The relationships among emotional intelligence, leadership styles and performance of employees in enterprises in Ha Noi, Viet Nam

THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, LEADERSHIP STYLES AND PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES IN ENTERPRISES IN HANOI, VIETNAM _ A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Southern Luzon State University, Lucban, Quezon, Philippines in Collaboration with Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam _ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Business Administration _ By NGUYEN THI THU HUONG (ALICE) December 2013 i APPROVAL SHEET ii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am deeply indebted to Dr Edwin Bernal and sincerely grateful for his infinite patience, direction, support, wisdom, and guidance throughout the completion of this research Secondly, I would like to thank the following individuals for their contributions and cooperation throughout the research: • All the leaders and employees who took the time to complete the questionnaires; • Dr Nguyen Thanh Hai and Trinh Thi Hieu, from the International Training Center of Thai Nguyen University, for their help and assistance; • My colleagues in The University of Labor and Social Affair, for their continuous encouragement and support, through the good and bad times, and also for helping with the proofreading of the document NGUYEN THI THU HUONG (ALICE) iv DEDICATION I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my parents, my husband, my children, and all of my dear friends who instilled within me a love of creative pursuits, science and language, all of which finds a place in this the dissertation NGUYEN THI THU HUONG (ALICE) v TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………………… ii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ……………………………………… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………… iv DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………… v TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………… vi LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………… viii LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………… ix LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………… x ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… xi CHAPTER I II III INTRODUCTION …………………………………………… Background of the Study ………………………………… Objectives of the Study …………………………………… Statement of the Problem……………………………….… Hypothesis of the Study …………………………………… Significance of the Study ………………………………… Scope and Limitations of the Study ……………………… Definition of Terms ………………………………………… REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………… 13 Conceptual Framework ………………………………….… 37 METHODOLOGY 39 Locale of the Study ………………………………………… 39 Research Design …………………………………………… 39 Population, Sample and Sampling Designs ……… …… 39 Research Instrument ……………………………………… 40 Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………… 42 Statistical Treatment ……………………… …….…… 43 vi IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ………………………… 44 The Survey Respondents ………………………………… 44 Relationship Between Leadership Styles and Employee Performance Leadership Styles ………………………… 46 Relationship Between Employee Performance Leaders’ Emotional Intelligence ……………………………………… Relationships among Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Styles and Employee Performance ……………………… Most Effective Leadership Style in Vietnamese Companies ………………………………………………… V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND 51 55 56 58 RECOMMENDATIONS Summary of Findings ……………………………………… 58 Conclusions ………………………………………………… 60 Recommendations ………………………………………… 60 REFERENCES ……………………… ………………………………… 62 APPENDICES …………………………………………………………… 70 CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………… 98 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE Sample and Response Rates ……………………………… 45 The Distribution of the Participants in Terms of Gender … 45 The Distribution of the Participants in Terms of Company 46 Mean Scores and Standard Deviations of Leadership Styles …………………………………………………………… 47 The Leadership Styles According to the Type of Company 48 Mean Scores and Standard Deviations of Employee Performance …………………………………………………… 49 Mean Scores and Standard Deviations of Emotional Intelligence …………………………………………………… 52 Correlations Between Emotional Intelligence and Employee Performance ……………………………………… 54 Summary of Hypothesis Testing Results ………………… 