In this book Jonathan Lowe offers a lucid and wide-ranging introduction to the philosophy of mind. Using aproblem-centred approach designed to stimulate as wellas instruct, he begins with a general examination of themind–body problem and moves on to detailed examina-tion of more specific philosophical issues concerningsensation, perception, thought and language, rational-ity, artificial intelligence, action, personal identity andself-knowledge. His discussion is notably broad in scope,and distinctive in giving equal attention to deep meta-physical questions concerning the mind and to the dis-coveries and theories of modern scientific psychology. Itwill be of interest to any reader with a basic groundingin modern philosophy.E. J. Lowe is Professor of Philosophy at the University ofDurham. His publications include Kinds of Being (1989),Locke on Human Understanding (1995), Subjects of Experience(1996) and The Possibility of Metaphysics (1998). AN INTRODUCTION TO THEPHILOSOPHY OF MIND AN INTRODUCTIONTO THE PHILOSOPHYOF MINDE. J. LOWEUniversity of Durham The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, AustraliaRuiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, SpainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africahttp://www.cambridge.orgFirst published in printed format ISBN 0-521-65285-5 hardbackISBN 0-521-65428-9 paperbackISBN 0-511-04054-7 eBookE. J. Lowe 20042000(netLibrary)© ContentsPrefacepagexi1Introduction1Empiricalpsychologyandphilosophicalanalysis2Metaphysicsandthephilosophyofmind3Abriefguidetotherestofthisbook62Minds,bodiesandpeople8Cartesiandualism9Theconceivabilityargument11Thedivisibilityargument13Non-Cartesiandualism15Arepersonssimplesubstances?18Conceptualobjectionstodualisticinteraction21Empiricalobjectionstodualisticinteraction24Thecausalclosureargument26Objectionstothecausalclosureargument29Otherargumentsforandagainstphysicalism32Conclusions363Mentalstates39Propositionalattitudestates40Behaviourismanditsproblems41Functionalism44Functionalismandpsychophysicalidentitytheories48Theproblemofconsciousness51Qualiaandtheinvertedspectrumargument53Somepossibleresponsestotheinvertedspectrumargument55Theabsentqualiaargumentandtwonotionsofconsciousness59Eliminativematerialismand‘folkpsychology’61Someresponsestoeliminativematerialism64Conclusions66vii Contentsviii4Mentalcontent69Propositions70Thecausalrelevanceofcontent74Theindividuationofcontent79Externalisminthephilosophyofmind82Broadversusnarrowcontent84Content,representationandcausality89Misrepresentationandnormality92Theteleologicalapproachtorepresentation95Objectionstoateleologicalaccountofmentalcontent99Conclusions1005Sensationandappearance102Appearanceandreality103Sense-datumtheoriesandtheargumentfromillusion107Otherargumentsforsense-data110Objectionstosense-datumtheories112Theadverbialtheoryofsensation114Theadverbialtheoryandsense-data116Primaryandsecondaryqualities119Sense-datumtheoriesandtheprimary/secondarydistinction121Anadverbialversionoftheprimary/secondarydistinction125Docolour-propertiesreallyexist?126Conclusions1286Perception130Perceptualexperienceandperceptualcontent131Perceptualcontent,appearanceandqualia135Perceptionandcausation137Objectionstocausaltheoriesofperception143Thedisjunctivetheoryofperception145Thecomputationalandecologicalapproachestoperception149Consciousness,experienceand‘blindsight Introduction to the Neoclassical Perspective Introduction to the Neoclassical Perspective By: OpenStaxCollege Impact of the Great Recession The impact of the Great Recession can be seen in many areas of the economy that impact our daily lives One of the most visible signs can be seen in the housing market where many homes and other buildings are abandoned, including ones that midway through construction (Credit: modification of work by A McLin/Flickr Creative Commons) Navigating Unchartered Waters The Great Recession ended in June 2009 after 18 months, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) The NBER examines a variety of measures of economic activity to gauge the overall health of the economy These measures include real income, wholesale and retail sales, employment, and industrial production In the 1/3 Introduction to the Neoclassical Perspective years since the official end of this historic economic downturn, it has become clear that the Great Recession was two-pronged, hitting the U.S economy with the collapse of the housing market and the failure of the financial system's credit institutions, further contaminating global economies While the stock market rapidly lost trillions of dollars of value, consumer spending dried up, and companies began cutting jobs, economic policymakers were struggling with how to best combat and prevent a national, and even global economic collapse In the end, policymakers used a number of controversial monetary and fiscal policies to support the housing market and domestic industries as well as to stabilize the financial sector Some of these initiatives included: • Federal Reserve Bank purchase of both traditional and nontraditional assets off banks' balance sheets By doing this, the Fed