Chapter Introduction to Disease Pathology at First Glance Homeostasis: internal stability of the body Pathology: abnormal condition causing measurable changes in structure and function Pathogenesis: development of disease in stages Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Pathology at First Glance (cont’d.) Syndrome: Defined collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a condition Diagnosis: Use of scientific or clinical methods to determine nature of the disease Basis for treatment based on exam, signs, symptoms history, lab data, diagnostic tests Prognosis: Predicted course and outcome Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Describing Disease Signs Abnormal objective findings Examples: redness, swelling, purulent discharge, fever, pulse, pallor Symptoms Subjective patient reports Examples: difficulty swallowing, pain, fatigue, headache, dizziness, itching Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Describing Disease (cont) Acute Illness onset is usually abrupt symptoms present themselves over hours to days duration brief ( months) Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Disease Remission: Signs and symptoms subside Exacerbation: Signs and symptoms recur in all severity during this period Relapse: Occurs when a disease returns weeks or months after its apparent cessation Complication: Disease or other abnormal state developing when a person already suffers from another disease Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Causes of Disease oEtiology: Cause of a disease oIdiopathic: The cause of the disease is not known Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Risk factors Predisposing Factors age gender lifestyle environment heredity Non-changeable predisposing factors age gender heredity Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Risk factors (cont) Changeable predisposing factors Lifestyle • physical abuse and violence • poor nutrition • tobacco, drugs, and alcohol Environment • air and water pollution • chronic stress Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc More Diagnosis Info Diagnosis of Disease medical history physical exam laboratory tests (blood count, chemistry, etc.) imaging tests (MRI, CT, X-ray, ultrasound, etc.) biopsy miscellaneous tests (pulmonary function, cultures, etc.) Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 10 Patient Teaching Goals of patient teaching facilitate patient compliance with the medical treatment plan clarify information and instructions foster patient independence and responsibility establish trusting, therapeutic relationship Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 11 Patient Teaching (cont’d.) Additional reasons for patient teaching ease anxiety facilitate greater sense of patient control improve patient/family coping highlight goals for recovery or acceptance reduce unnecessary clinic visits and hospitalizations Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 12 ... and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 11 Patient Teaching (cont’d.) Additional reasons for patient teaching ease anxiety facilitate greater sense of patient... Complication: Disease or other abnormal state developing when a person already suffers from another disease Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Causes of Disease. .. Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc 10 Patient Teaching Goals of patient teaching facilitate patient compliance with the medical treatment plan