57 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 2.1 The Conceptual ………………………………………………… 37 4.1 The Pie Chart of Leadership Styles ………………………… 47 4.2 Box Plot of Emotional Intelligence Scores …………………… 53 ix LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX PAGE A Leadership styles Questionnaire (Leader version) ……… 71 B Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Leader version) … 74 C Leadership styles Questionnaire (Subordinate version) … 77 D Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Subordinate version) ……………………………………………………… 80 E Employee Performance Evaluation ……………………… 83 F Emotional Intelligence Scoring Key ……………………… 86 G Employee Performance Scoring Key …………………… 87 H Leadership Styles Scoring Key …………………………… 88 I Reliability Analysis ( Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficients) ………………………………………………… 89 J Covariance Matrix …………………………………………… 95 K The Results of Linear Regressions ……………………… 96 ` x 86 Appendix F Emotional Intelligence Scoring Key Factor Number Emotional Competency Factors Emotional Literacy Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 3 2 Q Q Q Self-Esteem/ Self-Regard Self-Management 3 4 Self-Motivation 1 Change Resilience 4 Interpersonal Relations 1 2 Integration of Head and Heart 2 Where Q# = Question Number 87 Appendix G Employee Performance Scoring Key Factor Number Emotional Competency Q# Q# Q# Q# Q# Q# Q# Q# Factors Quality Productivity Job knowledge 10 11 Reliability 17 Initiative/Creativity 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Teamwork 31 32 33 34 35 Customer service 36 37 38 39 Where Q# = Question Number Q# 88 Appendix H Leadership Styles Scoring Key Factor Number Leadership styles Factors Q# Q# Q# Q# Q# Q# Q# Q# Q# Transactional leadership 19 20 25 27 Charismatic leadership 11 16 21 24 26 28 Visionary leadership 10 15 23 Transformational leadership 12 13 14 17 18 Where Q# = Question Number 22 89 Appendix I Reliability Analysis (Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficients) Leadership styles questionnaire 1.1 Transactional leadership Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Scale Variance if Corrected Item- Cronbach's Alpha Item Deleted Item Deleted Total Correlation if Item Deleted b1 21.8471 9.341 655 647 b4 21.6596 14.340 176 765 b19 21.3298 10.109 773 625 b20 21.5671 12.915 208 777 b25 21.3724 7.438 824 573 b27 21.4729 13.343 290 748 1.2 Charismatic leadership Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted b6 25.4151 26.192 900 936 b11 25.1787 22.376 907 935 b16 25.2249 28.609 747 949 b24 24.8960 27.289 754 946 b26 25.1333 25.486 896 935 b28 25.1804 22.742 830 945 b21 24.8916 25.455 904 934 90 1.3 Visionary leadership Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted b2 21.2249 14.726 794 908 b3 21.3191 16.741 933 897 b9 21.5529 19.132 581 933 b10 21.2711 16.581 698 919 b15 21.1262 16.269 831 903 b23 21.5102 12.057 996 880 1.4 Transformational leadership Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted b8 26.0898 14.928 821 770 b12 26.1378 15.061 885 760 b13 25.5689 14.154 764 781 b14 25.4738 21.312 592 837 b17 25.3760 22.522 -.053 904 b18 25.2347 16.894 763 788 b22 25.5218 16.696 682 797 91 Employee performance questionnaire 2.1 Work factor Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted c1 15.7120 4.528 849 825 c2 15.2093 5.101 789 838 c3 15.4973 7.261 036 932 c5 15.2080 4.523 770 845 c4 15.7827 5.237 828 834 c6 15.4240 5.427 918 830 2.2 Productivity Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted c7 6.7147 781 626 318 c8 6.4973 1.148 193 768 c9 6.0707 319 685 133 92 2.3 Job Knowledge Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted c10 19.5587 10.166 924 907 c11 19.6320 9.545 788 921 c12 18.9173 9.595 885 908 c13 19.2720 10.561 835 915 c14 19.7040 9.705 846 913 c15 19.7000 13.941 000 957 c16 19.4160 9.018 965 899 2.4 Reliability Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted c17 19.7027 5.230 -.281 758 c18 19.6307 3.991 124 685 c19 18.9160 4.832 000 652 c21 19.8467 2.985 590 499 c20 19.4907 3.299 898 461 c22 20.0627 3.042 716 464 c23 19.8467 2.985 590 499 93 2.5 Initiative Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted c24 19.5600 11.248 976 927 c25 19.4187 11.979 917 932 c27 19.7013 13.931 645 955 c26 19.3453 13.937 880 939 c28 19.3440 14.801 766 949 c29 18.9867 13.875 916 937 c30 19.4200 11.896 873 938 2.6 Teamwork Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted c31 12.1373 2.788 821 729 c32 