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VAI TRO, CO CHE PHAN BIEN VA GIAM SAT XA H Q I CUA BAO CHI DOI VOI VIEC PHAT TRIEN XA HOI VA QUAN Li PHAT TRIEN XA HOI Of VIET NAM HIEN NAY Dang Thi Thu Huang Phan bien va phan bien xa hoi Bao chi Irong Ihdi dai bung nd thong tin va loan cau hda kinh te qude te cang ddng vai trd quan trgng ddi vdi ddi song xa hoi Kinh te phat trien thi nhu cau thong tin ciia xa hoi cang Idn Xa hoi bien dai dat nhieu van de ddi hoi phai giai 4uylt bing truyin thong Trong Ihdi ky hoi nhap qudc te manh me, va rgng khap, nhijng van de dan chii, xa hoi boa chinh tri cang duge de cap nhieu va sau sac ban Bao chi ddi cd ddng lye tir nhu cau thong tin mot tang ciia edng chiirg, va su mang ciia bao chi trude bet la de thda man nhu cau thong tin ciia xa hoi Ka hoi bien dai cang quan tam din viee bien nhirng thong tin cd y nghTa xa hoi quan trgng tren quy md dai chiing Va vi vay, sy phy thuge va anh hudng lan nhai giOa eac phuang lien thong fin dai ehiing va xa hoi mang y nghTa nhieu mat va da dmg Trong do, phan bien va ty phan bien la ''each de eugc song diin ra, cuge sdn^ dl lin No Id dliu tu nhien Do khdngphdi Id van de mudn hay khong mudn O vi tr quyin luc, col trgng phan bien se cd duge phan bien xd hoi cd to chire, glup ich an cho 6n dinh vd phdt trlin; nguge lal, trdnh ne phan bien xd hoi, kit qua Id nhdr duge phan bien xd hgl tu phdt - mdnh ddt thugn Igl de hinh thank tdm the phd? khdngxd hgl" (Tran Dang Tuan, 2006) Khai niem Phan bien duge dinh nghTa Tir diin tling Viet la ''Ddnh gid chdi lirgng mot edng trlnh khoa hoc edng trlnh duge dua bao vi truac hgl dSp^ khoa hoc" Triet ty thuat ngir phan bien, theo Tic diin Han - Viet, phan cd ngha trai, nguge, bien la xet de phan biet rd rang, vi vay phdn bien duge hieu * TS, Chii nhiem khoa Bao chi va Truyin thong, DH KHXH va NV - DHQG Ha Noi 225 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU la "xe7 tie phia nguge Igl (khdch quan, a mot gdc nhin khdc) di phdn blit rd rang" Tac gia Vii Van Nhiem (2007) cho ring: Phan bien la boat ddng dua eac lap luan, chiimg eu, phan tich, danh gia vl mot vin dh nao (nhu eac dl an kinh 11, eac dy an xa hoi, eac dy an luat ) nhim danh gia, chung minh linh hgp ly hay khdng hgp ly, tir dd cd thi khing djnh, gdp y, bd sung hoac phan bac mot phin hoac ea phuang an, dy an, ke hoach Phan bien la yeu Id rat can thiet de hoan chinh eac ehu truang, chinh saeh, tranh eac sai sot, so hd, bdi vi khdng cd Ihl nghT mot lin la hoan chinh, la lilp can ehan ly Ben eanh do, xa hoi bao gid eGng cd nhilu nhdm Igi ich khac nhau, va eac nhdm Igi ich cd the cd nhung ly giai khae vl eac vin dl eua ddi song chinh In - xa hoi, de tir dd lien hanh eac hanh ddng khac nhim dat mue lieu Phan bien, vdi y nghTa la diing tranh luan, dimg lap luan dh lam rd dung - sai, se tao mot ea che dieu chinh qua Irinh hanh ddng ty nhien eua eac nhdm Igi ich Phan bien tao sy tuong tac, sy hgp lac giira eac lye lugng xa hoi, nhim lim phuang an tdi uu nhat, lam tang them chit lugng, tinh thuyll phye, sy sang suit eac quyet dinh, hoach dinh chinh saeh Ndi each khac, phan bien lam cho eac hanh vi chinh tri, kinh te va xa hoi trd nen it chii quan horn sy xung dot ciia cae nhdm Igi ich da duge dieu chinh thong qua thao luan va thoa thuan, thay vi xung dot hanh ddng Tir each hieu phan bien nhu vay, cd thi hieu phdn bien xd hoi la sy phan bien eua xa hoi (hay la sy phan bien mang tinh xa hoi), la sy bien luan, tham dinh, danh gia ciia eac lye lugng xa hoi ddi vdi nhirng chii tmomg, chinh saeh, dl an, dy an xa hoi lien quan den quyen Igi va ddi song eua Ihanh vien xa hoi Ndi theo Pham Quang Tu va Dang Hoang Giang (2012), phan bien xa hoi la sy phan fir eua eac lye lugng xa hoi ddi vdi nhirng kien tao chinh saeh, the ehl trye lilp lien quan den quyen igi ciia eac Ihanh vien egng ddng, lir giiip eac ea quan hiJu quan dieu chinh chii truang, chinh saeh cho phii hgp vdi finh hinh thye liln Phan bien xa hoi la thuat ngu duge sir dyng chinh thuc Bao cao Chinh tri tai Dai hoi X ciia Dang Cong san Viet Nam Theo cudn "'Tim hliu mot so thuat ngir Van klin Dal hot dgl bleu todn qudc Idn thir X eua Ddng" (2006), thi phan bien xa hoi la ''phdn bien ndi chung, nhung cd quy mo vd luc lugng rgng rdi hon ciia xd hgl, eua nhdn dan vd cdc nhd khoa hoc vi ngl dung vd phuang hirang, chu truang, chinh saeh, gldlphdp phdt trlin kinh ti - xd hgl, khoa hoc - edng nghi, gldo due, y ti, mdl truang, trgt tu an ninh chung todn xd hgl ciia Ddng, Nhd nude vd cdc to chire lien quan " Phan bien xa hoi la phat buy dan chii xa hoi chii nghTa va quyIn lam chu ciia nhan dan, y thuc trach nhiem ciia nhan dan viee tham gia quan ly Nha nude, 226 VAI T R , CO CHE PHAN BIEN VA GIAM SAT XA Hdl gdp y kien vdi can can bd, edng ehue va eac ea quan Nha nude Ndi each khac, phan bien