision, the anterior cigulate is activated Feedback B: When we must make a difficult decision, the anterior cigulate is activated Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: When we must make a difficult decision, the anterior cigulate is activated Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning Difficulty Level: Medium What region of the brain is activated when we process information about pain? a) The occipital lobe b) The corpus callosum c) The anterior cigulate d) The hippocampus Ans: c Feedback A: The occipital lobe processes information about vision not pain Feedback B: The corpus callosum is the thick band of fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: The hippocampus plays an important role in memory, not in processing information about pain Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning Difficulty Level: Hard Fill-in-the-blank The _ is involved in decision-making and processing information about pain Ans: anterior cigulate Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning Difficulty: Medium True-False The anterior cigulate is located in the a) occipital lobe b) temporal lobe c) parietal lobe d) frontal lobe Ans: d Feedback A: The anterior cigulate is located in the front lobe not the occipital lobe Feedback B: The anterior cigulate is located in the front lobe not the temporal lobe Feedback C: The anterior cigulate is located in the front lobe not the parietal lobe Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning Difficulty: Hard Which of the following is identified as a neuroimaging technique in your text? a) autopsy study b) EEGs c) lesioning d) PET Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Autopsy study is not a brain imaging technique PET is a neuroimaging method Feedback B: Incorrect Recording EEGs is not a brain imaging technique PET is a neuroimaging method Feedback C: Incorrect Lesioning is not a brain imaging technique PET is a neuroimaging method Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning Difficulty Level: Easy Essay Is there a neurological explanation for why we often find making a choice under doubtful circumstances to be emotionally difficult? Ans: When we are forced to make decisions under unsure circumstances, the anterior cigulate is activated Since the anterior cigulate is also involved in processing information about pain, it is not surprising that we often find making a choice under doubtful circumstances to be emotionally difficult Section Ref: How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System? Learning Objective: Understand the key methods that scientists use to learn about brain anatomy and functioning Difficulty: Medium Essay Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works And: The nervous system is made of of neurons and glia cells Neurons are connected to other neurons, thus forming a neural network Neurons communicate with one another through electrochemical events A sudden change in the electrical charge of an axon (action potential) causes it to release a neurotransmitter that can be received by other neurons Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works Difficulty: Hard 10 What is the fundamental unit of the nervous system? a) neuron b) glia c) axon d) nuclei Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Non-neuronal cells that support neural activity Feedback C: Carry information away from the cell body Feedback D: Term for more than one nucleus Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 12 The branch-like structures that extend away from the cell body to receive impulses from other neurons are called Ans: dendrites Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works Difficulty: Easy Short Answer 13 Approximately how many neurons are housed in the adult, human brain? Ans: Approximately 100 billion Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works Difficulty: Hard Essay 14 Describe how messages enter and leave a neuron Ans: Messages are received by the dendrites then transported to the cell body for processing From the cell body, messages leave the neuron through the axon Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 15 Which of the following is not a part of the human nervous system? a) astrocyte b) astroglia c) adrenal d) microglia Ans: c Feedback A: A category of glia Feedback B: A category of glia Feedback C: Gland that is part of the endocrine system Feedback D: A category of glia Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works Difficulty: Medium True/False 16 There are a greater number of neurons than glial cells in the human nervous system Ans: False Feedback: Glia outnumber neurons by up to a factor of 10 Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works Difficulty: Hard Fill-in-the-blank 17 Astroglial cells provide neurons with important growth-promoting molecules called Ans: trophic factors Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Name the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and describe the primary functions of each Difficulty: Medium Essay 19 What is the primary function of the oligodendroglia? Ans: Cells produce myelin that insulates axons from nearby neurons This is associated with effective transfer of electrical signals down the axon Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 20 The fundamental units of the nervous system are nerve cells, called a) axons b) glia c) neurons d) neurotransmitters Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Nerve cells are called neurons An axon is part of a neuron Feedback B: Incorrect Nerve cells are called neurons Glia are another type of cell in the nervous system Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Nerve cells are called neurons Neurotransmitters