TestBank psychology around us 2nd edition comer ch11

Chapter: Chapter 11: Motivation Multiple Choice Virgin female rats typically ignore unfamiliar rat pups, yet they engage in a rich repertoire of maternal behaviors when their own pups are born Which theory of motivation explains this behavior? a) Arousal b) Instinct c) Drive reduction d) Incentive Ans: b Feedback A: Need to achieve an appropriate level of arousal Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: On the basis of internal biological factors Feedback D: Influence of external stimuli and behavior Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium motives are inborn a) Social b) Cultural c) Basic d) Learned Ans: c Feedback A: Social motives are learned Feedback B: Cultural motives are learned Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Learned motives are not inborn Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium Motives such as hunger and thirst that are essential for survival a) are learned via classical conditioning b) are acquired through social observation c) are present at birth d) emerge during early childhood Ans: c Feedback A: Motives essential for survival are present at birth Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Motives essential for survival are present at birth Feedback D: Motives essential for survival are present at birth Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium Animal research suggests that maternal behaviors such as nesting, grooming, and nursing are the result of _ a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) trial-and-error learning d) changing hormone levels that coincide with childbirth Ans: d Feedback A: Nesting, grooming, and nursing are the result of changing hormone levels that coincide with childbirth Feedback B: Nesting, grooming, and nursing are the result of changing hormone levels that coincide with childbirth Feedback C: Nesting, grooming, and nursing are the result of changing hormone levels that coincide with childbirth Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Hard Which of the following behaviors is the best example of instinctual motivation? a) Maria loves to read because her mother pays her five dollars for every book b) Leila learns how to play tennis by observing and imitating her coach c) Bella nurses and grooms her newborn puppies as a result of the changing hormone levels that coincided with the birth of her offspring d) Max learns that meditation provides him relief from his frequent headaches Ans: c Feedback A: In this example, Maria’s behavior is motivated by positive reinforcement as opposed to instinct Feedback B: In this example, Leila’s behavior is motivated by observational learning as opposed to instinct Feedback C: Correct! In this example, Max’s behavior is motivated by insight learning as opposed to instinct Feedback D: Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Hard True/False Many of our basic motives are innate Ans: True Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy Basic motives such as hunger are learned Ans: False Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy The motivation to eat when hungry weakens by the time we reach adulthood Ans: False Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy Behaviors that are driven by instinctual motivation are automatic Ans: true Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium Section Ref: Biological Motivations: Hunger Learning Objective: Summarize physical and psychological factors that affect our levels of hunger and our eating behavior Difficulty: Medium Many maternal behaviors, such as nesting, are instinctually motivated Ans: True Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank An example of an innate reflex in babies explained by the turning of their heads and searching for a mother’s nipple prior to feeding is the reflex Ans: rooting Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy The range of foods that we find rewarding from the time we are babies until our adult lives Ans: changes substantially Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy Short Answer If all behaviors were innate, which types of psychological experiments would no longer be necessary? Ans: Learning and memory Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Hard Essay Name one shortcoming of instinct theory Ans: Cannot explain individual differences; some people pursue experiences that others find aversive Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice Which theory of motivation states that our behaviors are attempts by the body to maintain homeostasis? a) Drive reduction b) Instinct c) Arousal d) Incentive Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Behaviors are inborn and activated by environmental stimuli Feedback C: Need to achieve an appropriate level of arousal Feedback D: Influence of external stimuli and behavior Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy True/False When an internal factor alters the state of balance in an organism, a motivation arises to correct the balance Ans: False Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Hard Fill-in-the-blank Commented [w1]: This is pretty picune Here’s the statement in the book: When an external factor alters the state of balance in the organism, a motivation arises to correct that balance Seriously??? The tendency of the body to maintain itself in a state of equilibrium is known as Ans: homeostasis Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium Short Answer What bodily adaptation is activated when external temperature rises and our body becomes too hot? Ans: perspiration Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium Essay 10 Why are thrill-seeking behaviors difficult for drive reduction theories to explain? Ans: Thrill seeking behavior is often purposely seeked out because of its ability to throw a person out of emotional and physical equilibrium Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 