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The duty of the Seller to repair or replace defective items is the Seller’s only duty under this contract or otherwise, and the Seller shall not be liable to compensate the Buyer for any loss of use of any works beloing to the Buyer (whether complete or partial) or for any loss of any profit or for any direct or consequential damage that may be suffered by the Buyer.
Nghĩa vụ sửa chữa hoặc thay thế hàng hóa khiếm khuyết của người bán là nghĩa vụ duy nhất của người bán có trong hợp đồng; mặt khác, người bán sẽ không phải bồi thường cho người mua bất cứ tổn thất nào phát sinh khi người mua tự sửa chữa (dù toàn bộ hay bộ phận), hoặc bất cứ sự thâm hụt lợi nhuận nào, bất cứ thiệt hại gián tiếp hay thiệt hại về sau của người mua.
CHAPTER 3
Negotiating Inspection and Defects Liability
1. EXPORTING AND THE PROBLEM OF QUALITY
- The Problem:
When things go wrong with the exported products, repair and replacement can be ruinously expensive. There are some special steps that the exporters can take to minimize the risk of the goods being rejected or of heavy defects liability claims.
- The Principle:
+ The exporter should ensure that all exported goods meet or exceed the quality specified, that marking and packaging are correct and that delivery is on time.
+ The agreement between the parties should contain specific quality specifications.
- In more depth:
The quality of the product is a key issue, and customer satisfaction is essential to successful business. Many companies have qualities assurance programs to ensure that customers get what they pay for. Until things are going well in the local market, it makes little sense to export, because quality assurance and customer satisfaction are much tougher when the customer is in another country, and distance makes communication, transport, inspection, payment and verification of claims expensive and time-consuming.
+ Specification.
Negotiation of specifications can be a difficult process.
A well-designed set a specifications offers vital protection the both sides. The importer is protected against inferior products- it can reject any equipment that fails to meet specification. Moreover, the seller is protected also-through more subtly. If the products are fully specified and the consignment meets the specifications, the buyer will be unable to find any excused for rejection or for exaggerated defects liability.
+ Pre-delivery Inspection
Many importers require inspection of their goods in the manufacture’s factory before delivery. With sophisticated items or capital equipment, the buyer may also want to inspect the goods at pre-agreed times during manufacture.
Some countries, Indonesia for example, require that all imported goods are inspected by an inspections service immediately before shipment. This inspection prevents exporter and buyer agreeing an unrealistically low invoice price in order to avoid customs duties in the buyer’s country. This also prevents shipments of patently defective goods.
The next step, assuming FOB delivery, is examination of the goods by the carrier. The carrier does not unpack the goods or check their quality, although leaks and obvious damage – as well as incorrect shipping marks, defective packaging or discrepancies in weight and size – are noted on the shipping documents.
+ Inspection and Acceptance
The principle is clear- the buyer has the right to inspect the goods when they arrive and to reject them if they are incorrect. At this point, exact specification is of great value to exporter if the goods conform to specifications, the buyer is obligated to accept them.
+ Defects Liability Period
Once the goods are accepted by the buyers as apparently correct, they must jump to the final hurdle – the defect liability period. The manufacturer accepts liability for defects the come to light after acceptance: if anything is wrong with any item, they will repair or replace it. Such defects are called “latent defects”.
The defects liability period is negotiable, this is likely to be several months from the date of delivery or the date of arrival.
Protection against dishonest claims or excessive demands should be written into the contract.
To sum up, in negotiating the terms of the contract, we can look at the process in steps.
Step 1. Inspection: When are the goods inspected? And when can the buyer to reject them?
Step 2. Terms: Warranty or guarantee?
Step 3. Definitions: What is, and what is not, a defect?
Step 4. Timing: How long is the defects liability period? When does it begin? What about other timings?
Step 5. Corrective action: What must the seller do to cure defects?
