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TINH THE TUC VOl VAI TRO L A IVIOT NGUON • • QUYEN LU^C MEM: YEU TO KHOI HAI TRONG NGHI LE VA MOI QUAN HE CUA N H O N G TIN DO DAO MAU VuThiTiiAnh Ton giao va cac le nghi ton giao thuong duge eoi la trang trgng va ton nghiem Tuy nhien, mot so hge gia (Huizinga 1950 [2000], Blake, 2011) cho rSng cac nghi thue ton giao ton nghiem va linh thieng eo the kliong duge cu hanh qua trang trgng nhu ehung la van nghi, dae biet la xet tren goe nhin eua cac tin dh theo dao Nhirng hge gia eiing cho rang len ke hoach cac boat dgng nghi le va 16 hoi ton giao, nguai la luon thiet ke cho c6 the ehua dung mot khia eanh vui choi nao mang tinh khoi hai va giai tri Khi cac ton giao doi mai va chiu anh huang ung dung cong nghe hien dai, gia tri tarn linh eua cac nghi thiic eiing nhirng chue nang ton giao cQng thay dc^i theo hudng khai thae gia tri giai tri qua hinh thue tro dien khoi hai va trinh dien van boa Quy trinh the tuc boa nghi le ton giao c6 the dien cung voi qua trinh chinh tri boa va thuong mai boa dai song ton giao, tin nguang noi ehung Sy bien doi du bat cu tmong hgp nao cQng gay mot nghi van, va dat mot dau cham hoi cho tinh nghiem tuc, thieng lieng dac trung ciia nhirng tuc le, nghi thue ton giao (Benjamin 1936, Blunden dich nam 1995) O Viet Nam, tir nhung nam 1980 va 1990, dai song tin nguang ton giao da dien sy hoi sinh ciia cac tuc le, nghi le eua Dao Mau Cac tuc le hoi sinh dual lac dgng thay doi quan trgng ve chinh sach eua Nha nuac doi vai van hoa va ton giao thai ki Doi mdi (bat dau tir nam 1986) Vice cong nhan nghi le hau dong ciia Dao Mau la mot gia tri van hoa dan gian dong vai tro rat quan trgng qua trinh hien dai hoa eua Dao Mau Tir nam 1990, dual lac dong eua ccmg ngh^ tmyen thong lien lien da mang lai mot sy thay doi cac tuc le nghi thue ciia Dao Mau (hay ggi la quy trinh the tuc hoa nghi le Dao Mau) Dgng thai phan anh sy cong nhan lam quan trgng ciia cac nghi thue Dao Mau nen van hoa giai tri etia Viet Nam - mot khia eanh eua van hoa, nhan manh sy lieu khien va cac boat dgng vui chai TS Pho Trucmg ban Ban Hgp tac Quoc te Dai hoc Thai Nguyen 446 TINH THE TUC VCl VAI TRO LA Theo khuynh huong eua Weber (1978, 2001), mac dii qua trinh hien dai hoa khong dat dau cham bet cho ban chat eua ton giao, nhung cong euge lai mang den mot xu the Iran tuc hoa ton giao Cac cau hoi duge dat a day la vai tro nao eua linh than giai tri the giai lam linh tmyen thong thye te da tra thanh: 1) gia tri giai tri va Iham my eua the giai Iran tuc hien dai; 2) hay tinh than/tam ly thuong mai tuc le nghi thue Dao Mau Doi khi, mdi lien he giira nhijng boat dgng lam linh va mang linh giai tri don thuan tra nen ma nhat Chiing la kho c6 the ket luan duge sy ma nhat xual phat tii ben nhijng tuc le tmyen thong hay la ket qua eua cong euge d6i mai Thye vay, theo thai gian, nhung le hoi a den thuong c6 nhirng man ma dau ehua dyng nhijng y nghia ton giao sau lang tra mot djp de to chue hoi he va vui choi Tuy nhien, nghien cuu nay, ehiing toi khong nham tra lai cac cau hoi tren Chung toi se khong tap tmng tim hieu lam the nao cac tuc le nghi thiie tmyen thong dong gop vao cau true he thong giai tri hay lam the nao ma tinh than giai tri bien nhirng nghi thue tmyen thong mot tmyen thong khae hay bien doi ban chit ciia cac nghi thue Ben eanh d6, vice dua va phan tich lien trinh eua cac khia eanh chinh tri hoa va thuong mai hoa eua cac nghi thue Dao Mau cimg vai cai nhin t(')ng quat ve sy Iran tuc se la mot chu de mot bai viet