Chapter Diseases of the Cardiovascular System Structures of the Heart Myocardium: Chamber walls, cardiac muscle Endocardium: Internal lining of chamber walls Pericardium: Double layer membrane enclosing the heart Valves: Mitral (left), Tricuspid (right), Semilunar (2) Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Diagnostic Tests and Procedures for Cardiac Disorders Auscultation: Listening through a stethoscope ECG (electrocardiogram): Electrical recording of heart action (helps dx CAD, MI, Valve disorders, some congenital diseases) Echocardiography: Ultrasound cardiography Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Diagnostic Tests and Procedures for Cardiac Disorders (cont) Angiography: Done with X-rays, contrast injected – films blood vessel action Cardiac catheterization: catheter passed into heart through blood vessels Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Cardiovascular Diseases Signs and Symptoms Hyperlipidemia: Elevation of lipids or fats in the blood Hypercholesterolemia: Increase in serum cholesterol Arteriosclerosis and/or atherosclerosis: Occlusion of artery, lack of oxygen, depends on location Peripheral Artery Disease: Thinning of lower leg skin, ulceration of skin, high-fat diet Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Aortic Aneurysm: No symptoms at first Artery wall is weakened, can cause bleeding which is hard to find Hypertension: Consistent high blood pressure, headaches, sometimes a high salt diet and alcohol consumption Thrombosis: Pain, blood pooling in lower extremities, deep muscle tenderness, inflammation Coronary Heart Disease: Chest pain, palpitations, dizziness, fainting, weakness, shortness of breath, MI Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Myocarditis: Fever, chest pain, shortness of breath, tachycardia Rheumatic heart disease: Fever, inflammation of joints, rash Cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic (A) – Excessive Ventricular growth; Restrictive – Dyspnea, arthopnea, perpheral edema, weakness, fatigue Mitral stenosis: Increased pressure in heart, congestion of veins, cyanosis, congestive heart failure Aortic stenosis: Hypertrophy of left ventricle, calcified deposits on valve Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Congestive Heart Failure: Shortness of breath, fatigue, edema Cardiac arrhythmias: Supraventricular – tachycardia, bradycardia, heart block, syncope, edema, SOB; Ventricular – SOB, fatigue, edema Shock: Drop in BP, too low to sustain life Septal defects: Heart murmur, ventriculoseptal defect causes increased blood flow to lungs Patent ductus arteriosus: increased pressure in lungs can lead to pulmonary hypertension Elsevier items and derived items © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc ... of Elsevier Inc Cardiovascular Diseases Signs and Symptoms Hyperlipidemia: Elevation of lipids or fats in the blood Hypercholesterolemia: Increase in serum cholesterol Arteriosclerosis... Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc Myocarditis: Fever, chest pain, shortness of breath, tachycardia Rheumatic heart disease: Fever, inflammation of joints, rash Cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic...Structures of the Heart Myocardium: Chamber walls, cardiac muscle Endocardium: Internal lining of chamber walls Pericardium: Double layer membrane enclosing the heart