xa hoi la fieng ndi nhan thuc ciia xa hoi, ciia eac lye lugng xa hoi Dd la nhtmg lap luan cd chung eir khoa hge va thye lien nham phat hien, bo sung, chung minh khang dinh hoac bac bd, phu dinh mot chii truomg, chinh saeh hay dl an xa hoi dang hinh Ihanh hay hien dang duge ap dyng La 'tieng ndi', phan bien xa hoi khac vdi lam trang xa hoi (la Irang thai tam ly, tinh cam mang tinh cam tinh, thudng bieu hien mot each am i, am tham); phan bien xa hoi bieu hien mot each edng khai, ro rang La "nhan thuc", phan bien xa hoi phai cd ehiimg eu, lap luan; do, nd Cling khdng ddng nhat vdi du luan xa hoi (ddi khdng can phai cd chung eir, lap luan, ly le) (Vu Thi Nhu Hoa, 2010) Giam sat va phan bien xa hoi la hai khai niem ehue nang gan bd mat thiet Chi tren ca sd giam sat mot each nghiem luc thi mdi cd thong tin day dii va than dao lam lien de cho phan bien O day, tat ea eac ddi lugng, bao gdm he thong bd may nha rude, eac ea quan ehue nang; ddng dao quan chimg nhan dan, eac Id ehue phi chinh phu, du luan xa hdi deu vira la ddi lugng giam sat - phan bien, vira la ddi lugng ehju sy giam sat - phan bien nham vao nhu-ng chu truang, quyet saeh, nhirng hien tugng, trao luu, nhirng quan diem sinh thye te ddi song chinh tri, kinh :e, van boa - xa hoi Giam sat xa hoi ciia bao chi thye chat la giam sal bang du luan xa hoi Qua giam sal, theo ddi mot each khach quan va cd dinh hudng ma bao chi the hien vai trd phan bien xa hoi ciia minh Neu phan bien khoa hge la mgt nhirng each thire chu yeu de eac nha nghien cuu tiem can tdi eac ehan ly khoa hoc, thi ddi song xa bdi, phan bien xa hoi la mot edng cy khdng the thieu de to ehue mot xa hoi dan chu Vai trd ciia bao chi giam sat va phan bif n xa hgi Trong Ihdi dai bimg nd thong tin nay, vai trd tich eye ciia edng ddng truydi thong da giup day manh qua trinh xa hoi hda eac boat ddng giam sat va phan bien xa hoi Thong qua qua trinh nay, edng ddng nhan dan nam bat duge can ngu>en xuat hien ciia boat ddng phan bien, lir dd day len nhu cau quan tam, nhan thire van de dang duge dat Bang each hay each khac, boat ddng phan bien luon chira dyng kha nang tao mot truang tuang tac xd hgl giira nhdm edng ddng: edng ddng tri thuc (phat hien va li giai van de), edng ddng truyen thong (pho bien ehuyen tai thong tin) va edng ddng xa hoi (hudng ung thong tin va hinh du lian) (Pham Quang Tu, Dang Hoang Giang, 2012) Thye te cho thay, cd kha nhieu van de, nhat la nhirng van de phue tap, nhay cam mdi me sinh, eac ea quan ehue nang va nha quan ly khdng lien lugng, dy bao, bao quat day du, song nhd bao chi len fieng, phan anh diing liie, kip thdi, thiu ly, dil linh da gdp phan tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho eac ea quan ehuyen mdn dieu 227 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU T U chinh, bd sung nham khdng ngirng hoan thien ea che, chinh saeh, dap irng nhu cau, Igi ich eua tuyet dai da sd nhan dan lao ddng Mat khac, biet each khai ggi van de, khuyen khich ddng vien ddng dao edng chiing tham gia y kien, nhieu ca quan bao chi da md dien dan tap hgp y kien ciia eac nha khoa hge, eac ehuyen gia va eac tang Idp nhan dan ddng gdp vao eac van ban phap luat, giiip cae ea quan lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap sua ddi cae ndi dung, quy djnh eda van ban dd phu hgp vdi thye lien eugc song, xa hoi, tirng budc hoan thien nen phap che xa hoi chii nghTa Bam sat sy kien, thong tin nhanh nhay, nam dung ban chat sy kien, phan tich tning van de trgng diem va djnh hudng tu tudng, hudng dan du luan rd rang, cae ca quan thong tan, bao chi, phat thanh, truyen hinh, bao dien tir da thye hien tot chire nang phan bien, mang lai hieu qua xa hoi rd ret Bdi the, vai trd, chire nang phan bien ciia bao chi cang duge khang dinh va sire manh eua bao chi, niem lin eiia edng chiing ddi vdi ea quan truyen thong eiing lir duge nang len Bao chi trude day coi trgng ehue nang thong tin tuyen truyen, phd bien cae chinh saeh tir phia eac cap ianh dao tdi mgi tang lap nhan dan Ddng thong tin chay mot chieu tir tren xudng, mang nang linh ap dat va chi dao khien bao chi trd nen quan lieu, kem sinh ddng va thieu tinh chien dau Gan day, quan diem ve lam bao da thay ddi, bao chi cang lam lot chire nang "dien dan ciia nhan dan" Ihdng qua bao chi, ngudi dan cd the phat bieu y kien, nguyen vgng eua minh ve eac van de ddi song xa hoi Sy dan ehii boat dgng bao chi mot phan la sy dan chii trinh bay y kien ciia edng chiing Thong qua bao chi, quan chiing the hien sy giam sat va phan bien xa hoi ciia minh Tren ca sd y kien nhan dan, lap trudng chinh tri va sy am hieu eac ITnh vyc chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa - xa hoi ciia nha bao, Id bao, tinh giam sat va phan bien ciia bao chi cao horn, sau sac, hieu qua va c6 tac dgng manh me ban He thong bao chi truyen thong