injected money into the banking system and increased the amounts of funds available to lend to the business sector and consumers This also dropped short-term interest rates to as low as zero percent and had the effect of devaluing U.S dollars in the global market and boosting exports • The Congress and the President also passed several pieces of legislation that would stabilize the financial market The Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), passed in late 2008, allowed the government to inject cash into troubled banks and other financial institutions and help support General Motors and Chrysler as they faced bankruptcy and threatened job losses throughout their supply chain The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in early 2009 provided tax rebates to low- and middle-income households to encourage consumer spending Four years after the end of the Great Recession, the economy has yet to return to its pre-recession levels of productivity and growth Annual productivity increased only 1.9% between 2009 and 2012 compared to its 2.7% annual growth rate between 2000 and 2007, unemployment remains above the natural rate, and real GDP continues to lag behind potential growth The actions taken to stabilize the economy are still under scrutiny and debate about their effectiveness continues In this chapter, we will discuss the neoclassical perspective on economics and compare it to the Keynesian perspective At the end of the chapter, we will use the neoclassical perspective to analyze the actions taken in the Great Recession Introduction to the Neoclassical Perspective In this chapter, you will learn about: • The Building Blocks of Neoclassical Analysis • The Policy Implications of the Neoclassical Perspective • Balancing Keynesian and Neoclassical Models 2/3 Introduction to the Neoclassical Perspective In Chicago, Illinois, the highest recorded temperature was 105° in July 1995, while the lowest recorded temperature was 27° below zero in January 1958 Understanding why these extreme weather patterns occurred would be interesting However, if you wanted to understand the typical weather pattern in Chicago, instead of focusing on one-time extremes, you would need to look at the entire pattern of data over time A similar lesson applies to the study of macroeconomics It is interesting to study extreme situations, like the Great Depression of the 1930s or what many have called the Great Recession of 2008–2009 If you want to understand the whole picture, however, you need to look at the long term Consider the unemployment rate The unemployment rate has fluctuated from as low as 3.5% in 1969 to as high as 9.7% in 1982 and 9.6% in 2009 Even as the U.S unemployment rate rose during recessions and declined during expansions, it kept returning to the general neighborhood of 5.0–5.5% When the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office carried out its long-range economic forecasts in 2010, it assumed that from 2015 to 2020, after the recession has passed, the unemployment rate would be 5.0% From a long-run perspective, the economy seems to keep adjusting back to this rate of unemployment As the name “neoclassical” implies, this perspective of how the macroeconomy works is a “new” view of the “old” ... Anh được biết đến là xứ sở của sương mù và truyền thống củûa môn thể thao vua với những cái tên nổi tiếng như : Michael Owen, DavidBeckam …. Loài hoa biểu tượng của Anh là hoa Hồng Màu sắc đặc trưng của những dòch vụ công cộng là màu đỏ ( Điện thoại công cộng và xe buýt 2 tầng ) Quốc huy của Scôtlen Hoa Thistle- Hoa biểu tượng Trang phục và nhạc cụ truyền thống của nam giới A Gentle Introduction to the Spring Framework T he Spring Framework is an open source application framework written in Java, which supports Java 1.3 and later. It makes building business applications with Java much easier compared with using the classic Java frameworks and application programming interfaces (APIs), such as Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) and JavaServer Pages (JSP). Since its introduction, the Spring Frame- work has significantly improved the way people design and implement business applications by incorporating best-practice methodologies and simplifying development. As an introduction to the Spring Framework, this chapter will cover the following topics: • The process of developing a typical business application and the role the Spring Framework can play • An overview of the modules that make up the Spring Framework • An introduction to the sample application that you’ll be working with in this book • An example that demonstrates one of the Spring Framework’s core features: managing dependencies • How the Spring Framework integrates with Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) • How to set up the Spring Framework in your applications Building a Business Application A modern business application typically consists of the following components: • Relational database: Stores the data related to the problem domain. The database is not nec- essarily part of the application, but the data-access