TestBank psychology around us 2nd edition comer ch05

Chapter: Chapter 05: Sensation and Perception Short Answer List the technical names for each of the five sensory systems Ans: Olfactory, gustatory, somatosensory, auditory, visual Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Medium True/False Transduction is the process by which sensory receptor cells convert environmental stimuli into neural impulses Ans: True Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank The physical stimuli used by the gustatory sensory system are called Ans: chemicals Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Medium Short Answer What sensory process describes why the continual presence of a stimulus results in a decreased response to that stimulus over time? Ans: Adaptation Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Hard Essay Describe the difference between absolute threshold and difference threshold Ans: An absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of one stimulus necessary for detection to occur, whereas a difference threshold refers to the smallest amount of difference between two or more stimuli necessary for a person to be able to discriminate one stimulus from another Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice If a light bulb does not cast a light that can be detected, what threshold has not been surpassed? a) Difference b) Absolute c) Stimulus d) Transduction Ans: b Feedback A: When more than one stimulus is being discriminated Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Light from the bulb is a stimulus, but a stimulus is not a type of threshold Feedback D: Conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Medium True/False Bottom-up processing begins with previously acquired knowledge Ans: False Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank The sensory system that responds to pressure or damage to the skin is called the system Ans: somatosensory (touch, heat, pain) Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Medium Short Answer What type of perceptual processing begins with physical energies that enter the body from the environment? Ans: Bottom-up Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Hard Essay 10 Describe how top-down processing and bottom-up processing differ Ans: Top-down uses previously acquired knowledge and experience to assist us in recognizing environmental stimuli, whereas bottom-up uses the physical energies that enter the body from the environment Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 11 The conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses is called a) perception b) translation c) adaptation d) transduction Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect The conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses is called transduction, not perception Perception is a broader process involving the recognition and identification of stimuli Feedback B: Incorrect The conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses is called transduction, not translation Feedback C: Incorrect The conversion of environmental stimuli into neural impulses is called transduction, not adaptation Adaptation is a different process in which constant stimulation produces a deceased response to the stimulus Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty Level: Easy 12 We can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment This is a(n) a) absolute threshold b) difference threshold c) sensory minimum d) just noticeable difference Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The example illustrates an absolute threshold, not a difference threshold Feedback C: Incorrect The example illustrates an absolute threshold, not a sensory minimum The term “sensory minimum” is not used in your text Feedback D: Incorrect The example illustrates an absolute threshold, not a just noticeable difference Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty Level: Medium 13 A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8% in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before This example most nearly illustrates the concept of a(n) _ threshold a) transduction b) difference c) adaptation d) absolute Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect The example illustrates a difference threshold There is no threshold termed the “perceptual threshold.” Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect The example illustrates a difference threshold There is no threshold termed the “adaptation threshold.” Feedback D: Incorrect The example illustrates a difference threshold, not an absolute threshold Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty Level: Medium 14 “It’s so noisy! How can you stand it?” remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave’s ground floor apartment “I don’t even notice it anymore,” Dave replies This exchange best exemplifies the concept of _ a) adaptation b) accommodation c) adjustment d) attenuation Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The example illustrates adaptation, not accommodation Feedback C: Incorrect The example illustrates adaptation, not adjustment Feedback D: Incorrect The example illustrates adaptation, not attenuation Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty Level: Medium 16 Why we adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus? a) so that we continue to respond to ongoing stimulation b) so that we don’t become distracted by irrelevant changes in the environment c) so that we detect potentially important changes in what’s going on d) so that we don’t become overstimulated by the environment Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Adapation ensures the ability to detect potentially important changes in the environment Feedback B: Incorrect Adapation ensures the ability to detect potentially important changes in the environment Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Adapation ensures the ability to detect potentially important changes in the environment Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty Level: Hard 17 “Wow! I’m sorry! I