TestBank psychology around us 2nd edition comer ch05

Ans: somatosensory touch, heat, pain Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cel

Chapter: Chapter 05: Sensation and Perception

Short Answer

1 List the technical names for each of the five sensory systems

Ans: Olfactory, gustatory, somatosensory, auditory, visual

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

3 The physical stimuli used by the gustatory sensory system are called

Ans: chemicals

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty: Hard

Essay

5 Describe the difference between absolute threshold and difference threshold

Ans: An absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of one stimulus necessary for detection to occur, whereas a difference threshold refers to the smallest amount of difference between two or more stimuli necessary for a person to be able to discriminate one stimulus from another

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

7 Bottom-up processing begins with previously acquired knowledge

Ans: False

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

8 The sensory system that responds to pressure or damage to the skin is called the system

Ans: somatosensory (touch, heat, pain)

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

9 What type of perceptual processing begins with physical energies that enter the body from the environment?

Ans: Bottom-up

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty: Hard

Essay

10 Describe how top-down processing and bottom-up processing differ

Ans: Top-down uses previously acquired knowledge and experience to assist us in recognizing environmental stimuli, whereas bottom-up uses the physical energies that enter the body from the environment

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

identification of stimuli

Feedback B: Incorrect The conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses is called

transduction, not translation

Feedback C: Incorrect The conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses is called transduction, not adaptation Adaptation is a different process in which constant stimulation produces a deceased response to the stimulus

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty Level: Easy

12 We can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment This is a(n)

Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty Level: Medium

13 A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8% in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before This example most nearly illustrates the concept of a(n) _ threshold

a) transduction

b) difference

c) adaptation

d) absolute

Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty Level: Medium

14 “It’s so noisy! How can you stand it?” remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave’s ground floor apartment “I don’t even notice it anymore,” Dave replies This exchange best exemplifies the concept of _

Feedback B: Incorrect The example illustrates adaptation, not accommodation

Feedback C: Incorrect The example illustrates adaptation, not adjustment

Feedback D: Incorrect The example illustrates adaptation, not attenuation

Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty Level: Medium

16 Why do we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus?

a) so that we continue to respond to ongoing stimulation

b) so that we don’t become distracted by irrelevant changes in the environment

c) so that we detect potentially important changes in what’s going on

d) so that we don’t become overstimulated by the environment

in the environment

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect Adapation ensures the ability to detect potentially important changes

in the environment

Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells,

transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of

perception

Difficulty Level: Hard

17 “Wow! I’m sorry! I didn’t recognize you out of context!” you exclaim, excusing your

blank stare when your accounting professor greets you in a café This vignette illustrates the

Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells,

transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of

perception

Difficulty Level: Medium

18 Which of the following sentences expresses bottom-up processing?

a) You see what’s in front of you

b) You see what you want to see

c) You see what you expect to see

d) You see what you’re conditioned to see

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect Seeing what you want to see reflects top-down, not bottom-up,

processing

Commented [w1]: Don’t really like this as an indication of

top-down processing I think you could make a better case for it being perceptual set – a person doesn’t recognize the professor outside the “set” of the class room

Feedback C: Incorrect Seeing what you expect to see reflects top-down, not bottom-up, processing

Feedback D: Incorrect Seeing what you’re conditioned to see reflects top-down, not bottom-up processing

Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty Level: Medium

19 Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the relationship between top-down and bottom-up processing?

a) Some stimuli are processed in a bottom-up fashion, while others are processed in a top-down manner

b) Bottom-up processing precedes top-down processing during the perception of most stimuli c) Top-down processes only contribute to perception when stimuli are highly novel, unexpected,

Feedback B: Incorrect Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the

perception of most stimuli

Feedback C: Incorrect Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of most stimuli Top-down processes are less able to contribute to the perception of novel stimuli than to the perception of familiar stimuli

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty Level: Hard

Microscopes and telescopes represent technological advances to overcome natural limitations in our for vision

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty: Easy

Short Answer

Given that the human visual system has natural limitations on our sense of vision, how have astronomers been able to see objects that are very far away?