11 Which theory of motivation can explain the non-goal directed behaviors associated with curiosity? a) Arousal b) Instinct Commented [w2]: sought c) Drive reduction d) Incentive Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Behaviors are inborn and activated by environmental stimuli Feedback C: Behaviors are attempts by the body to maintain homeostasis Feedback D: Influence of external stimuli and behavior Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy True/False 12 Arousal theory deviates from drive reduction theory because we are not always motivated to reduce arousal back to some neutral state Ans: True Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Hard Fill-in-the-blank 13 To illustrate the arousal theory, rats may learn to navigate a maze without rewards or Ans: punishments Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 14 What scientific law states that ideal task performance occurs when our arousal level is at the an optimal level for the difficulty of a task? Ans: Yerkes-Dodson Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy Essay 15 According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the relationship between task difficulty and arousal? Ans: Task difficulty is inversely related to arousal such that performance is optimal for difficult tasks when arousal is low, whereas performance is optimal for easy tasks when arousal is high; negative correlation Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 16 Which of the following incentives is intrinsically motivating? a) Feelings of self-worth b) Public recognition c) Monetary compensation d) Food and water Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: This incentive represents extrinsic motivation Feedback C: This incentive represents extrinsic motivation Feedback D: This incentive represents extrinsic motivation Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy True/False 17 Incentive theory highlights the influence of external stimuli on behavior Ans: True Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 18 Engaging in a behavior that is satisfying in and of itself is motivating Ans: intrinsically Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy Short Answer 19 Name an external motivation to graduation from college Ans: Employment, monetary, recognition, etc Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy Essay 20 Describe the difference between primary and secondary incentives Provide an example of each type of incentive Ans: Primary incentives are innate, whereas secondary incentives are learned A primary incentive may be food, whereas a secondary incentive may be money Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 21 Pleasure or liking is often associated with systems within the brain that produce which chemical? a) Hallucinogens b) Synthetic compounds c) Narcotics d) Opiates Ans: d Feedback A: External substances Feedback B: External substances Feedback C: External substances Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Medium True/False 22 Carl Rogers is famous for developing the hierarchy of needs model Ans: False Section Ref: Theories of Motivation Learning Objective: Compare and contrast major theories of motivation Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank Multiple Choice 167.Susan was very hungry but she knew that she could not stop studying to eat because her final exam was in 20 minutes and she could eat after the test This example illustrates what phenomenon? a) self-worth b) affiliation c) delayed gratification d) achievement Ans: c Feedback A: Delayed gratification is the answer Feedback B: Delayed gratification is the answer Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Delayed gratification is the answer Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Easy Multiple Choice 168.What factor is related to the ability to delay gratification? a) predestination b) affiliation c) food d) achievement e) impulse control Ans: e Feedback A: This was not discussed in the text Feedback B: This is a psychological need Feedback C: This is a biological need Feedback D: This is a psychological need Feedback E: Correct! Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Easy Multiple Choice 169.Jason became angry and punched Phil This inability to inhibit his first thoughts of aggression is related to _ a) glucose levels b) brain damage c) lack of food d) impulse control Ans: d Feedback A: This was not discussed in this section Feedback B: We have insufficient information to make this determination Feedback C: We have insufficient information to make this determination Feedback D: Correct! Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 170.Studies indicate that the ability to delay gratification in a laboratory setting is predictive of success in settings And: academic and social Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 171.Jessica, years old, is unwilling to wait until Christmas morning to open her gifts.What neural characteristic can explain why she is having difficulty delaying gratification? a) neurons in the prefrontal cortex are fully myelinated b) neurons in the prefrontal cortex are not fully myelinated c) neurons in the cerebellum are fully myelinated d) neurons in the cerebellum are not fully myelinated Ans: b Feedback A: This is not true Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: This is not true Feedback D: This is not true Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 172.At what stage of development does the brain contain adult levels of synapses to connect the neurons? a) infancy b) later childhood c) puberty d) young adulthood e) none of these Ans: c Feedback A: This development occurs later Feedback B: This development occurs later Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: This development occurs earlier Feedback E: One of the answers is correct Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice 174.What