didn’t recognize you out of context!” you exclaim, excusing your blank stare when your accounting professor greets you in a café This vignette illustrates the importance of _ in perception a) transduction b) adaptation c) bottom-up processes d) top-down processes Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect The influence of context on perception reflects top-down processing, not transduction Feedback B: Incorrect The influence of context on perception reflects top-down processing, not adaptation Feedback C: Incorrect The influence of context on perception reflects top-down, not bottom-up, processing Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty Level: Medium 18 Which of the following sentences expresses bottom-up processing? a) You see what’s in front of you b) You see what you want to see c) You see what you expect to see d) You see what you’re conditioned to see Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Seeing what you want to see reflects top-down, not bottom-up, processing Commented [w1]: Don’t really like this as an indication of top-down processing I think you could make a better case for it being perceptual set – a person doesn’t recognize the professor outside the “set” of the class room Feedback C: Incorrect Seeing what you expect to see reflects top-down, not bottom-up, processing Feedback D: Incorrect Seeing what you’re conditioned to see reflects top-down, not bottom-up processing Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty Level: Medium 19 Which of the following statements most accurately expresses the relationship between top-down and bottom-up processing? a) Some stimuli are processed in a bottom-up fashion, while others are processed in a top-down manner b) Bottom-up processing precedes top-down processing during the perception of most stimuli c) Top-down processes only contribute to perception when stimuli are highly novel, unexpected, or ambiguous d) Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of many, if not all, stimuli Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of most stimuli Feedback B: Incorrect Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of most stimuli Feedback C: Incorrect Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of most stimuli Top-down processes are less able to contribute to the perception of novel stimuli than to the perception of familiar stimuli Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Common Processes of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty Level: Hard Microscopes and telescopes represent technological advances to overcome natural limitations in our for vision a) absolute threshold b) perceptual constancy c) perceptual set d) sensory adaptation Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Instruments such as microscopes and telescopes help use overcome natural limitations in our absolute threshold for vision Feedback C: Instruments such as microscopes and telescopes help use overcome natural limitations in our absolute threshold for vision Feedback D: Instruments such as microscopes and telescopes help use overcome natural limitations in our absolute threshold for vision Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Medium Scientists often use to overcome the absolute threshold for visual stimuli a) imagination b) instruments c) speculation d) simulation Ans: b Feedback A: Scientists often use instruments to overcome the absolute threshold for visual stimuli Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Scientists often use instruments to overcome the absolute threshold for visual stimuli Feedback D: Scientists often use instruments to overcome the absolute threshold for visual stimuli Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Easy Short Answer Given that the human visual system has natural limitations on our sense of vision, how have astronomers been able to see objects that are very far away? Ans: The invention of telescopes has allowed scientists to view far away objects Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Easy Given that the human visual system has natural limitations on our sense of vision, how have biologists been able to see objects that are smaller than what is detectable by the naked eye? Ans: The invention of microscopes has allowed scientists to view small objects up close Section Ref: Common Process of Sensation and Perception Learning Objective: Describe characteristics shared by all the senses, including receptor cells, transduction, and thresholds, and differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Easy 20 In what hair-like structures are the sensory receptors of the olfactory system located? a) Nasal mucosa b) Papillae c) Odorants d) Cilia Ans: d Feedback A: Where odorants are converted to neural signals Feedback B: Bumps on the tongue that contain clumps of taste buds Feedback C: Chemicals that enter the nose Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste Difficulty: Medium True/False 21 Olfaction and gustation emerged early in our evolutionary history Ans: True Section Ref: The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste Learning Objective: Summarize the biological changes that underlie smell and taste Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 22 The method used by odorants to enter the nose and bind to specific receptor sites is similar to the method used by neurotransmitters binding to receptors sites on receiving neurons Both bind in a(n) fashion Commented [w2]: Wording is awkward Recommend changing to: The sensory receptors of the olfactory s ystem are located in the hair-like s tructures called: 172 Our tendency to view objects as unchanging is referred to as Ans: perceptual constancy, perceptual constancies Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 173 What disorder is characterized by the inability to naturally develop coordinated movement of both eyes? Ans: Strabismus Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty: Medium Essay 174 Name diseases that can produce blindness? Ans: Diabetes, glaucoma, macular