khae Dya tren tu lieu nghien cuu nhan hge ve Dao Mau tir nam 2006 den nam 2009 tai mot den tho tu nhan a Thai Nguyen va den tha Due Vua Bat Hai Vgng Tu a Ha Ngi, nghien cuu se tap trung mo la mot so bieu hien eua quy trinh the tuc hoa va thuong mai hoa cac tuc le nghi le Dao MIU thong qua nhieu hinh thue khae nhu phuong phap khoi hai hay cac he thong gia tri phii phiem hoac thye dung Qua do, ehung toi dua mot so nhan xet ve each thue nguai phu nir Viet ty mang quyen nang din cho minh qua trinh thye hien nhirng nghi le ton giao duoi anh huong eua quy trinh thi tuc boa Chung toi eiing dat nghi van ve viee lieu trao quyen nang theo each thue la mot hien tugng tmyen thong hay la mot hien tugng mang tinh hien dai Dong thofi, ehung toi cling dat van de va xem xet tinh the tuc eo nhirng dong gop nhu the nao cho each thue xay dyng va thye hanh quyen lye mem doi voi nguai phu nir theo Dao Mau I Tinh khoi hai va phu philm cac nghi le Dao Man: Hien tnong dong dua Blake da phan fieh "tinh khoi hai" nhirng tuc le nghi thue ph6 bien eua nguai dan Tmng Qu6e, dae biet phong tuc dot fien vang, nham chi nhung Xem them: Dao Mau Religious Practices: The Soft Power and Everyday Lives of Women in Contemporary Vietnam [Thirc hanh tin nguong Dao Mau: Quyen luc mem dai song thucmg ciia nguai phu nu xa hoi Viet Nam duang dai] (Luan an lien sy, Vu Thi Tu Anh, Khoa Nhan hoc, Dai hoc Hawaii, 2011) 447 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TlT thay d6i phat sinh xa hoi hien dai (Blake, 2011) Trong qua trinh fim hilu nhijng anh huong xa hoi hien dai da biln tyc le tihn vang mot tyc le nhai tmyen thong nhu the nao, Blake cho rang chinh gia trj giai tri va khai niem sy phii phiem cung sy vui thu eua cac tuc le hien dai la mot nhirng li khiln cho sir thay doi tren tra dai dang va cang ph6 biln rgng rai 6ng nhan dinh: "Nen kinh te tieu dung loan cau hien dang xam nhap vao tuc le d6l li6n vang thong qua nhirng le ngoai nhap dya tren nhirng mong mu6n khong eo gicVi ban c6 thI c6" (Blake, 2011: 212) Trong qua khu, nguai ta hanh le d6t fi6n vang luon vung lay hao phong nhung mot khuon kh6 ban ch6 nh§t dinh Nhung din nay, tuc le khong chi bao gom dot nhirng mon mo phong nhiJng vat quy gia theo tmyen thong, hay nhijng "vat phkm thill ylu" euge s6ng duong dai nhu to, ti vi, tu lanh eiing nhu cac loai lien le ciia nhieu qu6e gia khae nhau, ma bao gom ca nhirng loai mat hang eo thuong hieu, choi tinh due va cac loai vQ Duong nhu day la mot sy giai phong tinh than phu phiem, sy nuong chieu va hoc dong eua ban than ban la that sy mong muon gui nhiing mem d6 dc^ den vdi nhOmg ngmn than yeu ciia minh a Ihl giai ben Blake (2011) giai thich rang linh khoi hai dang mot hien ro nhiing mong muon sy phu hoa va tirong tugng, nhiing mot nhat thai va xu huang thai trang ciia thai hien dai Dilu du de cho thay lai giai thich ciia (')ng dua nhiing quy trinh nghien cuu tuong ty cac euge hanh le hien dai ciia Dao Mau Mot nhirng he qua qua trinh hien dai hoa eiia Dao Mau la sy xual hien ciia the he dong mai - Dong dua Nhirng nhang de tu tmyen thong ciia Dao Mau cho rang, cac dong dua deu khong c6 nguon goe lien he chat che vdi the giai tam linh va khong xual hien bai sy thiic ep ciia can dong Doi vai nhiing vi d6ng nay, hg "ehgn lain dong" don gian vi muon c6 mot nghe Hg nghi rang lam dong thai hien dai vira duge mac dep, vira duge song thoai mai Chinh tir nhirng nhu cau muu sinh va giai tri khuyen khich hg lya ehgn duong Noi each khae, lam dong Dao Mau da tra mot cong viee hap dan doi vai nhieu