Com Writing 2 VB 2

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COURSE TITTLE: WRITING 2( vb2)  Lecturer: Le Thi Bich Vy, MA  Course book: Alice, S & Masould, S.(2007) Effective Academic Writing Oxford University Press  References: - Karen, B & Christine, R (1994) 2nd E.d Ready to Write Addition- Westley Publishing Company - Alice, O & Ann, H (2003) 3rd E.d Writing Academic English Tre Publishing House UNIT 1: THE SENTENCE AND THE PARAGRAPH Focus:  Paragraph organization, paragraph format, unity and coherence in a paragraph A GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PARAGRAPHS Definition - A paragraph is a group of sentences that develop an idea - The sentences of a paragraph support and give examples of the main idea - A paragraph begins with an indented sentence - A paragraph can stand alone, or it can be grouped with other paragraphs to develop a more general idea, as in an essay Kinds of paragraphs - Descriptive paragraph: the writer describes a person, a place or a thing - Narrative paragraph: the writer tells a story - Process paragraph: the writer explains how to or how to make something - Example paragraph: the writer explains a story by giving examples - Opinion paragraph: the writer expresses his or her feelings, ideas, and opinions about a topic Page of 31 Formatting a paragraph - Margins: the paragraph must begin inch (2, 25 cm) or ¼ inches from the edges of the paper - Spacing: a paragraph should be double-spaced - Indenting: the first sentence of the paragraph must be indented - Connected sentences: the sentences in a paragraph must be indented A well-supported paragraph has at least sentences - Title (optional): a paragraph usually has a title which is one word or a group of words telling what the topic is PRACTICE: Paragraph format - Exercise 2(p.4) - Exercise 1(p.24) B PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION I TOPIC SENTENCE(p.6) Definition: topic sentence is the most important sentence in a paragraph It briefly indicates what the paragraph is going to discuss( main idea) Writing good topic sentence There are three important things to remember about a topic sentence A topic sentence is a complete sentence; that is, it contains a subject, a verb and a complement - Ex: Driving on freeways requires nerves of steel (A topic sentence) Driving on free way (not a topic sentence) A topic sentence contains both a topic and a controlling idea Topic is what the paragraph is about Controlling idea explain what the writer will say about the topic Page of 31 - Ex: Topic controlling idea My friend is an honest person My friend is the funniest person I know My friend has a terribly dangerous job A topic sentence is the most general statement in the paragraph because it gives only the main idea It does not give any specific details - Ex: American food is tasteless and greasy (A good topic sentence) American food is tasteless and greasy because American use too many canned, frozen, and prepacked food and because everything is fried in oil or butter (So specific) - Topic sentence has some positions in the paragraph At the beginning of the paragraph (the most common) – deductive writing In the middle At the end of the paragraph – Inductive writing Out of the paragraph (implied topic sentences) - There are some crucial things to remember so as to write effective topic sentences a Choose a manageable topic; that is, it must be both general enough to allow us to bring together interesting details that we will engage our reader and narrow or specific enough so that we can cover it adequately in a few sentences Ex1: My parents have influenced my life My parents helped me make decision to attend college Ex2: Only 36 percent of American voted in the 1990 election (Too narrow) Many Americans not take their right to vote As we narrow down a topic or controlling idea, should ask ourselves questions as: Why, Where, When, Why, What, which, How b Do not include too many unrelated ideas in our topic sentence because if we do, Page of 31 our paragraph will not be unified Ex: San Francisco is famous for its temperate climate, its many tourist attraction, and its Cosmopolitan atmosphere (Too many ideas) San Francisco is famous for its cosmopolitan atmosphere c Avoid announcing our topic It is unnecessary Ex: This paragraph will discuss how to change a flat tire Go directly to: changing a flat tire involves many steps d Make sure the topic sentence is a complete thought II SUPPORTING SENTENCES(p.8) Definition: supporting sentences are the sentences that develop the topic sentence It means they explain the topic sentence by giving supporting ideas How to write good supporting sentences Use relevant details: the details we choose to support the topic sentence must be relevant Relevant means that each detail must directly explain and support the topic sentence Relevant details help to clarify and strengthen our ideas whereas irrelevant details make our ideas unclear and confusing Include sufficient detail: Sufficient details mean enough information to make our topic sentence understandable and convincing Kinds of supporting