Ans: The invention of telescopes has allowed scientists to view far away objects

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception

Difficulty: Easy

Given that the human visual system has natural limitations on our sense of vision, how have

biologists been able to see objects that are smaller than what is detectable by the naked eye?

Ans: The invention of microscopes has allowed scientists to view small objects up close

Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception

Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells,

transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of

Feedback A: Where odorants are converted to neural signals

Feedback B: Bumps on the tongue that contain clumps of taste buds

Feedback C: Chemicals that enter the nose

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

21 Olfaction and gustation emerged early in our evolutionary history

Ans: True

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

22 The method used by odorants to enter the nose and bind to specific receptor sites is similar to

the method used by neurotransmitters binding to receptors sites on receiving neurons Both bind

in a(n) fashion

Commented [w2]: Wording is awkward Recommend

changing to: The sensory receptors of the olfactory s ystem are located in the hair-like s tructures called:

Ans: lock-and-key

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

23 What sense is most closely tied to taste?

Ans: Smell

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste Difficulty: Easy

Essay

24 Why are taste and smell referred to as chemical senses?

Ans: Both senses involve responses to specific chemicals such as those in odorants (for smell) and in food (for taste)

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste Difficulty: Medium

Feedback A: Too few

Feedback B: Not the correct range

Feedback C: Too few

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Hard

True/False

26 Sweet/sour is the taste associated with monosodium glutamate

Ans: False

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

27 The human tongue is covered with bumps called

Ans: papillae

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

28 “Hot” or spicy foods activate what component of the tongue that communicates pain?

Ans: Tactile system

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Hard

Commented [w3]: Tactile system that communicates pain

Essay

29 How is the consistency of food communicated to the brain?

Ans: Touch receptors located on the tongue relay textural information such as “slimy” to the brain

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste Difficulty: Medium

Feedback C: Region of the cerebral cortex; involved later in the process

Feedback D: Where information from the olfactory bulb is sent

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste Difficulty: Hard

True/False

31 Studies have shown that the piriform cortex is changeable in adulthood

Ans: True

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Hard

Short Answer

34 Many people report that smells are evocative of past events What 2 structures in the brain may be activated during these olfactory “trips down memory lane”?

Ans: Hippocampus and amygdala

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Hard

Feedback A: Activated by familiar smells

Feedback B: Activated by familiar smells

Feedback C: Part of the cortex that receives taste information; associated with emotion of disgust Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

36 All sensory systems send information through the thalamus

Ans: False

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Medium

Fill-in-the-blank

37 People who have lost the ability to smell have a disorder known as

Ans: anosmia

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

38 Why may a person develop the disorder of ageusia, the loss of the ability to taste? Ans: Head trauma or oral surgery

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste Difficulty: Hard

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste Difficulty: Hard

Feedback B: Incorrect Olfaction refers to the sense of smell, not hearing

Feedback C: Incorrect Olfaction refers to the sense of smell, not taste Gustation refers to taste, not hearing

Feedback D: Incorrect Olfaction refers to the sense of smell, not taste Gustation refers to taste, not smell

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Difficulty Level: Easy

41 The sense receptors for olfaction are located on hair-like structures called They convert odorants into neural impulses, an example of a process termed _

Feedback A: Incorrect The olfactory receptors are located on cilia, not papillae

Feedback B: Incorrect The olfactory receptors are located on cilia, not papillae Converting

odorants into neural impulses exemplifies transduction, not perception

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect Converting odorants into neural impulses exemplifies transduction, not perception

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

42 Which of the following statements most accurately describes the responsiveness of an individual olfactory receptor?

a) A given olfactory receptor responds only to a specific airborne chemical

b) A given olfactory receptor responds to a wide range of odorants

c) A given olfactory receptor responds to one of four or five basic classes of odorants

d) A given olfactory receptor responds to virtually any airborne chemical

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

43 Your text states that “continuous binding of certain odorants will result in the fatigue of the olfactory receptor neurons to which they bind.” This passage should remind you of the concept of:

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

44 Gustatory receptors are contained in the , located on the

a) taste buds; cilia

b) cilia; taste buds

c) taste buds; papillae

d) papillae; taste buds

Ans: c

Feedback A: Incorrect The taste buds are located on papillae, not cilia

Feedback B: Incorrect Gustatory receptors are contained in the taste buds, located on the

papillae

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect Gustatory receptors are contained in the taste buds, located on the papillae – not the other way around