degeneration, etc Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 175 Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between the electromagnetic spectrum and visible light? a) “The electromagnetic spectrum” is just geek-speak for “visible light.” They’re the same thing b) The electromagnetic spectrum refers to a small portion of the spectrum of visible light c) A small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is seen as visible light d) Most but not all of the electromagnetic spectrum is seen as visible light Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect A small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is seen as visible light Feedback B: Incorrect A small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is seen as visible light Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect A small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is seen as visible light Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Easy 176 Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through the structures of the eye during vision, from first to last? a) pupil retina lens b) lens pupil retina c) retina pupil lens d) pupil lens retina Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect The correct sequence is: pupil lens retina Feedback B: Incorrect The correct sequence is: pupil lens retina Feedback C: Incorrect The correct sequence is: pupil lens retina Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Easy 177 Which of the following structures of the eye is CORRECTLY matched with its function? a) iris – detects light b) pupil – regulates the amount of light entering the eye c) lens – adjusts the size of the pupil d) rods – focus the image on the retina Ans: b Feedback A: Feedback B: Feedback C: the pupil Feedback D: Section Ref: Incorrect The iris adjusts the size of the pupil The rods detect light Correct! Incorrect The lens focuses the image on the retina The iris adjusts the size of Incorrect The rods detect light The lens focuses the image on the retina The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 178 Compared to cones, rods are _ a) more sensitive to light b) more densely concentrated in the fovea c) more responsible for color perception d) less numerous Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect As compared to cones, rods are more sensitive to light They are less densely concentrated in the fovea than are cones Feedback C: Incorrect As compared to cones, rods are more sensitive to light They are not responsible for color perception Feedback D: Incorrect As compared to cones, rods are more sensitive to light There are fewer rods than cones Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 179 The optic nerve is composed of axons of _ a) bipolar cells b) ganglion cells c) rods and cones d) foveal cells Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect The optic nerve is composed of axons of ganglion, not bipolar, cells Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect The optic nerve is composed of axons of ganglion cells, not rods and cones Feedback D: Incorrect The optic nerve is composed of axons of ganglion cells Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Easy 180 Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the retina and the fovea? a) They are one and the same: The terms are synonymous b) The retina is part of the fovea c) The fovea is part of the retina d) Light passes through the fovea on its way to the retina Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect The fovea is part of the retina Feedback B: Incorrect The fovea is part of the retina Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect The fovea is part of the retina Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 181 Which alternative below CORRECTLY pairs a dimension of color with its description? a) hue – how much light is reflected from the visual stimulus b) hue how much white is mixed into the color c) brightness – the wavelength of light that the stimulus produces d) saturation – how much white is mixed into the color Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Hue refers to the wavelength of light that the stimulus produces How much light is reflected from the stimulus corresponds to brightness Feedback B: Incorrect Hue refers to the wavelength of light that the stimulus produces How much white is mixed into the color corresponds to saturation Feedback C: Incorrect Saturation refers to how much white is mixed into the color How much light is reflected from the stimulus corresponds to brightness Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 182 The theory of color vision proposes that there are three different receptors for color a) trichromatic b) frequency c) opponent-process d) place Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The trichromatic theory of color vision proposes that there are three different receptors for color The frequency theory is a theory of pitch perception in audition Feedback C: Incorrect The trichromatic theory, not the opponent-process theory, of color vision proposes that there are three different receptors for color Feedback D: Incorrect The theory of color vision proposes that there are three different receptors for color The place theory is a theory of pitch perception in audition Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Easy 183 With respect to color vision, the lateral geniculate nucleus is to the retina as theory is to _ theory a) opponent-process; trichromatic b) opponent-process; frequency c) trichromatic; opponent-process d) place; trichromatic Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Color processing in the retina is described by trichromatic theory Frequency theory is an account of auditory pitch perception Feedback C: Incorrect Color vision in the lateral geniculate nucleus is described by opponent-process rather than trichromatic theory Color processing in the retina is described by trichromatic, not opponent-process, theory Feedback D: Incorrect Color vision in the lateral geniculate nucleus is described by opponent-process theory Place theory is an