2. INSPECTION, ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION
In a contract, both the parties, the buyer and the exporter run risks. Obviously, the goods delivered are not always perfect. Thus, the buyer stands the risk of receiving inferior goods when inspecting the goods on arrival. The exporter may have a disaster when the buyer decides to cancel the contract if the deviation amounts to a fundamental breach of contract. The defects liability provision gives double protection. This warranty protects the buyer from receiving inferior goods and the exporter from losing the contract right away. Delivery can be rejected from two kinds of defects: the patent one ( which can be found when being inspected), the latent one (which only comes to light during usage).
Under most laws, a buyer can make certain assumptions about goods even if the exporter gives no express warranty. These assumptions are legally called implied warranties, which come in three types:
+ Implied warranty of Conformity with Contract:
Most laws provide a way to grade non-conformity: while major discrepancies allow the buyer the right to reject the goods and cancel the contract, minor discrepancies do not. The Vienna Sales Convention (Article 49) says:
“The buyer may declare the contract advoided (=canceled)… if the failure by the seller to perform any of his obligations under the contract…amounts to a fundamental breach of contract.”
+ Implied warranty of Merchantable Quality:
Goods can well conform with the contract but they can be of serious inferior quality which make them inappropriate for sale. Most laws have a provision on this “warranty of merchantability” which allows the buyer to reiect goods and cancel the contract
+ Implied warranty of Fitness for Intended Purpose:
Goods can conform with the contract, be merchantable but useless to the buyer. In the case when the exporter knew the buyer’s intented purpose and the buyer trusted the seller with the correct goods then the buyer has the legal right to reject unusual items.
+ Rejection: Total or Partial:
The buyer can reject the consignment wholly or partially. National laws take one of three choices. While English law requires rejection of all contract goods, German law and Vienna Sales Convention (Article 51) both allow total and partial rejection. When goods are rejected, the buyer most notify the seller within a reasonable period. Then, on assuming that the rejection is justified, the exporter has the additional cost to dispose the unwanted goods.
+ The Exporter’s Right to cure:
Does the exporter have the right to cure? Or it is simply a duty requested by the buyer? The Vienna Sales Convention says the following:
“…the seller may, even after the date for delivery, remedy at his own expense any failure to perform his obligations, if he can do so without unreasonable delay and without causing the buyer unreasonable inconvenience or uncertainty of reimbursement by the seller of expenses advanced by the buyer.”
If the seller wants the right to cure, the contract should contain the necessary provision.
3. WARRANTY AND GUARANTEE: TERMINOLOGY
Are a warranty and a guarantee the same thing? Why do some contracts replace a warranty with a “defects liability provision”?.
A warranty is a promise you make about your own perfomance. A product warranty is a promise by the exporter to cure defects in his products. There are two parties to a warranty: buyer and seller. A guarrantee is a promise about somebody else’s performance. It involves three parties: principal, beneficiary and guarantor. The guarantor makes a promise to one party at the request of another.
In strict legal usage, a warranty is an absolute undertaking on the part of the warrantor, and the contract is void unless it is strictly and literally perfomed, while a guarantee is a promise (…) not imposing any primary liability on the guarantor, but binding him to be answerable for the failure or default of another.
Internationally, the distinction between warranty and guarantee is often blurred. Many contracts avoid the problem by speaking of defects liability rather than warranty; this is the right concept.
4. THE DEFECTS LIABILITY PERIOD: A CHANCE TO PUT THINGS RIGHT
The exporter is liable for defects in his products. What is a defect? And what liability for defects must the exporter accept?
There is one thing that everyone knows: not all products are perfect on delivery. So the warranty covers defects that are present at the moment of delivery. The defects that give rise to the most serious problems between exporter and buyer are hidden or latent defects. There are three kinds of defects: workmanship, materials and design.
+ Three types of Defect:
A product with defective workmanship is incorrectly built. Faults are often “hidden” and do not “come to light” until the product is used.
Defective materials are materials or parts of a product that are inferior or somehow incorrect. Many such hidden defects take time to come to light.
Defective design means that a product does not meet specifications. The design is defective, again, is not apparent until the product is used.
+ What is Not a Defect:
A defects liability provision does not cover: two common exclusions are fair wear and tear and misuse by the buyer. Fair wear and tear is the result of normal use. Misuse is seriously incorrect handling by the buyer. Sometimes misuse is expressly defined in the contract: opening a sophisticated machine.