hien d Viet Nam da phat trien manh me, vdi 786 CO quan bao chi in vdi 1.016 an pham Ve phat thanh, truyen hinh, hien loan quoc cd 67 dai phat truyen hinh (PT-TH) timng uang va dia phuang, cd dai qudc gia, dai tmyen hinh ky thuat sd, 64 dai PT-TH cap linh Ngoai he thong truyen hinh quang ba, he thong truyen hinh Ira lien d nude la phat trien manh bing nhieu loai edng nghe truyen dan nhu cap, ve finh, sd mat dat va dang budc dau thu nghiem edng nghe IPTV Ca nude cd 47 don vi duge cap phep boat dgng truyen hinh cap, 09 dom vj eung cap dieh vy truyen din fin hieu truyen hinh cap.Trong dd cd dan vi eung cap djeh vy truyen dan lin hieu truyen hinh cap Idn nhat ea nude la VCTV, SCTV va HTVC Rieng ca quan bao hinh Idn nhit ciia Viet Nam (Dai Truyin hinh Viet Nam, Dai Truyen hinh Ky thuat sd VTC, Dai Phat thanhTruyln hinh Ha Ndi, Dai Truyin hinh phd Ho Chi Minh, Dai Phat - 228 VAI TRO, CO CHg PHAN BI^N VA GIAM SAT XA HOI Triyen hinh Binh Duong) da san xuat 62 kenh truyen hinh Ira lien Trong ITnh vyc thong tin dien tir, ea nude cd 61 bao, tap chi dien tti, 191 mang xa hoi, hom 1.000 trang thong tin dien tir long hgp Hien nay, cd gan 17.000 nha bao duge cap the haih nghe, hang nghin phdng vien dang boat dgng bao chi ehuan hi den thdi ban eai the He thing truyen thong dai ehiing phat trien kha hau d Viet Nam hien la lien de quan trgng cho viee xay dyng mang ludi thong tin khach quan, edng tam, dan chu va rong rai loan xa bdi Mdi loai hinh bao chi deu cd nhirng uu diem va the manh ddng thdi cd nhirng ban che rieng thye hien phan bien xa hoi, nhiei, xet ve hieu qua phan bien, yeu to ddng vai trd quyet dinh khdng phai ty than loai hinh bao ehi, ma la chat lugng he thong thong diep phan bien Bdi le, gia tri phar bien khdng tap trung d sd lugng nhieu ngudi tham gia phan bien, ma d cho dat van de phan bien cd triing hay khdng va sy diing dan, thuyet phye eua thong diep phar bien den dau Trong vai trd giam sal va phan bien ciia minh, bao ehi khdng ehi thong tin ma phai the hien chinh klin, quan dlim eua minh ddi vdi cae van de eugc song xuat phat tir phia cae ca quan ehue nang va ea tir phia quan chiing Bao ehi thye hien phan bien xa bdi thong qua cae lap luan, phan tich, danh gia mang linh loan dien vdi cau triie hgp ly, khach quan va khoa hge, ve cae van de ciia r r r •\ f r f ddi song xa hoi, nhat la nhirng van de anh hudng den qudc ke dan smb Vdi ehue nang la dien dan eua nhan dan, thye hien quyen ty ngdn luan duge ghi Hiln phap, hoat dgng phan bien ciia bao chi cd pham vi rat rgng, tu cae quyet dinh ve phap luat chii truang, chinh saeh ciia chinh quyen den nhiimg lap luan quan diem eua cae ea nhan va Id ehue ve eac van de kinh te, van hda, xa hoi duge the hien dud mgi hinh thuc Trong nhiing ki hgp dai bieu Qudc hoi nhirng nam gan day, Dai Truyen hinh Vie Nam, Dai Tilng ndi Viet Nam da tudng thuat trye lilp cae phien hgp Thong qua do, nhan dan, eu tri cd the giam sat boat dgng eua cae vi dai bieu qudc hoi, dam gia duge nang lye va tam buy It eua hg Ddng thdi, day eiing la thdi diem nhung van dl quan trgng ciia dil nude duge trinh bay edng khai trude sy chung kill eua loan dan Mot nhirng vi dy dien hinh ve hieu qua tac dgng ciia phan biet xa hgi tren bao ehi la sy kien Qudc hoi phu quyet de xuat eua Chinh phii ve viee xay dyng dy an dudng sat cao toe Ha Ndi - Tp Hd Chi Minh, vdi long mue dau tu gin 56 ty USD Sau duge trinh Qudc hgi, dy an trd mot sy kien ndng troig ddi sing xa hgi, vdi hang tram tin, bai xuat hi?n tren eac kenh thong tin dai chiiig, nhu "Dudng sat cao toe - y tudng etia nhirng ngudi thich diia", "Dudng sat eac tie se lam tang ganh ng qudc gia", "Dudng sat cao tde, dy an xa xi", "Dudng 229 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU sat cao toe: Trong ling hd, ngoai nghi ngd", "Dy an 56 ty USD dudng sit cao tdc, lo khdng dii vdn", "Cao tde ai, cham lai" Hang ngan y kiln da duge cae trang bao trye tuyin, cae Id bao giay, cae dai PT-TH dang tai va phat song, vdi phin Idn eac y kien phan ddi dy an Idn kem, xa xi Va eudi eung, dy thao nghi quylt vl chii truomg diu tu dy an dudng sat cao tde Ha Ndi - TP HCM dua hai phuang an va ea hai dIu khdng nhan duge sy ddng thuan ciia qua ban sd dai bilu qudc hgi Sy kien duge TS Pham Bich San (Giam ddc Van phdng phan bien xa hgi Lien hiep cae hgi khoa hge va ky thuat Viet Nam) danh gia la budc liln vugl bac va 'phdn bien xd hgl cang cd cho dung dung nghTa ciia nd, thong tin da chieu dd giup cdc nhd hoach dinh chinh saeh, nhirng ngudi quyit dinh sang sudt, nhu vay tri tui xd hgi dd phdt huy hieu qua"", GS Pham Phu thi phat bilu: "Sir phdn bien xd hgi, ki cd bao chi, cd mot vai trd hit sire quan trgng xd hgi Vcfi su klin Quoc hgl khdng thong qua chu truang dau tu du an dudng sdt cao loc, ehiing ta dd bat ddu thay duge bong ddng ciia phdn bien xd hgl eiing