material: Example: is a representative person, quality, or event It shows a common quality or illustrates a general rule Fact: is a piece of information that is true or an event that has happened Anecdote: a short story about a person or event that illustrates or dramatizes a point Quotation: an extraction of a book, magazine or someone‟s saying Methods of organizing ideas time order (chronological order ) Page of 31 spatial arrangement advantages and disadvantages level of importance Cause and effect Use transitional words: Transitional words allow the reader to move easily from one detail to another They show how details relate to one another Also they make your ideas flow smoothly Reference list of transition words  To give addition: Again, and , also, besides, equally important, first(second, e.t.c), further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, moreover, next, too  To give examples: For example, for instance, in fact, specifically, that is, to illustrate  To compare: Also, in the same manner, likewise, similarly  To contrast: Although, and yet, at the same time, but, despite, even though, however, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, though, yet  To show time: After, afterward, as , as long as, as soon as, at last, before, during, earlier, finally, formerly, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, since, shortly, subsequently, then, thereafter, until, when, while  To show place or direction: Above, below, beyond, close, elsewhere, father on, here, nearby, opposite, to the left…  To indicate logical relationship: Accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this reason, hence, if, otherwise, since, so, then, therefore, thus Page of 31 III CONCLUDING SENTENCE (p.9) Definition: The concluding sentence signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to remember A concluding sentence serves three purposes: signals the end of the paragraph summarizes the main points of the paragraph gives a final comment on the topic and leaves the reader with the more important ideas to think about In this way, it can warn the reader, make a prediction or give an opinion about the topic End-of paragraph signals FOLLOWED BY A COMMA: FOLLOWED BY A CLAUSE: All in all, We can see that…………… In conclusion, It is clear that…………………… in other words, These examples show that……………… in short, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to sum up, generally speaking, in brief, Finally, Indeed There can be no doubt that…………… The evidence suggests that………… It goes without saying that…………… PRACTICE: a General organization - Exercise 1,2(p.p.5-6) - Exercise 6, 7(p.p.8-10) - Exercise 2(p.24) MORE PRACTICE: Page of 31 Practice 1: Read the following sentences about San Francisco Two of the sentences are topic sentences, and the rest are supporting sentences Put a T in front of each topic sentence, and an S in front of each supporting sentence ( ) San Francisco is usually warm and pleasant during the day ( ) Some of the country‟s most famous restaurants and hotels are in San Francisco ( ) There are many things to see and to in San Francisco ( ) The city has many interesting tourist attractions ( ) There are many excellent art galleries ( ) The weather in San Francisco is very pleasant ( ) It is never too hot or too cold ( ) The nightlife is exciting ( ) San Francisco has a ballet company, an opera house and a symphony orchestra ( ) It is cool and breezy at night ( ) The winters are mild and it rarely snows Practice 2: Identify the topic sentence, supporting sentences and the concluding sentence Put a T in front of topic sentences, S in front of supporting sentences and C in front of concluding sentence PARAGRAPH ( ) The best way to see San Francisco is by walking ( ) When you explore San Francisco by foot, you can experience all the city has to offer ( ) When you walk, you experience the different smells of the restaurants, the plants and sometimes the ocean ( ) You can stop and look in the windows of shops or sit on a bench for a short while and look at interesting people ( ) In a car or a bus, you cannot stop easily if you see something interesting because parking is difficult Page of 31 PARAGRAPH ( ) Your delicious egg taco is ready to eat in just a few minutes ( ) Heat a flour tortilla in a small amount of water ( ) Scramble two eggs with a little salt and pepper ( ) An egg taco takes only five minutes to make ( ) When the eggs are done, slide them into the warm tortilla and fold it over PARAGRAPH ( ) I was almost finished writing my paper, and I was checking it for error ( ) Suddenly, my computer screen went black, and the power was gone ( ) My paper is late because something happened to my computer ( ) The accident made me lose many hours of work, so I could not turn in my essay on time ( ) Later, I learned that a squirrel got on the power line and disrupted the electricity PARAGRAPH ( ) The river walk is lower than the streets of the city ( ) You can walk down stairs to a canal with a stone path and plants on each side ( ) There are many shops, restaurants and hotels along the path ( ) The river walk is a