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

45 How many basic types of taste are there?

a) 3

b) 4

c) 4, perhaps 5

d) 5, perhaps 6

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

46 Regarding taste receptors, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a) Each taste receptor responds to any of the five basic tastes

b) The different types of taste receptors are located on distinct parts of the tongue

c) The different types of taste receptors are evenly distributed across the tongue

d) The different types of taste receptors are not distributed evenly across the tongue

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect Each taste receptor responds to only one of the basic tastes

Feedback B: Incorrect Most tastes can be recognized on most parts of the tongue

Feedback C: Incorrect The different types of taste receptors are not distributed evenly across the tongue

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

47 Which are the main senses involved in the experience of a spicy meal?

a) olfaction and gustation

b) gustation and the tactile sense of pain

c) gustation, olfaction, and the tactile sense of pain

d) gustation and the tactile sense of temperature

Ans: c

Feedback A: Incorrect A spicy meal involves gustation, olfaction, and the sense of pain

Feedback B: Incorrect A spicy meal involves gustation, olfaction, and the sense of pain

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect A spicy meal involves gustation, olfaction, and the sense of pain Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

48 When Amber eats the hot peppers she loves so much, a chemical called _ activates receptors in her tongue

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Easy

49 Olfactory information is processed in each of these brain areas EXCEPT the:

Feedback B: Incorrect Olfactory information is processed in the piriform cortex

Feedback C: Incorrect Olfactory information is processed in the hippocampus

Feedback D: Incorrect Olfactory information is processed in the amygdala

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

50 Annelle is a professional “perfume smeller” for a major cosmetics firm She claims that

“the nose” is a gift: Some people are just born with more sensitive olfactory mechanisms than others are How does Annelle view the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up processes in olfaction? Is Annelle’s view of an innate olfactory talent supported by empirical research?

a) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a bottom-up process Her view is supported by

research showing that humans have difficulty learning to discriminate among odors and that piriform cortex is not plastic

b) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a bottom-up process Her view is discredited by research showing that humans can learn to discriminate among odors and that piriform cortex is highly plastic

c) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a top-down process Her view is discredited by research showing that humans have difficulty learning to discriminate among odors and that piriform cortex is not plastic

d) Annelle believes that olfaction is primarily a top-down process Her view is supported by research showing that humans can learn to discriminate among odors and that piriform cortex is highly plastic

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Hard

51 The relationship between smell and memory reflects connections between the olfactory bulb and the _ The link between smell and emotion reflects connections between the olfactory bulb and the _

a) amygdala; hippocampus

b) amygdala; amygdala, also

c) hippocampus; hippocampus, also

d) hippocampus; amygdala

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect The relationship between smell and memory reflects connections between the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus, not the amygdala The link between smell and emotion reflects connections between the olfactory bulb and the amygdala, not the hippocampus Feedback B: Incorrect The relationship between smell and memory reflects connections

between the olfactory bulb and the hippocampus, not the amygdala

Feedback C: Incorrect The link between smell and emotion reflects connections between the olfactory bulb and the amygdala, not the hippocampus

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Easy

52 Which of the basic tastes are considered rewarding? Which are considered aversive? a) Salty and sweet are considered rewarding Sour and bitter are considered aversive

b) Sweet is considered rewarding Salty, sour, and bitter are considered aversive

c) Sweet and sour are considered rewarding Salty and bitter are considered aversive

d) Sweet, sour, and salty are considered rewarding Bitter is considered aversive

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

53 Dr Baquero shows one group of participants repulsive scenes on a computer screen A second group of participants tastes a small portion of revolting food What should images of the participants’ brains reveal regarding cortical activity in the two groups of participants?

a) The piriform cortex should be active among participants in the visual scene group, whereas the insula should be active among participants in the taste group

b) The insula should be active among participants in the visual scene group, whereas the piriform cortex should be active among participants in the taste group

c) The insula should be active among participants in both groups

d) The piriform cortex should be active among participants in both groups

Ans: c

Feedback A: Incorrect The insula should be active in participants in both groups

Feedback B: Incorrect The insula should be active in participants in both groups

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect The insula, not the piriform cortex, should be active in participants in both groups