+ Faults Not Present on Delivery:
The defects liability period is the period during which the exporter is liable for – and must make good – defects that are apparent on delivery or that come to light later. The buyer must prove that the defects was present in the goods at the date of delivery. When two sides negotiate contract, both sides must understand that a defect is a fault provably present in the goods on delivery.
+ Specimen Warranty Clauses:
A standard provision mentions the three types of defect, it states a date on which the products were free of defects, it excludes problems caused by misuse or wear and tear, and it establishes the exporter’s duty – to cure the fault.
Sometimes, the parties decide on a totally different kind of obligation. An interesting example is the Disclaimer of Warranty common in software contracts. Such a disclaimer is often printed in capital letters because it is unusual and because it denies the purchaser some of his normal rights.
Any attempt to hide or subordinate such a disclaimer makes it invalid under most laws. The purchaser has given up certain rights: but in exchange for what? What is the justification of this whole proceeding? The answer is: without such a Disclaimer of Warranty, the contract price would be far higher.
5. TIMING OF THE DEFECTS LIABILITY PERIOD
The defects liability period presents four separate timing problems. Many contracts regulate only one. What are the other problems, should the exporter regulate them, and if so, how? Let’s now look at each timing problem in more detail.
+ Timeframe 1: The Defects Liability Period
The parties first agree the length of the defects liability period. We can note that many legal systems allow a six-month period if the two sides agree nothing. The exporter should know how many defects liability claims does he generally experience within a three-month, a six-month…period, in order to calculate the cost of extending (or reducing) the defects liability period.
Having agreed the length of the defects liability period, the two sides then ask: When does it start? The contract must regulate this problem. It is generally accepted as fair that the period is extended by the down-time.
+ Timeframe 2: The Notification Period
If a defect occurs, the buyer must notify the exporter. If both parties act in good faith, such a “soft-edged” timeframe works well. If a problem arises, the judge sets a fair period for “undue delay,” a “reasonable time,” or “forthwith.”
+ Timeframe 3: The Rectification Period
Once the exporter has learned of the defect, he must cure it as soon as practicable and at his own cost.
+ Timeframe 4: The Legal Action Period
If the exporter has failed to repair under warranty, the buyer must start a legal action. This “legal action period” differs under applicable laws (Civil law or Continental law). This period also varies greatly from country to country and from one type of contract and/or duty to another. In practice, contracts rarely regulate the legal action period, leaving the matter to the applicable law. If you foresee a problem, take legal advice.
6. CORRECTIVE ACTION
+ The Problem:
Some contracts do not point out corrective action that the exporter must take, which is dangerous for both exporter and importer.
+ The Principle:
The exporter used to correct the defects. In case the buyer has this right, it must be indicate exactly in the contract.
+ In more depth:
The defects liability provision allows the exporter to correct problems without losing the contract. There are five steps that the manufacturer of goods can normally take to cure defects:
+ 5 options for curing defects:
Option 1: Repair.
To the domestic manufacturer, this is the most saving; but this is very expensive to the exporter because he has to send a mechanic together with many tools and spare parts to the buyer’s country.
Option 2: Allow the Buyer to repair at Exporter’s cost.
The risk that the exporter may easily encounter can be an expensive repair bill or the repair may not properly be carried out which make the exporter has to fix under the warranty. Almost every exporters try to avoid this or allow it only in exceptional cases and then only with the exporter’s express approval.
Option 3: Replace (Part or Whole Item)
By this way, the exporter can keep the goodwill of the customer. However, it is very expensive especially, when the customer want to send back the defective item, which leads to the same problems as option 1: 2 sets of customs, air mail or air freight. Sometimes, skilled technican must be at hand, gửi thợ đến nước NK để lắp đặt thiết bị. And the exporter’s expense is much more higher than the local trader.
Option 4: Reduce the price.
This is the replacement of option 1 and option 3. If the buyer pay by L/C, the seller must reduce price directly. If payment is on open account, and the invoice has not yet been settled, the payment due is simply reduced. Moreover, complex item include retainer provision (normally 5%) which is kept by the buyer until the end of the defects liability period to negotiate price reductions.