pleasant place to spend an afternoon or evening in San Antonio ( ) I enjoy the river walk in San Antonio b Writing the topic sentence Practice 1: Identify the topics and controlling ideas in the sentences below Hiking is the best way to explore nature closely My uncle had a frightening experience as a young man Text messaging has become popular among teenagers Effective time management requires four easy steps Page of 31 Every college student should take a computer course Practice 2: Choose the best topic sentence for each of the following paragraphs Circle the letter in front of the sentence you chose PARAGRAPH a The city needs the money b The city needs money to fix the buses c The state has lots of money Many buses need repair work City officials say there is not enough money to fix them They will borrow money from the state PARAGRAPH a Taxes should be raised b Many teachers are not paid c Tax money is used to build new roads The city needs more money and will have serious problems if it is not raised soon We need money to pay for new roads and the repair of old roads We also need money to pay teachers’ salaries and to pay for services such as trash collection In addition, more tax money is needed for financial aid to the poor PARAGRAPH a Shopping is difficult b The stores are crowded at Christmas c It is better to your Christmas shopping early It will be more difficult for you if you wait until just before Christmas Many stores run out of the more popular items, so it will be harder for you to find what you want The stores are also more crowded and the lines are much longer PARAGRAPH a Skiing is expensive b Skiing is a popular sport Page of 31 c Skiing has many disadvantages Many people enjoy it even though it is expensive and dangerous A lot of people spend every winter weekend skiing, and many families go on winter ski vacations Neither the high cost of equipment nor the severe cold keeps skiers away from the slopes PARAGRAPH a It is expensive to attend a university in the United States b There are many things to consider when choosing a university c A good education is important First of all, you must consider the quality of the university’s academic program The university’s size and location should also be given careful thought Finally, you must always be sure to consider the tuition before you decide which university to attend Practice 3: The following topic sentences are not effective State the reasons for their ineffectiveness The way our society treats elderly people is unbelievable The first car that I owned was a Ford Computers have changed our society People who eat a lot of red meat are almost three times more likely to get colon cancer than people who eat mostly fish and chicken Action must be taken against drugs My last car was dependable, but many American cars are poorly made The subject of this essay is daily prayer in our public schools Soap operas show many stereotyped characters although they also portray real problems in American life I am going to write on my ideas concerning “F” grade 10 The strangest teacher I ever had taught me a lesson I will never forget Page 10 of 31 UNIT 2: OUTLINING A PARAGRAPH & THE WRITING PROCESS Focus:  writing process and making an outline THEORY: I OUTLINING What is an outline? An outline is: - A logical and general description of a paragraph, or - A schematic summary, or - An organization pattern, or - A visual and conceptual design of one‟s writing, or The purposes of an outline - It helps us organize our ideas That is it makes sure that we won‟t include any irrelevant ideas as well as won‟t leave out any important points, and our supporting sentences will be in a logical order - It helps us write more quickly because we don‟t have to worry about what we are going to write; we already have a plan to follow - Our grammar will improve because we will be able to concentrate on it, not on our thoughts or organization Types of outlines SIMPLE OUTLINE Topic sentence ( underlined (or not) ) A Main supporting sentence B Main supporting sentence C Main supporting sentence Concluding sentence (equal in importance and written in parallel form) ( use indent and capital letter) ( underlined (or not)) Page 17 of 31 DETAILED OUTLINE Topic sentence A Main supporting sentence Supporting detail Supporting detail Supporting detail B Main supporting sentence Supporting detail Supporting detail Supporting detail C Main supporting sentence Supporting detail Supporting detail Supporting detail Concluding sentence Note: if there is no B, there cannot be an A; if there is no 2, there cannot be a Principles of outlining 4.1.Parallelism: equal parts of an outline should be written in parallel form This means that all ideas with the same kind of letter or number should have the same grammatical form; that is, they all should be complete sentences, or all nouns, or all adjectives, or all ing-phrases, … Ex1: The English language is constantly changing A Pronunciation has changed in the past 500 years B Some grammatical changes C Vocabulary Page 18 of 31 Indeed, English, like all living languages, is continually changing