motivates someone from a collectivist society to achieve? a) self-worth b) to make their group or organization proud c) food d) money Ans: b Feedback A: This is not associated with the collectivist mentality Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: This is not associated with the collectivist mentality Feedback D: This is not associated with the collectivist mentality Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Easy Multiple Choice 175.When Meng-Tzu was offered a financial fortune to “throw the game” during the Olympics, she refused due her unwillingness to let the team down and her lack of desire to garner individual wealth It is likely that she comes from what type of culture? a) collectivist b) individuated c) analytical d) id-oriented Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: This type of culture was not discussed in the text Feedback C: This type of culture was not discussed in the text Feedback D: This type of culture was not discussed in the text Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Easy 176 Which of the following is not a psychological need? a) Self-worth b) Affiliation c) Food d) Achievement Ans: c Feedback A: Psychological need Feedback B: Psychological need Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Psychological need Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Easy True/False Our need for social affiliation can lead to both positive and negative social behaviors Ans: True Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 178 Being part of a group, whether it is with family or friends, allows us to feel secure about our place in the world Ans: social Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 179 According to the evolutionary perspective, what are advantages of belonging to a social group? Ans: Group provides food and protection Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Essay 180 Describe one piece of evidence that suggests that humans seek a connection from others from birth Ans: The “rooting” reflex is displayed by young infants and includes an orientation of the head and mouth while seeking its mother’s breast for feeding Research suggests that this behavior is imperative for forming a healthy mother-child bond— a newborn’s first social relationship Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Multiple Choice Psychologists believe that morally abhorrent behavior such as gang violence can result from our need for a) positive regard b) social affiliation c) personal achievement d) self-actualization Ans: b Feedback A: Psychologists believe that morally abhorrent behavior such as gang violence can result from our need for affiliation Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Psychologists believe that morally abhorrent behavior such as gang violence can result from our need for affiliation Feedback D: Psychologists believe that morally abhorrent behavior such as gang violence can result from our need for affiliation Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium The motivation to fit in with others is most powerful in _ settings a) anonymous group b) large group c) small social group d) non-social Ans: c Feedback A: The motivation to fit in with others is most powerful in small group settings Feedback B: The motivation to fit in with others is most powerful in small group settings Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: The motivation to fit in with others is most powerful in small group settings Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Jevin want to help save the Earth by recycling old newspapers He has made posters about the importance of his cause and has asked his neighbors put their newspaper recycling cans out every week Jevin will likely be most successful in persuading others to recycle if he targets a) the small group of neighbors in his apartment building b) all of the citizens who live in his home town c) all of the residents in his home state d) the entire nation Ans: a Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: The need for affiliation will lead to more powerful persuasion when the group is small as opposed to large Feedback C: The need for affiliation will lead to more powerful persuasion when the group is small as opposed to large Feedback D: The need for affiliation will lead to more powerful persuasion when the group is small as opposed to large Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Hard Our motivation to want to fit in with others is most limited by _ a) personality b) group size c) limited attention span d) anxiety Ans: b Feedback A: Our motivation to want to fit in with others is most limited by group size Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Our motivation to want to fit in with others is most limited by group size Feedback D: Our motivation to want to fit in with others is most limited by group size Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Why is our motivation to affiliate and fit in with others weaker in large groups than in small groups? Ans: It may be that very large social groups make individuals feel anonymous enough that they believe their individual efforts won’t matter much Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Easy create different expectations for women and men a) Instincts b) Basic motives c) Biological drives d) Sexist attitudes Ans: c Feedback A: Correct! Feedback B: Sexist attitudes create different expectations for women and men Feedback C: Sexist attitudes create different expectations for women and men Commented [w5]: answer should be “d” Feedback D: Sexist attitudes create different expectations for women and men Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Easy Fill-in-the-blank 183 The fear of social is a powerful motivator that may explain why people remain in abusive relationships and join gangs Ans: exclusion or isolation Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Hard Short Answer 184 