12.2813 3.161 869 731 c33 12.1373 5.022 000 883 c34 12.1373 2.788 821 729 c35 11.8560 3.002 559 831 94 2.7 Customer service Item-Total Statistics Scale Mean if Item Deleted Scale Variance if Item Deleted Corrected Item-Total Correlation Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted c36 9.9267 1.034 695 593 c37 9.9253 1.246 462 750 c38 10.2120 1.063 943 460 c39 10.4280 1.891 174 834 95 Appendix J Covariance Matrix Coefficient Correlationsa Visionary Leadership Charismatic Transformation Leadership al Leadership Emotional intelligence Visionary Leadership 1.000 -.554 -.260 -.674 -.532 Charismatic Leadership -.554 1.000 -.092 626 329 Transformational Leadership -.260 -.092 1.000 020 -.391 Emotional intelligence -.674 626 020 1.000 058 Transactional Leadership -.532 329 -.391 058 1.000 1.042E-6 -2.591E-7 -1.869E-7 -6.842E-7 -4.067E-7 Charismatic Leadership -2.591E-7 2.096E-7 -2.967E-8 2.848E-7 1.126E-7 Transformation al Leadership -1.869E-7 -2.967E-8 4.963E-7 1.375E-8 -2.060E-7 Emotional intelligence -6.842E-7 2.848E-7 1.375E-8 9.886E-7 4.315E-8 Transactional Leadership -4.067E-7 1.126E-7 -2.060E-7 4.315E-8 5.603E-7 Model Correlations Covariances Visionary Leadership a Dependent Variable: Employee performance Transactional Leadership 96 Appendix K The Results of Linear Regressions Model Summary Model R 950 R Square 903 Adjusted R Std Error of the Square Estimate 902 12596 a Predictors: (Constant), Transformational leadership, Transactional leadership, Visionary leadership, Charismatic leadership ANOVAb Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square Regress ion 54.564 13.641 Residua l 5.870 370 016 Total 60.435 374 F Sig 859 761 00 0a a Predictors: (Constant), Transformational leadership, Transactional leadership, Visionary leadership, Charismatic leadership b Dependent Variable: Employee performance Summary of the Linear Regression Model for Hypothesis One 97 Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients B Std Error (Constant) 905 064 Transactional leadership 040 012 Charismatic leadership 303 Visionary leadership Transformatio nal leadership Standardized Coefficients Beta t Sig 14 088 00 065 3.3 83 01 030 625 10 139 00 048 027 095 1.8 03 72 156 022 266 6.9 66 00 a Dependent Variable: Employee performance 98 Summary of Hypothesis Three Results Model Summary Model R 999 Std Error of the Estimate R Adjusted Square R Square 998 998 01694 a a Predictors: (Constant), Transformational leadership, Transactional leadership, Emotional intelligence, Charismatic leadership, Visionary leadership ANOVAb Sum of Squares df Mean Square Regression 60.329 12.066 Residual 106 369 Total 60.435 374 Model F Sig 42029.4 000a 89 000 a Predictors: (Constant), Transformational leadership, Transactional leadership, Emotional intelligence, Charismatic leadership, Visionary leadership b Dependent Variable: Employee performance 99 CURRICULUM VITAE I Personal Information Name : NGUYEN THI THU HUONG Birthday : Feb 13 1972 Birthplace : Ninh Binh, Vietnam Civil Status : Married Parents : Nguyen Huu Đat (father) and Tran Thi Lien (mother) Spouse's name (if any): Le Ha Thang Children : Le Duc Duy (son, born in 2003) and Le Quang Duy (son, born in 2013), II III Contact address : No.183 Hoang Van Thai street – Hanoi- Vietnam Phone No : 09-12-157- 454 Email address : thuhuongktl @yahoo.com Educational Qualification Year complete : 1998 School : National Economic University, Hanoi, Vietnam Course : Bachelor in Econometric (1994 – 1998) Year complete : 2003 School : National Economic University, Hanoi, Vietnam Course : Master in Econometric (MDM) (2001 – 2004) Experiences Year Employed : 1999 – present Agency Name and Address: University of Labour and Social Affair, 43 Tran Duy Hung, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Position : Head of Mathemetics Department 100 ... ……………………… 96 ` x ABSTRACT Title of Research : THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, LEADERSHIP STYLES AND PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES IN ENTERPRISES IN HANOI, VIETNAM Researcher : NGUYEN THI... care of the organization’s hiring needs, as well as the training and other physical and social needs of the staff including the drafting of policies aimed at improving the efficiency of the workers... and geographic location present evidence of the fact that the Vietnamese people share many of the cultural and business practices of their Chinese neighbors In the words of Hofstede (1980), the