in pronunciation, Grammar and especially pronunciation Correct outline: The English language is constantly changing A Pronunciation B Grammar C Vocabulary Indeed, English, like all living languages, is continually changing in pronunciation, Grammar and especially pronunciation (or) The English language is constantly changing A Pronunciation has changed in the past 500 years B Some changes in grammar have occurred and are still coming C Vocabulary is the area of greatest change Indeed, English, like all living languages, is continually changing in pronunciation, Grammar and especially pronunciation 4.2.Coordination: In outlining, those items which are of equal significance must have the same numeral or letter designations: an A is equal to a B, a to a 2, and a to a b Coordination is a principle that enables a writer to maintain a coherent and consistent document Ex: A Word processing programs B Microsoft word (faulty coordination) (Word is a type of word processing program, so it is just a subdivision.) Correct outline: A Word processing programs B Database programs Page 19 of 31 4.3.Subordination: In order to indicate levels of significance, an outline uses major and minor headings Thus we should organize it from general to specific or from abstract to concrete This principle allows our material to be ordered logically and requires a clear articulation of the relationship between component parts used in the outline Subdivisions of each higher division should always have the same relationship to the whole Word processing programs Word Useful (faulty) Obsolete (There is A without B, and 1, 2, are not equal Word is a type of word processing program while and are the features of this program) Correct outline: Word processing program Useful Obsolete 4.4.Division: to divide we always need at least two parts; therefore, there can never be an A without a B, a without a 2, an a without a b…… Form of an outline An outline can use topic or sentence structure - A topic outline uses words or phrases for all entries and uses no punctuation after entries Advantages: present brief overview of work and is generally easier and faster to write - A sentence outline uses complete sentences for all entries and uses correct punctuation Advantages: presents a more detailed overview of work including possible topic sentences and is easier and faster to write the final paper An outline can use Roman numerals/ letters or decimal form Roman numerals/letters A Page 20 of 31 B a b Decimal: 1.0 1.1 1.2 II THE WRITING PROCESS Step 1: Generating Ideas ( brainstorming for ideas related to the topic) Step 2: Organizing ideas ( making an outline) Step 3: Writing a first draft ( developing the outline) Step 4: Revising and Rewriting ( Read the writing again and then add more supporting ideas or omit irrelavant ones) Step 5: Proof reading( check errors on grammar or on setence style and correct) PRACTICE: Practice 1: Make the outline on the following paragraph Royalty in your Garden Roses are royalty among flowers Many people say they are as difficult to maintain as kings and queens, but roses are actually quite easy to grow All you need are a few simple steps First, go to a nursery to purchase the rose plants You will probably see many beautiful varieties, but it is best to choose only two or three rose bushes to start with You should also purchase potting soil and rose food After you bring your rose plants home, look for a sunny spot in your garden because roses love sunshine The dig a deep hole with the shovel and add a little potting soil and rose food Next, transplant your roses from the pot to the garden Cover the roots with more potting soil and then give your new roses a big drink of water As long as they have sunshine and water, your roses will stay healthy all summer When winter comes, your roses will Page 21 of 31 lose their flowers and leaves and look dead As a result, you might think about discarding them Do not that Instead, this is the best time to prune them Cut off the thin stems with garden shears so that the bush can become stronger the next spring If you continue to take care of your roses in this simple way, they will produce beautiful flowers year after year Practice 2: Generate ideas and then make the outline for the paragraph on this topic: What you think are the reasons for people„s going to college or university? Page 22 of 31 UNIT 3: DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH Focus:  Descriptive organization  Using specific language, adjectives in descriptive writing, and “to be” to define and describe THEORY  Descriptive organization(p.34)  Using specific language(p.39)  Using adjectives in a descriptive writing(p.43)  Using ”be” to define and describe(p.p.44-45) PRACTICE Organization - Exercise 3,4,5(p.p34-36) - Exercise 6(p.37) Topic for making outline: describe your favorite fruit Using language a Using specific language: - Exercise 3, 4, 5(p.p40-41) - Exercise 1(p.47) b Using adjectives - Exercise 1,2(p.44) - Exercise 5(p.46) - Exercise 2, 3, 4(p.p.47-48) c Using “to be” to define and describe - Exercise 3,4(p.45) Writing a complete