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Hard

54 Clay is a newborn Which of the following statements is TRUE with respect to his chemical senses?

a) Clay prefers the odor of his mother’s milk to the odor of another woman’s milk

b) Clay will rapidly develop a preference for sour tastes

c) Clay’s ability to taste is quite poor

d) Clay does not yet show a preference for sweet tastes over bitter tastes

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect A preference for sour tastes does not develop until around age 7

Feedback C: Incorrect Among humans, the ability to taste is well-developed at birth Feedback D: Incorrect Newborns show a preference for sweet tastes and an aversion to bitter ones

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Hard

56 Your text states that many of the developmental changes in taste preferences “ are the

result of learning However the gustatory system itself changes from infancy to

adulthood.” The nonitalicized phrase underscores the importance of processes in

gustatory development The italicized phrase points out the role of

a) top-down; bottom-up processes

b) top-down; top-down processes as well

c) bottom-up; top-down processes

d) bottom-up; bottom-up processes as well

Feedback D: Incorrect The nonitalicized phrase underscores the importance of top-down processes in gustatory development

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Easy

57 Your text offers the hypothesis that picky eating among children may be adaptive in helping

us survive Which of the following findings would offer the STRONGEST support for this hypothesis if it were true?

a) Children are picky eaters in a range of very different cultures around the world

b) Children’s pickiness in their food preferences is related to their parents’ disciplinary styles c) In some of the world’s cultures, children are no pickier than adults in their food preferences

d) Identical twins raised in different adoptive families are equally picky in their food preferences Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect If it were true, the finding that children’s pickiness is related to their parents’ disciplinary styles would not really support the hypothesis that picky eating among children may be adaptive in helping us survive

Feedback C: Incorrect If it were true, the finding that children are no pickier than adults in some cultures would disconfirm the hypothesis that picky eating among children may be adaptive in helping us survive

Feedback D: Incorrect If it were true, the finding that identical twins raised apart are equally picky would be consistent with the hypothesis that picky eating among children may be adaptive

in helping us survive However, the finding that picky eating among children is universal across cultures would offer stronger support for the hypothesis

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Hard

58 Based on your text’s discussion of the development of the sense of taste, which of the following statements is most likely TRUE?

a) Research has confirmed the plasticity of both the piriform cortex and the insula

b) Research has yet to confirm the plasticity of either the piriform cortex or the insula

c) Research has established the plasticity of the insula Research has yet to confirm the

plasticity of the piriform cortex

d) Research has established the plasticity of the piriform cortex Research has yet to confirm the plasticity of the insula

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect While research has established the plasticity of the piriform cortex, it has yet to confirm the plasticity of the insula

Feedback B: Incorrect While research has yet to confirm the plasticity of the insula, it has

established the plasticity of the piriform cortex

Feedback C: Incorrect Research has not established the plasticity of the insula It has, however, confirmed the plasticity of the piriform cortex

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Hard

59 Dwight is a man Estella is his sister How does Estella’s sensitivity to smell probably compare to Dwight’s?

a) Estella is less sensitive to smell than is Dwight, except during ovulation

b) Estella is more sensitive to smell than is Dwight, except during ovulation

c) Estella is less sensitive to smell than is Dwight, especially during ovulation

d) Estella is more sensitive to smell than is Dwight, especially during ovulation

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect Estella is more, not less, sensitive to smell than is Dwight This is especially true during ovulation

Feedback B: Incorrect Estella is more sensitive to smell than is Dwight This is especially

true during ovulation

Feedback C: Incorrect Estella is more, not less, sensitive to smell than is Dwight This is especially true during ovulation

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

60 Supertasters:

a) have learned to become more sensitive to the four basic tastes

b) make up 10% of the population

c) can better detect a specific bitter chemical than other people can

d) are more likely to be men than women

Feedback D: Incorrect Supertasters are more likely to be women than men

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

61 According to your text, the fact that a greater percentage of women than of men are supertasters may have had adaptive significance Which of the following psychologists is most likely to endorse this hypothesis?