account of auditory pitch perception Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 184 To what extent are color afterimages adequately explained by trichromatic theory on the one hand, and opponent-process theory on the other? a) Trichromatic theory offers a more satisfactory account of color afterimages than does opponent-process theory b) Opponent-process theory offers a more satisfactory account of color afterimages than does trichromatic theory c) Both trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory offer satisfactory accounts of color afterimages d) Neither trichromatic theory nor opponent-process theory offers a satisfactory account of color afterimages Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Opponent-process theory offers a more satisfactory account of color afterimages than does trichromatic theory Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Opponent-process theory offers a satisfactory account of color afterimages Trichromatic theory does not Feedback D: Incorrect Opponent-process theory offers a satisfactory account of color afterimages Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Easy 185 Which of the following sequences correctly orders the structures along the visual pathway, from first to last? a) thalamus superior colliculus visual cortex b) visual cortex thalamus superior colliculus c) superior colliculus thalamus visual cortex d) thalamus visual cortex superior colliculus Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Visual information is processed in the superior colliculus before it is processed in the thalamus Feedback B: Incorrect Visual information is processed in the superior colliculus before it is processed in the thalamus The thalamus then relays visual information to the cortex Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Visual information is processed in the superior colliculus before it is processed in the thalamus The thalamus then relays visual information to the cortex Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 186 Visual information from the middle part of the visual field is processed on the side of the cortex Visual information from the lateral part of the visual field is processed a) same; on the opposite side of the cortex b) opposite; on the same side of the cortex c) same; on the same side of the cortex as well d) opposite; on the opposite side of the cortex as well Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Visual information from the middle part of the visual field is processed on the opposite side of the cortex Visual information from the lateral part of the visual field is processed on the same side Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Visual information from the middle part of the visual field is processed on the opposite side of the cortex Feedback D: Incorrect Visual information from the lateral part of the visual field is processed Commented [w10]: The information in the text and in the question is SO MUCH more confusing than it needs to be Information from the left visual field is processed in the right visual cortex Information from the right visual field is processed in the left visual cortex on the same side of the cortex Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Hard 187 Which of the following alternatives BEST captures the distinction between the two major visual pathways described in your text? a) One processes object location The other processes object identity b) One processes chromatic aspects of the visual scene The other processes nonchromatic aspects of the scene c) One processes simple object features The other processes complex object features d) One processes stationary objects in the visual scene The other processes moving objects Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The “where” pathway processes object location The “what” pathway processes object identity Feedback C: Incorrect The “where” pathway processes object location The “what” pathway processes object identity Feedback D: Incorrect The “where” pathway processes object location The “what” pathway processes object identity Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 188 The “what” pathway terminates in the lobe The “where” pathway terminates in the lobe a) temporal; parietal b) parietal; temporal c) occipital; parietal d) temporal; occipital Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The “what” pathway terminates in the temporal, not the parietal, lobe The “where” pathway terminates in the parietal, not the temporal, lobe Feedback C: Incorrect The “what” pathway terminates in the temporal, not the occipital, lobe Feedback D: The “where” pathway terminates in the parietal, not the occipital, lobe Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 189 Which visual objection recognition disorder is CORRECTLY identified? a) the inability to recognize faces – visual agnosia b) the inability to recognize objects visually prosopagnosia c) the apparent unawareness of one side of the visual field – hemi-neglect d) the inability to recognize faces anosmia Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect The inability to recognize faces is termed prosopagnosia, not visual agnosia Visual agnosia is an inability to recognize objects visually Feedback B: Incorrect The inability to recognize objects visually is termed visual agnosia, not prosopagnosia Prosopagnosia is an inability to recognize faces Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect The inability to recognize faces is termed prosopagnosia, not anosmia Anosmia is an olfactory disorder Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 190 Queenie can recognize objects by smell or touch, but not by sight She has no trouble recognizing objects verbally Patsy recognizes faces only by focusing on features such as hairstyle, eyeglasses, or jewelry Queenie suffers from Patsy suffers from _ a) hemi-neglect; prosopagnosia b) visual agnosia; hemi-neglect c) prosopagnosia; visual agnosia d) visual agnosia; prosopagnosia Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Queenie suffers from visual