paragraph Practice :Here is the floor plan of the second floor of Lourie’s Fill in the floor plan below using the information given below a The elevators are on the east wall Page 23 of 31 b There is a large Ladies‟ clothing department in front of the elevators It covers the whole width of the store c The men‟s clothing department is in the middle of the north wall d To the left of the men‟s clothing department is the men‟s shoe department e The college shop is in the southwest corner The junior shop is between the college shop and the ladies‟ clothing department on the south wall f N elevator W E S Main Entrance Practice2 : This is the floor plan of the third floor of Lourie’s Use it to write a paragraph Women’s shoes Hats &Gloves Scarves Handbags & Bells Children’s Clothing Jewelry elevator N W E S Cosmetics Coats Main Entrance Practice 3: Develop the outline you have made into a complete paragraph of about 100 words Page 24 of 31 UNIT 4: NARRATIVE PARAGRAPHS Focus:  Organizing ideas in a narrative writing  Showing order of events in narrative writing  Showing simultaneous events  Forming and using simple past and past continuous THEORY:  Organizing ideas in a narrative writing(p.p.126-127)  Showing order of events and simultaneous events in narrative writing (p.134)  Forming and using simple past and past continuous (p.136 &p 138) PRACTICE: Analysis of narrative organization - Exercise 3,4(p.p127-128) - Exercise 5: make an outline, using the following pictures as cues for the story Page 25 of 31 Page 26 of 31 The use of language in narrative writing a Connectors( adverbs of time and sequences) - Exercise 6(p.134) - Exercise 2(p.142) b Forming and using simple past/ past continuous - Exercise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5(p.p137-140) Writing a complete paragraph Practice 1: develop the outline that you have made in the previous activity into a complete paragraph Practice 2: write a news report, using given information A CAR CRASH The collision between a truck and a coach Time: around 11pm Place: in The National Road No 1, the stretch near the center of Thong Nhat district, Dong Nai province Casualties: Killed: Injured: 7( with serious wounds) Damages: the truck – some dents at the front and on one side The coach- seriously damaged Causes: drunk driving and over speed Page 27 of 31 UNIT 5: PROCESS PARAGRAPHS Focus:  Process organization  Using time order words in process paragraphs, using imperatives, and modals of advice, necessity and prohibition THEORY:  Process organization(p.80)  Using time order words in process paragraphs(p.86)  Using imperatives(p.90)  Using modals of advice, necessity and prohibition(p.91) PRACTICE: Analysis of process organization - Exercise 3, 4(p.p 81-82) - Exercise 5(p.83) Topic for making the outline: how to cook an omelet The use of language in a process writing a Using time order words in process paragraphs - Exercise 3,4(p.p.86-87) - Exercise 1(p.95) b Using imperatives - Exercise 1, 2(p.p.90-91) - Exercise 2(p.96) c Using modals of advice, necessity and prohibition - Exercise 3,4,5(p.p.92-94) - Exercise 3(p.96) Writing a complete paragraph Practice 1: develop the outline that you have made in the previous activity into a complete paragraph Page 28 of 31 Practice 2: write a paragraph on how to re- pot a plant, using the pictures as cues for your writing Page 29 of 31 UNIT 6: OPINION PARAGRAPHS Focus:  Opinion organization  Using reasons to support an opinion  Using there is/ there are to introduce facts and using because of and because to give reasons THEORY:  Opinion organization(p.104)  Using reasons to support an opinion(p.109)  Using there is/ there are to introduce a fact(p.113)  Using because of and because(p.114) PRACTICE Analysis of opinion organization - Exercise 3, 4(p.p.105-106) - Exercise 5(p.107) Choose one of the following topics to make the outline a Is it a good idea to live with relatives? b Are pets good companion? c What is the best job for you? Why? d What changes would you like to be made in your hometown? Why? Supporting means - Exercise 3,4(p.p.110-111) - Exercise 1(p.117) The use of language in an opinion writing a) Using there is/ there are to introduce a fact - Exercise 1,2(p.113-114) - Exercise 2(p.118) Page 30 of 31 b) Using because of and because - Exercise 3,4(p.p.114-115) - Exercise 3(p.118) Writing a compete paragraph Develop the outline you have made in the previous activity into a complete paragraph Page 31 of 31 ... Page 20 of 31 B a b Decimal: 1.0 1.1 1 .2 II THE WRITING PROCESS Step 1: Generating Ideas ( brainstorming for ideas related to the topic) Step 2: Organizing ideas ( making an outline) Step 3: Writing. .. organization - Exercise 3,4(p.p 127 - 128 ) - Exercise 5: make an outline, using the following pictures as cues for the story Page 25 of 31 Page 26 of 31 The use of language in narrative writing a Connectors(... and sequences) - Exercise 6(p.134) - Exercise 2( p.1 42) b Forming and using simple past/ past continuous - Exercise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5(p.p137-140) Writing a complete paragraph Practice 1: develop the