a) Dr Hahn, an evolutionary psychologist

b) Dr Iverson, a neuropsychologist

c) Dr Joseph, a cognitive psychologist

d) Dr King, a behavioral psychologist

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect The notion that a phenomenon may have had evolutionary significance

would be endorsed most strongly by an evolutionary psychologist

Feedback C: Incorrect The notion that a phenomenon may have had evolutionary significance would be endorsed most strongly by an evolutionary psychologist

Feedback D: Incorrect The notion that a phenomenon may have had evolutionary significance would be endorsed most strongly by an evolutionary psychologist

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

62 Which of the following best describe relative prevalence of ageusia and anosmia?

a) Ageusia and anosmia are equally common

b) Ageusia is rarer than anosmia

c) Ageusia is somewhat more common than anosmia

d) Ageusia is much more common than anosmia

Ans: b

Feedback A: Incorrect Ageusia is rarer than anosmia

Feedback B: Correct!

Feedback C: Incorrect Ageusia is rarer than anosmia

Feedback D: Incorrect Ageusia is rarer than anosmia

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

63 Galen is anosmic Which of the following is TRUE?

a) Galen has lost the ability to smell

b) Galen cannot distinguish among the four or five basic tastes described in your text

c) Galen can taste the basic tastes as well as other, more complex flavors

d) Galen can distinguish among the four basic odors but cannot detect more complex smells Ans: a

Feedback D: Incorrect There are no “basic” odors

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

64 The inability to taste is called

Feedback C: Incorrect The inability to taste is called ageusia, not anosmia

Feedback D: Incorrect The inability to taste is called ageusia, not aphasia

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Easy

65 Some people experience hallucinations before or during migraines or epileptic seizures What are these hallucinations called? Which sensory system(s) do they involve?

a) These hallucinations are called auras and usually involve vision

b) These hallucinations are called auras and may involve any sensory system

c) These hallucinations are called ageusias and usually involve taste or smell

d) These hallucinations are called ageusias and may involve any sensory system

Feedback D: Incorrect These hallucinations are called auras, not ageusias

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

Brandon has a cold and cannot smell his mother’s delicious chocolate chip cookies that are baking in the oven Describe the biological explanation for Brandon’s impaired sense of smell Ans: The increased mucus produced by the cold is blocking the olfactory receptors located on the cilia in Brandon’s nose

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Medium

True-False

The flavor of food is determined by both taste and smell

Ans: True

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Medium

Which of the following senses influences our perception of flavor?

a) taste and touch

b) taste and smell

c) taste and vision

d) smell and touch

Ans: b

Feedback A: Flavor is determined by our sense of taste and smell

Feedback B: Correct!

Feedback C: Flavor is determined by our sense of taste and smell

Feedback D: Flavor is determined by our sense of taste and smell

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Difficulty: Hard

Adults enjoy bitter tasting foods more than children do

Ans: True

Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste

Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste

Feedback A: Responds to moderate pressure

Feedback B: Responds to heavy pressure and movement of joints

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Responds to sensitive touch

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Hard

True/False

66 Different parts of your body have differing levels of sensitivity

Ans: True

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Easy

Fill-in-the-blank

67 The sensory receptors that detect pain are

Ans: free nerve endings

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Hard

Essay

69 Describe the pathway whereby touch receptors send information to the brain

Ans: Tactile information is sent via the spinal cord to the brain where it is first received by the thalamus before being routed to the somatosensory cortex (in the parietal lobe)

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Feedback A: Responds to moderate pressure

Feedback B: Responds to heavy pressure and movement of joints

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Responds to sensitive touch

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Medium

True/False

71 Tactile information is sent from touch receptors in the skin to the somatosensory cortex Ans: False

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Medium

Short Answer

73 What tactile receptors located deep in the skin respond to the movement of joints?

Ans: Ruffini’s end-organs

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

74 Describe the characteristics of the slow and fast pain pathways

Ans: Fast pain pathways use myelinated neurons whereas the slow pain pathways do not Pain perceived through the fast pathways is sharp pain whereas pain perceived through the slow pathways is nagging or burning pain