are chemicals by which neurons communicate with each other Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works Difficulty Level: Easy 21 The nervous system contains not only neurons, but also other cells called _ a) axons b) glia c) dendrites d) myelin cells Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Glia are the other type of cell in the nervous system An axon is part of a neuron Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Glia are the other type of cell in the nervous system A dendrite is part of a neuron Feedback D: Incorrect Glia are the other type of cell in the nervous system Myelin coats the axons of neurons; there are no “myelin cells” in the nervous system Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works Difficulty Level: Easy 22 According to your text, about how many neurons does the nervous system contain? Ans: False Feedback: Creative and abstract reasoning are thought to be “right-brain” tendencies Section Ref: Brain Side And Brain Size How We Differ Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 188 Which side of the brain is thought to be dominant in individuals with strong analytical and verbal skills? Ans: Left Section Ref: Brain Side And Brain Size How We Differ Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty: Medium Essay 189 How neuroscientists study lateralization? Ans: They use drugs to temporarily inactivate one hemisphere which allows them to isolate functionality and study the hemisphere of interest Section Ref: Brain Side And Brain Size How We Differ Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty: Hard True/False 191 Women are less intelligent than men because their brains are smaller Ans: False Feedback: A relationship between brain size and intelligence does not exist, except in the cases of abnormally small or large brains Section Ref: Brain Side And Brain Size How We Differ Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 192 Overall brain size is related to rather than to the function of the brain Ans: body size Section Ref: Brain Side And Brain Size How We Differ Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 193 What is the relationship between brain size and intelligence? Ans: There is no known relationship unless the brain is abnormally small or large Section Ref: Brain Side And Brain Size How We Differ Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty: Medium Essay 194 Describe one gender-related difference in the size of brain structures and state what functional difference this implies Ans: Women tend to have larger corpus callosums than men, which suggests that they may use both hemispheres of the brain more than men Section Ref: Brain Side And Brain Size How We Differ Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 195 Popular theories suggest the presence of sizeable differences in brain structure between groups of individuals, such as between women and men In general, what does contemporary neuroscientific research say with respect to such differences? a) Neuroscientific research indicates that such differences are about as large as popular theories suggest b) Neuroscientific research suggests that such differences are larger than popular theories propose c) Neuroscientific research suggests that such differences are essentially nonexistent d) Neuroscientific research suggests that such differences may exist, but that they are smaller than popular theories suppose Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Neuroscientific research indicates that group differences in brain structure are smaller than popular theories suggest Feedback B: Incorrect Neuroscientific research indicates that group differences in brain structure are smaller than popular theories suggest Feedback C: Incorrect Neuroscientific research suggests that such differences exist, but they are smaller than popular theories suppose Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Brain Side and Brain Size Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty Level: Medium 196 Nanette is right-handed Onslow is left-handed Which of the following hypotheses is most tenable regarding the location of Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas in these two individuals? a) Onslow is more likely to have Broca’s and Wernicke’s area located in the right hemisphere than is Nanette b) Onslow is more likely to have Broca’s and Wernicke’s area located in the left hemisphere than is Nanette c) Onslow is just as likely as Nanette to have Broca’s and Wernicke’s area located in the left hemisphere d) Handedness does not allow one to predict the brain lateralization of language areas Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect As a left-hander, Onslow is more likely to have Broca’s and Wernicke’s area located in the right hemisphere than is Nanette Feedback C: Incorrect As a left-hander, Onslow is more likely to have Broca’s and Wernicke’s area located in the right hemisphere than is Nanette Feedback D: Incorrect As a left-hander, Onslow is more likely to have Broca’s and Wernicke’s area located in the right hemisphere than is Nanette Section Ref: Brain Side and Brain Size Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty Level: Hard 197 How different are the right and left hemispheres in terms of their functions? a) There is no difference in function between the two hemispheres b) Functionally, the two hemispheres are more similar than they are different c) Functionally, the two hemispheres are more different than they are similar d) The two hemispheres have opposing functions Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect The two hemispheres differ somewhat in their function, but they are more similar than they are different Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Functionally, the two hemispheres are more similar than they are different Feedback D: Incorrect The two hemispheres differ somewhat in their function, but they are more similar than they are different Section Ref: Brain Side and Brain Size Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty Level: Medium 198 Which of the following approximate correlation coefficients is a researcher most likely to obtain between total brain volume and IQ score? a) 05 b) -.35 c) 50 d) 70 Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect There is no relationship between brain size and intelligence The coefficient a researcher most likely to obtain between total brain volume and IQ score is thus 05, not -.35 Feedback C: Incorrect There is no relationship between brain size and intelligence The coefficient a researcher most likely to obtain between total brain volume and IQ score is thus 05, not 50 Feedback D: Incorrect There is no relationship between brain size and intelligence The coefficient a researcher most likely to obtain between total brain volume and IQ score is thus 05, not 70 Section Ref: Brain Side and Brain Size Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty Level: Hard 199 Ramona is a woman Stefan is a man Which of the following hypotheses is most tenable regarding potential differences between the brains of these two individuals? a) Stefan’s brain may be quite a bit larger than Ramona’s b) Ramona’s corpus callosum may be quite a bit larger than Stefan’s c) Ramona’s corpus callosum may be slightly larger than Stefan’s d) Ramona’s corpus callosum may be slightly smaller than Stefan’s Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Stefan’s brain may be only slightly larger than Ramona’s In addition, Ramona’s corpus callosum may be slightly larger than Stefan’s Feedback B: Incorrect Ramona’s corpus callosum may be slightly larger, not quite a bit larger, than Stefan’s Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Ramona’s corpus callosum may be slightly larger, not smaller, than Stefan’s Section Ref: Brain Side and Brain Size Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty Level: Medium 200 Dr Trantham obtains the following data from a large sample of community dwelling older adults: 1) “mental exercise” scores the average time spent on crosswords, brainteasers, and other puzzles each week; 2) physical exercise scores the average time spent on aerobic exercise each week; and 3) scores on a measure of overall current cognitive functioning She then computes two correlation coefficients: one between mental exercise scores and scores on the measure of cognitive functioning, and one between physical exercise scores and cognitive functioning Based on your text’s discussion, which of the following pairs of coefficient is she most likely to find? a) mental exercise and cognitive functioning: 15; physical exercise and cognitive functioning: 15 b) mental exercise and cognitive functioning: 15; physical exercise and cognitive functioning: 35 c) mental exercise and cognitive functioning: 35; physical exercise and cognitive functioning: 15 d) mental exercise and cognitive functioning: 35; physical exercise and cognitive functioning: 35 Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Your text suggests that there is at least a moderate positive relationship between physical exercise and cognitive functioning in later adulthood The correlation coefficient between scores on measures of physical exercise and scores on cognitive functioning should be 35 rather than 15 Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Your text suggests that there is only a weak relationship between mental exercise and cognitive functioning in later adulthood However, there is at least a moderate positive relationship between physical exercise and cognitive The correlation coefficient between scores on measures of mental exercise and scores on cognitive functioning should be 15 rather than 35 The coefficient between scores on measures of physical exercise and scores on cognitive functioning, though, should be 35 rather than 15 Feedback D: Incorrect Your text suggests that there is only a weak relationship between mental exercise and cognitive functioning in later adulthood The correlation coefficient between scores on measures of mental exercise and scores on cognitive functioning should be 15 rather than 35 Section Ref: Brain Side and Brain Size Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty Level: Hard 201 Your text states that “ physical exercise increases the birth of new neurons and also stimulates the growth of neurons.” This passage makes reference to the processes of: a) neurogenesis and plasticity b) synaptogenesis and plasticity c) neurogenesis and synaptogenesis d) cytogenesis and plasticity Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The passage refers to neurogenesis, not synaptogenesis, and plasticity Feedback C: Incorrect The passage refers to neurogenesis and plasticity, not synaptogenesis Feedback D: Incorrect The passage refers to neurogenesis and plasticity The text does not mention a process called “cytogenesis.” Section Ref: Brain Side and Brain Size Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty Level: Hard What percentage of people around the world are right-hand dominant? a) 30% b) 50% c) 75% d) 90% Ans: d Feedback A: Ninety percent of people around the world are right-hand dominant Feedback B: Ninety percent of people around the world are right-hand dominant Feedback C: Ninety percent of people around the world are right-hand dominant Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Brain Side And Brain Size How We Differ Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty Level: Medium True-False Handedness is almost entirely determined by learning and thus is not a genetically inherited trait Ans: False Section Ref: Brain Side And Brain Size How We Differ Learning Objective: Discuss what neuroscience evidence tells us about brain lateralization and the significance of brain size Difficulty Level: Easy Multiple Choice 202 Which disease is classified as a neurological disorders? a) Korsakoff’s syndrome b) Parkinson’s disease c) Alzheimer’s disease d) Hodgkin's disease Ans: b Feedback A: Associated with alcoholism Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Memory disorder; type of dementia Feedback D: One of a group of cancers called lymphomas Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research Commented [w1]: Misleading – the text indicates that both are neurological disorders (see p 139) Need to use a different disorder for one of the options, perhaps schizophrenia Commented [w2]: Not consistent with text p 139 for treating them Difficulty: Easy True/False 203 Alzheimer’s disease is a psychiatric illness Ans: False Feedback: Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia that affects memory Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 204 The loss of myelin on the axons of neurons is a characteristics of a neurological disorder known as Ans: multiple sclerosis Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 205 What is another name for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Ans: Lou Gehrig’s disease Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty: Hard Essay 206 Describe the difference between psychiatric and neurological illnesses Ans: Psychiatric illnesses are thought to be due to biochemical imbalances whereas neurological illness are thought to be due to structural degeneration of neurons Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 207 Which inherited condition results in the death of neurons in the striatum? a) Korsakoff’s syndrome b) Down’s syndrome c) Parkinson’s disease d) Huntington’s disease Ans: d Feedback A: Associated with alcoholism Feedback B: Chromosomal abnormality Feedback C: Damage in the substantia nigra Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty: Hard True/False 208 There is a cure for Huntington’s disease Ans: False Feedback: Huntington’s disease is progressive and there is no cure at this time Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty: Easy Multiple Choice 209 Which disease involves hand tremors and muscle rigidity? a) Korsakoff’s syndrome b) Down’s syndrome c) Parkinson’s disease d) Huntington’s disease Ans: c Feedback A: Associated with alcoholism Feedback B: Chromosomal abnormality Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Exhibition of awkward movement and symptoms of psychosis Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty: Easy Short Answer 210 What treatment is available for Parkinson’s disease? Ans: drugs that can temporarily replace lost dopamine Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty: Medium Essay 211 What is the focus of transplantation research? Ans: Introduction of embryonic stem cells could potentially replace damaged brain regions, thereby restoring neural circuits Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty: Hard 212 Psychiatric illness is to neurological illness as _ is to _ a) neural death; synaptic death b) neural degeneration; neurotransmitter imbalance c) neurotransmitter imbalance; neural degeneration d) structural; biochemical Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Psychiatric illnesses reflect neurotransmitter imbalances, while neurological illnesses reflect neural degeneration Feedback B: Incorrect Psychiatric illnesses reflect neurotransmitter imbalances, not neural degeneration Neurological illnesses reflect neural degeneration, not neurotransmitter imbalances Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Psychiatric illnesses reflect neurotransmitter imbalances, while neurological illnesses reflect neural degeneration Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty Level: Medium 213 Which neurological disease below is CORRECTLY matched with a cause? a) Huntington’s disease –degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord b) Parkinson’s disease – death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra c) multiple sclerosis – death of neurons in the striatum d) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – loss of myelin Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Huntington’s disease reflects the death of neurons in the striatum The degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord occurs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Multiple sclerosis involves a loss of myelin The death of neurons in the striatum occurs in Huntington’s disease Feedback D: Incorrect Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis entails the degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord A loss of myelin occurs in multiple sclerosis Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty Level: Medium 214 Which neurological disease below is CORRECTLY matched with its symptoms? a) Huntington’s disease –progressive muscle weakness b) Parkinson’s disease – awkward movements, psychosis c) multiple sclerosis – vision loss, pain, muscle weakness d) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – tremors, muscle rigidity Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Huntington’s disease involves awkward movements and psychosis Progressive muscle weakness is seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Feedback B: Incorrect Parkinson’s disease involves tremors and muscle rigidity Awkward movements and psychosis typify Huntington’s