nhu gid tri eua «d"(Tuoi Ire 2010) Bao ehi da gdp phan tich eye vao viee phan bien va lam thay ddi mot sd chii truomg chinh saeh eua Dang va Nha nude, tranh sy quan lieu, vdi vang Cd nhilu kl hoach sau bao ehi va du luan len tilng da duge dilu chinh hoac lam ngung Iriln khai nhu: danh thue chu xe dm; cam xe may biln ngoai tinh vao Ha Ndi, tang hge phi, quy dinh xe may di vao chSn le theo sd cudi eua biln sd, hay dl nghi nhap khau va luu hanh xe tuk tuk d dia ban phd, thong tu ehi duge ban thil vdng gid sau gilt md, hoac dy thao quy dinh vl viee ngudi ngyc lep khong duge lai xe, Bao ehi nhthig nam qua da tiep tyc phat buy duge truyin thing eua tinh ehiln dau tren mat Iran thong tin, luon di diu edng tac tuyen truyin, van dgng va gdp phin ddi mdi eac chinh saeh tren mgi ITnh vyc ciia Dang va Nha nude DOng thdi, vdi sy trg giiip ciia eac phuang tien tac nghi?p hien dai, mdi tnrdng thong fin loan cau phat triln da giup ngudi lam bao md rgng duge pham vi va hieu qua boat dgng Bao ehi van di lien pliong viee phanh phui fieu eye cae ITnh vyc, dae biet la diu tranh ehdng tham nhQng ciia cae eip chinh quyln Bao ehi phat hien sy viee, tim hieu kiem chung thong tin dh nim chic ban chit vin dl, rli bin bi, quyet tam theo sat, phan bien den ciing Bao chi phan bien dua thong tin tieu eye ddi song xa hgi, dieu Ira ve nhirng vy tham nhiing Idn eimg ehl tai tuang irng, gdp phan dua bai hoc nghiem khic cho cae ddi tugng vi pham Nhirng te nan xa hgi dang dan tham nhap, lam xdi mdn, tha hoa nhan each eua eon ngudi duge thong fin rgng rai va mang tinh eanh bao cao Nhu vay, bao chi da ddng gdp khdng nhd sy nghiep phdng ehdng tham nhung va loai tru te nan xa hgi 230 VAI TRO, CO cne' PHAN BIEN VA GIAM SAT XA HOI Trong thdi ki kinh te bat on, bao ehi la phuang lien truyin thong him hieu giiip Nha nude nam bat duge tinh hinh, tir dh nhirng quylt saeh mdi, phii hgp vdi thye te, gdp phan giam thieu tac dgng eua suy thoai kinh ll len Ihj trudng Viet Nam Bao chi phan bien da thye sy phat huy vai trd ciia minh trd chile eiu noi virng chae giira Nha nude va nhan dan Thong qua bao chi, nhirng kien nghj, khiie mac ciia ngudi dan ve cae chinh saeh, cae quyet djnh ciia ca quan ban hanh nhanh ehdng den duge tay ngudi cd tham quyen, duge kiem Ira, phan hdi va cd sy giai thich thoa dang Bao ehi Viet Nam da the hien trach nhiem trude nhieu van de quan trgng ciia dat rude Bao ehi thong tin eanh bao, rdi phac hga loan eanh finh hinh, eung eip nhirrg thong lin dir lieu cho cae ea quan tham muu, hoach djnh chinh saeh Ddng thdi, bao chi Viet Nam da the hien ban ITnh phan bien, tranh luan cd ly le, kioa hge va giau tinh than xay dyng Cd thi ndi, nhiimg nam qua, bao chi Viet Nam da di tir nen bao ehi dua tin tuyen truyen din nin bao ehi cd tinh phan bien xa bdi phong phii, da chieu va sau sac Cff che va nguyen tac giam sat, phan bif n xa hgi eua bao chi Bao chi thye hien ehue nang giam sat va phan bien xa hgi trude hit d viee eung cap thong fin ehan that, khach quan theo ca hai chieu, tir chii thi quan ly din khaeh the quan ly va nguge lai Day chinh la ca ehl truyin thong quan trgng dh bao chi tiye hien vai trd quan ly xa hgi Theo Tir diin tling Viet (1992), quan ly la Id ehue va dilu hanh cae boat ddng theo nhiimg yeu cau nhat djnh Quan ly duge hilu la qua trinh tac dgng, chi phdi ciia chu thi ddi vdi khach thi, dam bao cho sy van hanh, hgat dgng ciia cae lieu le thong va loan bd he thong xa hgi eimg nham vao mye tieu va dat hi?u qua tot Day la hgat dgng cd y thure ciia ngudi he thing xa hgi, do, ngupi la yeu Id quyet dinh De qua trinh quan ly dat hieu qua, can phai dat duge cae yeu :d nhu: hoach dinh chinh saeh, chii truang phii hgp vdi finh hinh va dilu kien cy the, truyen thong van dgng xa hgi, dam bao cho eac chinh saeh, chii truang, cae quyd dinh quan ly duge nhan thuc diing dan va day du nhan dan, td chiic thye hien hudng dan tu tudng va hgat ddng Ddng thdi, giira khach thi va chii thi cin phii thudng xuyen cd mdi quan he tac ddng hai chieu Bao ehi dam nhan vai trd la yeu td lien kit thong tin, la eiu ndi va la dgng ly(c chai day tiem nang ciia chii the va khach the, ndi each khac, bao chi thye hien chire nang quan ly bang viee eung cap thong fin tir chii thi quan ly din khach thi quiai ly, va chieu nguge lai Bao chi khdng chi thong tin, tuyen truyen, dinh hudng, gi;ac dye de nang cao nhan thuc, hieu biet ciia edng chiing ve chii truang, chinh saeh 231 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE L A N THlT TU eua Dang va Nha nude ma edn phan hdi tir eugc song nhirng lam tu, nguyen vgng, nhirng van de hue xiic eua nhan dan Hgat dgng quan ly cd hieu qua hay khdng, phy thuge nhieu vao tinh chat, sd lugng va chat lugng thong tin hai chieu lien tyc cae phuang tien truyen Ihdng dai ehiing cang thu hiil sy quan tarn chii y eua dai bd