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Hard

Feedback B: Higher threshold than Caucasian women

Feedback C: Higher threshold than Caucasian women

Feedback D: Higher threshold than Caucasian women

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when

Commented [w4]: Bad question On page 163 the book says

that “Japanese people have a lower pain threshold than Caucasians.” and also states “women have a lower threshold for detecting pain than do men.” Can’t make the case that Caucasian women are the ones with lowest pain thresholds on the basis of this paragraph

Ans: endorphins or enkephalins

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Easy

Short Answer

78 What class of molecules includes endorphins and enkephalins?

Ans: Opiates

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Hard

Essay

79 Describe the gate control theory

Ans: Some neural patterns of activity in the brain itself can create a “gate” to prevent pain messages from reaching the brain

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Hard

True/False

81 Some people are incapable of detecting pain

Ans: True

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Hard

Short Answer

83 Why is insensitivity to pain dangerous?

Ans: Prevents detection of discomfort that may lead to serious injury

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Medium

Essay

84 Define phantom limb sensations?

Ans: Tactile hallucinations people with amputated limbs report sensations from

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty: Medium

Multiple Choice

85 Which of the following tactile sensory receptors is CORRECTLY matched with a location? a) free nerve endings deep in the skin

b) Meissner’s corpuscles – near the surface of the skin

c) Pacinian corpuscles – in the hairless parts of the body

d) Ruffini’s end-organs – deep in the skin

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect Free nerve endings are located near the surface of the skin Ruffini’s end-organs and Pacinian corpuscles are deep in the skin

Feedback B: Incorrect Meissner’s corpuscles are found in the hairless parts of the body

Free nerve endings are located near the surface of the skin

Feedback C: Incorrect Pacinian corpuscles are deep in the skin Meissner’s corpuscles are found in the hairless parts of the body

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty Level: Hard

86 Which of the following tactile sensory receptors is CORRECTLY matched with a function? a) Merkel’s discs – respond to vibrations and heavy pressure

b) Ruffini’s end-organs – register light to moderate pressure

c) Meissner’s corpuscles – transduces information about sensitive touch

d) Pacinian corpuscles – register heavy pressure and movement of the joints

Ans: c

Feedback A: Incorrect Merkel’s discs register light to moderate pressure Pacinian

corpuscles respond to vibrations and heavy pressure

Feedback B: Incorrect Ruffini’s end-organs register heavy pressure and movement of the

joints Merkel’s discs register light to moderate pressure

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect Pacinian corpuscles respond to vibrations and heavy pressure

Ruffini’s end-organs register heavy pressure and movement of the joints

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty Level: Medium

87 The absolute threshold for touch is correlated with the density of touch receptors

in the part of the body being stimulated

Threshold is inversely related to sensitivity

Feedback C: Incorrect The absolute threshold for touch is negatively, but not perfectly, correlated with the density of touch receptors in the part of the body being stimulated

Threshold is inversely related to sensitivity

Feedback D: Incorrect The absolute threshold for touch is negatively correlated with the density of touch receptors in the part of the body being stimulated Threshold is inversely related to sensitivity

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty Level: Hard

88 Touch information is relayed from the thalamus to cortex in the _ lobe a) motor; frontal

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty Level: Easy

89 Relative to the location of the stimulation, tactile information is processed on the

side of the brain; that is, it is processed _

Difficulty Level: Medium

90 Ouch! A paper cut! You jerk your hand away from the sheet just as a tiny droplet of blood appears on your finger The cut’s pain signal travels to your brain along the _ axons of the _ pain pathway

Feedback B: Incorrect Signals from the sharp, localized pain of a paper cut travel along the

fibers of the fast pain pathway

Feedback C: Incorrect Signals from the sharp, localized pain of a paper cut travel along myelinated fibers

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty Level: Medium

91 The slower pain pathway uses axons and communicates with the in the

Feedback B: Incorrect The slower pain pathway uses unmyelinated rather than myelinated

axons and communicates with the amygdala, not the hypothalamus

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect The slower pain pathway communicates with the amygdala, not the hypothalamus

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty Level: Hard

92 With respect to the development of the tactile senses, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a) Although the tactile senses are highly developed at birth, there is still substantial development

in these senses for many years following birth

b) The tactile senses are almost fully developed at birth; there is only minimal development in these senses following birth

c) Although the tactile senses are poorly developed at birth, the development of these senses is virtually complete by the age of 2

d) The tactile senses are poorly developed at birth The development of these senses continues for many years following birth