Option 5: Return the Goods and Refund the Price.
The exporter do not want to use this option; this is the same as lose the contract. The value of defective goods is not as high as the cost of return shipment to the exporter’s country. This means the deal is a total loss for the exporter. So, if the buyer insists on including a “return and refund” clause in the contract. The exporter must protect himself by allowing this option only in exceptional cases and with his express agreement.
+ Who chooses?
Mainly exporter depends on what kinds of defects that the exporter must be flexible in repairing to save money.
Let us look at a clause that mentions all five options, but still allows the exporter the necessary freedom:
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In the event of a defect coming to light and being notified to the Seller, the Seller shall, without undue dalay, make good the defect at his own risk and cost and at his discretion in one of the following ways:
a. Repair the defective item;
b. Allow the Buyer or a third party appointed by the Buyer to repair the defective item at the seller’s cost;
c. Replace the defective item;
d. Reduce the contract price;
e. Allow the Buyer to return the defective goods and refund all sums paid for the goods.
Trong trường hợp sai sót được tìm thấy và thông báo đến người bán, người bán ngay lập tức và không chậm trễ chịu mọi rủi ro và chi phí để sửa chữa sai sót đó một cách tùy ý theo những cách sau:
a. Sửa chữa hàng hóa khiếm khuyết;
b. Cho phép người mua hoặc bên thứ ba được người mua ủy quyền sửa chữa hàng hóa khiếm khuyết và tính chi phí cho người bán;
c. Thay thế hàng khiếm khuyết;
d. Giảm giá hợp đồng;
e. Cho phép người mua gửi trả hàng khiếm khuyết và hoàn toàn bộ số tiền hàng
Many exporters like option 1 or 3 because the rests need the negotiation of both the exporter and importer. In this case, the clause runs:
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In the event of a defect coming to light and being notified to the Seller, the Seller shall, at his discretion and without undue dalay, repair or replace the defective item at his own risk and cost.
Trường hợp sai sót được tìm thấy và thông báo đến người bán, người bán phải ngay lập tức lựa chọn phương án sửa chữa hoặc thay thế hàng hóa sai sót, chịu mọi rủi ro và chi phí.
+ Liquidated damages: A different kind of cure
The exporter, sometimes, cures a defect by offering a reduction. The size of the discount is clearly open to negotiation and more complex deals benefit from this area.
+ Costs, Defects, and the Results of defects
The defects liability provision usually requires the exporter to cure defects at his own risk and cost. In fact, the major risk for the seller is not the cost of repairing and replacing defective goods. The biggest risk that the exporter has to compensate for the importer is “consequential damage’ or”consequential loss”.
Given the wording, the exporter must take responsibility for the repair cost. Another cost is not mentioned. This means the exporter has no duty. This is not true. Whenever the contract says nothing about a problem, we look for the answer in the applicable law, which has a close connection to the contract. Nearly all applicable laws divide the buyer’s losses from defects into two categories: direct losses and indirect (often called consequential) losses.
National laws differ in their approach to consequential loss. In Germany, the BGB allows a claim for all “direct costs” including uncovering, making good, and so on.
In America, the UCC allows recovery of all losses including “incidential and consequential damages”. On the other hand, the loss must closely result from defect. Courts have made decisions in many thousands of cases.
However, like all relationship of all deals, the exporter’s liability for the buyer’s loss is disposive. Consequently, most exporters try to reduce their responsibility to direct loss only. For an example please refer to table 10 on page 29.
Conversely, the exporter is required to accept such risks clearly stated in table 11 on page 29.
LIST OF TABLES AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS:
Table 1 (page 117):
Câu trong sách - trang 117
Câu dịch
Inspection before Delivery
The Buyer may, at the Buyer’s option, inspect the Goods prior to shipment. At least fourteen days before the actual delivery date, the Seller shall give the notice to the Buyer, or to any agent nominated by the Buyer, that the Goods are available for inspection. The Seller shall permit access to the Goods for purposes of inspection at a reasonable time agreed by the parties.