nguai so cac dong dua Hau het cac dong ma toi da phong van deu nhanh ehong nhan thue ro va khang dinh ban than minh la dong that so voi cac dong dua Dong Han noi ve mot dong dua: Khi toi dy le len dong eua H, toi khong biet c6 ta dang lam gi 11 la chau gai ciia dong Ba Toi dy le cQng vi toi vdi dong Ba lai ban H nhay nhu tren phini phuong Tay ro la dang mac quan ehua Tau Co mugn lien dh hanh le, nhung lai vung lien that rat nhieu gia dong ciia Co, va chia rat nhieu lien cho cung van va hai hau dang Co ay khong duge cac ung hg Co ay chi la dong dua Toi cung cac ban minh se khong bao gia dy le eua eo ay nira 448 TINH THE TUC VCl VAI T R I_A Ban eila dong Ha, eo Minh la ehii mot trung lam y le tu nhan o Ha Ngi Co kicm duge rat nhieu lien nhung euge song lai kha buon le: eon cai di du hge, ehong ban biu lam an hiem c6 thai gian cho eo Co fim den Dao Mau va hoan loan bi nhiing bg dong Ha mac cimg doan tiiy tiing ciia dong den me hoac Co quyet dinh tro dong vi muon duge an mac nhu dong va nhiing nguai khae a den Sau nay, c6 gap duge nguai tinh - eiing la nguai trang diem va lam toe cho dong; va dieu cang khien eo gan bo ban voi Dao Mau Ca hai nguai deu bi loi song eiia dong thu hut, va nha mot dong thdy giup lam le nhap dong Khi hg duge xuc dau, hg chii y thuong xuyen trau ehuot timg buac nghi le len dong voi sy phan khai Trong mat dong that, dong dua nhu nhiing chan dung biem hga, va nhiing buoi le tra nen kem y nghia ban hoac tham chi la v6 nghia Den tra san khau de hg the hien sy giau eo va mong muon thoa man khai vgng giau eo Vai CO Minh, nghi le len dong du lieu ton nhieu nhung lai mang den cho c6 sy vui ve ma iruae c6 khong duge huang Co noi rang c6 muon man dien le eiia minh phai that hoanh trang va xa hoa de thu hut duge nhieu eon nhang de tu tham dy So nguai cang nhieu cang the hien sy cong eiia eo Khi phat Igc thanh, xual Ige cho nguai tham dy ciia nhirng dong khae thuong nho, thi qua Ige eiia dong Minh rat xa xi, ton kem Co cQng mong le dang eiia cac eon nhang, de tu, va nhiing nguai tham dy gia dong ciia minh phai dat lien nhu vay Vi du, le phai la hang ngoai nhap Nhirng mon nhu keo, bia, thuoc la nhap ngoai thuang dat ban gap doi, gap ba nhirng san pham cung loai san xual a Viet Nam Co giai thich "do ngoai bao gia chang tot ban ngi" Tinh CO CO Ian toi dua mot nguai ban My tai dy le len dong Ban dau chiing toi kha de dat vi nghi rang cac dong se khong cai ma chao don mot nguai nuoe ngoai Nhung nguge lai, hoa c6 nguai ban ay di eiing toi lai tiep can duge vai nhiing dong eo tieng la kho gan Cac dong deu to ty bao vi c6 nguai nuac ngoai dy le len dong Chiing toi thay minh duge chao d6n va da tham gia bet cac boat dong le Dieu duong nhu cGng lam sang to tam li "sinh ngoai" nguai Viet eiia dong Minh Dong Minh eGng noi them: Cac bay gia eiing di My, Ue hay Phap vi of eiing c6 cac dong Cac ngai hilt nhirng san phkm va cQng thich chiing Trir khong mua duge, chu nen chuan bi tot nhat c6 the Vi du toi hay ehgn s6-e6-la Godiva hay La Maison Thuoc la thi ehgn Ba so eiia London mua a hang mien thue hoac hang xach tay ma khaeh du lich mang ve Neu ma nguai mua khong tinh y thi CO nguai ta lai ban cho minh loai Ba so eiia Singapore re ban nhieu (cd dan do) 449 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU Xual phat tu nhu cau lieu thu qua tai hien nay, hang ma diing nghi 16 len dong cGng duge hien dai boa den ehong mat Vi du nhu cac loai liln gi^y, vang ma duge dot dh gui tai cac eiing duge da dang hoa vai nhilu loai tiln am phu fien mo phong dong