agnosia, not hemi-neglect Feedback B: Incorrect Patsy suffers from prosopagnosia, not hemi-neglect Feedback C: Incorrect Queenie suffers from visual agnosia, not prosopagnosia Patsy suffers from prosopagnosia, not visual agnosia Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 191 Which alternative below CORRECTLY pairs a visual pathway with an object perception disorder? a) “what” pathway – visual agnosia b) “what” pathway hemi-neglect c) “where” pathway ageusia d) “where” pathway prosopagnosia Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Hemi-neglect is a disorder of the “where” pathway Feedback C: Incorrect Ageusia is a taste disorder, not a visual disorder Feedback D: Incorrect Prosopagnosia is a disorder of the “what” pathway Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 193 Early in psychology’s history, the _ psychologists identified the principles by which visual information is organized into coherent images a) structural b) psychoanalytic c) humanist d) Gestalt Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect The Gestalt psychologists, not the structuralists, identified the principles by which visual information is organized into coherent images Feedback B: Incorrect The Gestalt psychologists, not the psychoanalytic psychologists, identified the principles by which visual information is organized into coherent images Feedback C: Incorrect The Gestalt psychologists, not the humanists, identified the principles by which visual information is organized into coherent images Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Easy 195 Which of the following Gestalt laws is CORRECTLY defined? a) proximity – we tend to fill in small gaps in objects b) continuity stimuli falling along the same plane tend to be grouped together c) good form – stimuli near to one another tend to be grouped together d) closure – stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect The law of proximity suggests that stimuli near to one another tend to be grouped together The law of closure states that we tend to fill in small gaps in objects Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect The law of good form states that stimuli forming a shape tend to be grouped together The law of proximity suggests that stimuli near to one another tend to be grouped together Feedback D: Incorrect The law of closure states that we tend to fill in small gaps in objects The law of similarity suggests that stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 196 Which of the following terms is the best synonym for ‘disparity’? a) distance b) depth c) constancy d) difference Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Disparity means “difference.” Feedback B: Incorrect Disparity means “difference.” Feedback C: Incorrect Disparity means “difference.” Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Easy 197 The difference between the image of a scene received by the right eye and that received by the left eye can serve as a depth cue termed binocular a) disparity b) gradient c) perspective d) constancy Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The difference between the image of a scene received by the right eye and that received by the left eye is termed binocular disparity Feedback C: Incorrect The difference between the image of a scene received by the right eye and that received by the left eye is termed binocular disparity Feedback D: Incorrect The difference between the image of a scene received by the right eye and that received by the left eye is termed binocular disparity Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 198 You are standing on the beach; the sea is choppy You observe that the crests of distant waves appear not only smaller, but also closer together than the crests of waves nearer the beach This example illustrates a depth cue known as _ a) linear perspective b) relative size c) texture gradient d) binocular disparity Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect The example illustrates texture gradient, not linear perspective Feedback B: Incorrect The example illustrates texture gradient, not relative size Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect The example illustrates texture gradient, not binocular disparity Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Hard 199 In a beginning drawing class, your instructor suggests that an illusion of depth may be created in a two-dimensional picture by including parallel lines that converge at a vanishing point Your instructor is making reference to a monocular depth cue known as a) linear perspective b) linear parallax c) relative size d) texture gradient Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect The example illustrates linear perspective There is no depth cue termed “linear parallax.” Feedback C: Incorrect The example illustrates linear perspective, not relative size Feedback D: Incorrect The example illustrates linear perspective, not texture gradient Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 200 From the window of an office on a skyscraper’s 90th floor, taxis on the street look tiny Of course, you know they’re not toy cars; you’re just really far up This example illustrates the depth cue of _ a) monocular; familiar size b) binocular; familiar size c) monocular; texture gradient d) binocular; texture gradient Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Familiar size is a monocular, not a binocular, depth cue Feedback C: Incorrect The example illustrates the depth cue of familiar size, not texture gradient Feedback D: Incorrect The example illustrates the monocular depth cue of familiar size Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 201 Your text implies that as compared to the other senses, vision is developed at birth a) less well b) equally c) more highly d) much more highly Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Vision is less well developed at birth than are the other senses Feedback C: Incorrect Vision is less well developed at birth than are the other senses Feedback D: Incorrect Vision is less well developed at birth