phan cae tang Idp xa hgi, trd phuang lien cd sire manh va hieu qua, la edng cy de tri va phat trien nen dan chii ddi song ngudi Chire nang giam sat, phan bien xa hgi eua bao ehi chinh la mot the hien sinh dgng cho vai trd tri nen dan chii tren De thye hien lot ehue nang nhiem vy eua minh, bao ehi can phai tuan thii mot he thong cae nguyen tac la ca sd phuang phap luan eho hgat dgng bao ehi, la ehuin mye nghe nghiep, va eiing la nen tang eho viee sang tao lac pham bao ehi, do, ndi bat nhat la linh ehan that, khach quan, linh edng khai, tinh dai ehiing va tinh chien dau Tinh ehan that, khach quan la dae trung, dac diem, la yeu eau ton lai eua ban than bao chi, va la nguyen tac dau lien de bao chi thye hien vai trd quan ly xa hoi thong qua hgat dgng phan bien va giam sat xa hdi Lenin da nhan manh: 'Sir that Id sire manh eua bao chi chiing td" (Lenin, 1986) Chu tich Hd Chi Minh sinh thdi thudng can dan eac nha bao phai luon trung thye, coi la mot nhirng tieu chuin dao dire so mot cda ngudi lam bao each mang Ngudi eho rang, bao chi mudn thuyll phuc duge edng chiing thi ban than phai mang tinh ehan thye cao, can bd bao ehi "Niit phdl thiet thuc, ndi cd sdch, mdch c6 chung, tuc Id ndi vice dy a ddu, the ndo, ndo, no sinh the ndo, phdt trlin the ndo?, kit qua thi ndo?" "Chdng tham thi phdi noi rd at tham d, al Idng phi?, ca quan ndo tham 6?, Idng phi each the ndo? Ngay, thdng ndo, Cha viit lung tung" (Irieh theo Ta NggcTin, 1995, tr 152) Vdi finh than 'nhin Ihang vao sy that, danh gia dung sy that, ndi ro sy thaC, Dang ddi hdi bao chi phan anh mgi mat boat dgng ciia ddi song xa hgi mot each ehan that, kliaeh quan, diing ban chat Cuge song cd mat tot, mat ehua tot, tham ehi cd ca mat xau Sy that hay bi che day bdi thdi khoa truang, thdi phdng tich Nhin thing vao sy that de giam sat va phan bien xa hgi cd nghTa la bao chi phai ndi diy du ca nhiimg dilm tot, edng va nhirng khuyet diem, khd khan, that bai Danh gia dimg sy that dat yeu cau d mire cao horn, gan lien vdi nhin thang vao sy that Nhin thing vao sy that cho ehiing ta thay nhiimg dir kien day du, tinh hinh thye ll dang diin Danh gia diing sy that, ndi rd sy that lai can ddi hoi ngudi viet CO phuang hudng va nang lye tu duy, de cd the trinh bay mot each ehan thye va di de ban chit eua thdng tin sy viee Cd the ndi, nhin thang vao sy that, danh gia diing sy that la sy cy the hoa ciia chire nang giam sat va phan bien xa hgi ciia bao chi 232 VAI TRO, CO CHg PHAN BIEN VA GIAM SAT XA HOI Ben eanh dd, mot nhii-ng yeu cau eua thdng tin bao chi la phai phan anh sy kien ddng chay hdi ha, thdi sy, nen ap lye eua ngudi lam bao la luon phai CO lin nhanh, tin ndng Tuy nhien, thdng lin bao chi phai chinh xae, va phai lot la duge ban chat eua sy that, viee ddi hdi ngudi lam bao phai cd trinh nghiep vu va lao dgng nghe nghiep mot each nghiem tiie Thdng tin bao ehi, dii sai mot chi tilt, ciing lam giam gia tri eua ca bai bao, nhat la cae bai viet ve nhirng vy an, nhirng vy ddu tranh ehdng tham nhiing, tieu eye Thdng tin khdng ehan that, khach quan se lam giam tinh thuyll phye tdi edng chiing va lam sai lech hieu qua eua phan bien va giam sal xa hgi eua bao chi Lam bao ca che Ihj trudng, neu nha bao khdng neu cao duge dao dire nghi nghiep se lam sai lech thdng tin, xuyen lac, bja dat, dan den vi pham phap luat, ma \i dy diin hinh la phdng vien bao Thanh nien va bao Tudi Ire Tp Hd Chi Minh vy an dng Nguyin Viet Tiln nam 2008 Phat bieu lai Hdi thao 'Dao dire nghi bdo khai thdc vd xie ly nguon tin' (ngay 11.10.2012), Thu trudng bd Thdng tin va Imyin thdng Dd Quy Doan da cho bill nam 2008, Bd Thdng fin - Truyin thdng da thu the 15 nha bao, cd Tdng Bien tap, Phd Tdng bien tap Din nam 201( da xir phat 51 trudng hgp, phat filn 254,5 trieu ddng, thu hdi the nha bao Da phan cae bao bj xir phat vi dang tai thdng tin sai sy that, thieu can eu Tinh ehan that, khach quan ciia bao chi la duge kilm chung, va thiie diy bdi finh edng khai, edng edng ciia bao chi Bao chi la kenh truyen thdng dai ehiing ca ban, chuyin tai thdng tin thdi sy lien lye, cap nhat tdi ddng dao edng chiing tilp nhan xa hdi, khdng phan biet vl tuoi tac, nghi nghiep, ton giao hay gidi tinh; va ding thdi, bao ehi ciing la diin dan dl tit ca mgi ting Idp nhan dan bay td quan dilm, suy nghT, y kiln ciia minh Mot nhirng vai trd ciia thdng tin tren bao chi la b In cai trude day la doe quyln ciia mot hoac vai ngudi trd cai chung ciia hai hay nhilu ngudi (Dance, 1970) Tinh edng khai, edng edng ciia thdng tin bao ehi la not xu thi tit ylu, la bilu hien quan trgng ciia nen dan chu, vdi quyen lam chu ciia quin ehiing, dd cd quyen duge thdng tin va ty ngdn luan, duge khang dinh rit ro tai Idi md diu ciia Luat sira doi, bd sung mot sd dieu ciia Luat Bao chi (19'9) Ndi ro sy that mot each edng khai la phin dam bao dh "dan bill", rdi mdi lam va kiem Ira duge Tinh edng khai khdng chi ap dyng eho cap dudi ma ca ddi vdi viee lam ciia eip tren, cho nen lai can cd sy dan chu viee edng khai hoa Cae CO quan truyen thdng dai ehiing la ea quan thdng tin edng khai rgng rai nhat Mg: tin phat tren truyin hinh, phat thanh, dang tren bao, cap nhat tren mang internet sau mot thdi gian rit ngin da cd the tdi duge hang trieu ngudi khdng ke tudi tac, nghi nghiep, khong gian, thai chinh tri Y kien tren bao chi cd thi duge nhieu ngudi thao luan, ban cai tir nhieu gdc khac Viee lang nghe eac y kien 233 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TlT da chieu, cae y kien thieu sd la hit sue quan trgng, bdi le y kiln ciia da sd ehua bin da xae dang Chinh vi the phai lang nghe y kiln da ehilu, va mot y kiln doc dao cd the gay cam bimg eho hang ngan y kiln khac Va bao ehi la mot kenh rit hieu qua cho lap luan edng, thao luan edng ve cae vin dl lien quan din nhilu ngudi Tuy nhien, vi bao ehi cd lac dgng trye tiep va manh me , rgng Idn va nhanh chdng viee hinh du luan xa hdi, tinh edng khai cin duge tinh loan tren hai mat: mot la ndi rd sy that sau da duge danh gia diing ban chit; hai la, ndi rd sy that tren eac phuang lien thdng tin dai ehiing, lac dgng manh me vao du luan xa hdi thi phai gdp phan xay dyng du luan xa hgi Ianh manh Khdng thi ddng linh vdi viee ndi edng khai dan tdi Id bi mat qude gia, khdng cd djnh hudng, tao nen mdi hoai nghi ciia edng ehiing va tao ke hd eho cae lye lugng phan dgng Igi dung Nhung eiing khdng the chap nhan viee vin vao li "mudn du luan xa hgi Ianh manh, yen on" dh ban che tinh edng khai eua bao ehi Vi vay, yeu eiu dat la ben eanh sy thay ddi quan diem va ca che td ehue quan li ciia Nha nude, thi bao chi ciing can phai nam rd ban chat eiia van de, nhat la nhiimg vin dl mang tinh nhay cam, phuc tap, de cd the thdng tin chinh xae va phan bien hieu qua Tinh dai ehiing ciia bao chi duge the hien d viee, thdng tin bao ehi lac dgng tdi xa hgi rgng rai, bao gdm cae tang lap, cae nhdm xa hgi khac nhau, nhu cau ihdng tin ciia edng ehiing duge uu lien dam bao va la thudc trinh do, nang lye ciia hoat dgng thdng tin bao chi Ddng thdi, bao chi ciing phai la dien dan cita nhan dan va phai chu y den each viet, each dien dat phii hgp vdi trinh ciia edng chung lilp nhan Cong ehiing bao ehi hien cd trinh cao ban va mue quan tam den eac van de xa hgi ciing sau sac ban Cong ehiing da dang, khdng ehi mudn tiep nhan thong tin tir bao chi mot each thy dgng, ma hinh xu hudng tuang tac, phan hdi thdng fin manh me Chire nang giao due eiia bao ehi cang duge dl cao, giao due de gdp phan nang cao dan iri; nang cao trinh tuong tac va tinii chinh xae ciia thdng tin phan hdi; tir do, mot trudng ciia sy giam sat, phan bien xa hgi bao ehi va du luan xa hgi se trd nen Ianh manh va hieu qua han Bao chi Viet Nam luon la edng eu sac ben, nhay cam tren mat Iran van hda tu tudng Tai Dai hgi lan thir III Hgi Nha bao Viet Nam (8.9.1962), Bac H6 chi ro irng nhieu lan can dan "Can bg bdo chi ciing Id chlin sy each mang Cay but, trang gidy Id vU sac ben eiia hg" Trong dien mimg Hgi Nha bao A Phi (24/4/1965), Bac Ho viet: "Ddi vai nhii-ng ngudi viit bdo chiing ta, cdi but Id vii sac ben, bin bdo Id ta hich each mang di dgng vien qudn chung dodn kit " Tinh chien dau ciia bao ehl duge the hien tren ea hai mat: bieu duomg va phe binh Bao chi ung hg chii truang xoa bd quan lieu bao cap, cai each hanh chinh, ddng thdi, vira bilu duomg vira phe binh, bao chi dau tranh eho sy ddi mdi tu diing dan, chdng lai each lam 234 VAI TRO, CO CHE PHAN BI^N VA GIAM SAT XA HOI thu d5ng, tri ire hinh thire ehii nghTa, hieu qua Ihap; dau tranh ehdng quan lieu, tham nhiing va eac le nan xa hgi; iing hg Idi song cd ly tudng ianh manh, sang tao, nang dgng, CO y thire xay dyng tap the va dat nude Tinh chien dau eua bao ehi the hien rd net dau tranh ehdng tham nhiing, lieu cue Nhieu vu viee lieu eye tham nhiing Idn duge truy td xet xu nhiimg nam qua duge bat ngudn lir thdng tin tren bao ehi Dien hinh nhu vy tham nhiing ciia a Thj Kim Oanh va ddng pham tai Cong ty tiep thi thuang mai Ndng Nghiep Cong nghiep thye pham, vy bang nhdm tdi pham Nam Cam, hay vy PMU18 phanh phui mot loai cae vu pham phap eua mot sd quan ehue d Bd Giao thdng Van tai, va gan day nhat la nhdng sai pham nghiem trgng giao dat, thu hdi dat, cudng che thi hoi dat eua huyen Tien Lang (Hai Phdng), giai Ida d Van Giang (Hung Yen) Tinh than eua chdng lieu eye tren bao ehi la "chdng de xay" Nhung khdng ehi chdng lieu eye mdi la phan bien xa hdi, bao ehi can de cao nhirng nhan td mdi, nhirrg guang ngudi lot viee lot dien hinh tren tat ca cae ITnh vyc de dgng vien tinh than va can bang xa hgi Sy that la xa hdi cd rat nhieu dieu tot dep, fich eye can nhan rong Bao chi thdng tin trung thye ve cai tot dep ciing la de