dola My, yen Nhat, dong euro chau Au hay tiln Viet L6 dang Cling CO nhieu loai vat dung hien dai de gui cac hay nguai mai khuai nhu xe hai, dien thoai di dgng, dong ho deo tay, nha eua hay ca nir trang Tat nhien li tuong nhat la cac mon le duge dong mac hang hieu Dong Minh lai ke tiep ve khau chuan bi le len d6ng: Can dong eiia ban trai c6 la phai phue djch 6ng Hoang Bay Chic chau bill vi huong thu euge song vui ve nhuong nao The nen khong nhiing phai chuan bi thuyen to ngya Ion, ma la xe Mercedes, ca may bay Boeing dl ngai di lai nhanh va thoai mai hon Bgn c6 mua d6ng hg Coach va xet Bulgaria vi ngai rat sanh mac Nhiing hang ma cao ckp dat hon hang ma thuang Nhung cac ngai se tinh y, chap nhan sy tam va nhiet linh ma im lien giup chau hon Tinh the tuc va sir trai nghiem xa hoi Dao Man: Vai tro ciia cac dong thay va he thong cff eanh Trong moi tmong chinh tri hien dai, cac dong Dao Mau nhan duge kha nhieu sy thien vi., ca eanh cung xual hien cang nhieu quanh cac ddng thdy Moi ddng thdy deu eo mot phe phai rieng Xu hudng cang phat irien va khong chi giua cac den chiia vai nhau, ma chinh moi den edng eo nhfrng ca eanh khae Tucmg ty nhu cac doi thu chinh tri, d6ng ciia mot phe eanh thuong hay chi trich dong ciia ca eanh va lai chi trich nang nl nhkt duge dung de ggi dong eiia ca eanh doi thu la "budn thdn bdn thdnh'\ Mot s6 ngucri tham chi phan biet bang cac so sanh ggi minh la "dong sang bong trong' eon nguai khae la "ddng rd bong dgi\ Cach ggi doi cung eo tac dung nhat dinh, khien cac nhang de tu vira y nhung lai khien nhung nguai ngoai euge siing sot vi hg thay each cu xu ciia nhirng nguai ma hg cho la thien tam va la dai dien eua the giai tam linh rat pham Dieu thu vi la, nhung euge khau ehien nay, m6i nguai diu c6 dinh nghia rieng ciia minh the nao la "ddng sang bong trgng" hay "ddng rd bong dgi" Mot so nguai lien tuong den khai niem truae la ddng cd va khai niem sau la dong tdn; hay mot so khae cho rang khai niem truae mang nghia "hieu biet vd tinh tad''' nguai sau lai la ddng me tin Nhieu nguai cung cap thong tin cho toi nghi rang euge tranh cai xem la dong thye, eon la dong dua khien nguai la lien tuong tai mot euge thi xem la so mot - tinh ve sy noi fieng ma khong can xem nhung ude muon ciia nhang de 450 TINH THE TUC VCl VAI TRO LA tu CO linh hay khong Tinh thieng eua mot ngoi den trude day nhu la noi de eon nguai giao tiep vai Mau, cac vi than va to lien a the gidi ben kia, duong nhu dang hi giam dan giira nhiing thi Ian CQng CO ddng khong dii sue sam sua nhung le Idn va ton kem, hg ty eoi la dang thuong hay eon ggi la "tiii ddng tul bong" Sy nguang mg chi dung a kha nang ve tai chinh va sy linh nghiem de c6 duge no, chu khong dirng tai sy khiem ton va ngheo kho Nhieu nguai so nhOng ddng dang thuang doi lay ngheo lam Igi the, chi trich sy lang phi va khong luan thii diing nhiing chuan kinh dien le eiia doi thu Hg ggi nhiing dong giau hon nhu the la nhiing ddng dua hay ddng "budn thdn bdn " Hien nay, moi quan he giiia dong va dong thay da thay doi Vdi rat nhieu dong, day la quan he doi tac kinh doanh chu khong phai la quan he thay tro mon de Nhiing ngoi den Ian can eiing bat dau tham gia vao sy xual hien ciia boat dgng nhugng quyen thuong mai, gan nhu McDonalds hay Hang Ga ran KFC Vi du cau ehuyen ehgn dong thay phan anh ro net tinh thi tuc hoa vai tro ciia dong thay Dao Mau Ngay cac dong tuong lai lya ehgn thay de theo hanh nghe rat can than Trude day thuong hg duge hg hang hay ban be gidi thieu; neu ung y hg se bat dau xin lam le md phii