Kiểm tra trước khi vận chuyển
Người mua có quyền, trong sự lựa chọn của mình, kiểm tra hàng hóa trước khi chất hàng lên tàu. Người bán phải thông báo cho người mua hoặc bất kỳ một đại lý nào do người mua chỉ định về việc hàng hóa đã sẵn sang để kiểm tra, ít nhất 14 ngày trước ngày giao hàng thực tế. Người bán sẽ cho phép hàng hóa được kiểm tra vào thời điểm hợp lý mà hai bên đã thỏa thuận.
Table 2(page 123):
Table 3 (page 125):
Câu trong sách – Trang 125
Câu dịch
What you should know
Những điều cần biết
8. Quyền của người bán để sửa chữa bất cứ khiếm khuyết nào trong việc giao hàng vẫn là vấn đề gây tranh cãi; nếu nhà xuất khẩu muốn có quyền này, hợp đồng phải cung cấp điều khoản cần thiết.
Table 4 (page 127):
Câu trong sách – trang 127
Câu dịch
Guarantee
All material, equipment and perfomance of goods supplied shall be guaranteed by the Supplier against any defect or failure for the period of one year from the date of delivery. The Supplier must replace defective parts as quickly as possible. Replaced parts will be guaranteed by the Supplier for six months beginning from the date of replacement, and the whole expense of returning and replacing the parts will be at his cost
Bảo lãnh
Tất cả các vật liệu, thiết bị và cách hoạt động của hàng hóa được cung cấp sẽ được bảo lãnh bởi các nhà cung cấp với bất kì khuyết tật hay sai sót nào trong thời gian một năm kể từ ngày giao hàng. Nhà cung cấp phải thay thế phần bị lỗi càng nhanh càng tốt. Các phần được thay thế sẽ được bảo lãnh bởi người cung cấp trong 6 tháng kể từ ngày thay thế, và được hoàn lại toàn bộ chi phí các bộ phận thay thế.
Table 5 (page 128):
Câu trong sách – trang 128
Câu dịch
What you should know
1. Most contracts contain an assurance that the exporter will make good any defects in his products: the assurance is variously know as a warranty, a defects liability provision, or –incorrectly—a guarantee.
2. The term guarantee, in strict legal usage, means a promise about somebody else’s perfomance; it is , therefore, not incorrect in the context of defects liability.
3. The word guarantee might produce a dangerous result for the exporter under certain applicable laws.
4. The term warranty is (correctly) used in many other contexts than the product warranty.
5. Probably the best term is defects liability since this is the only term with an exclusive and unmistakable meaning.
Những điều cần biết
1. Hầu hết các hợp đồng có một đảm bảo rằng người xuất khẩu sẽ sửa chữa tốt bất kỳ một khiếm khuyết nào trong các sản phẩm của mình: bảo đảm được biết như là một sự bảo hành, một trách nhiệm cung cấp các khiếm khuyết, hoặc – không hoàn toàn chính xác – một sự bảo lãnh.
2. Việc bảo lãnh, trong việc áp dụng pháp luật nghiêm ngặt, có nghĩa là một lời hứa về hoạt động của người khác, do đó, không phải không đúng trong nội dung là trách nhiệm cho sản phẩm lỗi.
3. Từ bảo lãnh có thể gây ra một kết quả nguy hiểm cho các nước xuất khẩu theo quy luật áp dụng.
4. Sự bảo hành là (chính xác) được sử dụng trong nhiều ngữ cảnh khác hơn bảo hành sản phẩm.
5. Có thể điều khoản tốt nhất là trách nhiệm cho khuyết tật vì đây là điều khoản duy nhất với ý nghĩa độc quyền và không thể nhầm lẫn.
Table 6 (page 130):
Câu trong sách – trang 130
Câu dịch
The Supplier warrants that each Item supplied under this contract ( and each part thereof) shall at the date of its acceptance:
(i) Be free from defects in material
(ii) Be free from defects in workmanship including but not limited to all manufacturing processes
(iii) Be free from defects inherent in design including but not limited to selection of materials, and be fit for the purpose for which the Item is normally used.
If any defect or deficiency is discovered in the Item or in any part thereof, then the Supplier shall either repair or replace such Item or rectify such deficiency.