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect While the tactile senses are well-developed at birth, their development

continues for many years following birth

Feedback C: Incorrect Not only are the tactile senses highly developed at birth, there is also substantial development in these senses for many years following birth

Feedback D: Incorrect While their development continues for many years following birth, the tactile senses are nevertheless well-developed at birth

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty Level: Medium

93 Studies of cultural differences in tactile sensitivity have revealed that:

a) Japanese people are less sensitive than Caucasians to painful stimuli, but not to non-painful

stimuli

b) Japanese people are more sensitive than Caucasians to painful stimuli, but not to non-painful

stimuli

c) Japanese people are less sensitive than Caucasians to both painful and non-painful stimuli

d) Japanese people are more sensitive than Caucasians to both painful and non-painful stimuli

Ans: d

Feedback A: Incorrect Japanese people are more sensitive than Caucasians to both painful

stimuli and non-painful stimuli

Feedback B: Incorrect Japanese people are more sensitive than Caucasians not only to painful

stimuli, but also to non-painful stimuli

Feedback C: Incorrect Japanese people are more sensitive than Caucasians to both painful

stimuli and non-painful stimuli

Feedback D: Correct!

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen

when things go wrong

Difficulty Level: Medium

94 How does your text explain the fact that the pain threshold is lower among women than

among men? Is this a bottom-up or a top-down account?

a) Women are not encouraged to be stoic in the face of pain This is a bottom-up account

b) Women have more pain receptors in their skin than do men This is a bottom-up account

c) Women are not encouraged to be stoic in the face of pain This is a top-down account

d) Women have more pain receptors in their skin than do men This is a top-down account

Ans: b

Feedback A: Incorrect According to your text, women have more pain receptors in their skin

than do men This is a bottom-up explanation

Feedback B: Correct!

Feedback C: Incorrect According to your text, women have more pain receptors in their skin

than do men This is a bottom-up explanation

Feedback D: Incorrect The fact that women have more pain receptors in their skin than do

men is a bottom-up account of women’s lower pain threshold

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen

when things go wrong

Difficulty Level: Medium

Commented [w5]: Facial skin – not everywhere according to

text:: research suggests that women may have about twice as many pain receptorsin their facial skin than men This suggests that at least some of the differences in

pain sensitivity have a physical cause It is not yet known whether this difference exists

throughout the body or whether it is specific to the face

95 In an fMRI study, Dr Marvin exposes participants to high heat Participants rate how painful they find the heat Which of the following hypotheses is most reasonable in light of your text’s discussion?

a) Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the thalamus

b) Pain ratings should be negatively correlated with activity in the thalamus

c) Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex

d) Pain ratings should be negatively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex

Ans: c

Feedback A: Incorrect Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex, not the thalamus

Feedback B: Incorrect Pain ratings should be positively correlated with activity in the

cingulate cortex, not negatively correlated with thalamic activity

Feedback C: Correct!

Feedback D: Incorrect Pain ratings should be positively, not negatively, correlated with activity in the cingulate cortex

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty Level: Hard

96 How has the gate control theory of pain changed in recent years?

a) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord Recently, the theory has incorporated pain blocking mechanisms in the brain itself

b) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the brain Recently, the theory has incorporated pain blocking mechanisms in the spinal cord

c) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord Recently, the theory has rejected this mechanism of pain control

d) Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the brain Recently, the theory has rejected this mechanism of pain control

Ans: a

Feedback A: Correct!

Feedback B: Incorrect Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord

Recently, the theory has incorporated pain-blocking mechanisms in the brain itself

Feedback C: Incorrect Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord Recently, the theory has incorporated pain-blocking mechanisms in the brain itself

Feedback D: Incorrect Early versions of the theory focused on pain gates in the spinal cord Recently, the theory has incorporated pain-blocking mechanisms in the brain itself

Section Ref: The Tactile or Cutaneous Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration

Learning Objective: Describe how the different senses of touch work and what can happen when things go wrong

Difficulty Level: Medium