va nhan duge lai khuyen trd de tu eua dong thay Ngay nay, hg ehgn lya dong thay theo nhieu lieu chi nha: dinh va dya tren dae diem tinh each nhu: la nguai tot va eo gia dinh hoa thuan, ehua tirng ly hon, cu xu diing mye va dat Cac dong tuong lai thuang tham khao cac tai lieu chiem tinh va cung hoang dao - nhu nam sinh hay menh (kin, mge, thiiy, hoa, tho) ciia dong thay dl ehgn thay tot theo hanh nghe Ciing c6 liie hg mang ca nhirng dieu tham khao tdi cac thay boi de eiing xem lieu tuoi va inenh ciia dong thay eo hgp vdi tuoi va menh eua minh hay khong Vi du mot dong mdi sinh vao nam ngg mang menh boa, eo se tim dong thay sinh nam tuat hay nam dan, hoac mang menh mge Dong Ha giai thich: "Neu khong hgp menh thi mirh se luon gap xui trir doi dong thay" Doi khi, cac dong mai chi nghe theo lofi hay phan va ehgn mot dong thay eo nhimg dae diem nhu thay phan da neu Thuong moi dong chi eo mot le Ma phii, nhung dong Huong da tirng c6 hai le Md phu 10 nam theo nghe Chi ke chi timg lam Le tai khoa (Le Md phii thti 2) vi sau Ian md phii dau, edng viee eua chi gap true trae, ehong va deu phai doi chi theo Dao Mau va rat nhieu ehuyen khong hay khae xay den Chi tdi hoi thi thay bdi noi ddng thay ciia chi khong hgp tuoi va menh vdi chj, rdi dan chi tdi gap mot ddng thay khae hgp ban Chi phai lam le chia tay vdi ddng thay cii va am mot le Md phii mdi vdi ddng thay sau 451 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU Cac eon nhang de tu Dao Mau thuong len chiia lam ll Md phii hoac len vdi ebon Id Tuy nhien, mot sd ngudi cung cap thong tin cho ehiing tdi ndi rSng viee hoa thuan va tmng vdi mot chdn to la rat kho vi cd liic ddng thSy cu xu vdi cac eon nhang de tu rat la Cd Din, mot eon nhang ndi vdi tdi: Cac ddng thay mdi md den ehua bao gid ciing tot bung, chin chu va nhiet tam Khi den chiia trd nen ndi tieng hg se cu xu khae ban Vi du, de gap duge ho cung kho ban, fien tra cho hg ciing cao ban Ddng Ha chia se : Cd nhung ddng thay doi xu vdi cac de tu khong edng bang Nhiing de Hi giau hon hay thuoc tang Idp cao hon duge doi xu tot hon, ti nhu hg cd the ty ehgn lam le Vao nhirng dip dae biet nhu Ihang le hay dau nam am lich, rat nhieu ddng muon lam ll, nen den chiia trd noi cho thue Cac ddng tni cho thay ddng mot khoan theo dinh mure ehung de thue den chiia va cac dieh vu khae Nhung cung cd nhirng ngudi tra cao ban, va khong chi lang qua hay dua lien cho ddng thay ma cho nhiing ngvrdi khae den ehua, the nen hg duge uu lien Nhu kieu hoi Id thi duge uu lien vay Mot sd eon nhang Dao Mau eiing ndi ddng thay muon hg thue ngudi lam d den chiia de chuan bi le va liec Idc sau le len ddng Ddng trudng se tra lien cho ngudi ciia den chiia Trude day thuong ngudi ta tinh nguyen lam nhirng viee nay, nhung gid la thai hien dai va cac den chiia da trd cac edng ly tra luong cho nhan vien Ddng Bae ke: Nhu kieu to ehiic liec eudi d kliaeh san, minh tra lien de hg chuan bi het minh chi tdi lam nhan vat chinh Ddng Han ndi ro ban: O mot sd noi, de duge quyen hanh le, minh phai thue tdi cac dich vu d nhu hau dang, dan nhae hay ngudi hat Cd nhirng nai lam le len dong ton ban nhieu so vdi d nhung chtia nhd Dd thuong la chiia to phii Idn, mgi ngudi deu muon duge hanh le d Bit chap nhiing trai nghiem khong hai long d den, ddng Han van hgp li hoa hanh vi ciia cac ddng den ve ban che diing den de to chue nghi le hau ddng va dat mtic gia thue den rat cao cho cac nhang de tu mudn thue Den ehiia Dao Mau Cling vi the ma bat dau cd nhiing chue nang nhu nha van hoa hay khaeh san, duge diing