The warranty above is subject to the Purchaser having adhered to the procedures or instructions applicable to the use, storage, installation or operation of the Itemand expressly excludes all damage arising from wear and tear to the Item in normal use.
Người cung cấp đảm bảo cho mỗi món hàng được cung cấp chiếu theo hợp đồng tại thời điểm chấp nhận:
(i) Miễn trừ khiếm khuyết nguyên liệu
(ii) Miến trừ khiếm khuyết tay nghề nhưng không hạn chế cho tất cả quá trình sản xuất
(iii) Miễn trừ khiếm khuyết về thiết kế nhưng không hạn chế đến việc lựa chọn nguyên liệu và phải đồng nhất với các khoản thông thường
Nếu có khiếm khuyết hay thiếu hụt được tìm ra trong các món hàng hay của cải, thì bên cung cấp sẽ sửa chữa, thay thế những món hàng hoặc bù đắp hàng thiếu hụt.
Điều khoản trên là mục cho người mua tán thành với người sản xuất hoặc chỉ dẫn chi tiết khi sử dụng, lưu kho, lắp đặt hoặc quá trình họat động của hàng hóa và ngăn chặn những tổn thất phát sinh từ việc hao mòn tự nhiên khi sử dụng.
Table 7 (page 131):
Câu trong sách – trang 131
Câu dịch
Disclaimer of Warranty
A. The software provided under this Agreement is furnished “as is” and without support of any kind whatsoever.
B. The supplier disclaims all warranties with regard to any software licensed to the purchaser under this agreement, including all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event shall the supplierbe liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an actionof contract, negligence or other tortious action, arising out of or in connection with use or performance of any software licensed under this agreement.
C. The Supplier’s prices are based in material part upon this limitation of the Supplier’s liability.
Điều khoản từ bỏ
A. Phần mềm được cung cấp dưới sự đồng ý này cung cấp giống hệt và không kèm theo bất kì sự hỗ trợ nào.
B. Người cung cấp từ bỏ toàn bộ những điều khỏan với sự quan tâm đến các loại giấy phép để mua bán dưới sự đồng ý, bao gồm toàn bộ các điều khoản của khả năng thương mại và phù hợp với những yêu cầu đặc biệt. Không có việc nhà cung cấp có trách nhiệm với bất kỳ tổn thất đặc biệt hay gián tiếp nào khi mà đó là kết quả của việc mất mát dữ liệu hay lợi nhuận, dù trong các hành động có liên quan, sơ suất hay hành động có hại khác phát sinh từ việc kết nói với sử dụng hay hiệu quả của bất kỳ giấy phép sử dụng nào dưới sự cho phép.
C. Giá người bán dựa theo nguyên liệu mà người bán sử dụng
Table 8 (a collection of chapter 5 tables):
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The Defects Liability Period shall be extended by a period equal to the period during which the Goods cannot be used by reason of any defect, but not so as to extend the Defects Liability Period for more than twenty-four months from the date of first delivery of the Goods repaired or replaced under this provision.
Thời hạn trách nhiệm pháp lý về sai sót sẽ được gia hạn thêm một khoảng thời gian bằng với thời gian mà hàng hóa không thể sử dụng do những sai sót đó gây ra, nhưng không gia hạn quá 24 tháng kể từ ngày giao hàng đầu tiên của số hàng hóa được sửa chữa hay thay thế theo Điều khoản này.
Any Supplies furnished by way of replacement under warranty shall be subject to the provisions of this Clause to the same extent as Supplies initially accepted by the Contractor for a full further period of warranty.
Bất cứ hàng hóa nào được cung cấp bằng phương thức thay thế trong thời hạn bảo hành sẽ phải tuân theo Điều khoản này với cùng một mức độ như những hàng hóa mà người kí kết hợp đồng đã chấp thuận lúc đầu trong một thời hạn bảo hành đầy đủ nữa.
Any parts replaced under this waranty shall be subject to the provisions of this clause for a full further period of warranty; however, the total warranty period shall in no case exceed three years.