kich thich phat trien phan tot dep xa hdi Dieu hoan loan xa la vdi dinh nghTa ve tin tire eua loai bao la cai "cai gi ae, cai gi xau mdi la tin; cai gi tot, cai gi Ianh khdng cd yeu d tin" (giai gan cau khach) Phai de cho quan chiing thay duge nhirng mat tot dep, diing dan thi mdi ddi lap duge mat lieu eye de phan bien Khuyen nghj, giai phap giup bao chi thuc hifn tot chire nSng phan bi^n, gian sat xa hgi Trude tlin, Nha nude can tang cudng hieu lye thi hanh eiia phap luat, tao dieu kien eho bao ehi thye hien vai trd giam sat va phan bien xa hdi eiia minh Trong nhirng nam qua Dang va Nha nude ludn quan tam den ITnh vyc bao chi, thong qua viee ban hanh eac van ban, ehi thi, luat va phap lenh, quy dinh ea ve nhiem vu va quyen ban ciia bao chi Tuy nhien, finh trang vi pham ehi chi, phap lenh luat bao chi van la hien tugng cd xu hudng gia tang, gay khd khan cho qua trinh lac nghiep eua cae nha bao, nhat la thye hien nhiing tac pham bao chi dau Irani chdng tieu eye Mae dii, Luat sua ddi, bd sung mot sd dieu ciia Luat Bao chi da cuge thdng qua thang 6.1999, quy dinh ve trach nhiem thdng tin cho bao chi, tronj dd neu rd: " cdc td ehue cd quyen vd nghTa vu eung cap thdng tin eho bdo chi, giup bdo chi thong tin chinh xdc, kip thdi, vd chin trach nhiem trude phap luat vi ml dung thdng tin Ddi vdi cdc vu dn dang dliu tra hoac ehua xet xir, bdo chi cd quym thdng tin theo cdc ngudn tdi lieu ciia minh vd chlu trach nhiem trude phap luatvi ngl dung thdng tin\ Tuy nhien, finh trang cae td ehue, ca nhan, eac ea quan 235 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU* TU^ bd, nganh, dia phuang bung bit thdng tin, cd finh khdng eung eip thdng fin, hoac can trd nha bao hoat dgng nghe nghiep diing phap luat van dien kha phd bien Nam 2012, Dy an "Nghien cuu truyen thdng: cae hanh vi can trd bao ehi tac nghiep" Trung tam Nghien eiiru truyen thdng phat trien thye hien, da dua ket qua 87,9% tdng sd ban 400 nha bao tham gia dieu tra xa hdi hge cho bill da timg bi can trd dudi nhieu hinh thiie, da phan sd hg la eac nha bao viet ve ITnh vyc tai nguyen, mdi trudng, dau tranh chdng tham nhiing Theo thdng ke ciia Hoi Nha bao Viet Nam, nam trd lai day, da cd khoang 40 vy nha bao bj hanh hung, dd cd nhirng vy tieu bieu nhu nha bao Tran The Diing (bao Ngudi Lao dgng) bj hanh den bat tinh nhan sy d Lang Son, nha bao ciia Dai tieng ndi Viet Nam bj hanh d Hung Yen (Pham Le Thu, 2012) Tuy nhien, rat it vy duge khdi td, va tat ca eac vy khdi to deu truy td ngudi hanh nha bao theo dieu 104 (tdi cd y gay thuang tich) hoac cae dieu luat khac, ma khdng cd mot vu viee nao duge khdi td theo Dieu 257 (Igi chdng ngudi thi hanh edng vy) Do vay, cae cap ianh dao can phai thudng xuyen kiem tra, don ddc, xu ly nghiem nhirng hien tugng vi pham luat bao ehi, bung bit thdng fin, can trd nha bao boat dgng nghe nghiep diing phap luat, nham tao dieu kien thuan Igi eho bao chi phat huy hieu qua giam sat, phan bien xa hgi Thii- hai, can coi trgng viee nang cao dan tri, va thuc day mgi hinh thire phat huy quyen dan ehu eua nhan dan mdl each edng khai, minh bach Ngay 21-7-1956, ndi ehuyen vdi lap nghien cuu chinh tri khoa I, I'rudng Dai hge Nhan dan Viet Nam, Bac chi ro: "Chi ta Id che ddn chu, tu tudng phdi duge tu Tu Id thi ndo? Dot vdi mgi vdn de, mgi ngual tu hay to y klin eua minh, gdp phdn tim chdn ly Do Id mot quyin Igl md ciing Id mot nghTa vu eua mgi ngudi Khi moi ngudi dd phdt bieuy klin, dd tim thay chdn ly, luc quyen tie tie tudng hoa quyen tu phuc tung chdn ly Chdn ly Id cdi gi c6 Igl cho To quoc, cho nhdn ddn Cdl gi trdi vai Igl ich ciia Td qudc, eua nhdn ddn, tire Id khdngphdi chdn ly Ra sue phung su Td qudc, phuc vu nhdn ddn - tire Id phuc timg chdn /y" (trich theo Biii Van Bdng,2012) D I nhan thuc dimg dan, day du vai trd eiia phan bien xa hgi tren bao ehi, nhiing ngudi tham gia y kien phan bien can cd tri tue khoa hge, tinh than thien ehi, thai xay dyng, nhan dinh va danh gia sy kien, van de vi Igi ich chung ciia loan xa hgi Nang cao dan tri, dd, trd mot nhOng nhiem vy quan trgng qua trinh dan chii hda ddi song xa hgi Nang cao dan tri la nang tam tri thire, de edng chiing cd kha nang hieu va tham gia sau rgng horn den cae van de xa hgi, tao dyng bau khdng dan chii, edng khai, xay dyng tien de hieu qua cao cho giam sat va phan bien xa hgi Ben eanh do, ngudi lam bao nang tam tri thuc de nhin nhan, 236 VAI TRO, CO CHi PHAN BI^N VA GIAM SAT XA HOI danh gia sy viee Ihau dao Id ehue thdng fin chinh xae va djnh hudng du luan diing dan, phii hgp Thu ba, nang cao chat lugng hgat dgng bao ehi Bao ehi thye hien chire nang giam sal xa hgi thdng qua eac kenh thdng tin va bing ehuyen mdn nghiep vu Ngudi lam bao va edng tac bao chi dimg giira trung tam ciia mdi trudng thdng lin mang tinh chinh trj xa hgi Khi tham gia phan bien xa hdi, bao ehi eung cin khic phye nhieu ton tai, ban ehl ca vl ndi dung va hinh thuc Phan bien xa hgi tren bao ehi hien ehu yeu chay theo thdi sy tue thdi, mang tinh thdi vu Rit it bao cd ehuyen trang, ehuyen mue hoac chuomg trinh rieng ehuyen phat hien va phan bien xa hgi Nhieu tac phim phan bien thieu can eir khoa hge, thye liln, finh thuyll phye ehua cao Cung cd hien lugng phan bien xa hdi tren bao ehi thye hien kilu an theo, tdng hgp :u lieu lir nhieu ngudn ma thieu kilm chung gdc thdng tin Trong thdi dai thdng tin phat trien manh nhu vu bao hien nay, viee phan bien trea bao ehi cin ton trgng nhung ehuan mye dao dire edng ddng, truyin thing van hda eua dan tgc, tuan theo nhuTig quy dinh eua Hien phap, phap luat va vi Igi ich tdi cao ciia Td qude Cin tranh viee phan bien loan lieu ehi va loan hudng, phan bien vudl dudi hoac phan bien nac danh Phdng vien, nha bao ben eanh kien thire va ky nang nghiep vu, cin cd nhan quar chinh trj, nhay cam chinh trj va tu chinh trj tdt Ngudi lam bao cin thill phai CO lap trudng chinh trj virng vang, nhu Idi Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh yeu eiu ddi ngu nhirng ngudi lam bao "phdi cd lap truang chinh tri vUng chdc Chinh tri phdl lam chu Dudng lot chinh tri dung thi nhiing vlic khdc mdl dung Cho nen, cdc bdo chi eua chung ta diu phdi cd dudng Idl chinh tri diing" Ddng thdi, phdng vien cin cd phim chit nghe nghiep Bdi bao ehi cd finh chinh trj, xa hgi rgng Idn, bit ky thong tin nao duge dang tai tren bao ehi ciing cd thi gay anh hudng tdi tam ly, ddi song, kinh te eiia cae vien xa hgi Bao ehi la nhan td, la phuang lien cd sue manh dae biet to Idn viee dinh hudng nhan thuc, hinh du luan xa hgi Bao chi la mot lye lugng rit quar trgng gdp phan nang cao hieu qua ciia phan bien xa hgi, gdp phin quan trgng tiln trinh xay dyng mot xa hdi dan chii Tuy nhien, qua trinh hdi nhap qudc te sau rgng hien nay, mdi thdng tin tren bao chi diu cd thi anh hudng trye tiep hoac gian tiep den vj the, dien mao eiia qudc gia dan tgc Do dd, mgi sy phan bien xa hgi tren bao ehi, phai xuat phat tir cai tam sang eua nha bao Viet Nan vi Igi ich ciia qudc gia dan tgc, vi quyln Igi chinh dang eua nhan dan va phai nhan tao nen sy ddng thuan cao xa hgi Bao ehi phai trd kenh thdng tin hiju ich giiip Dang, Chinh phii ianh dao, dilu hanh va quan ly tdt ban mgi ITnh vyc cuge song, lay mye lieu doe lap dan tgc gin liln vdi chii nghTa xa hgi va 237 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU "Dan giau, nude manh, xa hdi dan chii, edng bang, van minh" lam phuang cham hanh dgng va dieu can the hien d mgi ndi dung dang lai tren eac phuang lien truyen thdng dai chiing Tai lieu tham khao Bill Van Bong (2012), "Phat huy vai tro fien phong, tinh chien dau ciia bao chi'", Tap chi Xdy dung Ddng http://www.xaydungdang.org.vn/Home/PrintStory.aspx?distribution=4946&print= true Dance, Frank E X, 1970 The 'Concept' of Communication Journal of Communication, Vol 20,p.201 Dang Cong san Viet Nam, 2006 Tim hieu mot sd thuat ngir Vdn kien Dai hgi dai bieu loan qudc lan thir Xciia Ddng, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Noi Dang Cong san Viet Nam, 2006 Vdn kien Dgi hgi dgi hieu todn qudc lan thir X, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia Ha Noi Pham Le Thu (2012) "40 vu xam pham, can trd, hanh nha bao" Bao Tien phong Online, http://www.tienphong.vn/xa-hoi/tin-tuc/580873/40-vu-xam-pham-can tro-hanhhung-nha-bao-tpp.html Pham Quang Tii, Dang Hoang Giang (2012), "Phan bien xa hoi: khai niem, chtic nang va dieu kien hinh thanh", Tap chi Tia sang htlp://fiasang.com.vn;'Defau!t.aspx?labid=l 16&News=5004&CategorylD=42 Ta Ngoc Tin (1995), Hd Chi Minh vi vdn di bdo chi Ha Noi, 1995, tr 1.52 Tran Dang Tuan (2006), Phdn bien xd hgi - cau hdi dgi tie cuge sdng^ Nxb Da Nang Tudi ire Online (2010), "Gap go dau luan: 'Phan bien xa hgi phat huy hieu qua" htlp://tuoitre.vn/chinh-lri-xa-hoi/385506/phan-bien-xa-boi-phat-huy-hieu-qua.html 10 Vii Thi Nhu Hoa (2010), "Nhan thire ve phan bien xa hgi", Tap chi Td ehue nhd nude, Bo Noi vu, tr 30-32 11 V.L.Lenin, 1986 Todn tap, Tap 7, Nxb Su that Ha Noi 12 Vii Van Nhiem (2007), "Mot so van dl ve phan bien xa hgi", Tap chi Nghien cim lap phap Van phong Quoc hgi so 12 (114) 238 ... that, ndi ro sy thaC, Dang ddi hdi bao chi phan anh mgi mat boat dgng ciia ddi song xa hgi mot each ehan that, kliaeh quan, diing ban chat Cuge song cd mat tot, mat ehua tot, tham ehi cd ca mat... Viet Nam (Dai Truyin hinh Viet Nam, Dai Truyen hinh Ky thuat sd VTC, Dai Phat thanhTruyln hinh Ha Ndi, Dai Truyin hinh phd Ho Chi Minh, Dai Phat - 228 VAI TRO, CO CHg PHAN BI^N VA GIAM SAT XA... sat va phan bien xa hoi Thong qua qua trinh nay, edng ddng nhan dan nam bat duge can ngu>en xuat hien ciia boat ddng phan bien, lir dd day len nhu cau quan tam, nhan thire van de dang duge dat