disease Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis involves progressive muscle weakness Tremors and muscle rigidity appear in Parkinson’s disease Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty Level: Medium 215 Which neurological disease below is CORRECTLY matched with a research-and-treatment focus? a) multiple sclerosis – attempting to stimulate myelination b) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis – transplanting stem cells to produce neurons that make dopamine c) Parkinson’s disease – stimulating protective mechanisms in motor neurons d) Huntington’s disease – transplanting stem cells to produce neurons that make dopamine Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The aim of potential treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is stimulating protective mechanisms in motor neurons Transplanting stem cells to produce neurons that make dopamine is the focus of efforts to treat Parkinson’s disease Feedback C: Incorrect The focus of efforts to treat Parkinson’s disease is transplanting stem cells to produce neurons that make dopamine Stimulating protective mechanisms in motor neurons is the aim of potential treatments for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Feedback D: Incorrect There is no treatment for Huntington’s disease Transplanting stem cells to produce neurons that make dopamine is the focus of efforts to treat Parkinson’s disease Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty Level: Medium 216 To what extent have neurological disorders been treated successfully by transplanting fully differentiated brain tissue, on the one hand, and transplanting fetal brain tissue, on the other? a) Both transplanting fully differentiated brain tissue and transplanting fetal brain tissue have been successful in treating neurological disorders b) Transplanting fully differentiated brain tissue has been successful in treating neurological disorders, but transplanting fetal brain tissue has not c) Transplanting fetal brain tissue has been successful in treating neurological disorders, but transplanting fully differentiated brain tissue has not d) Neither transplanting fully differentiated brain tissue, nor transplanting fetal brain tissue has been successful in treating neurological disorders Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Neither transplanting fully differentiated brain tissue, nor transplanting fetal brain tissue has been successful in treating neurological disorders Feedback B: Incorrect Neither transplanting fully differentiated brain tissue, nor transplanting fetal brain tissue has been successful in treating neurological disorders Feedback C: Incorrect Neither transplanting fully differentiated brain tissue, nor transplanting fetal brain tissue has been successful in treating neurological disorders Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty Level: Medium 217 Undifferentiated cells with the potential to become all other cells of the body are called _ a) neural tubes b) stem cells c) fetal cells d) zygotes Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Undifferentiated cells with the potential to become all other cells of the body are called stem cells, not neural tubes Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Undifferentiated cells with the potential to become all other cells of the body are called stem cells, not fetal cells Feedback D: Incorrect Undifferentiated cells with the potential to become all other cells of the body are called stem cells, not zygotes Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty Level: Easy 218 Stem-cell treatment seems especially promising in studies of animal models of _ a) Parkinson’s disease b) Huntington’s disease c) multiple sclerosis d) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Stem-cell treatment seems especially promising in studies of Parkinson’s disease, not Huntington’s disease Feedback C: Incorrect Stem-cell treatment seems especially promising in studies of Parkinson’s disease, not multiple sclerosis Feedback D: Incorrect Stem-cell treatment seems especially promising in studies of Parkinson’s disease, not amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty Level: Easy Repeated head trauma, particularly when associated with loss of consciousness, can lead to a) neurogenesis b) the death of neurons c) the formation of new neural connections d) the formation of repressed memories Ans: b Feedback A: Head trauma does not result in the growth of new neurons Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Head trauma does not result in the growth of new neural connections Feedback D: Head trauma is not associated with repressed memory Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty Level: Medium Many athletes who have been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease or Alzheimer’s disease have later had these diagnoses changed when it became clear that their symptoms were due to repeated head traumas Ans: True Section Ref: Neurological Diseases Learning Objective: Describe four neurological disorders and the current directions in research for treating them Difficulty Level: Easy ... because of their long axons, not because of the neurotransmitters they use Section Ref: How Does the Nervous System Work? Learning Objective: Describe the two major types of cells in the nervous... b) The corpus callosum c) The anterior cigulate d) The hypothalamus Ans: c Feedback A: When we must make a difficult decision, the anterior cigulate is activated Feedback B: When we must make a... the nervous system, and explain how communication in the nervous system works And: The nervous system is made of of neurons and glia cells Neurons are connected to other neurons, thus forming