than are the other senses Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Hard 202 Vinnie is month old Uri is months old Tanisha is a 9-month-old Which alternative below most accurately describes the visual development of these infants? a) Vinnie focuses mostly on contrasts Uri focuses on faces Tanisha’s focal range is about one foot b) Vinnie focuses mostly on contrasts Uri focuses on faces Tanisha’s visual acuity is similar to that of an adult c) Vinnie focuses mostly on contrasts Uri’s focal range is about one foot Tanisha focuses on faces d) Vinnie focuses on faces Uri’s focal range is about one foot Tanisha’s visual acuity is similar to that of an adult Ans: b Feedback A: Incorrect Tanisha’s visual acuity is similar to that of an adult Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Incorrect Tanisha’s visual acuity is similar to that of an adult Feedback D: Incorrect Vinnie focuses mostly on contrasts Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Hard 204 Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between strabismus and amblyopia? a) Strabismus can produce amblyopia b) Amblyopia can produce strabismus c) Strabismus and amblyopia are synonymous d) Strabismus and amblyopia are unrelated Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Incorrect Strabismus can produce amblyopia, not the other way around Feedback C: Incorrect Strabismus and amblyopia are not synonymous: Strabismus can produce amblyopia Feedback D: Incorrect Strabismus and amblyopia are not unrelated: Strabismus can produce amblyopia Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 205 Approximately how many people in the United States may be characterized as blind? a) million b) million c) 12 million d) 20 million Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect Approximately 12 million Americans may be characterized as blind Feedback B: Incorrect Approximately 12 million Americans may be characterized as blind Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect Approximately 12 million Americans may be characterized as blind Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Medium 206 When blind people read Braille, which parts of their brains become active? a) portions of the occipital lobe b) portions of somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe c) portions of the occipital and temporal lobes – the “what” pathway in vision d) portions of the occipital and parietal lobes – the “where” pathway in vision Ans: c Feedback A: Incorrect When blind people read Braille, not only portions of the occipital lobe become active, but portions of the temporal lobe as well Feedback B: Incorrect When blind people read Braille, areas corresponding to the “visual” what pathway rather than those relating to touch become active These areas include portions of the occipital and temporal lobes Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Incorrect When blind people read Braille, areas corresponding to the “visual” what pathway rather to the “where” pathway become active These areas include portions of the occipital and temporal lobes Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty Level: Hard Sabrina’s eye doctor just artificially dilated her pupils so he could see insider her eyes After the appointment Sabrina will likely experience _ a) nausea b) a headache c) a heightened sensitivity to light d) blurred double vision Ans: c Feedback A: Artificial pupil dilation does not cause nausea Feedback B: Artificial pupil dilation does not cause a headache Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Artificial pupil dilation does not cause blurred double vision Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty: Easy True-False The effects of artificial pupil dilation wear off faster in dark-eyed people than in people with lighter-colored eyes Ans: True Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty: Medium Short Answer Top-down processing contributes to which three types of perceptual constancy? Ans: Top-down processing contributes to color constancy, shape constancy, and size constancy Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty: Medium Essay Describe the illusion of the Ames Room Ans: The Ames Room is trapezoidal in shape and has sloped floors and ceilings A person looks inside through a peephole using one eye so that the room appears normal Because the observer assumes the both people are equidistant from him, he perceives the two people to be very different is size Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice The term refers to our tendency to view objects as if they were unchanging, even though the actual visual sensations we receive are constantly shifting a) absolute threshold b) just noticeable difference c) perceptual constancy d) top-down processing Ans: c Feedback A: Perceptual constancy refers to our tendency to view objects as if they were unchanging, even though the actual visual sensations we receive are constantly shifting Feedback B: Perceptual constancy refers to our tendency to view objects as if they were unchanging, even though the actual visual sensations we receive are constantly shifting Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Perceptual constancy refers to our tendency to view objects as if they were unchanging, even though the actual visual sensations we receive are constantly shifting Section Ref: The Visual Sense: Sight Learning Objective: Describe key processes in visual sensation and perception Difficulty: Medium ... points out the role of a) top-down; bottom-up processes b) top-down; top-down processes as well c) bottom-up; top-down processes d) bottom-up; bottom-up processes as well Ans: a Feedback... ambiguous d) Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously during the perception of many, if not all, stimuli Ans: d Feedback A: Incorrect Top-down and bottom-up processes occur simultaneously... differentiate between top-down and bottom-up processes of perception Difficulty: Hard Essay 10 Describe how top-down processing and bottom-up processing differ Ans: Top-down uses previously acquired knowledge