classes have been written for the specific schema of the database, so that the application is closely coupled with the database schema. • Graphical user interface (GUI): Lets users interact with the business processes that are imple- mented by the application. Since the days of the web revolution, many business applications are web-based. • Business logic: Controls and monitors the execution of business processes. The business logic must work with the database and is called by the GUI. Unfortunately, as tens of thousands of Java developers worldwide can testify, developing business applications in Java can be very hard and frustrating. This is especially, although not exclu- sively, true at the join points, where the business logic meets the database and the GUI meets the business logic. 1 CHAPTER 1 9187ch01.qxd 8/2/07 10:05 AM Page 1 Java Platform Hurdles Java is one of the most powerful and easy-to-use programming languages for developing business applications, so it might seem strange to suggest that developing business applications in Java is difficult. The main hurdles involve its extensive set of libraries and frameworks, each of which adds a wide range of capabilities to Java. The parts of the Java platform that are crucial for building typical business applications are as follows: • The JDBC API allows Java applications to connect to a wide range of relational databases. • The Servlet and JSP specifications are crucial for web-based business applications. • Desktop applications rely heavily on the Swing or Standard Widget Toolkit (SWT) APIs. Each of these APIs offers useful capabilities for developing business applications, but most of them are very difficult to use. For example, it’s hard to use the JDBC API correctly for very basic queries on a database (see Chapter 5 for an example). JDBC is an intrusive API—it influences the design of an application in such a way that the focus of the design shifts away from its 1 An Introduction to the Grid 1.1 INTRODUCTION The Grid concepts and technologies are all very new, first expressed by Foster and Kesselman in 1998 [1]. Before this, efforts to orches- trate wide-area distributed resources were known as metacomput- ing [2]. Even so, whichever date we use to identify when efforts in this area started, compared to general distributed computing, the Grid is a very new discipline and its exact focus and the core com- ponents that make up its infrastructure are still being investigated and have yet to be determined. Generally it can be said that the Grid has evolved from a carefully configured infrastructure that sup- ported a limited number of grand challenge applications executing on high-performance hardware between a number of US national centres [3], to what we are aiming at today, which can be seen as a seamless and dynamic virtual environment. In this book we take a step-by-step approach to describe the middleware components that make up this virtual environment which is now called the Grid. 1.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GRID Before we go any further we need to somehow define and char- acterize what can be seen as a Grid infrastructure. To start with, let us think about the execution of a distributed application. Here The Grid: Core Technologies Maozhen Li and Mark Baker © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE GRID we usually visualize running such an application “on top” of a software layer called middleware that unifies the resources being used by the application into a single coherent virtual machine. To help understand this view of a distributed application and its accompanying middleware, consider Figure 1.1, which shows the hardware and software components that would be typically found on a PC-based cluster. This view then raises the question, what is the difference between a distributed system and the Grid? Obvi- ously the Grid is a type of distributed system, but this does not really answer the question. So, perhaps we should try and establish “What is a Grid?” In 1998, Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman provided an initial defi- nition in their book The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infras- tructure [1]: “A computational grid is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides dependable, consistent, pervasive, and inexpensive access to high-end computational capabilities.” This particular definition stems from the earlier roots of the Grid, that of interconnecting high-performance facilities at various US labo- ratories and universities. Since this early definition there have been a number of other attempts to define what a Grid is. For example, “A grid is a soft- ware framework providing layers of services to access and manage distributed hardware and software resources” [4] or a “widely Sequential applications Parallel programming environment Cluster middleware (Single system image and availability infrastructure) Cluster interconnection network/switch Network interface hardware Communications software PC/ Workstation Network interface hardware Communications software PC/ Workstation PC/ Workstation Network interface hardware Communications software PC/ Workstation Network interface hardware Communications software Sequential applications Sequential applications Parallel applications Parallel applications Figure 1.1 The hardware and software components of a typical cluster 1.