cac le nghi thuong dudi hinh thue tam linh, mien la ngudi thue tra dii lien va diing ngudi nha den lo lieu edng tac hau can cho cac nghi le 452 TINH THE TUC VOl VAI T R O LA Ddng Ha nhd lai nam 2010 chi Id chue hanh le thudng nien d phii eiia ddng ihay Ba Chi tdn gap ba Ian so vdi hanh ll d phii eiia thSy minh, va eon phai mugn lien de lam duge ll Nhung chi cho rang lit ca nhung chi phi phat sinh cung chinh la nh&ng Igi ich eua viee duge lam ll d mot din phii Idn ban Tdi ndi ehuyen vdi chi nhu vdi mot ba ehii nha hang, vl dia dilm rdi lai vi tri, va gia ca phai tra cho mot vi tri dep Chi edng cho biet them each nhin eiia chj ve viee ndi rang chi eSn md rgng pham vi boat dgng de duge cac Idn, nhirng ngudi thudng ngu d nhirng chiia lo phu Idn, biet den Chi giai thich: Viee tdi tham ehua Idn ciing quan trgng vi nhu Ihl se lay duge long cac vi d NIU khdng tdi tham cac vi bill minh ma giiip duge ? Ket luan Ngay nay, nhiing nghi ll Dao Mlu vSn duge tri Cac nghi ll duge tri dudi nhiing hinh thue duge cac eo quan nha nude edng nhan la sinh boat tin nguong dan gian truyin thing, la mot phSn di san van hoa Viet Nam Tuy nhien dudi lac dgng ciia qua trinh hien dai hoa va edng nghe hda d thi ki XXI, ylu Id tam linh eiia nhirng nghi ll da it nhilu suy giam va hi thay thi bdi tinh thi tuc dudi cac hinh fiiirc khdi hai, giai tri va thuang mai Khdng phai eiing eoi cac nghi ll la each lien lac vdi thi gidi ben kia, dl duge to lien chi duong din Idi hay cau xin Thanh Miu dilti gi; din chtia ctlng khdng chi la nai dh tim dirge sy an ui hay khu}en nhii, ma eon la nai vui choi giai tri va boat ddng kinh doanh hieu qua nhd vao jy linh eiia than Neu tmde nghi le len ddng thudng duge dung dl tmyen tai mot thong diep lam linh ro rang, thi gid day mdi nghi ll cd thi ham ehua nhilu dang thdng diep va gia irj khae cd anh hudng khdng nhd tdi cac khia eanh trkn tuc, ddi thudng Nhiiig sy thay ddi chi rd hon y nghia eiia Dao Mdu tinh giai tri ciia cac sinh boat tin nguong, tdn giao Chiing tdi cho rang cac sinh boat tdn giao, nghi ll va viee Ihd phiing cd y nghia tam linh luon ham ehua gia tri giai tri mang tinh thi tuc Dilu minh ehung cho sy trai nghiem phong phii eua ngudi phu nii theo Dao Mlu Phan lich ve tinh giai tri ciia Dao Mau khdng chi cung cap dG lieu vl mot khia eanh khae ddi sdng ciia phu nir theo Dao Mlu ma li giai each thue no euge the hien qua sinh boat tdn giao Dao Mlu va duge phu nii Dao Mlu danh gia cao ddi sdng ciia hg nhu the nao Ndi each khae, chiing tdi cho ring Dao Mau la mot bieu hien ciia tinh than vui ve eiia ngudi Viet - qua kha nang sdng lac quan va biet tan hudng dieu kien cho phep; bill chiu dyng sy thilu thdn vdi not thai hdm hinh Nhirng phan tich ve tinh thin vui ve ly ciing cho ta cai 453 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU nhin can eanh cung vdi ngudn dii lieu ddi dao ve van de "trao quyen" cQng nhu finh than ngudi Viet, dae biet la tdi cac phu nu theo Dao Mau Sue manh tam linh cung vdi tinh than vui ve tudng nhu phii phiem nhung lai chinh la ngudn trao quyen lye mem va sy trai nghiem quyen lye mem eiia hg ddi sdng thudng Tai lieu tham khao Benjamin, Walter (1936), The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Andy Blunden, trans 1998; proofed and corrected Feb 2005 UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television Blake, Fred (2011), The Material Spirit of the Chinese Lifeworld, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press Huizinga, JoHan 1950 (2000), Homo Ludens, a Study of the Play-element in Culture Boston: The Beacon Press Ngo Due Thinh (2001), Tin nguang vd vein hda tin nguang a Viet Nam [The Belief and the Cultural Belief in Vietnam], Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Ngi (2004) Dao Mau vd cdc hinh thirc shaman cdc tgc ngudi a Viet Nam va chau A [The Mother Goddess Religion and Some Shamanistie Forms of Ethnic Groups in Vietnam and Asia], Nha xual ban Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Ngi Nortan, Barley (2000), Vietnamese Mediumship Ritual: The Musical Construction of the Spirits, The Worid of Music 42(2):75-97 Nye, Joseph (1990), Soft Power Foreign Policy 80:173-181 (2004), Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics Public Affairs O'neili, Maura (1990), Women Speaking, Women Listening: Women in Inlerreligious Dialogue New York: Orbis Books Rappaport, Roy (1999), Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity, Cambridge University Press Scott, James (1990), Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts, Yale University Press (1985), Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance, Yale University Press (1979), The Mora! Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia, Yale University Press 10 Sharma, Arvind and Young, Katherine Eds 2003), Her Voice, Her Faith: Women Speak on World Religions Boulder: Westview Press 11 Tu Anh T Vu (2011), Dao Mdu Religious Practices: The Soft Power and Everyday Lives of Women in Contemporary Viet, A Dissertation Hawaii University at Manoa 454 TINH THS' TUC VOl VAI TRC LA 12 laylor, Keith (1987), The Birth of Vietnam Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press 13 Taylor, Philip, ed (2008), Modernity and Re-enchantment: Religion in Postrevolutionary Vietnam Lanham, MD: Lexington Books 14 Taylor, Philip.(2000), Fragments of the Present: Searching for Modernity in Vietnam's South, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press (2002), The Ethnicity of Efficacy: Vietnamese Goddess Worship and the Encoding of Popular Histories Asian Ethnicity 3(1): 85-102 (2004), Goddess on the Rise Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press 15 Turner, Victor (1964a ) Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites De Passage In Symposium on New Approaches to the Study of Religion: Proceedings of the 1964 Annual Spring Meefing of the American Ethnological Society J Helm, ed 420 Seattle: American Ethnological Society (1967), The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndemhu Ritual Ithaca: Comell University Press (1969a), The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure Chicago: Aldine 16 Weber, Max (1978), Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology Ephraim Fischoff el al., trans Berkeley: University of California Press (2001), The Protestant Ethic and The Spirit of Capitalism Stephen Kalberg, trans Fitzroy Dearbom Pulishers 455 ... trau ehuot timg buac nghi le len dong voi sy phan khai Trong mat dong that, dong dua nhu nhiing chan dung biem hga, va nhiing buoi le tra nen kem y nghia ban hoac tham chi la v6 nghia Den tra san... Seattle: American Ethnological Society (1967), The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndemhu Ritual Ithaca: Comell University Press (1969a), The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-structure Chicago:... rat sanh mac Nhiing hang ma cao ckp dat hon hang ma thuang Nhung cac ngai se tinh y, chap nhan sy tam va nhiet linh ma im lien giup chau hon Tinh the tuc va sir trai nghiem xa hoi Dao Man: Vai