What area of the brain is activated when we feel the pain of social exclusion? Ans: Anterior cingulate cortex Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Hard Essay 185 Discuss psychological effects of social isolation Ans: People can become catatonic, psychotic, or lose contact with reality in other ways Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 186 What is the difference between the psychological need for affiliation and the need for achievement? a) Brain size influences the need for affiliation, but not achievement b) Achievement is defined in the same way across different societies, but affiliation is not c) Affiliation is a basic psychological need, but achievement is not d) Affiliation is less important than achievement Ans: c Feedback A: Influence of brain size not documented Feedback B: Collectivist and individualist societies define achievement in different ways Feedback C: Correct! Feedback D: Value judgment Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium True/False 187 When we are denied contact with other humans, our motivation to achieve self-actualization increases Ans: False Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 188 The theory of states that competence, relatedness, and autonomy are instinctive Ans: self-determination Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Hard Short Answer 189 Name an example of a collectivist culture that places more value on group interest than on self interest Ans: Chinese Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Easy Essay 190 How does intrinsic motivation “fit” into the theory of self-determination? Ans: Intrinsic motivation is associated with the qualities of self-determination theory: competence, relatedness, and autonomy Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 191 What types of motivations are not present at birth? a) Biological b) Social c) Intellectual d) Genetic Ans: b Feedback A: Present at birth Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Present at birth Feedback D: Present at birth Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium True/False 192 Biological motivations cannot be inhibited Ans: False Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 193 People who are motivated may attribute their success to the reward and not their own abilities Ans: extrinsically Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 194 Describe an instance from your own life in which a biological motivation was inhibited in favor of gaining a social reward Ans: Example: Being a “big boy or big girl” for Daddy and not whining when you are hungry on a road trip In effect, hunger is inhibited for the reward of Daddy’s approval Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Hard Short Answer 195 What abilities that are critical to achievement tend to develop over time as a child ages? Ans: Impulse control and ability to delay gratification Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Hard Multiple Choice 196 What neural characteristic may explain why young children have difficulty delaying gratification? a) Neurons in the prefrontal cortex are fully myelinated b) Neurons in the prefrontal cortex are not fully myelinated c) Neurons in the cerebellum are fully myelinated d) Neurons in the cerebellum are not fully myelinated Ans: b Feedback A: Invalid explanation Feedback B: Correct! Feedback C: Invalid explanation Feedback D: Invalid explanation Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium True/False 197 By years of age, children can see the value of trading the acceptance of one M & M for a whole bag of candy if they simply wait 30 minutes Ans: False Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Long-term exercise decreases the number of glial cells in the prefrontal cortex Ans: False Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Fill-in-the-blank 198 The _ cortex is involved with mature thought processes such as goal setting and planning Ans: prefrontal Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Short Answer 199 What type of cultures not consider autonomy an essential element of the self-determination theory? Ans: Collectivist Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Medium Essay Melissa is running the New York City marathon this year in order to achieve a personal goal she has set for herself Describe the brain regions involved in the reward learning pathway that will be engaged as she runs the marathon Ans: The brain regions involved in basic biological reward, such as the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens, and the pre- frontal cortex will be engaged In addition, areas that are important for storing the memories of Melissa's past running experiences, such as the hippocampus and neocortex, are likely to be involved The prefrontal cortex will enable Melissa to attend to our goals and respond flexibly to changes in the terrain as she runs Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Hard How does long-term exercise affect the brain? Ans: Long-term exercise increases the number of glial cells, stimulates the growth of new dendrites and new synaptic connections in the neocortex Section Ref: Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement Learning Objective: Describe factors that influence our psychological motivations for affiliation and achievement Difficulty: Hard ... arousal? Ans: Task difficulty is inversely related to arousal such that performance is optimal for difficult tasks when arousal is low, whereas performance is optimal for easy tasks when arousal... of motivation Difficulty: Easy True/False 12 Arousal theory deviates from drive reduction theory because we are not always motivated to reduce arousal back to some neutral state Ans: True Section... Medium Multiple Choice 36.The term is use to describe the body’s internal state of balance or equilibrium a) homogeneity b) homozygous c) instinct d) arousal e) homeostasis Ans: e Feedback A: