TIM HIEU Tl/TirdNG GIAO DUC CUA HO CHi MINH Le Tin Ninh Khoa Giao due chinh trj Truitng DHSP - DHQG Ha Ngi Hd Chi Minh khdng chi la mdt nha cich mang vl dai, nha van hoi Idn m i edn la mdt thiy giio, mdt nha giio due vl dai ciia din tdc Viet Nam Tu tudng giio due ciia Ngudi tieu bidu ebo tu tudng giio due tidn bd eua tbdi dai, ciia dit nude, phan inh tfnb quy luit khich quan ciia q u i trtnh xiy dung va phit trien ndn giio due ciia eic nude dang pbit trien, ddng tbdi phan inh gia trj tmydn thdng quy biu ciia dng eba ta Ndi len ude nguyen chin ebinb vi siu sic eua quang dai quin cbiing nhin dan lao ddng vi quydn Igi va banh pbiic duge bgc tip Di san tu tudng Hd Cbf Minh vi giio due dao tao, ren luyen eon ngudi rit phong phii Tu tudng ciia Ngudi da chi nhung phuong hudng eo ban eua chidn luge eon ngudi, chidn luge phit tridn giio due d nude ta sudt may ehue nam qua va ea thdi gian sip tdi Viee nghien cthi tu tudng ve giio due ciia Hd Chi Minh gitr vj tri dae biet quan trgng xay dyng chidn luge giio due chang dudng diu eua thdi ky qui len CNXH d nude ta Dya vao nhihig Idi phit bidu ciia Hd Cbf Minh vi giio due tdi he thdng mdt sd quan didm CO ban eua Ngudi: Tie dung va nbiem vu eua giio due; ddi tugng giio due; tfnb chit eua ndn giio due XHCN va phuong hudng phit tridn ndn giio due XHCN I Tac dung va nhiem vu ciia giao due Trong bai tho "Nira dem" vidt: "Hidn dfr phai dau la tfnb sin Phin nbidu giio due ma nen" Hd Cbf Minh da khdng eljnh tie dung ciia giio due Mdt mat Ngudi da ud'n ndm quan niem cu cho ring "eba me sinh triti sinh tfnb", nhung mat khie Ngudi eung khdng edng nhin giio due la van nang, ma chi cho ring giao due gdp phin vao viee ren luyen eon ngudi Tin tudng d tie dung eua giio due, nen sudt eude ddi boat ddng each mang eua minh, Ngudi ludn ludn chim lo ddn vSri dd giao due va dao tao ngudi Dae biet quan tim ddn cdng tic giio due vi Ngudi thiy rd giao due rit cin thidt cho each mang: "Khdng ed giio due, khdng ed cin bd thi cQng khdng ndi gi ddn kinh td, van boa" va "xa bdi cang di tdi, edng viee cang nbidu, may mde cang tinh xao Minh ma khdng ehju bgc tbi lac hau, ma lac haiu l i bj dao thai, tu minh dao thai minh"'" Rit tin tudng vao tic dung ciia giao due ma Bie Hd da ty khdng dinb "vi Igi feb tram nam tbi phai trdng ngudi" '-' va "mot din tdc dot la mdt dan tdc yen" Do dd sau lip nude Viet Nam Din ebu Cong boa, Ngudi da chi tbj: "Mdt nhung cdng viee phai thye hien cip tdc liic niy la ning cao din tri nbdm muc dfeb dao tao nhung edng din tuong lai tdt cho nude nha" "' Vj tn' eua giio due ddi ve'ti each mang nude ta dugc xic djnb bdi vai trd va tic dung ciia giio due Hd Chi Minh da vaeb nhiem vu giio due ciia eic nganh dai bgc, tmng bgc va lieu (1) Bii ndi ct H6i nghi NghiCn cu\i Lich sir Dang (28-11-19.S9) (2) Bii ndi ddn tham Idp chinh hiiaii he l9.'iH (3) Thugiri giao su, hoc sinh, ciiii be) ihiuih nieii va nlii ddng (31 - 10 - ]955) 65 pbd thdng ehdc chdn thidt thye, thfeh hgp vdi nbu eiu va tidn dd xay dimg nude nha, bd nhung phin nao khdng cin thidt cho ddi song thye td Tidu bgc chi cin giao dye eic ehiu tbieu nhi: Veu td qude, yeu nban dan, yeu lao ddng, ycu khoa bgc, trgng eua edng" '" II Ddi tugng giao due Hd Cbf Minh rit quan tilm ddn giao due cho lit ea nhin dan, nhung theo Ngudi mdi ddi tuong, mdi nganh lai ed nhfmg yeu eau khae Ddi tuong giio due ma Hd Cbf Minh quan tam nbidu nbit la eic ehiu tbidu nhi Ngudi rit tin tudng b eic ehiu tbidu nhi, nhirng "tidu ebu nhin eiia mdt nude doc lap va Ngudi mong sac mdi ehiu la mdt anb tbidu nhi" Nhin khai tmdng diu tien ciia nude Viet Nam DSn ebu Cdng boa (9/1945) Ngudi da viet thu cho eic ehiu: "Chiing ta phai xay dyng lai eo dd ma t6 tien dd lai ebo ehiing ta, lam cho ehung ta theo kjp eic nude khae tren hoan eiu Trong cdng eude kidn thidt dd, nude nha trdng mong chd dgi d eic ehiu rit nbidu", va Bie ludn ludn mong mudn eic ehiu tbidu nhi dirge hudng mdt "ndn giio due nd se dao tao eic ehiu nen ngudi cdng dan ed ich ebo nude Vict Nam, mot nen giao due lam pbit tridn boan loan nhung nang luc sdn ed eua eic ehiu" Ndi dung giao due tbidu nhi Bie da khii quit didu: "Yeu Td que'ic, yeu ddng bao Hge tap tdt, lao ddng tdt Doan kdt tdt, ky luit tdt GiO gin ve sinh that tdt Khiem tdn, that tha, dung cam" Phuong phap giio due tbidu nhi theo Ngudi la mdt khoa hge, Ngudi vi viee day tre nhu trdng cay non "trdng cay non duge tdt thi sau cay len tdt" Tre em nhu t ^ guong, cai tdt dd tidp thu, eii xiu eung dd tiep thu cho nen thiy ed giio, eba me ddu phai gUOng miu tit Idi ndi den viee lam Ngiriti nhin manh rdng luc hge cin phai lam cho cbiing vui, liic vui Cling cin lam ebo chiing hge Vdi nien Hd Cbf Minh eung quan tim, Ngudi dinb gii rit cao vai trd eua nien sy nghiep xay dyng dit nude Trong thu giri eic ban nien (17/8/1947) Ngudi vidt: "Nude nha tbjnb hay suy, yeu hay manh mdt phin Idn la cac nien", Ngudi coi "tudi tre la mila xuin eua xa bdi" Rit tin tudng d nien vi theo Ngudi, nien la ngudi tidp siic cich mang cho thd be nien gia, la ngudi diu dit the he nien tuong lai Vi vay giio due va ren luyen nien ngudi ed dire, ed tai vira hdng, vira chuyen la nhiem vy cich mang quan trgng ed y ngbla chidn luge Ttr dd Hd Cbf Minh dd nam ngi dung ehii ydu giio due nien: Phai ludn ludn nang cao cbf khf each mang, tmng vdi nude, bidu vdi din nhiem vu nao eung boan thanh, khd khan nao cQng vugt qua, ke thu nao eung dinb thing Khdng sg gian khd by sinh, hang bai tbi dua tang gia san xuat va anb diing chidn diu, xung phong di diu sU nghiep ehdng My eiiii nude Phai tin tudng siu sde d lye lugng va tn kie ciia tap thd, eua nban dan, tang eudng doan kdt va giiip dd lin nhau, ning cao y thire td ebiife va ky luat Kien quydt ehdng ebu ngbla c i nhin va ehii ngbla ty (I) Tliu giri giao sit, hoc sinh, can b6 ni^n va nhi d6ng (31 - 10 - 1955) 66 Ludn ludn giii gin dao diic each mang, khiem tdn va gian dj Chdng kieu cang, ty man Ra sure hge tip nang cao trinb dd ehfnh trj, van hoi, khoa bgc ky thuat va quin sy, dd cdng hidn ngiy cang nbidu cho Td qude, ebo nban dan Ludn ludn ehii y diu ddt va giao due tbidu nien va nhi ddng, lam guong tdt vi mgi mat cho din em noi theo *" Sy quan tam giio due ciia Hd Cbf Minh ma nbidu thd he nien da kd tidp thi dua thye hien khiu hieu "Dau Dang cin thi nien ed, viee gi khd thi nien lam" Mdt ddi tugng giio due ma Hd Cbf Minh rit coi trgng dd la cin bd, theo Ngudi can bd quydt djnb mgi viee va mudn viee edng hoac tbit bai ddu cin bd tdt hoac kem Vi vSy Ngudi khdng djnb: "Huin luyen cin bd la cdng viee gde" "' va phai ren luyen hg trd can bd guong miu, xirng ding vdi Idng trdng mong tin ciy eua Dang, Chinh phu, ciia quin ddi va ciia nhin din Theo quan didm eua Hd Cbf Minh thi cin bd ciia ta rit tdt nhung vi didu kien khd khan ma sd ddng can bd, dang vien ebua duge huin luyen ban hoi, cho nen tu tudng v i trinb dd ehfnh trj thi'p kem, lech lac Vi vay Ngudi rit quan tim ddn giio due cin bd nbit la cin bd dang vien va tri^ tbtic Trong viee giio due hg Ngudi nhin manh nam ndi dung: Vd giio due tu tudng ehfnh trj: mdi ngudi phai ed tu tudng xa bdi ebu nghia dung ddn thi mdi ed thd gdp phin xung ding vao viee xiy dyng CNXH Giio due dao dire each mang, Ngudi khdng djnb: dao diic cich mang khdng phai tren trdi sa xudng, m i diu tranh ren luyen bdn bi hang ma pbit tridn va eung ed, eung nhu ngge cang mai cang sing, vang cang luyen cang Giio due tic phong XHCN cin phai bai trtf ba can benb trim trgng dd la: benh ehii quan, ba boa v i hep bdi Giio due ndp sdng mdi ed tbdi quen: tip the due hang ngay, sinh boat diing gid, tdn trgng nguyen tic ky luat, ehdng hinb tbilrc, chdng thdi ludi bidng eiu tha Giao due y thiie nang cao trtnh dd van hoi, y tbire thye hien kbiu hieu eua Lenin: "Hge tip, bgc tap nix, bgc tip mai" Phu ntr l i mdt nhung ddi tugng giio due tu tudng Hd Chi Minh Theo Ngudi "phy ntr cing phai bgc" Trong sudt eude ddi boat ddng ciia minh, Ngudi ludn ludn quan tim de'n phu nu Khi vidt tac pham "Ban i n chd dd thye din Phip" Ngudi da gianh rieng chuetng ndi vd ndi thdng khd ciia ngudi phu nir ban xii' Sau cich mang edng, Ngudi thudng xuyen ebu y ddn viee hge tip eua phy nir: "Da liu chi em bj kim ham Diy la liie eic ehj em phai ed gdng dd kjp nam gidi, dd xirng dang minh la mdt phin tir nude" Bie nhin djnb ring "phu ntr ham hge hon nam gidi" Ngudi khuyen khich phu nir gdng hge tip: "Chj em phai cd gdng, hge van hoi, bgc chinh trj, hge nghd nghiep ndu khdng hge thi khdng tien bd"*^' (1) Thugiri nieu (20 - - 1965) (2) Siia ddi Id 161 \hn viee NXB Sy that, 1954, tr 52 (3) Ldi phat bie'u tai H6i nghi can bo nQ midn nui (19 - - 1963) 67 Nam 1964, ddn tham tmdng Dai hge su pham Ha Ndi Bie ndi "d day cd 4000 bgc sinh, mdt phin tu la ehiu gii nhu thd la ed tidn bd nhung duong edn ft"'" Hd Chii tjeh rit quan tim ddn viee phit tridn giao due b midn niii, Ngudi ndi: "Cin phii mang chinh sich ciia Ddng va Chfnh phu len thye hien b midn nui" Bie xic dinb nhiem vu ciia nien midn nui la thi dua bgc tap dd sau gdp phin vao viee md mang que buong minh va viee xay dyng nude Viet Nam yeu qui eua chiing ta" Bie dae biet chu S ddn ddn nhihig tmdng nien dan tdc, vira bgc vira lam va khdng djnb li "loai tmdng rit tdt" Ngudi khuydn khich nhihig giio vien xung phong len midn niii "lam thiy giio midn nui li mdt trieh nhiem nang nd nhung that vd vang" Tu tudng ciia Ngudi vd ddi tugng giio due rit phong phii, da dat ndn mdng cho sy nghifip giio due nude nhi III Tinh chat nen giao due XHCN: Hd Chi Minh khdng djnb tfnb lich sir va h'nh giai cip ciia giio due: "Chd dd khic thi giio due eung khie" Dudi chd dd eua cbiing ta, nha tmdng phai la phao dii ciia CNXH, mdt cdng cti eua chuyen chinh vd san Ngudi da phit bidu rit nbidu lin nhihig nam 1956-1961 ring "Mudn xiy dyng chii ngbla xa hdi thi phai ed ngudi xa bdi cbti ngbla" Con ngudi XHCN phai nha tmdng ciia cbiing ta dao tao Dd xay dyng CNXH, nha tmdng ehung ta "tmdc hdt phai siic tiy sach anh hudng giio due nd djch eua thye dan edn sdt lai nhu: thii dd thd o vdi xa bdi, xa vdi ddi sdng lao ddng vi diu tranh eua nban dan, bgc d^ liy bang cip, day theo Idi nhdi sg" va cin phai "day va hge dd phue vu Td qude, phue vu nban dan" Giio due phai phue vu dudng Idi chinh trj ciia Dang va Chinh phii, tir quan didm dd mi Ngudi yeu eiu giio due phai pbit tridn manh dd phue vu yeu eiu each mang Hd Chf Minh coi "giio due la sy nghiep ciia quin ehung", Ngudi rit tin quin chiing va ludn ludn khuydn khieh cbiing ta phai bgc hoi quin chiing va "bgc tmdng, bgc b sich vd, hge lan va hge d nban dan Khdng bgc nban dan la mdt thidu sdt rit Idn" Do vay Bie yeu eiu nganh giio due phai bidt dya vao quin ehiing, phit buy siic manh sing tao ciia quin chiing lao ddng, bgc tip kinh nghiem eua quin ehung Tinh chit eua ndn giio due XHCN theo quan didm eua Hd Cbf Minh thd hien phuong cham va nguyen ly giio due Nha tmdng XHCN phai kdt hgp giao due vdi lao ddng san xuit, 1^ luan phii lien he vdi thye td Ngudi day bgc ly luan dd dip dung thye td, ndu khdng ip dung thye td tbi "khae nao mdt cai hdm dimg sich" Ttr sy thdng nbit giira ly luin va thye tidn, Hd Chi Minh ludn ludn nban manh m6i quan he bien ehung gitra bgc va banh "Hge phai di ddi vdi banh" va "Hge ma khdng banh thi vd I'eh Hanh ma khdng hge thi banh khdng trdi chay" Nam 1964 ndi chuyen vdi sinh vien tmdng Dai hge Su pham Ha Ndi, Ngudi day: "Hge phai suy nghi, phai hen he vdi thye td, phai cd thf nghiem va thye banh Hge va banh phai kdt hgp vdi nhau" "Hge di ddi vdi hanh", quan didm ciia Hd Cbf Minh da trd nguyen tic vang ngge ciia phep su pham Nguyen ly cho phep eiing mdt liic hinb ea tn tbii'c va ky nang (1) Bie n6i tai tnt5iig Dai hoc Su pham Ha N6i (21 - 10 - 1964) 68 Hd Chf Minh khdng dinb ring "van boa giio due li mdt mat tran quan trgng cdng cudc xiy dyng CNXH b midn Bde vi diu tranh thye hien tmydn thdng nude nha Nhung ngudi ddi hdi phai "tmdc hdng, sau chuyen, ma hdng thi phai ddn nci va chuyen thi phai ddn chdn" Do viy giio due khdng nhung phai ed tri thire pbd thdng ma phai ed dao dii'c cich mang: "Cd tai phai cd dure" Theo Ngudi, day eung nhu bgc phai bidt chii trgng ea tai lin diic IV Phuong hudng phat trien nen giao due XHCN: Tu tudng Hd Chf Minh vd phuong hudng phit tridn ndn giao due XHCN Viet Nam Thur nhit: Ngudi danh gii rit cao vai trd ciia ngudi thiy giio: "Khdng cd thiy giao, khdng cd giio due" va "ndu khdng cd thiy giao day dd eon em nhin din thi lam ma xiy dimg CNXH dugc Vi viy nghd thay giio la rit quan trgng, rit ve vang"'" Bie xic djnh nhiem vu eua thiy giio chd dd XHCN la bdi dudng thd he cdng din, cin bd sau Lam tdt thi thd he sau anh hudng tdt va ngugc lai lam khdng tdt thi anb hudng khdng tdt Ngudi thSy giao mudn lam nhiem vu cao ea ciia minh phai tu duong vd mgi mat, phai ning cao trtnh dd ciia minh Vi vay, ngudi thiy giio phai ed ging hge tip them vd chinh tri va chuySn mdn Khdng nhung thd thiy giio edn "phai tidn tmdc dd dua din tdc tidn len mai" Bie yeu eiu thiy giio phai guong miu mgi mat, khdng ngtmg bdi duSng dao dure each mang, lip tmdng chfnh trj, phai siic doan kdt giiip dd eung tidn bd Nhung mat khae, Ngudi ddi hdi phai cd phuong phap day phti hgp "eic thiy, cd giio phai tim each day eii gi, day nhu thd^ nao dd trd bidu chdng, nhd liu, tidn bd nhanh""' Thur hai: Thiy thi dua day, trd thi dua bgc Hd Chf Minh phat ddng phong trio thi dua yeu nude, vay ndu toan din thi dua thi nginh giio due eung phai thi dua Trong nha tmdng thiy thi dua day, trd thi dua bgc, dd la phong trio thi dua "hai tdt" tire la day that tdt - hge tbit tdt Theo Ngudi, thi dua khdng nhihig la bidu hien ciia tinh thin yeu nude mi edn la cich rit tdt, rit thidt thye dd lam cho mgi ngudi tidn bd ThVi ba: Trong nha tmdng cin cd din ebu Theo Ngudi, tmdng bgc XHCN cin phai cd dan ebu Din chu thd hien mgi vSin 6i thiy trd ctlng thao luin dan chu nhung trd phai kinh biy, thiy phai phai quy trd chii' khdng phai ci ddi bang diu Ngudi mong mudn nhihig ngudi lanh dao nha tmdng phai bidt kdt hgp vdi quin cbiing tmdng ma tidn hinb mgi viee Thii tu: Tmdng bgc phai lien he chat chd vdi gia dinb va xa hdi Nha tmdng khdng nhihig phai tranh thii sy ddng gdp ciia nhin vien va bgc sinh ma edn phai hen he vdi gia dinb va xa bdi Trong chd eiia ehiing ta, giao due ddi hdi sy cdng tic tay ba giiia nhi tmdng - gia dinb - xa hdi Hd Chf Minh nhin manh: "Giao due nha tmelmg chi l i mdt phin, cin cd sy giio due ngoai xa hdi va gia dinh di giiip cho viee giio due nhi tmdng tdt ban Giao due nha trudng du tdt miy nhung tbidu giao due gia dinh va ngoii xa hdi thi kdt qua eung khdng boan hao" '" Mat khie Ngudi ddi hdi nhi trudng phai lien he chit che vdi gia dinb va xa hdi, Ngudi edn chi tbj cho cac doan thd nien, phu nir, eic cip