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GRID 3 distributed network of high-performance computers, stored data, instruments, and collaboration environments shared across insti- tutional boundaries” [5]. In 2001, 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE CRACKING WITH OLLYDBG FROM CRACKLATINOS (_kienmanowar_) I. Lời nói đầu Hà Nội trời lạnh nhưng cũng không thể át được không khí hừng hực lửa tại triển lãm Giảng Võ.Hàng nghìn con người hò hét, lắc giật xé tan bầu không khí lạnh lẽo. Sau một đêm “phê” cùng R0ck, toàn thân mệt nhoài, cổ đau đến hôm nay mới đỡ tôi lại tiếp tục dành thời gian để hầu tiếp các bạn phần ba trong loạt tut về Ollydbg. Phần ba này sẽ tập trung giới thiệu tới các bạn ý nghĩa của các thanh ghi, các cờ thường được sử dụng trong quá trình crack hay reverse chương trình. Tôi sẽ cố gắng đúc kết lại sao cho các bạn dễ dàng tiếp cận nhanh nhất có thể… 0k13! L3t’s R0ck w1th m3 ☺ II. Giới thiệu chung Thông tin được lưu giữ bên trong bộ vi xử lý trong các thanh ghi. Các thanh ghi được phân loại theo chức năng của chúng. Bộ vi xử lý dựa vào sự trợ giúp của các thanh ghi để thực thi một chương trình. Các thanh ghi được phân loại như sau : thanh ghi dữ liệu chứa dữ liệu cho một thao tác, thanh ghi địa chỉ chứa địa chỉ của lệnh hay của dữ liệu và thanh ghi trạng thái lưu trạng thái hiện thời của bộ vi xử lý. ðối với bộ xử lý 8086 có bốn thanh ghi dữ liệu công dụng chung, các thanh ghi địa chỉ được chia ra làm các thanh ghi đoạn, thanh ghi con trỏ, thanh ghi chỉ số; thanh ghi trạng thái còn được gọi là các cờ. Khi mới làm quen với các thanh ghi tôi khuyên bạn không nên học thuộc hết các chức năng của các thanh ghi liền một lúc, các bạn nên làm quen với các thanh ghi dần dần trong quá trình học cũng như trong lúc thực hành với Ollydbg. III. Chi tiết về các thanh ghi và công dụng 1. Thanh ghi ESP : Thanh ghi đầu tiên mà tôi muốn giới thiệu tới các bạn đó chính là thanh ghi ESP (con trỏ ngăn xếp – Stack pointer). Thanh ghi này luôn trỏ tới đỉnh hiện thời của ngăn xếp. Các bạn xem hình minh họa dưới đây : 2 Như các bạn thấy trên hình, giá trị của thanh ghi ESP là 0x0013FFC4h, quan sát tại cửa sổ Stack các bạn sẽ thấy giá trị này đang nằm tại đỉnh của Stack. Thanh ghi ESP trỏ tới địa chỉ vùng nhớ nơi mà thao tác stack tiếp theo sẽ được thực hiện. 2. Thanh ghi EIP : ðể truy cập đến các lệnh, 8086 sử dụng thanh ghi EIP (Instruction Pointer). ðây là một thanh ghi rất quan trọng, nó được cập nhật mỗi khi có một lệnh được thực hiện để sao cho nó luôn trỏ đến lệnh tiếp theo. Khác với các thanh ghi khác EIP không thể bị tác động trực tiếp bởi các lệnh, do đó trong một lệnh chúng ta sẽ thấy thường không có mặt thanh ghi EIP như một toán hạng. Ví dụ quan sát cửa sổ Registers trong Olly chúng ta thấy như sau : 3 Chúng ta thấy rằng thanh ghi EIP mang giá trị là 0x00401000h, điều này có nghĩa là địa chỉ 0x00401000h chính là địa chỉ của câu lệnh tiếp theo sẽ được thực hiện. Chúng ta quan sát trên cửa sổ CPU sẽ thấy được câu lệnh tại địa chỉ trên là câu lệnh gì : Tại cửa sổ CPU, chúng ta nhấn F8 để thực hiện câu lệnh đầu tiên tại địa chỉ 0x00401000h và quan sát trên cửa sổ Register xem thanh ghi EIP sẽ thay đổi giá trị như thế nào ? Chúng ta sẽ thấy được như sau : Oh, giá trị thanh ghi đã thay đổi thành 0x00401002h, đó chính là địa chỉ của câu lệnh tiếp theo sẽ được thực hiện khi bạn quan sát trong màn hình CPU. 3. Thanh ghi EBP : ðây cũng là một thanh ghi không kém phần quan trọng, thanh ghi EBP (Con trỏ cơ sở - Base Pointer) chủ yếu được sử dụng để truy nhập dữ liệu trong ngăn xếp. Tuy nhiên khác với thanh ghi ESP, thanh ghi EBP còn được sử dụng để truy nhập dữ liệu trong các đoạn khác. Thanh ghi EBP thường được kết hợp với ESP khi chúng ta bắt gặp một lời gọi hàm, thì trước khi hàm này được thực hiện địa chỉ trở về của chương trình (tức là địa chỉ của câu lệnh tiếp theo dưới lời gọi hàm) sẽ được cất vào Stack, và bên trong thân hàm giá trị hiện thời của thanh ghi EBP sẽ được đẩy vào Stack, bởi vì giá trị của thanh ghi EBP phải được thay đổi để có thể tham chiếu tới các giá trị trên Stack. 4 4. Các thanh ghi dữ liệu EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX: ðây là 4 thanh ghi đa năng 32 bit, điều đặc ... discuss the neoclassical perspective on economics and compare it to the Keynesian perspective At the end of the chapter, we will use the neoclassical perspective to analyze the actions taken in the. .. Recession Introduction to the Neoclassical Perspective In this chapter, you will learn about: • The Building Blocks of Neoclassical Analysis • The Policy Implications of the Neoclassical Perspective. . .Introduction to the Neoclassical Perspective years since the official end of this historic economic downturn, it has become clear that the Great Recession was two-pronged, hitting the U.S