Bất cứ phần nào được thay thế trong thời hạn bảo hành sẽ phải tuân theo Điều khoản này, phải chịu một Thời hạn bảo hành đầy đủ nữa; tuy nhiên, tổng thời hạn bảo hành trong bất cứ trường hợp nào cũng không được vượt quá 3 năm.
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Notice of Defects
The Buyer shall notify the Seller of defects without undue delay.
Thông báo về Sai sót
Người Mua sẽ thông báo cho Người Bán về những sai sót mà không được trì hoãn quá mức.
Making Good of Defects
The Seller shall make good of the defect or damage as soon as practicable and at his own cost.
Sửa chữa sai sót
Người Bán sẽ sửa chữa sai sót hay thiệt hại ngay khi có thể thực hiện được và phải tự chịu mọi chi phí.
139
Defects Liability Period
The Defects Liability Period shall be a period of six months.
If any defect occurs during the Defects Liability Period, the Buyer shall forthwith inform the Seller stating in writing the nature of the defect.
The Seller shall be responsible for making good with all possible speed any defect so notified which arises from defective materials, workmanship or design.
The provisions of this clause shall apply to any Goods repaired, replaced or otherwise made good by the Seller, but not so as to extend the Defects Liability Period for more than twelve months from the commencement date of original defets liability period.
Thời hạn trách nhiệm pháp lý về sai sót
Thời hạn trách nhiệm pháp lý về sai sót là 6 tháng.
Nếu bất cứ lỗi nào xảy ra trong khoảng thời gian trên, Người Mua phải ngay lập tức thông báo cho Người Bán bằng văn bản về nguyên trạng của sai sót đó.
Người Bán phải có trách nhiệm sửa chữa lỗi trong thời gian nhanh nhất có thể và phải thông báo lỗi phát sinh do nguyên liệu kém phẩm chất, do tay nghề hay do lỗi thiết kế.
Các điều khoản này được áp dụng cho bất cứ hàng hóa nào được sửa chữa, thay thế hay làm cho tốt hơn bởi người Bán, nhưng không phải để mở rộng thời hạn bảo hành sai sót nhiều hơn 12 tháng kể từ ngày bắt đầu thời hạn đó theo như hợp đồng quy định.
Table 9 (page 143):
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In the event of a defect coming to light and being notified to the Seller, the Seller shall, without undue dalay, make good the defect at his own risk and cost and at his discretion in one of the following ways:
a. Repair the defective item;
b. Allow the Buyer or a third party appointed by the Buyer to repair the defective item at the seller’s cost;
c. Replace the defective item;
d. Reduce the contract price;
e. Allow the Buyer to return the defective goods and refund all sums paid for the goods.
Trong trường hợp sai sót được tìm thấy và thông báo đến người bán, người bán ngay lập tức phải bồi thường mọi rủi ro và chi phí, sau đó tự do lựa chọn 1 trong những cách sau:
a. Sửa chữa hàng hóa khiếm khuyết;
b. Cho phép người mua hoặc bên thứ ba được người mua ủy quyền sửa chữa hàng hóa khiếm khuyết và tính chi phí cho người bán;
c. Thay thế hàng khiếm khuyết;
d. Giảm giá hợp đồng;
e. Cho phép người mua gửi trả hàng khiếm khuyết và hoàn toàn bộ số tiền hàng
Table 10 (page 143)
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In the event of a defect coming to light and being notified to the Seller, the Seller shall, at his discretion and without undue dalay, repair or replace the defective item at his own risk and cost.
Trường hợp sai sót được tìm thấy và thông báo đến người bán, người bán phải ngay lập tức lựa chọn phương án sửa chữa hoặc thay thế hàng hóa sai sót, chịu mọi rủi ro và chi phí.
Table 11 (page 146)
Table 12 (page 146)
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The Seller shall indemnify and hold harmless the Buyer against any los of damge whether direct of indirect suffered by the Buyer as the result of defective or faulty goods delivered by the Seller.
Người bán phải đền bù và chịu những thiệt hại hay tổn thất gây ra cho người mua, dù đó là trực tiếp hay gián tiếp, là kết quả của hàng hóa bị sai sót hay thiếu hụt do người bán vận chuyển.