chinh quydn Dang phai thye sy quan tim ddn nhi tmdng, den viee bgc tip eua em minh 69 Hd Chi Minh ludn keu ggi nhin din gdp cdng siic vao xiy dyng giio due, ddng thdi Ngudi quy trich nhiem cho mdi ngudi viee giio due Do vay cin phai hen he chat che vifc giao due giira nhi tmdng vdi gia dinh, vdi xa hdi, giira nha tmdng vdi doan thd ma tmdc hdt la doan nien C^uan didm giio due eua Hd Chf Minh la nhtmg cdng hidn vl dai cho nganh giio due Viet Nam Diy la mdt bancuong llnh cho toan nginh giio due Oio tdi quan didm ciia Hd Chi Minh vd giio due, dae biet vd phuong chim, phuong phap giao due eua Ngudi vin edn nguyen gii trj ly luin va thye tidn, li nhihig "khudn vang thudc ngge", bai hge kinh nghiem Idn cai cich, phit tridn giio due, ning cao dan tri tao siic manh tinh thin mdi ciia dan tdc, dap img yeu eiu ciia sy nghiep cdng nghiep boa, hien dai hoi dit nude, ehuin bi hanh trang vihig budc vao thd ky XXI diy tridn vgng Tdi lieu tham khdo Hd Chi Minh vd vin dd hge tap NXB Ha Ndi, 1971 Hd Chf Minh vd vin dd giio due NXB Giao due, 1977 Hd Chi Minh toan tip NXB Sy tbit Ha Ndi, 1985 Hd Chf Minh vdi sy nghiep giio due NXB Sy that Ha Ndi, 1990 Mdt sd quan didm giio due eiia Hd Chii tjeh NguySn Lan, 1970 Nhung miu chuyen vd ddi boat ddng eua Hd Chii tjeh NXB Van bgc Ha Ndi, 1964 Tap chi nghien eihi cbii nghia Mac Lenin va tu tudng Hd Cbf Minh Cic bai phit bidu eua Hd Chf Minh: + Trong eic eude hdi nghj cin bd nganh giio due + Thu giri ebo can bd, hge sinh + Bai phit bidu tai tmdng Dai hge Su pham Hi Ndi SUMMARY The study of Ho Chi Minh pedagogical ideology Ho Chi Minh is a great teacher of Vietnamese people His pedagogical ideology showed basic direction of man's strategy, that is strategy of pedagogical development in Vietnam The research of Ho Chi Minh ideology for pedagogy in general is hold the important role of building up the pedagogical strategy development at period of transition to SociaUsm in Vietnam Ideological legacy of Ho Chi Minh for pedagogy is very rich Now, His view-point of pedagogical responsibility, object and developmental direction of sociahsm education is a lodestar and His pedagogical view-point is great contribution for Vietnamese pedagogy Up to now Ho Chi Minh view-point has remained its real worth of reasoning and practice for pedagogical reform and development in Vietnam 70 ... The study of Ho Chi Minh pedagogical ideology Ho Chi Minh is a great teacher of Vietnamese people His pedagogical ideology showed basic direction of man's strategy, that is strategy of pedagogical... Hd Chi Minh vd vin dd hge tap NXB Ha Ndi, 1971 Hd Chf Minh vd vin dd giio due NXB Giao due, 1977 Hd Chi Minh toan tip NXB Sy tbit Ha Ndi, 1985 Hd Chf Minh vdi sy nghiep giio due NXB Sy that Ha... nang nd nhung that vd vang" Tu tudng ciia Ngudi vd ddi tugng giio due rit phong phii, da dat ndn mdng cho sy nghifip giio due nude nhi III Tinh chat nen giao due XHCN: Hd Chi Minh khdng djnb